TY - JOUR A1 - Rutkowski, Andrzej J. A1 - Erhard, Florian A1 - L'Hernault, Anne A1 - Bonfert, Thomas A1 - Schilhabel, Markus A1 - Crump, Colin A1 - Rosenstiel, Philip A1 - Efstathiou, Stacey A1 - Zimmer, Ralf A1 - Friedel, Caroline C. A1 - Dölken, Lars T1 - Widespread disruption of host transcription termination in HSV-1 infection JF - Nature Communications N2 - Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an important human pathogen and a paradigm for virus-induced host shut-off. Here we show that global changes in transcription and RNA processing and their impact on translation can be analysed in a single experimental setting by applying 4sU-tagging of newly transcribed RNA and ribosome profiling to lytic HSV-1 infection. Unexpectedly, we find that HSV-1 triggers the disruption of transcription termination of cellular, but not viral, genes. This results in extensive transcription for tens of thousands of nucleotides beyond poly(A) sites and into downstream genes, leading to novel intergenic splicing between exons of neighbouring cellular genes. As a consequence, hundreds of cellular genes seem to be transcriptionally induced but are not translated. In contrast to previous reports, we show that HSV-1 does not inhibit co-transcriptional splicing. Our approach thus substantially advances our understanding of HSV-1 biology and establishes HSV-1 as a model system for studying transcription termination. KW - herpes simplex virus KW - RNA polymerase II KW - gene expression KW - alpha-globin KW - motif discovery KW - regulatory protein ICP27 KW - poly(A) site usage KW - pre-messenger RNA KW - splicing inhibition KW - type 1 ICP27 Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148643 VL - 6 IS - 7126 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seher, Axel A1 - Lagler, Charlotte A1 - Stühmer, Thorsten A1 - Müller-Richter, Urs Dietmar Achim A1 - Kübler, Alexander Christian A1 - Sebald, Walter A1 - Müller, Thomas Dieter A1 - Nickel, Joachim T1 - Utilizing BMP-2 muteins for treatment of multiple myeloma JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Multiple myeloma (MM) represents a haematological cancer characterized by the pathological hyper proliferation of antibody-producing B-lymphocytes. Patients typically suffer from kidney malfunction and skeletal disorders. In the context of MM, the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) member Activin A was recently identified as a promoter of both accompanying symptoms. Because studies have shown that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-mediated activities are counteracted by Activin A, we analysed whether BMP2, which also binds to the Activin A receptors ActRII and ActRIIB but activates the alternative SMAD-1/5/8 pathway, can be used to antagonize Activin A activities, such as in the context of MM. Therefore three BMP2 derivatives were generated with modified binding activities for the type II (ActRIIB) and/or type I receptor (BMPRIA) showing either increased or decreased BMP2 activity. In the context of MM these BMP2 muteins show two functionalities since they act as a) an anti-proliferative/apoptotic agent against neoplastic B-cells, b) as a bone-formation promoting growth factor. The molecular basis of both activities was shown in two different cellular models to clearly rely on the properties of the investigated BMP2 muteins to compete for the binding of Activin A to the Activin type II receptors. The experimental outcome suggests new therapeutic strategies using BMP2 variants in the treatment of MM-related pathologies. KW - multiple myeloma KW - signaling KW - cell proliferation KW - cell binding KW - membrane receptor signaling KW - BMP KW - gene expression KW - B cell receptors KW - B cells Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158144 VL - 12 IS - 5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wu, Rongxue T1 - Treatment with integrin alpha v inhibitor abolishes compensatory cardiac hypertrophy due to altered signal transduction and ECM gene expression T1 - xxx N2 - Integrine sind Transmembranrezeptoren, welche mechanische Signale von der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) zum Zytoskelett übermitteln ("outside-in-signaling"). Viele molekulare Defekte in der Verbindung zwischen Zytoskelett und ECM erzeugen bekanntermaßen Kardiomyopathien. alpha v Integrin scheint eine Hauptrolle in verschiedenen Prozessen der kardialen Reorganisation zu spielen, wie z.B. Regulation der Zellproliferation, -migration und -differenzierung. Unsere Hypothese war, dass alpha v -Integrin-vermittelte Signale