TY - THES A1 - Lang, Katharina T1 - Selektive Aldosteronsynthaseinhibitoren in der funktionellen Bildgebung zur Differenzialdiagnose des Primären Hyperaldosteronismus - Entwicklung eines Testsystems und Evaluation geeigneter Substanzen T1 - Functional imaging in the differential diagnosis of primary aldosteronism with selective aldosterone synthase inhibitors N2 - 5 – 13% aller Hypertoniker leiden an einem Primären Hyperaldosteronismus (PA), was diese Erkrankung zu der häufigsten Form sekundärer Hypertonie macht. Die Subtypdifferenzierung dient der Unterscheidung zwischen unilateraler, operativ zu therapierender und bilateraler, medikamentös zu therapierender Form. Der diagnostische Goldstandard in der Subtypdifferenzierung, der selektive Nebennierenvenenkatheter, ist aufgrund seiner Limitationen immer wieder Gegenstand kontroverser Diskussionen. Während CT- und MRT- Bildgebung einen fester Bestandteil der Stufendiagnostik des PA darstellen, hat die funktionelle Bildgebung, PET und SPECT, hierbei noch keinen festen Platz. In der bildgebenden Darstellung der Nebennieren allgemein gewinnen diese Verfahren, vor allem auf der Basis von Etomidat und seinen Derivaten, zunehmend an Bedeutung. Beipiele hierfür sind 11C- Meto- bzw. 18F- FETO- PET und 123I- IMTO- SPECT. Relativ neu in der Entwicklung sind selektive Aldosteronsynthaseinhibitoren. Problematisch hierbei ist die 93% Homologie in der Aminosäuresequenz von CYP11B1 und CYP11B2, der Aldosteronsynthase. Die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegende Idee ist die Entwicklung eines funktionellen Bildgebungsverfahrens zur Differenzialdiagnose des PA auf der Basis fluorierter und iodierter Aldosteronsynthasenhibitoren. Mittels Realtime- PCR konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Überexpression von CYP11B2 in aldosteronproduzierenden Tumoren dieses Enzym zu einem geeigneten Ansatzpunkt für radioaktiv markierte Tracer macht. Zur Evaluation geeigneter Substanzen wurde daher eine, humanes CYP11B1 bzw. CYP11B2 stabil exprimierende Zelllinie auf Basis der murinen Y1- Nebennierenrindenkarzinom- Zellen, entwickelt. Dies gelang durch Klonierung der humanen Enzyme in den pcDNA3.1zeo(+)- Vektor und anschließende Transfektion mit Lipofectamine. Zur weiteren Substanztestung wurde jeweils der Klon mit hoher Expression der CYP11B Enzyme auf mRNA- und Proteinebene bei gleichzeitig höchster Hormonkonzentration im Zellkulturüberstand ausgewählt. Inkubation dieser Zelllinien mit den CYP11B- Inhibitoren Etomidat und Metomidat erbrachte IC50- Werte im nanomolekularen Bereich. In dem Testsystem stellte sich das fluorierte Naphthenylpyridin- Derivat 5.1 als potentester und zugleich sehr selektiver Inhibitor von CYP11B2 heraus, der erst ab einer Zehnerpotenz über der ermittelten IC50 einen signifikanten antiproliferativen Effekt auf NCI- H295 Zellen ausübte. Die stabil transfizierten Y1-CYP11B Zellen stellten sich als geeignetes Testsystem zur Evaluation von Potenz und Selektivität der Aldosteronsynthase- Inhibitoren heraus. Mit der Substanz 5.1 konnte bereits ein potenter und selektiver Inhibitor von CYP11B2 entwickelt werden. Der IC50- Wert für die Inhibition von CYP11B2 lag für diese Substanz aber noch etwa um den Faktor 100 höher als für die Referenzsubstanz Etomidat, so dass die Entwicklung und Testung weiterer Inhibitoren folgen muss, bis eine geeignete Substanz für die funktionale Bildgebung zur Differenzialdiagnose des PA gefunden ist. N2 - Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of hypertension (5 – 13% of all cases). Differential diagnosis means mainly the differentiation between unilateral, surgically curable, disease and bilateral disease, requesting lifelong medical treatment. Whereas adrenal vein sampling, the official gold standard in subtype differentiation has certain limitations, clinical imaging, such as CT and MRI are part of the diagnostic workup but only of limited use in subtype differentiation. Recently, functional imaging procedures, with adrenal- specific tracers such as Etomidate, have become increasingly more important in adrenal imaging. As the development of selective aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors has recently become a focus of research, the idea underlying this thesis is the development of CYP11B2 inhibitors, suitable for PET- imaging, in view of a functional imaging method in the differential diagnosis of PA. To evaluate potential inhibitors a murine adrenocortical cell line (Y1), stably overexpressing the human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 was developed and several inhibitors were tested. The Y1-CYP11B