TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vikuk, Veronika
A1  - Fuchs, Benjamin
A1  - Krischke, Markus
A1  - Mueller, Martin J.
A1  - Rueb, Selina
A1  - Krauss, Jochen
T1  - Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?
JF  - Journal of Fungi
N2  - Mycotoxins in agriculturally used plants can cause intoxication in animals and can lead to severe financial losses for farmers. The endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae var. lolii living symbiotically within the cool season grass species Lolium perenne can produce vertebrate and invertebrate toxic alkaloids. Hence, an exact quantitation of alkaloid concentrations is essential to determine intoxication risk for animals. Many studies use different methods to detect alkaloid concentrations, which complicates the comparability. In this study, we showed that alkaloid concentrations of individual plants exceeded toxicity thresholds on real world grasslands in Germany, but not on the population level. Alkaloid concentrations on five German grasslands with high alkaloid levels peaked in summer but were also below toxicity thresholds on population level. Furthermore, we showed that alkaloid concentrations follow the same seasonal trend, regardless of whether plant fresh or dry weight was used, in the field and in a common garden study. However, alkaloid concentrations were around three times higher when detected with dry weight. Finally, we showed that alkaloid concentrations can additionally be biased to different alkaloid detection methods. We highlight that toxicity risks should be analyzed using plant dry weight, but concentration trends of fresh weight are reliable.
KW  - Epichloë
KW  - Lolium perenne
KW  - toxicity
KW  - grasslands
KW  - HPLC/UPLC methods
KW  - endophyte
KW  - plant fresh/dry weight
KW  - alkaloid detection methods
KW  - mycotoxins
KW  - phenology
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213171
SN  - 2309-608X
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rychlik, Michael
A1  - Humpf, Hans-Ulrich
A1  - Marko, Doris
A1  - Dänicke, Sven
A1  - Mally, Angela
A1  - Berthiller, Franz
A1  - Klaffke, Horst
A1  - Lorenz, Nicole
T1  - Proposal of a comprehensive definition of modified and other forms of mycotoxins including “masked” mycotoxins
JF  - Mycotoxin Research
N2  - As the term "masked mycotoxins" encompasses only conjugated mycotoxins generated by plants and no other possible forms of mycotoxins and their modifications, we hereby propose for all these forms a systematic definition consisting of four hierarchic levels. The highest level differentiates the free and unmodified forms of mycotoxins from those being matrix-associated and from those being modified in their chemical structure. The following lower levels further differentiate, in particular, "modified mycotoxins" into "biologically modified" and "chemically modified" with all variations of metabolites of the former and dividing the latter into "thermally formed" and "non-thermally formed" ones. To harmonize future scientific wording and subsequent legislation, we suggest that the term "modified mycotoxins" should be used in the future and the term "masked mycotoxins" to be kept for the fraction of biologically modified mycotoxins that were conjugated by plants.
KW  - definition
KW  - mycotoxins
KW  - masked mycotoxins
KW  - modified mycotoxins
KW  - hidden mycotoxins
KW  - mycotoxin derivates
KW  - mycotoxin metabolites
KW  - conjugated mycotoxins
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121240
VL  - 30
IS  - 4
ER  -