notwendig für die kompensatorische Hypertrophie nach Aortenkonstriktion sind und assoziiert mit der Modulation der Expression von ECM-Proteinen. Dazu wurden Mäuse mit einem spezifischen alpha v Integrin-Inhibitor behandelt und einer Aortenkonstriktion (AB) unterzogen. Nach zwei Tagen und nach sieben Tagen wurden die Mäuse echokardiographisch untersucht und eingehende hämodynamische Untersuchungen wurden durchgeführt. Die Behandlung mit dem alpha v -Integrin-Inhibitor führte zu einer dilatativen Kardiomyopathie und Herzinsuffizienz in den AB-Mäusen, gekennzeichnet durch einen dilatierten linken Ventrikel, schlechte linksventrikuläre Funktion und einer Lungenstauung, wohingegen die scheinbehandelten Tiere eine kompensatorische Hypertrophie des linken Ventrikels zeigten. Untersuchungen der beteiligten Signalwege zeigten eine Aktivierung des p38 MAP-Kinase-Signalwegs, von ERK 1 und -2, der Focal Adhesion Kinase FAK und Tyrosin-Phosphorylierung von c-Src in den Kontrollherzen, was in den Inhibitor-behandelten Herzen fehlte. mRNA-Expressionsanalysen für 96 Gene mittels "Micro-Arrays" ermittelten verschiedene genomische Ziele des alpha v -Integrin-aktivierten Signalwegs. 18 für ECM-Proteine codierende Gene wurden mehr als 2-fach hochreguliert, z.B. Kollagen (8,11-fach ± 2,2), Fibronectin (2,32 ± 094), SPARC (3,78 ± 0,12), ADAMTS-1 (3,51 ± 0,81) und TIMP2 (2,23 ± 0,98), wohingegen die Aktivierung dieser Gene in Inhibitor-behandelten Tieren aufgehoben war. Wir folgern daraus, dass Signalwege unterhalb von alpha v -Integrin, mediiert durch MAP-Kinasen, FAK und c-Src, zu einer verstärkten Expression von ECM-Komponenten führt, welche für die kompensatorische Antwort auf Druckbelastung nötig sind. N2 - Integrins are transmembrane receptors transmitting mechanical signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoskeleton (outside-in-signaling). Many molecular defects in the link between cytoskeleton and ECM are known to induce cardiomyopathies. alpha v integrin appears to play a major role in several processes relevant to remodeling, such as binding and activation of matrix metalloproteinases as well as regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. We hypothesized that alpha v integrin-mediated signaling is required for the compensatory hypertrophy after aortic banding (AB) and associated with the modulation of ECM protein expression. Mice were treated in vivo with a specific integrin alpha v inhibitor or vehicle via osmotic minipumps starting 1 day prior to aortic banding (AB). At day 2 and day 7 following AB or sham-operation, the mice were examined by echocardiography and hemodynamic analyses were performed. Treatment of alpha v Integrin inhibitor led to a dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure in AB mice (dilated left ventricle, depressed LV function, and pulmonary congestion), but not to hypertrophy as observed in mice without inhibitor treatment. Investigation of downstream signaling revealed significant activation of the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), the Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 (Erk 1/2), Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and tyrosine-phosphorylation of c-Src in mice 7 days after AB. This response was blunted in mice treated with integrin alpha v inhibitor. Microarrays probing for a total of 96 cell adhesion and ECM genes identified various genomic targets of integrin alpha v mediated signalling. 7 days after AB 18 ECM genes were up-regulated more than 2-fold (n=6), e.g. collagen (8.11 ± 2.2), fibronectin (2.32 ± 0.94), secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC, 3.78 ± 0.12), A disintegrin-like and metalloprotease (reprolysin type) with trombospondin type 1 (Adamts-1, 3.51 ± 0.81) and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2, 2.23 ± 0.98), whereas this up-regulation was abolished in mice that were treatd by integrin alpha v inhibitor via mini pumps. We conclude that signaling downstream of integrin alpha v is mediated by the MAPK, FAK and c-Src pathways leading to an up-regulation of extracelluar matrix components necessary for the compensatory response of the heart under a condition of pressure overload. KW - Antigen KW - integrin alpha v KW - cardiac hypertrophy KW - signal transduction KW - ECM KW - gene expression KW - integrin alpha v KW - cardiac hypertrophy KW - signal transduction KW - ECM KW - gene expression Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-21339 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brodehl, Andreas A1 - Belke, Darrell D. A1 - Garnett, Lauren A1 - Martens, Kristina A1 - Abdelfatah, Nelly A1 - Rodriguez, Marcela A1 - Diao, Catherine A1 - Chen, Yong-Xiang A1 - Gordon, Paul M. K. A1 - Nygren, Anders A1 - Gerull, Brenda T1 - Transgenic mice overexpressing desmocollin-2 (DSC2) develop cardiomyopathy associated with myocardial inflammation and fibrotic remodeling JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is an inherited heart muscle disorder leading to ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure, mainly as a result of mutations in cardiac desmosomal genes. Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions mediating adhesion of cardiomyocytes; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease remain widely unknown. Desmocollin-2 is a desmosomal cadherin serving as an anchor molecule required to reconstitute homeostatic intercellular adhesion with desmoglein-2. Cardiac specific lack of desmoglein-2 leads to severe cardiomyopathy, whereas overexpression does not. In contrast, the corresponding data for desmocollin-2 are incomplete, in particular from the view of protein overexpression. Therefore, we developed a mouse model overexpressing desmocollin-2 to determine its potential contribution to cardiomyopathy and intercellular adhesion pathology. Methods and results We generated transgenic mice overexpressing DSC2 in cardiac myocytes. Transgenic mice developed a severe cardiac dysfunction over 5 to 13 weeks as indicated by 2D-echocardiography measurements. Corresponding histology and immunohistochemistry demonstrated fibrosis, necrosis and calcification which were mainly localized in patches near the epi- and endocardium of both ventricles. Expressions of endogenous desmosomal proteins were markedly reduced in fibrotic areas but appear to be unchanged in non-fibrotic areas. Furthermore, gene expression data indicate an early up-regulation of inflammatory and fibrotic remodeling pathways between 2 to 3.5 weeks of age. Conclusion Cardiac specific overexpression of desmocollin-2 induces necrosis, acute inflammation and patchy cardiac fibrotic remodeling leading to fulminant biventricular cardiomyopathy. KW - heart KW - mouse models KW - gene expression KW - fibrosis KW - inflammation KW - gene expression KW - genetically modified animals KW - cardiomyopathies KW - hyperexpression techniques Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171084 VL - 12 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hickey, Scott F. A1 - Sridhar, Malathy A1 - Westermann, Alexander J. A1 - Qin, Qian A1 - Vijayendra, Pooja A1 - Liou, Geoffrey A1 - Hammond, Ming C. T1 - Transgene regulation in plants by alternative splicing of a suicide exon JF - Nucleic Acids Research N2 - Compared to transcriptional activation, other mechanisms of gene regulation have not been widely exploited for the control of transgenes. One barrier to the general use and application of alternative splicing is that splicing-regulated transgenes have not been shown to be reliably and simply designed. Here, we demonstrate that a cassette bearing a suicide exon can be inserted into a variety of open reading frames (ORFs), generating transgenes whose expression is activated by exon skipping in response to a specific protein inducer. The surprisingly minimal sequence requirements for the maintenance of splicing fidelity and regulation indicate that this splicing cassette can be used to regulate any ORF containing one of the amino acids Glu, Gln or Lys. Furthermore, a single copy of the splicing cassette was optimized by rational design to confer robust gene activation with no background expression in plants. Thus, conditional splicing has the potential to be generally useful for transgene regulation. KW - kingdom KW - pre-messenger RNA KW - gene expression KW - elements KW - decay KW - arabidopsis KW - eukaryotes KW - mechanisms Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134724 VL - 40 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhm, Jennifer A1 - Scherzer, Sönke A1 - Krol, Elzbieta A1 - Kreuzer, Ines A1 - von Meyer, Katharina A1 - Lorey, Christian A1 - Mueller, Thomas D. A1 - Shabala, Lana A1 - Monte, Isabel A1 - Solano, Roberto A1 - Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. A1 - Rennenberg, Heinz A1 - Shabala, Sergey A1 - Neher, Erwin A1 - Hedrich, Rainer T1 - The Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula counts prey-induced action potentials to induce sodium uptake JF - Current Biology N2 - Carnivorous plants, such as the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), depend on an animal diet when grown in nutrient-poor soils. When an insect