TY - JOUR A1 - Zahoranová, Anna A1 - Luxenhofer, Robert T1 - Poly(2‐oxazoline)‐ and Poly(2‐oxazine)‐Based Self‐Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations—An Update JF - Advanced Healthcare Materials N2 - For many decades, poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world‐wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2‐oxazoline)‐based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self‐assemblies and non‐covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s is learned. KW - block copolymers KW - colloids KW - cytotoxicity KW - drug delivery KW - micelles KW - microphase separation KW - thermogelling Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225833 VL - 10 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilhelms, Benedikt A1 - Broscheit, Jens A1 - Shityakov, Sergey T1 - Chemical analysis and molecular modelling of cyclodextrin-formulated propofol and its sodium salt to improve drug solubility, stability and pharmacokinetics (cytogenotoxicity) JF - Pharmaceuticals N2 - Propofol is a widely used general anesthetic in clinical practice, but its use is limited by its water-insoluble nature and associated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic limitations. Therefore, researchers have been searching for alternative formulations to lipid emulsion to address the remaining side effects. In this study, novel formulations for propofol and its sodium salt Na-propofolat were designed and tested using the amphiphilic cyclodextrin (CD) derivative hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). The study found that spectroscopic and calorimetric measurements suggested complex formation between propofol/Na-propofolate and HPβCD, which was confirmed by the absence of an evaporation peak and different glass transition temperatures. Moreover, the formulated compounds showed no cytotoxicity and genotoxicity compared to the reference. The molecular modeling simulations based on molecular docking predicted a higher affinity for propofol/HPβCD than for Na-propofolate/HPβCD, as the former complex was more stable. This finding was further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In conclusion, the CD-based formulations of propofol and its sodium salt may be a promising option and a plausible alternative to conventional lipid emulsions. KW - propofol KW - anaesthesiology KW - HPβCD KW - \(^1\)H-NMR spectroscopy KW - calorimetry KW - molecular modelling KW - cytotoxicity KW - genotoxicity Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313705 SN - 1424-8247 VL - 16 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stelzner, Kathrin A1 - Boyny, Aziza A1 - Hertlein, Tobias A1 - Sroka, Aneta A1 - Moldovan, Adriana A1 - Paprotka, Kerstin A1 - Kessie, David A1 - Mehling, Helene A1 - Potempa, Jan A1 - Ohlsen, Knut A1 - Fraunholz, Martin J. A1 - Rudel, Thomas T1 - Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus employs the cysteine protease staphopain A to induce host cell death in epithelial cells JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, which can invade and survive in non-professional and professional phagocytes. Uptake by host cells is thought to contribute to pathogenicity and persistence of the bacterium. Upon internalization by epithelial cells, cytotoxic S. aureus strains can escape from the phagosome, replicate in the cytosol and induce host cell death. Here, we identified a staphylococcal cysteine protease to induce cell death after translocation of intracellular S. aureus into the host cell cytoplasm. We demonstrated that loss of staphopain A function leads to delayed onset of host cell death and prolonged intracellular replication of S. aureus in epithelial cells. Overexpression of staphopain A in a non-cytotoxic strain facilitated intracellular killing of the host cell even in the absence of detectable intracellular replication. Moreover, staphopain A contributed to efficient colonization of the lung in a mouse pneumonia model. In phagocytic cells, where intracellular S. aureus is exclusively localized in the phagosome, staphopain A did not contribute to cytotoxicity. Our study suggests that staphopain A is utilized by S. aureus to exit the epithelial host cell and thus contributes to tissue destruction and dissemination of infection. Author