cells turned out to be the appropriate system to evaluate potency and selectivity of the CYP11B2 inhibitors. With compound 5.1, a potent and selective inhibitor, exercising only minor antiproliferative effect on NCI-h295 cells, could be identified. KW - Diagnostik / Bildgebendes Verfahren KW - Hyperaldosteronismus KW - Enzyminhibitor KW - Primärer Hyperaldosteronismus KW - Bildgebung KW - CYP11B2 KW - Enzyminhibitoren KW - Aldosteronsynthaseinhibitor Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-108693 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sbiera, Silviu A1 - Ronchi, Cristina L. A1 - Leich, Ellen A1 - Henzel, Katharina A1 - Rosenwald, Andreas A1 - Allolio, Bruno A1 - Fassnacht, Martin T1 - Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array Profiling of Adrenocortical Tumors - Evidence for an Adenoma Carcinoma Sequence? JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Adrenocortical tumors consist of benign adenomas and highly malignant carcinomas with a still incompletely understood pathogenesis. A total of 46 adrenocortical tumors (24 adenomas and 22 carcinomas) were investigated aiming to identify novel genes involved in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. High-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism arrays (Affymetrix) were used to detect copy number alterations (CNAs) and copy neutral losses of heterozygosity (cnLOH). Genomic clustering showed good separation between adenomas and carcinomas, with best partition including only chromosome 5, which was highly amplified in 17/22 malignant tumors. The malignant tumors had more relevant genomic aberrations than benign tumors, such as a higher median number of recurrent CNA (2631 vs 94), CNAs >100 Kb (62.5 vs 7) and CN losses (72.5 vs 5.5), and a higher percentage of samples with cnLOH (91% vs 29%). Within the carcinoma cohort, a precise genetic pattern (i.e. large gains at chr 5, 7, 12, and 19, and losses at chr 1, 2, 13, 17, and 22) was associated with a better prognosis (overall survival: 72.2 vs 35.4 months, P=0.063). Interestingly, >70% of gains frequent in beningn were also present in malignant tumors. Notch signaling was the most frequently involved pathway in both tumor entities. Finally, a CN gain at imprinted “IGF2” locus chr 11p15.5 appeared to be an early alteration in a multi-step tumor progression, followed by the loss of one or two alleles, associated with increased IGF2 expression, only in carcinomas. Our study serves as database for the identification of genes and pathways, such as Notch signaling, which could be involved in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors. Using these data, we postulate an adenoma-carcinoma sequence for these tumors. KW - adenomas KW - cancer diagnosis KW - cancer detection KW - carcinogenesis KW - carcinomas KW - chromosomes KW - genetic loci KW - malignant tumors KW - notch signaling Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97218 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frantz, Stefan A1 - Klaiber, Michael A1 - Baba, Hideo A. A1 - Oberwinkler, Heinz A1 - Völker, Katharina A1 - Gaßner, Birgit A1 - Bayer, Barbara A1 - Abeßer, Marco A1 - Schuh, Kai A1 - Feil, Robert A1 - Hofmann, Franz A1 - Kuhn, Michaela T1 - Stress-dependent dilated cardiomyopathy in mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted inactivation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I JF - European Heart Journal N2 - Aims: Cardiac hypertrophy is a common and often lethal complication of arterial hypertension. Elevation of myocyte cyclic GMP levels by local actions of endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) or by pharmacological inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5 was shown to counter-regulate pathological hypertrophy. It was suggested that cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) mediates this protective effect, although the role in vivo is under debate. Here, we investigated whether cGKI modulates myocyte growth and/or function in the intact organism. Methods and results: To circumvent the systemic phenotype associated with germline ablation of cGKI, we inactivated the murine cGKI gene selectively in cardiomyocytes by Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. Mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted cGKI deletion exhibited unaltered cardiac morphology and function under resting conditions. Also, cardiac hypertrophic and contractile responses to β-adrenoreceptor stimulation by isoprenaline (at 40 mg/kg/day during 1 week) were unaltered. However, angiotensin II (Ang II, at 1000 ng/kg/min