visits the trap and tilts the mechanosensors on the inner surface, action potentials (APs) are fired. After a moving object elicits two APs, the trap snaps shut, encaging the victim. Panicking preys repeatedly touch the trigger hairs over the subsequent hours, leading to a hermetically closed trap, which via the gland-based endocrine system is flooded by a prey-decomposing acidic enzyme cocktail. Here, we asked the question as to how many times trigger hairs have to be stimulated (e.g., now many APs are required) for the flytrap to recognize an encaged object as potential food, thus making it worthwhile activating the glands. By applying a series of trigger-hair stimulations, we found that the touch hormone jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway is activated after the second stimulus, while more than three APs are required to trigger an expression of genes encoding prey-degrading hydrolases, and that this expression is proportional to the number of mechanical stimulations. A decomposing animal contains a sodium load, and we have found that these sodium ions enter the capture organ via glands. We identified a flytrap sodium channel DmHKT1 as responsible for this sodium acquisition, with the number of transcripts expressed being dependent on the number of mechano-electric stimulations. Hence, the number of APs a victim triggers while trying to break out of the trap identifies the moving prey as a struggling Na\(^+\)-rich animal and nutrition for the plant. KW - jasmonic acid biosynthesis KW - gene expression KW - signal transduction KW - transporters KW - Arabidopsis Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190870 VL - 26 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sander, Brigitta A1 - de Jong, Daphne A1 - Rosenwald, Andreas A1 - Xie, Wanling A1 - Balagué, Olga A1 - Calaminici, Maria A1 - Carreras, Joaquim A1 - Gaulard, Philippe A1 - Gribben, John A1 - Hagenbeek, Anton A1 - Kersten, Marie José A1 - Molina, Thierry Jo A1 - Lee, Abigail A1 - Montes-Moreno, Santiago A1 - Ott, German A1 - Raemaekers, John A1 - Salles, Gilles A1 - Sehn, Laurie A1 - Thorns, Christoph A1 - Wahlin, Bjorn E. A1 - Gascoyne, Randy D. A1 - Weller, Edie T1 - The reliability of immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor microenvironment in follicular lymphoma: a validation study from the Lunenburg Lymphoma Biomarker Consortium JF - Haematologica N2 - The cellular microenvironment in follicular lymphoma is of biological and clinical importance. Studies on the clinical significance of non-malignant cell populations have generated conflicting results, which may partly be influenced by poor reproducibility in immunohistochemical marker quantification. In this study, the reproducibility of manual scoring and automated microscopy based on a tissue microarray of 25 follicular lymphomas as compared to flow cytometry is evaluated. The agreement between manual scoring and flow cytometry was moderate for CD3, low for CD4, and moderate to high for CD8, with some laboratories scoring closer to the flow cytometry results. Agreement in manual quantification across the 7 laboratories was low to moderate for CD3, CD4, CD8 and FOXP3 frequencies, moderate for CD21, low for MIB1 and CD68, and high for CD10. Manual scoring of the architectural distribution resulted in moderate agreement for CD3, CD4 and CD8, and low agreement for FOXP3 and CD68. Comparing manual scoring to automated microscopy demonstrated that manual scoring increased the variability in the low and high frequency interval with some laboratories showing a better agreement with automated scores. Manual scoring reliably identified rare architectural patterns of T-cell infiltrates. Automated microscopy analyses for T-cell markers by two different instruments were highly reproducible and provided acceptable agreement with flow cytometry. These validation results provide explanations for the heterogeneous findings on the prognostic value of the microenvironment in follicular lymphoma. We recommend a more objective measurement, such as computer-assisted scoring, in future studies of the prognostic impact of microenvironment in follicular lymphoma patients. KW - CD/metabolism KW - flow cytometry KW - antigens KW - regulatory T-cells KW - independent predictor KW - gene expression KW - high numbers KW - CD40 ligand KW - Riutximab KW - survival KW - marcophages KW - transformation KW - in-vitro Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116875 SN - 1592-8721 VL - 99 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zabka, Vanessa T1 - The Plasticity