summary Staphylococcus aureus is an antibiotic-resistant pathogen that emerges in hospital and community settings and can cause a variety of diseases ranging from skin abscesses to lung inflammation and blood poisoning. The bacterium can asymptomatically colonize the upper respiratory tract and skin of humans and take advantage of opportune conditions, like immunodeficiency or breached barriers, to cause infection. Although S. aureus was not regarded as intracellular bacterium, it can be internalized by human cells and subsequently exit the host cells by induction of cell death, which is considered to cause tissue destruction and spread of infection. The bacterial virulence factors and underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the intracellular lifestyle of S. aureus remain largely unknown. We identified a bacterial cysteine protease to contribute to host cell death of epithelial cells mediated by intracellular S. aureus. Staphopain A induced killing of the host cell after translocation of the pathogen into the cell cytosol, while bacterial proliferation was not required. Further, the protease enhanced survival of the pathogen during lung infection. These findings reveal a novel, intracellular role for the bacterial protease staphopain A. KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - Staphylococcal infection KW - host cells KW - HeLa cells KW - cytotoxicity KW - intracellular pathogens KW - apoptosis KW - epithelial cells Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-263908 VL - 17 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Salvador, Ellaine A1 - Pastorin, Giorgia A1 - Förster, Carola T1 - Blood-brain barrier transport studies, aggregation, and molecular dynamics simulation of multiwalled carbon nanotube functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate JF - International Journal of Nanomedicine N2 - In this study, the ability of a multiwalled carbon nanotube functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (MWCNT-FITC) was assessed as a prospective central nervous system-targeting drug delivery system to permeate the blood-brain barrier. The results indicated that the MWCNT-FITC conjugate is able to penetrate microvascular cerebral endothelial monolayers; its concentrations in the Transwell® system were fully equilibrated after 48 hours. Cell viability test, together with phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopies, did not detect any signs of MWCNT-FITC toxicity on the cerebral endothelial cells. These microscopic techniques also revealed presumably the intracellular localization of fluorescent MWCNT-FITCs apart from their massive nonfluorescent accumulation on the cellular surface due to nanotube lipophilic properties. In addition, the 1,000 ps molecular dynamics simulation in vacuo discovered the phenomenon of carbon nanotube aggregation driven by van der Waals forces via MWCN-TFITC rapid dissociation as an intermediate phase. KW - endothelial cells KW - cytotoxicity KW - blood-brain barrier KW - fluorescein isothiocyanate KW - aggregation KW - molecular dynamics KW - fluorescence microscopy KW - Transwell® system KW - multiwalled carbon nanotube KW - mice Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149233 VL - 10 ER - TY - THES A1 - Seystahl, Katharina Gertrud T1 - Einfluss von Dasatinib auf die Expansion, Zytotoxizität und Zytokinproduktion von humanen Natürlichen Killer-Zellen T1 - The impact of dasatinib on expansion, cytotoxicity and cytokine production of human Natural Killer cells N2 - NK-Zellen spielen eine wichtige Rolle im menschlichen Immunsystem, insbesondere durch die Zerstörung von virusinfizierten Zellen und Tumorzellen sowie durch die Produktion von Zytokinen. Eine gezielte Modulation der Effektorfunktionen von NK-Zellen kann den Weg für neue Therapiestrategien gegenüber malignen Erkrankungen oder auch Autoimmunerkrankungen bahnen. Dasatinib ist ein potenter Inhibitor einer Vielzahl von Kinasen, die an der Regulation von NK-Zelleffektorfunktionen beteiligt sind und für die bereits eine Inhibition von T-Zelleffektorfunktionen gezeigt werden konnte [Schade et al. 2008; Weichsel et al. 2008]. Ein besseres Verständnis der immunmodulatorischen Eigenschaften von Dasatinib kann nicht nur neue Einsatzbereiche identifizieren, sondern auch