TY - THES A1 - Sun, Aili T1 - Effect of Tjap1 knock-down on blood-brain barrier properties under normal and hypoxic conditions T1 - Auswirkung des Tjap1-Knockdowns auf die Eigenschaften der Blut-Hirn-Schranke unter normalen und hypoxischen Bedingungen N2 - Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in maintaining brain homeostasis by tightly regulating the exchange of substances between circulating blood and brain parenchyma. BBB disruption is a common pathologic feature of stroke and traumatic brain injury. Understanding the cellular and molecular events that affect the BBB after ischaemic brain injury is important to improve patient prognosis. We have previously shown that microRNA-212/132 is elevated in hypoxic brain microvascular endothelial cells and acts through suppressing the expression of direct microRNA-212/132 target genes with function at the BBB: claudin-1, junctional adhesion molecule 3 (Jam3) and tight-junction associated protein 1 (Tjap1). While the role of claudin-1 and Jam3 at the BBB is well known, the role of Tjap1 is still unclear. The aim of this work was therefore to characterize the role of Tjap1 in brain endothelial cells using a knock-down (KD) approach in established murine in vitro BBB models cEND and cerebEND. Tjap1 KD was established by stable transfection of a plasmid expressing shRNA against Tjap1. The successful downregulation of Tjap1 mRNA and protein was demonstrated by qPCR and Western blot. Tjap1 KD resulted in impaired barrier properties of endothelial cells as shown by lower TEER values and higher paracellular permeability. Interestingly, the Tjap1 KD cells showed lower cell viability and proliferation but migrated faster in a wound healing assay. In the tube formation assay, Tjap1 KD cell lines showed a lower angiogenic potential due to a significantly lower tube length and number as well as a lower amount of branching points in formed capillaries. Tjap1 KD cells showed changes in gene and protein expression. The TJ proteins claudin-5, Jam3 and ZO-1 were significantly increased in Tjap1 KD cell lines, while occludin was strongly decreased. In addition, efflux pump P-glycoprotein was downregulated in Tjap1 KD cells. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) is a method to mimic stroke in vitro. Brain endothelial cell lines treated with OGD showed lower barrier properties compared to cells cultured under normal condition. These effects were more severe in Tjap1 KD cells, indicating active Tjap1 involvement in the OGD response in brain microvascular endothelial cells. We thus have shown that Tjap1 contributes to a tight barrier of the BBB, regulates cell viability and proliferation of endothelial cells, suppresses their migration and promotes new vessel formation. This means that Tjap1 function is important for mature BBB structure in health and disease. N2 - Schlaganfall ist weltweit eine der häufigsten Ursachen für Mortalität und Behinderung. Die Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BHS) spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Aufrechterhaltung der Gehirnhomöostase, indem sie den Stoffaustausch zwischen dem zirkulierenden Blut und dem Gehirnparenchym streng reguliert. Eine Störung der BHS ist ein gemeinsames pathologisches Merkmal von Schlaganfällen und traumatischen Hirnverletzungen. Um die Prognose der Patientinnen und Patienten zu verbessern, ist es wichtig, die zellulären und molekularen Ereignisse zu verstehen, die sich nach einer ischämischen Hirnverletzung auf die BHS auswirken. Wir haben zuvor gezeigt, dass microRNA-212/132 in hypoxischen mikrovaskulären Endothelzellen erhöht ist und durch die Unterdrückung der Expression direkter Zielgene mit Funktion and der BHS wirkt. Zu den Zielgenen von microRNA-212/132 gehören: Claudin-1, Junctional Adhesion Molecule 3 (Jam3) und Tight Junction Associated Protein 1 (Tjap1). Während die Rolle von Caludin-1 und Jam3 and der BHS gut bekannt ist, ist die Rolle von Tjap1 noch unklar. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, die Rolle von Tjap1 in Endothelzellen mithilfe eines Knock-down (KD)-Ansatzes in etablierten murinen In-vitro-BHS-Modellen zu charakterisieren. Tjap1-KD wurde durch stabile Transfektion eines Plasmids etabliert, das shRNA gegen Tjap1 exprimiert. Die erfolgreiche Herunterregulierung von Tjap1-mRNA und -Protein wurde durch qPCR und Western Blot nachgewiesen. Tjap1-KD führte zu einer Beeinträchtigung der Barriereeigenschaften von Endothelzellen, was sich in niedrigeren TEER-Werten und einer höheren parazellulären Permeabilität wiederspiegelte. Interessanterweise zeigten die Tjap1-KD-Zellen in einem Wundheilungstest eine geringere Zelllebensfähigkeit und Proliferation, wanderten jedoch schneller. Im tube formation assay zeigten Tjap1-KD-Zelllinien ein geringeres Angiogenese-Potential durch eine signifikant geringere Anzahl der gebildeten Kapillaren. Tjap-1-KD-Zellen zeigten Veränderungen in der Gen- und Proteinexpression. Die TJ-Proteinen Claudin-5, Jam3 und ZO-1 waren in Tjap1-KD-Zelllinien signifikant erhöht, während Occludin stark verringert war. Darüber hinaus wurde P-Glykoprotein in Tjap1-KD-Zellen herunterreguliert. Sauerstoff-Glukose-Entzug (eng. oxygen/glucose-deprivation, OGD) ist eine Methode zur Nachahmung eines Schlaganfall in vitro. Mit OGD behandelte Endothelzelllinien zeigten im Vergleich zu unter normalen Bedingungen kultivierten Zellen geringere Barriereeigenschaften. Diese Effekte waren