for 2 weeks) or transverse aortic constriction (for 3 weeks) provoked dilated cardiomyopathy with marked deterioration of cardiac function. This was accompanied by diminished expression of the \([Ca^{2+}]_i\)-regulating proteins SERCA2a and phospholamban (PLB) and a reduction in PLB phosphorylation at Ser16, the specific target site for cGKI, resulting in altered myocyte \(Ca^{2+}_i\) homeostasis. In isolated adult myocytes, CNP, but not ANP, stimulated PLB phosphorylation, \(Ca^{2+}_i\)-handling, and contractility via cGKI. Conclusion: These results indicate that the loss of cGKI in cardiac myocytes compromises the hypertrophic program to pathological stimulation, rendering the heart more susceptible to dysfunction. In particular, cGKI mediates stimulatory effects of CNP on myocyte \(Ca^{2+}_i\) handling and contractility. KW - cyclic KW - GMPcGMP-dependent protein kinase I KW - cardiac hypertrophy KW - natriuretic peptide KW - Ca2+i handling Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134693 VL - 34 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dörhöfer, Lena A1 - Lammert, Alexander A1 - Krane, Vera A1 - Gorski, Mathias A1 - Banas, Bernhard A1 - Wanner, Christoph A1 - Krämer, Bernhard K. A1 - Heid, Iris M. A1 - Böger, Carsten A. T1 - Study design of DIACORE (DIAbetes COhoRtE) - a cohort study of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 JF - BMC Medical Genetics N2 - Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is highly associated with increased risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage renal disease (ESRD) and cardiovascular morbidity. Epidemiological and genetic studies generate hypotheses for innovative strategies in DM2 management by unravelling novel mechanisms of diabetes complications, which is essential for future intervention trials. We have thus initiated the DIAbetes COhoRtE study (DIACORE). Methods: DIACORE is a prospective cohort study aiming to recruit 6000 patients of self-reported Caucasian ethnicity with prevalent DM2 for at least 10 years of follow-up. Study visits are performed in University-based recruiting clinics in Germany using standard operating procedures. All prevalent DM2 patients in outpatient clinics surrounding the recruiting centers are invited to participate. At baseline and at each 2-year follow-up examination, patients are subjected to a core phenotyping protocol. This includes a standardized online questionnaire and physical examination to determine incident micro-and macrovascular DM2 complications, malignancy and hospitalization, with a primary focus on renal events. Confirmatory outcome information is requested from patient records. Blood samples are obtained for a centrally analyzed standard laboratory panel and for biobanking of aliquots of serum, plasma, urine, mRNA and DNA for future scientific use. A subset of the cohort is subjected to extended phenotyping, e. g. sleep apnea screening, skin autofluorescence measurement, non-mydriatic retinal photography and non-invasive determination of arterial stiffness. Discussion: DIACORE will enable the prospective evaluation of factors involved in DM2 complication pathogenesis using high-throughput technologies in biosamples and genetic epidemiological studies. KW - chronic kidney-disease KW - stage renal-disease KW - glomerular-filtration-rate KW - genome-wide association KW - blood-glucose control KW - genetics KW - serum creatinine KW - cardiovascular disease KW - replacement therapy KW - United States KW - risk factors KW - diabetes mellitus type 2 KW - diabetic nephropathy KW - end stage renal disease KW - cardiovascular morbidity KW - diabetes complications KW - epidemiology Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122040 SN - 1471-2350 VL - 14 IS - 25 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chopra, Martin A1 - Lang, Isabell A1 - Salzmann, Steffen A1 - Pachel, Christina A1 - Kraus, Sabrina A1 - Bäuerlein, Carina A. A1 - Brede, Christian A1 - Jordán Garrote, Ana-Laura A1 - Mattenheimer, Katharina A1 - Ritz, Miriam A1 - Schwinn, Stefanie A1 - Graf, Carolin A1 - Schäfer, Viktoria A1 - Frantz, Stefan A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - Beilhack, Andreas T1 - Tumor Necrosis Factor Induces Tumor Promoting and Anti-Tumoral Effects on Pancreatic Cancer via TNFR1 JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Multiple activities are ascribed to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in health and disease. In particular, TNF was shown to affect carcinogenesis in multiple ways. This cytokine acts via the activation of two cell surface receptors, TNFR1, which