die bereits bewährte Therapie der CML optimieren. Daher wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit der Einfluss von Dasatinib auf die Expansion, Zytotoxizität und Zytokinproduktion von humanen NK-Zellen analysiert. Dazu wurden aus peripheren Blutlymphozyten gesunder Spender polyklonale NK-Zellen in Kokultur mit bestrahlten RPMI 8866-Zellen mit und ohne Dasatinib expandiert und NK-Zelleffektorfunktionen mit Durchfluszytometrie-basierten Experimenten untersucht. Im Detail wurde die Zytotoxizität nach dem Prinzip des FATAL-Experiments [Sheehy et al. 2001], die Degranulationsaktivität über die Expression von CD107a/b, die Produktion von TNF-α bzw. IFN-γ mit einer intrazellulären Färbung und die Apoptose- und Zelltodanalyse über Annexin-V und 7-AAD gemessen. Die Daten dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass Dasatinib die Haupteffektorfunktionen von NK-Zellen gesunder Blutspender in vitro reguliert: Die Expansionskapazität von NK-Zellen wird dosisabhängig und bei 50 nM Dasatinib vollständig inhibiert, ohne dass dies durch ein Absterben der NK-Zellen bedingt ist. Die Zytotoxizität von NK-Zellen, die unter 10 nM Dasatinib expandiert sind, ist nach Entfernen des Medikamentes restauriert, und die Degranulationskapazität und die Zytokinproduktion sind gesteigert. Bei unbehandelt expandierten NK-Zellen führt die direkte Anwesenheit von Dasatinib zu einer dosisabhängigen Hemmung der Zytotoxizität gegenüber K562-Zellen. Darüber hinaus inhibiert Dasatinib dosisabhängig die Degranulation und Zytokinproduktion von NK-Zellen bei einer Stimulation mit K562-Zellen nicht aber bei einer Stimulation mit PMA/Ca2+Ionophor. Eine indirekte Veränderung des Lyseverhaltens der NK-Zellen durch Effekte von Dasatinib auf die K562-Zellen zeigt sich nicht nach 4h, aber nach 24h im Sinne einer erhöhten Spontanlyse, aber geringeren spezifischen Lyse. Eine 24h-Vorbehandlung von K562-Zellen mit Dasatinib führt außerdem zu einer verminderten Degranulationsaktivität und Zytokinproduktion von unbehandelten NK-Zellen. Die Hemmung der NK-Zelleffektorfunktionen bei direkter Anwesenheit von Dasatinib und deren Restauration respektive Steigerung nach Entfernen des Medikaments ist am ehesten auf eine reversible Inhibition von Src-Kinase-abhängigen Prozessen der intrazellulären Signalübertragung zurückzuführen. Eine kompromittierte NK-Zellfunktion könnte während einer Behandlung mit Dasatinib zu einer Verminderung der Infektabwehr und der immunologischen Tumorüberwachung führen. Möglicherweise lassen sich jedoch die unerwünschten Wirkungen durch ein verändertes Dosisregime, wie eine Hochdosispulstherapie, bei guter Therapieeffizienz minimieren. Eine supprimierte Aktivität der NK-Zellen durch Dasatinib könnte dagegen bei der Therapie von NK-Zelllymphomen oder auch von Autoimmunerkrankungen eine neue Behandlungsoption darstellen. Aufgrund der bereits bekannten inhibitorischen Wirkung auf T-Zellfunktionen gibt es dabei möglicherweise Synergien in der immunsuppressiven Wirkung. Das immunmodulatorische Potential von Dasatinib birgt daher große Chancen sowohl im Einsatz als Immunsuppressivum, als auch in der Optimierung der bereits bewährten Therapie der CML. N2 - NK cells play an important role in the human immune system, especially by the lysis of virally infected cells and tumor cells, but also by the production of cytokines. Modulating NK cell effector functions may help to identify new strategies in the therapy of cancer or autoimmune diseases. Dasatinib is a potent inhibitor of multiple kinases regulating NK cell effector functions and the drug was already shown to inhibit T cell effector functions. A better understanding of the modulatory effect of dasatinib on the immune system may not only identify new applications of the drug but may also help to improve the current therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Thus, the impact of dasatinib on the expansion, cytotoxicity and cytokine production of human NK cells was analyzed in this thesis. NK cells from healthy human blood donors were expanded by co-culturing irradiated RPMI 8866 cells with and without dasatinib. NK cell effector functions have been examined by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by a FATAL-based experiment, degranulation activity by CD107a/b expression, TNF-α