TY - THES A1 - Kaiser, Dustin T1 - Non-standard computational approaches applied to molecular systems T1 - Unkonventionelle Berechnungsansätze für molekulare Systeme N2 - In this thesis, several contributions to the understanding and modeling of chemical phenomena using computational approaches are presented. These investigations are characterized by the usage of non-standard computational modeling techniques, which is necessitated by the complex nature of the electronic structure or atomic fluctuations of the target molecules. Multiple biradical-type molecules and their spectroscopic properties were modeled. In the course of the investigation, it is found that especially the impact of correct molecular geometries on the computationally predicted absorption properties may be critical. In order to find the correct minimum geometries, Multi-Reference methods may have to be invoked. The impact of geometry relaxation on the excitonic properties of Perylene Bisimide dimers were investigated. Oftentimes, these geometry factors are neglected in Organic Semiconductor modeling as an approximation. This present investigation suggests that this approximation is not always valid, as certain regimes are identified where geometrical parameters have critical impact on the localization and energetic properties of excitons. The mechanism of the Triazolinedione (TAD) tyrosine bioconjugation reaction is investigated using quantum-chemical methods. By comparison of different conceivable mechanisms and their energetic ordering, the TAD tyrosine bioconjugation is found to proceed by means of a base-mediated electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The kth nearest neighbor entropy estimation protocol is investigated. This estimator promises accurate entropy estimates even for flexible molecules with multiple structural minima. Our granular investigation of formal and practical properties of the estimator suggests that the uneven variance of a molecule’s vibrational modes is the cause of the observed slow convergence of the estimator. A rescaling procedure to reestablish fast convergence is suggested and benchmarks are performed. N2 - Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Berechnungsansätze für die Modellierung mit Standardverfahren näherungsweise berechenbarer molekularer und spektroskopischer Probleme diskutiert. Zunächst wurden die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften der biradikalischen Moleküle Methylbismut, Diphenylacetylen, Pentadiynylidin (sowie dessen methylsubstituierte Derivate) und Diphenylpropynyliden untersucht. Diese Forschungsvorhaben wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit experimentell arbeitenden physi kalischen und synthetischen Chemikern durchgeführt. Der Vergleich von sowohl spek troskopisch als auch durch theoretische Rechnungen erlagter Erkenntnisse erlaubt eine genaue Charakterisierung der physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften der Moleküle. Mit Hilfe von computergestützter Modellierung wurden die Ionisierungsenergien und die Absorptionsspektren der Ionisierung in der Franck-Condon-Approximation berechnet. Für Methylbismut wurden skalar-relativistische und Pseudopotenzial-basierte Ansätze zur Berechnung verwendet. Durch Analyse der angeregten elektronischen Zustände und ihrer geometrieabhängigen energetischen Eigenschaften, konnte das transiente Absorptionsspektrum von Diphenylpropynyliden genau charakterisiert und rational isiert werden. ... KW - Quantenchemie KW - Theoretische Chemie KW - Entropie KW - Computational Chemistry KW - Quantum Chemistry Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276641 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmid, Paul T1 - Quantenchemische Untersuchungen von Umgebungseinflüssen bei offen- und geschlossenschaligen Systemen T1 - Quantum chemical studies of environmental effects in open-shell and closed-shell systems N2 - In dieser Dissertation werden die Umgebungseinflüsse auf die strukturellen und elektronischen Eigenschaften von verschiedenen offen- und geschlossenschaligen Systemen mittels quantenchemischer Methoden berechnet. Ein Kernpunkt umfasst die Untersuchung von verdreht angeordneten, biradikalischen Diborylalkenen, welche eine ungesättigte C2R2-Brücke (R = Et, Me) besitzen und durch cyclische (Alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAACs) stabilisiert werden. Quantenchemische Berechnungen zeigen, dass hauptsächlich