is associated with inflammation, and TNFR2, which was shown to cause anti-inflammatory signaling. We assessed the effects of TNF and its two receptors on the progression of pancreatic cancer by in vivo bioluminescence imaging in a syngeneic orthotopic tumor mouse model with Panc02 cells. Mice deficient for TNFR1 were unable to spontaneously reject Panc02 tumors and furthermore displayed enhanced tumor progression. In contrast, a fraction of wild type (37.5%), TNF deficient (12.5%), and TNFR2 deficient mice (22.2%) were able to fully reject the tumor within two weeks. Pancreatic tumors in TNFR1 deficient mice displayed increased vascular density, enhanced infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ regulatory T cells (Treg) but reduced numbers of CD8+ T cells. These alterations were further accompanied by transcriptional upregulation of IL4. Thus, TNF and TNFR1 are required in pancreatic ductal carcinoma to ensure optimal CD8+ T cell-mediated immunosurveillance and tumor rejection. Exogenous systemic administration of human TNF, however, which only interacts with murine TNFR1, accelerated tumor progression. This suggests that TNFR1 has basically the capability in the Panc02 model to trigger pro-and anti-tumoral effects but the spatiotemporal availability of TNF seems to determine finally the overall outcome. KW - Bioluminescence KW - cancer treatment KW - cell staining KW - cytokines KW - immune cells KW - metastasis KW - regulatory T cells KW - T cells Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97246 ER - TY - THES A1 - Witz, Eva-Katharina T1 - Verbesserung des linksventrikulären Remodelings durch Inhibition des Transkriptionsfaktors Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) in Makrophagen und Granulozyten T1 - Improvement of left ventricular remodeling by inhibition of Nuclear Factor kappa B in macrophages and granulocytes N2 - Nach einem Myokardinfarkt werden ventrikuläres Remodeling und myokardiale Funktion unter anderem durch die ablaufenden Reaktionen des angeborenen Immunsystems beeinflusst. Von zentraler Bedeutung für die Regulation dieser Immunreaktion ist der Transkriptionsfaktor Nuclear Factor kappa B. Tiere, bei denen NF-κB durch das Fehlen seiner Untereinheit p50 global inaktiv ist, wei- sen einen Schutz vor linksventrikulärem Remodeling auf. Bisher ist jedoch un- klar, welche Zellen für diesen protektiven Effekt verantwortlich sind. Vorange- gangene Studien konnten zeigen, dass die Protektion nicht auf die fehlende NF- κB Aktivierung in Kardiomyozyten zurückzuführen ist. Aus Ischämie- Reperfusions-Experimenten an NF-κB-defizienten Tieren ergaben sich Hinwei- se, dass v.a. die Hemmung von NF-κB in Entzündungszellen die protektiven Effekte vermittelt. Durch Kreuzung von LysMCre- mit lox-IKKβ-Tieren erzeugten wir Tiere, denen makrophagenspezifisch IκB-Kinase β (IKKβ) fehlt. IKK deaktiviert den Inhibitor von NF-κB und ist somit essentiell für eine NF-κB-Aktivierung. Als Modell der Herzinsuffizienz diente der chronische Myokardinfarkt. Die Nachbeobachtung erfolgte über 56 Tage. Die Knockout-Tiere (KO) hatten im Vergleich zu den Wildtyp-Tiere (WT) eine signifikant bessere Überlebensrate (KO vs. WT, 100% vs. 49%, p < 0,01). Präoperativ sowie postoperativ an den Tagen 1, 21 und 56 wurden transthora- kale Echokardiographien durchgeführt. Bei gleicher Infarktgröße zeigten die KO-Tiere eine deutlich geringere linksventrikuläre Dilatation. Es konnte moleku- larbiologisch keine Reduktion der humoralen Entzündungsreaktion nachgewie- sen werden, ebenso blieb das Entzündungszellinfiltrat immunhistochemisch unverändert. Auch bezüglich Apoptoserate und Neovaskularisation zeigte sich kein Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen. Allerdings zeigten die LysM-IKKβ-KO-Tiere 56 Tage nach Myokardinfarkt einen deutlich erhöhten septalen Kollagen- gehalt als Hinweis auf ein verändertes extrazelluläres Remodeling. Aus diesen Ergebnissen kann geschlossen werden, dass die protektiven Effek- te der globalen NF-κB-Hemmung durch die fehlende NF-κB-Aktivierung in Ma- krophagen und Granulozyten, nicht aber in Kardiomyozyten vermittelt wurden. Die durch die makrophagenspezifische NF-κB-Hemmung vermittelten Verände- rungen im Remodeling der extrazellulären Matrix führen zu einer Verbesserung der Überlebensrate, besseren funktionellen Ergebnissen und einem insgesamt verminderten linksventrikulären Remodeling nach Myokardinfarkt. N2 - Improvement of left ventricular remodeling by inhibition of Nuclear Factor kappa B in macrophages and granulocytes KW - Remodeling Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-103828 ER -