and IFN-γ production by intracellular staining and viability by Annexin V and 7-AAD. The data of this work show that dasatinib regulates the main NK cell effector functions of healthy blood donors in vitro. Expansion of NK cells is dose-dependently inhibited, including a complete inhibition at 50 nM dasatinib, which is not due to a decreased viability of NK cells. After removing the drug, cytotoxicity of NK cells being expanded at 10 nM dasatinib is restored while degranulation and cytokine production are increased. When no drug is present during expansion, dasatinib inhibits NK cell cytotoxicity against K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, dasatinib leads to a dose-dependent inhibition of degranulation and cytokine production of NK cells after stimulation by K562 cells but not after stimulation by PMA/Ca2+Ionophor. Indirect effects of dasatinib on NK cell cytotoxic activity by an impairment of K562 cells is not detected after 4h, but after 24h showing an increased spontaneous lysis but a decreased specific lysis. 24h-pretreating of K562 cells with dasatinib decreases degranulation and cytokine production of untreated NK cells. The inhibition of NK cell effector functions by direct presence of dasatinib and their restoration or enhancement after removing the drug are most likely due to a reversible inhibition of SRC-kinase dependent processes during intracellular signal transduction. An impaired NK cell function during the treatment with dasatinib might alter immune defense or tumor immunosurveillance. However, adverse effects could also be reduced by a high-dose pulse therapy with an equal anti-tumor efficacy. Suppressing NK cell activity by dasatinib might also be helpful in the therapy of NK cell lymphomas or autoimmune diseases. As an inhibitory effect was already shown on T cell functions, there might be a synergistic action regarding the immunosuppressive effect. The potential of dasatinib is promising not only as an immunosuppressant but also by improving the current therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia. KW - Natürliche Killerzelle KW - Protein-Tyrosin-Kinasen KW - Cytotoxizität KW - dasatinib KW - NK cells KW - dasatinib KW - cytotoxicity Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51843 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scherzad, Agmal A1 - Meyer, Till A1 - Ickrath, Pascal A1 - Gehrke, Thomas Eckhart A1 - Bregenzer, Maximillian A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Dembski, Sofia A1 - Hackenberg, Stephan T1 - Cultivation of hMSCs in human plasma prevents the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of ZnO-NP in vitro JF - Applied Sciences N2 - Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are commonly used for industrial applications. Consequently, there is increasing exposure of humans to them. The in vitro analysis of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity is commonly performed under standard cell culture conditions. Thus, the question arises of how the results of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity experiments would alter if human plasma was used instead of cell culture medium containing of fetal calf serum (FCS). Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured in human plasma and exposed to ZnO-NPs. A cultivation in expansion medium made of DMEM consisting 10% FCS (DMEM-EM) served as control. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects were evaluated with the comet and MTT assay, respectively. hMSC differentiation capacity and ZnO-NP disposition were evaluated by histology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The protein concentration and the amount of soluble Zn2+ were measured. The cultivation of hMSCs in plasma leads to an attenuation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NPs compared to control. The differentiation capacity of hMSCs was not altered. The TEM showed ZnO-NP persistence in cytoplasm in both groups. The concentrations of protein and Zn2+ were higher in plasma than in DMEM-EM. In conclusion, the cultivation of hMSCs in plasma compared to DMEM-EM leads to an attenuation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vitro. KW - ZnO-NP KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - genotoxicity KW - cytotoxicity