sterische Effekte für die Ausbildung einer verdrehten Molekülanordnung verantwortlich sind, während bei geringen sterischen Wechselwirkungen (R = H) die Delokalisationseffekte überwiegen, wodurch eine planare Struktur begünstigt wird. Die Bevorzugung einer offenschaligen Singulettkonfiguration anstelle eines Tripletts ist auf den großen Energieunterschied der beiden einfach besetzten Molekülorbitale zurückzuführen. Durch die Berechnung der Lösungsmitteleffekte mithilfe von polarisierbaren Kontinuumsmodellen kann gefolgert werden, dass mit zunehmender statischer Dielektrizitätskonstante eine planare und geschlossenschalige Struktur stärker stabilisiert wird als eine verdrehte Anordnung. Ein weiteres Thema dieser Dissertation befasst sich mit der quantenchemischen Analyse eines makrozyklischen Perylenbisimid-Trimersystems, welches eingebettet in einer Polymethylmethacrylat-Matrix bei Temperaturen nahe dem absoluten Nullpunkt eine Lokalisierung der ersten drei angeregten Zustände zeigt. Quantenchemische Vakuumberechnungen ergeben, dass unabhängig von der gegenseitigen geometrischen Orientierung der drei Perylenbisimid-Chromophore der Übergang vom Grundzustand in den S1-Zustand verboten ist und dass die ersten drei angeregten Zustände delokalisiert vorliegen. Mithilfe von expliziten Lösungsmittelmodellen kann jedoch gezeigt werden, dass das Auftreten dieser Lokalisierungen auf eine inhomogene Polymethylmethacrylat-Umgebung zurückzuführen ist, die zu einem Symmetriebruch und somit zu einer Zunahme der Oszillatorstärke für S1 und der Lokalisierungsgrade für S1, S2 und S3 führt. Darüber hinaus wird der Lösungsmitteleinfluss auf die angeregten Zustände des Azulens mittels impliziter und expliziter Lösungsmittelmodelle berechnet. Bei einer Erhöhung der dynamischen Dielektrizitätskonstante im impliziten Modell nehmen die Anregungsenergien der vertikalen Singulettzustände ab, wobei der Effekt mit steigender Oszillatorstärke zunimmt. Die Auswirkung der statischen Dielektrizitätskonstante auf die Anregungsenergien ist dagegen deutlich schwächer ausgeprägt. Im expliziten Modell bewirkt das Lösungsmittel ebenfalls eine Abnahme der Anregungsenergie des hellen Singulettzustands, wenn auch in geringerem Umfang als im impliziten Modell. Als letztes Thema wird der Inhibitionsmechanismus der Cysteinprotease Rhodesain durch zwei modifizierte 1,4-Naphthoquinone untersucht. Während beide Naphthoquinone an der 2-Position eine Dipeptideinheit aufweisen, besitzen sie an der 3-Position entweder einen Nitril- oder Chloridsubstituenten. Zwar erfolgt bei beiden Derivaten die Inhibition über einen kovalent-reversiblen Mechanismus, jedoch verläuft die Hemmung im Falle des Nitrilderivats erheblich effektiver. Die quantenchemischen Berechnungen eines vereinfachten Modells zeigen, dass die Cysteineinheit (HS-R) bevorzugt in einer exothermen und reversiblen Additionsreaktion an die elektronenarme C-C-Doppelbindung der Naphthoquinone anlagert. Dabei werden kleinere Reaktionsenergien für die Reaktion des Chlorderivats als für die Reaktion des Nitrilderivats erhalten. Durch die Berücksichtigung von Wasser in einem impliziten Lösungsmittelmodell kommt es bei fast allen Reaktionsprodukten zu einer Energiezunahme, die bei der Reaktion des Nitrilderivats stärker ausfällt als bei der Reaktion des Chlorderivats. N2 - In this thesis, the environmental effects on the structural and electronic properties of various open-shell and closed-shell systems are calculated using quantum chemical methods. A key issue involves the investigation of twisted, biradical diborylalkenes, which contain an unsaturated C2R2 bridge (R = Et, Me) and are stabilized by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs). Quantum chemical calculations show that mainly steric effects are responsible for the formation of a twisted molecular arrangement, while delocalization effects predominate at low steric interactions (R = H), favoring a planar structure. The preference for an open-shell singlet configuration over a triplet is due to the large energy difference between the two singly occupied molecular orbitals. By calculating the solvent effects using polarizable continuum models, it can be concluded that with an increasing static dielectric constant, a planar and closed-shell structure is more stabilized compared to a twisted conformation. Another topic of this thesis deals with the quantum chemical analysis of a macrocyclic perylene