of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Leaf Wax Characteristics and their Effects on Early Events in the Powdery Mildew Fungus (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei): Interactive Adaptations at the Physiological and the Molecular Level T1 - Die Plastizität von Blattwachsen der Gerste (Hordeum vulgare) und deren Effekte auf initiale Ereignisse der Mehltaukrankheit (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei): wechselseitige Anpassungen auf physiologischer und molekularer Ebene N2 - In order to test the effects of environmental factors on different characteristics of plant leaf waxes, barley plants (Hordeum vulgare) were abiotically stress treated (exposure to darkness, heavy metal, high salt concentrations and drought), and biotically stressed by the infection with powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei; Bgh). Different wax parameters like amount, chemical composition, and micromorphology of epicuticular wax crystals, were investigated. Etiolated leaves of barley showed distinctly reduced wax amounts and modifications in their relative composition. The alterations of these wax parameters might be a result of a developmental delay, which could have been caused by a decreased availability of energy for cellular processes, due to lack of light. Cadmium exposure led to a 1.5-fold increase of wax amount, while chemical composition was unaffected. In drought- and salt-stressed plants, all investigated leaf wax parameters remained unaltered. In each of the abiotic treatments, the microstructure of epicuticular wax crystals, formed as typical platelets, was not modified. Even after 6d infection with powdery mildew (Bgh), neither locally nor systemically enforced modifications of wax features were revealed. The analyzed leave surfaces, resulting from these four abiotic and the biotic treatment (phenotypic approach), were compared to altered leaf surfaces’ characteristics of 18 analyzed eceriferum (cer-) wax mutants (genotypic approach). Within the screening, 5 mutants were selected which distinctly differed from the wild-type in wax amount, portions of epi- and intracuticular wax fraction, relative chemical composition, crystal morphology, and surface wettability (hydrophobicity). Apart from quantitative and qualitative effects on the leaf waxes, environmentally enforced modifications in cuticular waxes might be reflected in molecular processes of wax biogenesis. Therefore, a barley wax-microarray was established. 254 genes were selected, which are putatively involved in processes of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, and modification, and which are supposed to take part in lipid-trafficking between cell compartments, and transport of wax components to the outer cell surface. The regulations within the expression pattern evoked by the respective treatments were correlated with the corresponding analytical wax data, and the observed molecular effects of a 3d powdery mildew infection were compared with succeeding fungal morphogenesis. Etiolation and cadmium exposition pointed to transcriptional modifications in the de novo fatty acid synthesis, and in the screened, transport-related mechanisms, which correlate with respective alterations in surface wax characteristics. Moderate changes in the gene expression pattern, evoked by drought- and salinity-stress, might give hints for evolved adaptations in barley to such common habitat stresses. Theinvasion of powdery mildew into the epidermal host cells was reflected in the regulation of several genes. Beside other functions, these genes take part in pathogen defense, and intracellular component transport, or they encode transcription factors. The different modifications within the molecular responses evoked by the investigated abiotic treatments, and the effects of powdery mildew infection representing a biotic stressor, were compared between the different treatments. In order to test the potential impact of different wax parameters on Bgh, conidia germination and differentiation was comparably investigated on leaf surfaces of abiotically stressed wild-type and cer-mutants, isolated cuticles, and further artificial surfaces. The rates of conidial development were similar on each of the leaf surfaces resulting from the abiotic treatments, while a significant reduction of the germination and differentiation success was revealed for the wax mutant cer-yp.949. Compared to the wild-type, developmental rates on isolated cuticles and extracted leaf waxes of the mutant cer-yp.949 indicated a modified embedding of