TY - JOUR A1 - Krakow, Sören A1 - Crescimone, Marie L. A1 - Bartels, Charlotte A1 - Wiegering, Verena A1 - Eyrich, Matthias A1 - Schlegel, Paul G. A1 - Wölfl, Matthias T1 - Re-expression of CD14 in response to a combined IL-10/TLR stimulus defines monocyte-derived cells with an immunoregulatory phenotype JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Interleukin 10 is a central regulator of the antigen-presenting function of myeloid cells. It exerts immunomodulatory effects in vivo and induces a regulatory phenotype in monocyte-derived cells in vitro. We analyzed phenotype and function of monocytic cells in vitro in relation to the cytokine milieu and the timing of TLR-based activation. In GM-CSF/IL-4 cultured human monocytic cells, we identified two, mutually exclusive cell populations arising from undifferentiated cells: CD83\(^+\) fully activated dendritic cells and CD14\(^+\) macrophage like cells. Re-expression of CD14 occurs primarily after a sequential trigger with a TLR signal following IL-10 preincubation. This cell population with re-expressed CD14 greatly differs in phenotype and function from the CD83+ cells. Detailed analysis of individual subpopulations reveals that exogenous IL-10 is critical for inducing the shift toward the CD14\(^+\) population, but does not affect individual changes in marker expression or cell function in most cases. Thus, plasticity of CD14 expression, defining a subset of immunoregulatory cells, is highly relevant for the composition of cellular products (such as DC vaccines) as it affects the function of the total product. KW - regulatory dendritic cells KW - MDSC KW - monocyte-derived DC KW - IL-10 KW - macrophages Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201537 VL - 10 IS - 1484 ER - TY - THES A1 - Müller-Leisse, Johanna T1 - Influence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and neutrophil granulocytes on natural killer cell homeostasis and function T1 - Einfluss myeloider Suppressorzellen und neutrophiler Granulozyten auf die Homöostase und Funktion natürlicher Killerzellen N2 - Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are phagocytic cells of the innate immune system that efficiently kill bacteria. However, they also have regulatory effects on other immune cells and contribute to immunosuppression in cancer, which worsens the outcome. In particular, this has been demonstrated for a subset of granulocytic cells called myeloid- derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), but its distinction from PMNs is controversial. Most authors have explored the suppressive effects of MDSCs on T cells, but recent data suggest that NK cells are also affected. NK cells are crucial for the combat of tumor cells, in particular leukemic cells. There is hardly data available on the interaction between NK cells and suppressive granulocytic cells. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to explore the effects of MDSCs and PMNs on the NK cell function against the leukemia cell line K562. In co-culture experiments, I demonstrate that granulocytic MDSCs and PMNs had similar effects on NK cell function and homeostasis. On the one hand, they positively influenced the survival and maturation of NK cells. On the other, they inhibited the activation, cytotoxicity and cytokine production of NK cells, both IFNγ and TNFα, in response to K562 target cells. Furthermore, I show a down-regulation of the activating receptor NKp30 on NK cells in the presence of MDSCs or PMNs, which may form part of the underlying suppressive mechanisms. However, there is also evidence for the involvement of other molecules. Further investigations are needed to confirm a relevant suppression of NK cells by granulocytic cells in cancer patients, and to identify therapeutic targets. The recognition that regular PMNs have similar effects on NK cells as MDSCs could simplify future experiments, since MDSCs are heterogeneous and laborious to isolate and identify. NKcells and granulocytes are among the first immune cells to reconstitute after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and NK cells may be particularly exposed to suppressive effects of granulocytes this scenario. Modulating these suppressive effects of granulocytes on NK cells therapeutically may yield a better NK cell function and an improved cancer prognosis.  