bisimide trimer system, which is embedded in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix and shows a localization of the first three excited states at temperatures near absolute zero. Quantum chemical vacuum calculations reveal that regardless of the mutual geometric orientation of the three perylene bisimide chromophores, the transition from the ground state to the S1 state is forbidden and that the first three excited states are delocalized. However, with the help of explicit solvent models, it can be shown that the occurrence of these localizations is caused by an inhomogeneous poly(methyl methacrylate) environment, which leads to symmetry breaking and thus to an increase in the oscillator strength for S1 and the degrees of localization for S1, S2, and S3. In addition, the influence of the solvent on the excited states of azulene is calculated using implicit and explicit solvent models. With an increase in the dynamic dielectric constant in the implicit model, the excitation energies of the vertical singlet states decrease. This effect becomes stronger with rising oscillator strength. In contrast, the effect of the static dielectric constant on the excitation energies is much weaker. In the explicit model, the solvent also causes a decrease in the excitation energy of the bright singlet state, although the extent is smaller than in the implicit model. As a final topic, the inhibition mechanism of the cysteine protease rhodesain by two modified 1,4-naphthoquinones is investigated. While both naphthoquinones have a dipeptide unit at the 2-position, they have either a nitrile or chlorine substituent at the 3-position. Although for both derivatives the inhibition takes place via a covalent reversible mechanism, the inhibition in the case of the nitrile derivative is considerably more effective. The quantum chemical calculations of a simplified model show that the cysteine moiety (HS-R) preferentially attaches to the electron-deficient C-C double bond of the naphthoquinones in an exothermic and reversible addition reaction. Smaller reaction energies are obtained for the reaction of the chlorine derivative than for the reaction of the nitrile derivative. By considering water in an implicit solvent model, the energies of almost all reaction products rise, whereby the energetic increase for the reaction of the nitril derivative is greater than for the reaction of the chlorine derivative. KW - Umgebungseinfluss KW - Lösungsmitteleffekt KW - Biradikal KW - Berechnung KW - CAAC KW - Diborylalkene KW - Quantenchemie Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265106 ER - TY - THES A1 - Grüne, Marvin T1 - Solid-state NMR Spectroscopic, X-Ray Diffraction and Quantum Chemical Investigations of the Crystalline Cancer Drug Paclitaxel and Paclitaxel incorporated into Polymer Micelles T1 - Festkörper-NMR-, Röntgendiffraktometrie- und quantenchemische Untersuchungen des kristallinen Krebs-Wirkstoffs Paclitaxel und Paclitaxel eingebettet in Polymermizellen N2 - Paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the leading drugs against breast and ovarian cancer. Due to its low solubility, treatment of the patients with this drug requires a very well-suited combination with a soluble pharmaceutical excipient to increase the bioavailability and reduce the strong side ef-fects. One efficient way to achieve this in the future could be the incorporation of PTX into pol-ymeric micelles composed of poly(2-oxazoline) based triblock copolymers (POL) which ena-bles PTX loadings of up to 50 wt.%. However, structural information at an atomic level and thus the knowledge of interaction sites within these promising but complex PTX-POL formula-tions were not yet available. Such results could support the future development of improved excipients for PTX and suitable excipients for other pharmaceutical drugs. Therefore, a solid-state MAS NMR investigation of these amorphous formulations with different POL-PTX com-positions was performed in this thesis as this gives insights of the local structure at an atomic level in its solid state. NMR in solution showed very broad 13C signals of PTX for this system due to the reduced mobility of the incorporated drug which exclude this as an analytical meth-od. In a first study, crystalline PTX was structurally characterized by solid-state NMR as no com-plete 13C spectrum assignment and no 1H NMR data existed for the solid state. In addition, the asymmetric