cuticular waxes, and a possibly changed three-dimensional structure of the cer-yp.949 cuticle, which might explain the reduced conidial developmental rates on leaf surfaces of this particular mutant. Experiments with Bgh conidia on mechanically de-waxed leaf surfaces (selective mechanical removal of the epicuticular leaf waxes with glue-like gum arabic, followed by an extraction of the intracuticular wax portion with chloroform) demonstrated the importance of the wax coverage for the germination and differentiation of the fungal conidia. On all dewaxed leaf surfaces, except those of cer-yp.949, the differentiation success of the germlings was significantly reduced, by about 20% (“wax-effect”). This result was verified through an artificial system with increased conidia developmental rates on glass slides covered with extracted leaf waxes. Further comparative tests with the major components of barley leaf wax, hexacosanol and hexacosanal, showed that the germination and differentiation of powdery mildew conidia not only depends on the different chemistry, but is also influenced by the respective surface hydrophobicity. Compared to hexacosanol, on hexacosanal coated glass surfaces, higher germination and differentiation rates were achieved, which correlated with increased levels of surface hydrophobicity. Developmental rates of conidia on hydrophobic foils demonstrated that hydrophobicity, as a sole surface factor, may stimulate the conidial germination and differentiation processes. Moreover, the survival of conidia on artificial surfaces is determined by additional surface derived factors, e.g. the availability of water, and a pervadable matrix. N2 - Abiotische und biotische Umweltfaktoren können sowohl die Struktur als auch die chemischen Eigenschaften pflanzlicher Oberflächenwachse beeinflussen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde vergleichend untersucht, inwiefern sich verschiedene Parameter von Gersten (Hordeum vulgare) Blattwachsen, wie deren Menge, chemische Zusammensetzung und die Morphologie epikutikulärer Wachskristalle unter dem Einfluss unterschiedlicher abiotischer Stressoren (Wachstum in Dunkelheit, Schwermetallbelastung, erhöhte Salzkonzentrationen, Trockenheit) und eines biotischen Stressors, dem Befall von Gerstenmehltau (Blumeria graminis fsp. hordei; Bgh), verändern können. Die Aufzucht ohne natürliches Licht führte zu etiolierten Blättern, die deutlich reduzierte Wachsmengen und quantitative Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung einzelner Wachskomponenten zeigten. Die Veränderung dieser Wachscharakteristika könnte das Resultat einer pflanzlichen Entwicklungsverzögerung darstellen, die auf den Mangel an Licht, und damit einem Mangel an Energie für die zelluläre Triebkraft zurückzuführen ist. Cadmium-Belastung führte zu einer 1.5-fach erhöhten Wachsauflage der Versuchspflanzen bei unveränderter Chemie. Unter Trocken- und Salzstress zeigten sich keine Veränderungen der untersuchten Wachsparameter. Die plättchenförmige Kristallstruktur der epikutikulären Wachse blieb in jeder der untersuchten abiotischen Behandlungen unverändert. Um Auswirkungen von biotischem Stress auf die Wachsauflage zu testen, wurde eine Infektion mit Gerstenmehltau (Bgh) vorgenommen. Nach sechstägiger Pilzinfektion konnten hierbei weder lokale, noch systemische Veränderungen der unterschiedlichen Wachsparameter der Gerstenblätter detektiert werden. Zusätzlich zu solchen Blattoberflächen, die aus den vier abiotischen und der biotischen Behandlung resultierten (phänotypischer Ansatz), wurden die Oberflächenwachse von 18 cer-Wachsmutanten untersucht (genotypischer Ansatz). Hieraus wurden diejenigen fünf Mutanten ausgewählt, die die stärksten Abweichungen an Wachsmengen, Mengenverteilung zwischen epi- und intrakutikulärer Wachsfraktion und/ oder Anteilen der Einzelkomponenten, der Morphologie der epikutikulären Wachskristalle, und somit auch in der davon abhängenden Oberflächenbenetzbarkeit (Hydrophobizität) gegenüber dem Wildtyp aufwiesen. Um zu überprüfen, inwiefern sich die Modifizierung der Oberflächenwachse durch Umweltfaktoren in den zugrunde liegenden molekularen Prozessen der Wachsbiosynthese widerspiegelt, wurde ein Gerstenwachs-Microarray etabliert. Eine Auswahl von 254 Genen wurde zusammengestellt, denen potentiell Funktionen in der Fettsäurebiosynthese, Kettenverlängerung von Fettsäuren und deren Modifikation zu Wachskomponenten, sowie im Transport von Lipid- und Wachskomponenten zwischen den Zellkompartimenten zukommen. Die Veränderung der Expression einzelner Gene während der abiotischen Stress-Behandlungen