in Tjap1-KD-Zellen schwerwiegender, was auf eine aktive Beteiligung von Tjap1 an der OGD-Antwort in Endothelzellen hinweist. Wir haben gezeigt, dass Tjap1 zu einer dichten Barriere der BHS beiträgt, die Zellviabilität und die Proliferation von Endothelzellen reguliert, deren Migration unterdrückt und die Bildung neuer Gefäße fördert. Dies bedeutet, dass die Tjap1-Funktion für die reife BHS-Struktur unter physiologischen und pathophysiologischen Bedingungen wichtig ist. KW - Schlaganfall KW - Blut-Hirn-Schranke KW - blood-brain barrier KW - Tjap1 KW - oxygen/glucose deprivation KW - stroke Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-346450 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gabbert, Lydia A1 - Dilling, Christina A1 - Meybohm, Patrick A1 - Burek, Malgorzata T1 - Deletion of Protocadherin Gamma C3 Induces Phenotypic and Functional Changes in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells In Vitro JF - Frontiers in Pharmacology N2 - Inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Compromised integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increased migration of immune cells into the CNS are the main characteristics of brain inflammation. Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) belong to a large family of cadherin-related molecules. Pcdhs are highly expressed in the CNS in neurons, astrocytes, pericytes and epithelial cells of the choroid plexus and, as we have recently demonstrated, in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Knockout of a member of the Pcdh subfamily, PcdhgC3, resulted in significant changes in the barrier integrity of BMECs. Here we characterized the endothelial PcdhgC3 knockout (KO) cells using paracellular permeability measurements, proliferation assay, wound healing assay, inhibition of signaling pathways, oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) and a pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) treatment. PcdhgC3 KO showed an increased paracellular permeability, a faster proliferation rate, an altered expression of efflux pumps, transporters, cellular receptors, signaling and inflammatory molecules. Serum starvation led to significantly higher phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk) in KO cells, while no changes in phosphorylated Akt kinase levels were found. PcdhgC3 KO cells migrated faster in the wound healing assay and this migration was significantly inhibited by respective inhibitors of the MAPK-, β-catenin/Wnt-, mTOR- signaling pathways (SL327, XAV939, or Torin 2). PcdhgC3 KO cells responded stronger to OGD and TNFα by significantly higher induction of interleukin 6 mRNA than wild type cells. These results suggest that PcdhgC3 is involved in the regulation of major signaling pathways and the inflammatory response of BMECs. KW - blood-brain barrier KW - protocadherin gamma C3 KW - inflammation KW - oxygen/glucose deprivation KW - stroke KW - tumor necrosis factor-α KW - proliferation Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219828 SN - 1663-9812 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neuhaus, Winfried A1 - Gaiser, Fabian A1 - Mahringer, Anne A1 - Franz, Jonas A1 - Riethmüller, Christoph A1 - Förster, Carola T1 - The pivotal role of astrocytes in an in vitro stroke model of the blood-brain barrier JF - Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience N2 - Stabilization of the blood-brain barrier during and after stroke can lead to less adverse outcome. For elucidation of underlying mechanisms and development of novel therapeutic strategies validated in vitro disease models of the blood-brain barrier could be very helpful. To mimic in vitro stroke conditions we have established a blood-brain barrier in vitro model based on mouse cell line cerebEND and applied oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). The role of astrocytes in this disease model was investigated by using cell line C6. Transwell studies pointed out that addition of astrocytes during OGD increased the barrier damage significantly in comparison to the endothelial monoculture shown by changes of transendothelial electrical resistance as well as fluorescein permeability data. Analysis on mRNA and protein levels by qPCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy of tight junction molecules claudin-3,-5,-12, occludin and ZO-1 revealed that their regulation and localisation is associated with the functional barrier breakdown. Furthermore, soluble factors of astrocytes, OGD and their combination were able to induce changes of functionality and expression of ABC-transporters Abcb1a (P-gp), Abcg2 (bcrp), and Abcc4 (mrp4). Moreover, the expression of proteases (matrixmetalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and t-PA) as well as of their endogenous inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-3, PAI-1) was altered by astrocyte factors and OGD which resulted in significant changes of total MMP and t-PA activity. Morphological rearrangements induced by OGD and treatment with astrocyte factors were confirmed at a nanometer scale using atomic force microscopy. In conclusion, astrocytes play a major role in blood-brain barrier breakdown during OGD in vitro. KW - oxygen/glucose deprivation KW - ischemia KW - traumatic brain injury KW - cerebEND KW - C6 KW - stroke KW - in vitro KW - blood-brain barrier Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-118297 SN - 1662-5102 VL - 8 ER -