unit of the PTX crystal structure consists of two molecules (Z'=2) that can only be investigated in its solid state. As crystalline PTX in total has about 100 different 13C and 1H chemical shifts with very small differences due to Z’=2, and furthermore, its unit cell consisting of more than 900 atoms, accompanying GIPAW (CASTEP) calculations were required for NMR signal assignments. These calculations were performed using the first three available purely hydrous and anhydrous PTX structures, which were determined by XRD and published by Vel-la-Zarb et al. in 2013. Within this thesis, is was discovered that two investigated batches of commercially available PTX from the same supplier both contained an identical and so far un-known PTX phase that was elucidated by PXRD as well as solid-state NMR data. One of the two batches consists of an additional phase that was shown to be very similar to a known hy-drated phase published in 2013.[1] By heating the batch with the mixture of the two phases un-der vacuum, it is transformed completely to the new dry phase occurring in both PTX batches. Since the drying conditions to obtain anhydrous PTX in-situ on the PXRD setup described by Vella-Zarb et. al.[1] were much softer than ours, we identify our dry phase as a relaxed version of their published anhydrate structure. The PXRD data of the new anhydrate phase was trans-ferred into a new structural model, which currently undergoes geometry optimization. Based on solid-state NMR data at MAS spinning frequencies up to 100 kHz, a 13C and a partial 1H signal assignment for the new anhydrous structure were achieved. These results provided sufficient structural information for further investigations of the micellar POL-PTX system. In a second study, the applicability and benefit of two-dimensional solid-state 14N-1H HMQC MAS NMR spectra for the characterization of amorphous POL-PTX formulations was investi-gated. The mentioned technique has never been applied to a system of similar complexity be-fore and was chosen because around 84% of the small-molecule drugs contain at least one nitrogen atom. In addition, the number of nitrogen atoms in both POL and PTX is much smaller than the number of carbons or hydrogens, which significantly reduces the spectral complexity. 14N has a natural abundance of 99.6% but leads to quadrupolar broadening due to its nuclear spin quantum number I = 1. While this is usually undesirable due to broadening in the resulting 1D 14N NMR spectra, this effect is explicitly used in the 2D 14N-1H HMQC MAS experiment. The indirect 14N measurement can avoid the broadening while maintaining the advantage of the high natural abundance and making use of the much more dispersed signals due to the additional quadrupolar shifts as compared to 15N. This measurement method could be successfully applied to the complex amorphous POL-PTX mixtures. With increasing PTX loading of the formulations, additional peaks arise as spatial proximities of the amide nitrogens of POL to NH or OH groups of PTX. In addition, the 14N quadrupolar shift of these amide nitrogens decreases with increasing PTX content indicating a more symmetric nitrogen environment. The latter can be explained by a transformation of the trigonal planar coordination of the tertiary amide nitrogen atoms in pure POL towards a more tetrahedral environment upon PTX loading induced by the formation of hydrogen bonds with NH/OH groups of PTX. In the third and last project, the results of the two abovementioned studies were used and ex-tended by solid state 13C and two-dimensional 1H-13C as well as 1H-1H MAS NMR data with the aim to derive a structural model of the POL-PTX formulations at an atomic level. The knowledge of the NMR signal assignments for crystalline PTX was transferred to amorphous PTX (present in the micelles of the formulations). The 13C solid-state NMR signals were evalu-ated concerning changes in chemical shifts and full widths of half maximum (FWHM) for the different PTX loadings. In this way, the required information about possible interaction sites at an atomic level becomes available. Due to the complexity of these systems, such proximities often cannot be assigned to special atoms, but more to groups of atoms, as the individual de-velopments of line widths and line shifts are mutually dependent. An advantageous aspect for this analysis was that pure POL already forms unloaded micelles. The evaluation of the