wurde mit den Daten der Wachsanalyse dieser Behandlungen korreliert, sowie der Einfluss einer dreitägigen Mehltauinfektion auf molekulare Prozesse der Wirtspflanze mit der Pilzmorphogenese kombiniert. Hinweise auf transkriptionelle Veränderungen in der de novo Fettsäuresynthese und den untersuchten Transportmechanismen, die mit den Veränderungen der Oberflächenwachse korrelieren, waren insbesondere unter Cadmiumstress und durch Etiolierung zu verzeichnen. Die durch Trocken- und Salzstress verursachten, moderaten Veränderungen im Expressionsmuster untersuchter Gene könnten auf eine erworbene Toleranz von Gerste gegenüber solcher Art von Umweltstress hinweisen. Das Eindringen des Pilzes in die Epidermis spiegelte sich in zahlreichen Genregulierungen wider, die besonders der Pathogenabwehr und dem intrazellulären Komponententransport dienen, oder Transkriptionsfaktoren codieren. Der Einfluss der untersuchten abiotischen Faktoren und der Pilzbefall als biotischer Stressor lösten unterschiedliche Modifikationen der molekularen Antworten aus, die miteinander verglichen wurden. Um zu klären welche Wachsparameter die Auskeimung und Differenzierung der Konidien von B. graminis beeinflussen, wurden alle analysierten Blattoberflächen (abiotisch gestresster Wildtyp und cer-Mutanten) und weitere artifizielle Oberflächen in Biotests eingesetzt. Auf allen Blattoberflächen des abiotisch behandelten Wildtyps war die Konidienentwicklung gleichermaßen erfolgreich, während sich innerhalb des genotypischen Ansatzes eine signifikante Reduktion des Keimungs- und Differenzierungserfolgs auf Blättern der Mutante cer-yp.949 zeigte. Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen mit isolierten Kutikeln und extrahierten Blattwachsen von Wildtyp und der Mutante cer-yp.949 konnte gezeigt werden, dass der herabgesetzte Entwicklungserfolg der Konidien auf Blättern der Mutante cer-yp.949 auf eine modifizierte Einbettung der Wachse und eine veränderte dreidimensionale Struktur der cer-yp.949 Kutikula zurückzuführen sein könnte. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung von Konidien auf sukzessiv entwachsten Blattoberflächen von Wildtyp und Mutanten (zunächst mechanisches Abheben der epikutikulären Wachskristalle durch Gummi arabicum, gefolgt von einer Extraktion der intrakutikulären Wachse mit Chloroform) zeigte die Bedeutung des Vorhandenseins von Wachs für die Auskeimung und Differenzierung der Konidien. Mit Ausnahme der Mutante cer-yp.949 wurde der Differenzierungserfolg der Konidien auf allen Blattflächen durch Wachsextraktion signifikant um ca. 20% reduziert („Wachseffekt“). Durch die Beschichtung von Glasobjektträgern mit extrahierten Blattwachsen konnte dieses Ergebnis auf ein artifizielles System übertragen und bestätigt werden. Zusätzliche Tests mit den Hauptkomponenten der Gerstenwachse Hexacosanol und Hexacosanal zeigten, dass Auskeimung und Differenzierung von Mehltau-Konidien von der unterschiedlichen Chemie, und auch von der Hydrophobizität der Oberfläche beeinflusst werden. Im Vergleich mit Hexacosanol zeigten Hexacosanal beschichtete Glasoberflächen sowohl den größten Keimungs- und Differenzierungserfolg, als auch die höchste Hydrophobizität. Entwicklungsraten auf hydrophoben Folien bestätigten, dass allein die Hydrophobizität der Oberfläche die Auskeimung und die Differenzierung der Konidien stimulieren kann. Das Überleben der Konidien auf artifiziellen Oberflächen wird darüber hinaus durch weitere Faktoren wie Wasserverfügbarkeit und eine durchdringbare Matrix bestimmt. KW - Mehltau KW - Gerstenkrankheit KW - Konidie KW - Keimung KW - Morphogenese KW - Wachs KW - Microarray KW - Differentielle Genexpression KW - powdery mildew desease KW - conidial differentiation KW - leaf wax analysis KW - microarray KW - wax biosynthesis KW - gene expression Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26402 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Marianne A1 - Skaf, Josef A1 - Gavril, Georgiana A1 - Polednik, Christine A1 - Roller, Jeanette A1 - Kessler, Michael A1 - Holzgrabe, Ulrike T1 - The influence of Osmunda regalis root extract on head and neck cancer cell proliferation, invasion and gene expression JF - BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine N2 - Background: According to only a handful of historical sources, Osmunda regalis, the royal fern, has been used already in the middle age as an anti-cancer remedy. To examine this ancient cancer cure, an ethanolic extract of the roots was prepared and analysed in vitro on its effectiveness against head and neck cancer cell lines. Methods: Proliferation inhibition was measured with the MTT assay. Invasion inhibition was tested in a spheroid-based 3-D migration assay on different extracellular matrix surfaces. Corresponding changes in gene expression were analysed by qRT-PCR array. Induction of apoptosis was measured by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) with the Annexin V binding method. The plant extract was analysed by preliminary phytochemical tests, liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Anti-angiogenetic activity was determined by the tube formation assay. Results: O. regalis extract revealed a growth inhibiting effect on the head and neck carcinoma cell lines HLaC78 and FaDu. The toxic effect seems to be partially modulated by p-glycoprotein, as the MDR-1 expressing HLaC79-Tax cells were less sensitive. O. regalis extract inhibited the invasion of cell lines on diverse extracellular matrix substrates significantly. Especially the dispersion of the highly motile cell line HlaC78 on laminin was almost completely abrogated. Motility inhibition on laminin was accompanied by differential gene regulation of a variety of genes involved in cell adhesion and metastasis. Furthermore, O. regalis extract triggered apoptosis in HNSCC cell lines and inhibited tube formation of endothelial cells. Preliminary phytochemical analysis proved the presence of tannins, glycosides, steroids and saponins. Liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) revealed a major peak of an unknown substance with a molecular mass of 864.15 Da, comprising about 50% of the total extract. Thin layer chromatography identified ferulic acid to be present in the extract. Conclusion: The presented results justify the use of royal fern extracts as an anti-cancer remedy in history and imply a further analysis of ingredients. KW - head and neck carcinoma KW - invasion KW - plant extract KW - proliferation KW - HNSCC KW - metastasis KW - gene expression KW - Osmunda regalis Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158704 VL - 17 IS - 518 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hyun, Tae Kyung A1 - van der Graaff, Eric A1 - Albacete, Alfonso A1 - Eom, Seung Hee A1 - Grosskinsky, Dominik K. A1 - Böhm, Hannah A1 - Janschek, Ursula A1 - Rim, Yeonggil A1 - Ali, Walid Wahid A1 - Kim, Soo Young A1 - Roitsch, Thomas T1 - The Arabidopsis PLAT Domain Protein1 is Critically Involved in Abiotic Stress Tolerance JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Despite the completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence, for only a relatively low percentage of the encoded proteins experimental evidence concerning their function is available. Plant proteins that harbour a single PLAT (Polycystin, Lipoxygenase, Alpha-toxin and Triacylglycerol lipase) domain and belong to the PLAT-plant-stress protein family are ubiquitously present in monocot and dicots. However, the function of PLAT-plant-stress proteins is still poorly understood. Therefore, we have assessed the function of the uncharacterised Arabidopsis PLAT-plant-stress family members through a combination of functional genetic and physiological approaches. PLAT1 overexpression conferred increased abiotic stress tolerance, including cold, drought and salt stress, while loss-of-function resulted in opposite effects on abiotic stress tolerance. Strikingly, PLAT1 promoted growth under non-stressed conditions. Abiotic stress treatments induced PLAT1 expression and caused expansion of its expression domain. The ABF/ABRE transcription factors, which are positive mediators of abscisic acid signalling, activate PLAT1 promoter activity in transactivation assays and directly bind to the ABRE elements located in this promoter in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. This suggests that PLAT1 represents a novel downstream target of the abscisic acid signalling pathway. Thus, we showed that PLAT1 critically functions as positive regulator of abiotic stress tolerance, but also is involved in regulating plant growth, and thereby assigned a function to this previously uncharacterised PLAT domain protein. The functional data obtained for PLAT1 support that PLAT-plant-stress proteins in general could be promising targets for improving abiotic stress tolerance without yield penalty. KW - salicylic acid KW - gene expression KW - signal transduction KW - cold stress KW - salt stress KW - abscisic acid KW - endoplasmatic reticulum KW - transcription factors KW - pseudomonas syringae KW - plants response Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114648 VL - 9 IS - 11 ER -