N2 - Neutrophile Granulozyten (polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMNs) sind Zellen des angeborenen Immunsystems, die insbesondere Bakterien durch Phagozytose unschädlich machen. Zusätzlich haben sie jedoch immunregulatorische und sogar immunsuppressive Eigenschaften. Sie tragen zur Suppression des Immunsystems im Rahmen von Tumorerkrankungen bei, was die Prognose negativ beeinflusst. Dies wurde insbesondere für einen Subtyp von Granulozyten, so genannte myeloide Suppressorzellen (myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs), gezeigt, wobei deren Unterscheidung von PMNs kontrovers diskutiert wird. Die meisten Autoren untersuchten suppressive Effekte von MDSCs auf T Zellen, doch auch NK Zellen sind betroffen. Eine funktionierende NK Zell Antwort ist entscheidend für die Abwehr von Tumorerkrankungen, insbesondere Leukämie. Über die Interaktion von NK Zellen und MDSCs ist bisher wenig bekannt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss von MDSCs und PMNs auf die NK Zell Antwort auf Leukämiezellen zu untersuchen. In Co-Kultur Experimenten zeige ich, dass granulozytäre MDSCs und PMNs ähnliche Effekte auf die Funktionen und Homöostase von NK Zellen haben. Einerseits wirkten sie sich positiv auf das Überleben und die Reifung der NK Zellen aus, andererseits hemmten sie deren Aktivierung, Zytotoxizität und Zytokinproduktion (sowohl IFNg als auch TNFa) als Antwort auf die Leukämie Zelllinie K562. Ferner war der Aktivierungsrezeptor NKp30 auf NK Zellen unter dem Einfluss der Granulozyten vermindert exprimiert, was mit für die inhibitorische Effekte verantwortlich sein könnte. In weiteren Experimenten sollte die Relevanz der hier gezeigten Effekte in vivo bestätigt werden und die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen untersucht werden. Der Hinweis, dass PMNs ähnliche hemmende Effekte auf NK Zellen ausüben wie MDSCs kann zukünftige Experimente vereinfachen, da die Isolierung der MDSCs aufwändig und uneinheitlich ist. NK Zellen und neutrophile Granulozyten sind unter den ersten Immunzellen, die sich nach einer hämatopoietischen Stammzelltransplantation erholen. NK Zellen könnten in dieser Situation besonders den hemmenden Einflüssen der Granulozyten unterliegen. Ein therapeutisches Eingreifen in diese Interaktion könnte die NK Zell Antwort stärken und die Prognose von Leukämieerkrankungen verbessern. KW - Natürliche Killerzelle KW - Neutrophiler Granulozyt KW - Neutrophil granulocytes interaction KW - Immunsuppression KW - MDSC KW - NK Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140734 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Tobias A1 - Falter, Lena A1 - Weber, Sabine A1 - Müller, Nils A1 - Molitor, Konstantin A1 - Zeller, David A1 - Weber-Steffens, Dorothea A1 - Hehlgans, Thomas A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - Mostböck, Sven A1 - Männel, Daniela N. T1 - Chronic inflammation increases the sensitivity of mouse Treg for TNFR2 costimulation JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2) has gained attention as a costimulatory receptor for T cells and as critical factor for the development of regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid suppressor cells. Using the TNFR2-specific agonist TNCscTNF80, direct effects of TNFR2 activation on myeloid cells and T cells were investigated in mice. \(In\) \(vitro\), TNCscTNF80 induced T cell proliferation in a costimulatory fashion, and also supported \(in\) \(vitro\) expansion of Treg cells. In addition, activation of TNFR2 retarded differentiation of bone marrow-derived immature myeloid cells in culture and reduced their suppressor function. \(In\) \(vivo\) application of TNCscTNF80-induced mild myelopoiesis in naïve mice without affecting the immune cell composition. Already a single application expanded Treg cells and improved suppression of CD4 T cells in mice with chronic inflammation. By contrast, multiple applications of the TNFR2 agonist were required to expand Treg cells in naïve mice. Improved suppression of T cell proliferation depended on expression of TNFR2 by T cells in mice repeatedly treated with TNCscTNF80, without a major contribution of TNFR2 on myeloid cells. Thus, TNFR2 activation on T cells in naïve mice can lead to immune suppression \(in\) \(vivo\). These findings support the important role of TNFR2 for Treg cells in immune regulation. KW - molecular medicine KW - inflammation KW - immune regulation KW - costimulation KW - MDSC KW - TNFR2 KW - regulatory T cell Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173259 VL - 8 ER -