data showed that the terminal phenyl groups of PTX seem to be most involved in the interaction by the establishment of the micelle for lowest drug loading and that they are likely to react to the change in the amount of PTX molecules as well. For the incorporation of PTX in the micelles, the following model could be obtained: For lowest drug loading, PTX is mainly located in the inner part of the micelles. Upon further increasing of the loading, it progressively extends to-ward the micellar shell. This could be well shown by the increasing interactions of the hydro-phobic butyl chain of POL and PTX, proceeding in the direction of the polymer backbone with rising drug load. Furthermore, due to the size of PTX and the hydrodynamic radius of the mi-celles, even at the lowest loading, the PTX molecules partially reach the core-shell interface of the micelle. Upon increasing the drug loading, the surface coverage with PTX clusters increas-es based on the obtained model approach. The latter result is supported by DLS and SANS data of this system. The abovementioned results of the 14N-1H HMQC MAS investigation of the POL-PTX formulations support the outlined model. As an outlook, the currently running geometry optimization and subsequently scheduled calcu-lation of the chemical shieldings of the newly obtained anhydrous PTX crystal structure can further improve the solid-state NMR characterization through determination of further spatial proximities among protons using the existing 2D 1H(DQ)-1H(SQ) solid-state MAS NMR spec-trum at 100 kHz rotor spinning frequency. The 2D 14N-1H HMQC MAS NMR experiments were shown to have great potential as a technique for the analysis of other disordered and amor-phous drug delivery systems as well. The results of this thesis should be subsequently applied to other micellar systems with varying pharmaceutical excipients or active ingredients with the goal of systematically achieving higher drug loadings (e.g., for the investigated PTX, the similar drug docetaxel or even different natural products). Additionally, it is planned to transfer the knowledge to another complex polymer system containing poly(amino acids) which offers hy-drogen bonding donor sites for additional intermolecular interactions. Currently, the POL-PTX system is investigated by further SANS studies that may provide another puzzle piece to the model as complementary measurement method in the future. In addition, the use of MD simu-lations might be considered in the future. This would allow a computerized linking of the differ-ent pieces of information with the aim to determine the most likely model. N2 - Paclitaxel (PTX) ist eines der führenden Medikamente gegen Brust-und Eierstockkrebs. Aufgrund seiner geringen Löslichkeit erfordert die Behandlung der Patienten mit diesem Medikament eine sehr gut geeignete Kombination mit einem löslichen pharmazeutischenHilfsstoff, um die Bioverfügbarkeit zu erhöhen und die starken Nebenwirkungen zu reduzieren. Ein effizienter Weg, dies in Zukunft zu erreichen, könnte der Einbau von PTX in polymere Mizellen sein, die aus Poly(2-oxazolin)-basierten Triblock-Copolymeren (POL) bestehen und PTX-Beladungen von bis zu 50 Gew.-% ermöglichen. Strukturelle Informationen auf atomarer Ebene und damit die Kenntnis von Wechselwirkungeninnerhalb dieser vielversprechenden, aber komplexen PTX-POL-Formulierungen waren jedoch bisher nichtverfügbar. Solche Ergebnisse könnten die zukünftige Entwicklung von verbesserten Hilfsstoffen für PTX und von geeigneten Hilfsstoffen für andere pharmazeutische Wirkstoffe unterstützen. Aus diesem Grund wurdenin der vorliegenden DissertationFestkörper-NMR-Untersuchungen andiesenamorphen Formulierungen mit unterschiedlichen POL-PTX Zusammensetzungen durchgeführt, weil damit Einblickein die lokale Struktur auf atomarer Ebene im festen Zustand erhalten werden können. Aufgrund der verringerten Mobilität des eingebrachten Wirkstoffs in diesem System ergeben NMR-Messungen in Lösung sehr breite 13C-PTX-Signale, was diese Technikals Analysemethode ausschließt. ... KW - Wirkstoff-Träger-System KW - NMR-Spektroskopie KW - Röntgendiffraktometrie KW - Taxol KW - Quantenchemie KW - Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy KW - X-Ray Diffraction KW - Quantum Chemical Calculations KW - Drug Delivery System KW - Taxol KW - Festkörper-NMR KW - quantenchemische Berechnungen Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237199 ER -