KW - human plasma Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193063 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 9 IS - 23 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rasche, Leo A1 - Duell, Johannes A1 - Morgner, Charlotte A1 - Chatterjee, Manik A1 - Hensel, Frank A1 - Rosenwald, Andreas A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Topp, Max S. A1 - Brändlein, Stephanie T1 - The Natural Human IgM Antibody PAT-SM6 Induces Apoptosis in Primary Human Multiple Myeloma Cells by Targeting Heat Shock Protein GRP78 JF - PLoS ONE N2 - In contrast to other haematological malignancies, targeted immunotherapy has not entered standard treatment regimens for de novo or relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) yet. While a number of IgG-formatted monoclonal antibodies are currently being evaluated in clinical trials in MM, our study aimed to investigate whether the fully human IgM monoclonal antibody PAT-SM6 that targets a tumour-specific variant of the heat shock protein GRP78 might be an attractive candidate for future immunotherapeutic approaches. We here show that GRP78 is stably and consistently expressed on the surface on tumour cells from patients with de novo, but also relapsed MM and that binding of PAT-SM6 to MM cells can specifically exert cytotoxic effects on malignant plasma cells, whereas non-malignant cells are not targeted. We demonstrate that the induction of apoptosis and, to a lesser extent, complement dependent cytotoxicity is the main mode of action of PAT-SM6, whereas antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity does not appear to contribute to the cytotoxic properties of this antibody. Given the favourable safety profile of PAT-SM6 in monkeys, but also in a recent phase I trial in patients with malignant melanoma, our results form the basis for a planned phase I study in patients with relapsed MM. KW - cytotoxicity KW - apoptosis KW - immunohistochemistry techniques KW - enzyme-linked immunoassays KW - multiple myeloma KW - cell staining KW - cell binding KW - complement system Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130125 VL - 8 IS - 5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Plochmann, Kathrin T1 - Bioassays zur Untersuchung der biologischen Aktivität von Flavonoiden und Ermittlung eines zellulären Rezeptormoleküls von foamyviralen Vektoren T1 - Bioassay to investigate the biological activity of flavonoids and research to discover the foamyviral receptor N2 - Aufgrund ihrer gut dokumentierten, umfangreichen gesundheitsfördernden biologischen Aktivitäten wird den Flavonoiden eine große Bedeutung zugeordnet. Die Ergebnisse von in vitro- und Tierstudien deuten zudem darauf hin, dass diese Verbindungen bei der Prävention und Therapie von Erkrankungen wie Krebs oder Alzheimer Krankheit (AD) positive Effekte zeigen. Zur besseren Charakterisierung der Interaktion von Flavonoiden mit Krebszellen wurden von uns die Cytotoxizität verschiedener Flavonoide auf T-Lymphoblastomzellen untersucht und Strukturelemente identifiziert, welche für einen Flavonoid-induzierten Zelltod relevant sind. Weitere Studien waren der potentiell neuroprotektiven Wirkung von Flavonoiden gewidmet. Die sowohl in neuronalen Zellkulturen als auch in transgenen Alzheimer-Mäusen (TgAPPsw) festgestellte Erhöhung der sAPPα Produktion und Reduktion von Aβ-Bildung wurden mit Aktivitäts- und Expressionssteigerung der α-Sekretase ADAM-10 assoziiert. Um herauszufinden, ob Flavonoide eine neuroprotektive Wirkung zeigen, wurden erste Vorbereitungen für ein Flavonoid-Screening mit einer sowohl hAPP alsauch ADAM-10 stabil transfizierten HT1080 Zellen getroffen. Dies beinhaltete die Suche nach einer potenten siRNA/shRNA und einem effektiven Flavonoid. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden Experimente durchgeführt, um die Rolle von Heparansulfat (HS) bei der foamyviralen Anbindung an die Wirtszelle zu untersuchen. Foamyviren (FV) sind Spumaviren und gehören zur Familie der Retroviren. Bei unseren Studien wurde die Bindung von FV an Heparin, die Korrelation der Suszeptibilität verschiedener Zellen mit zellulärem HS und die Reduktion der Infektion durch lösliches Heparin sowie durch enzymatischen HS-Abbau festgestellt. N2 - Flavonoids have well-documented, beneficial biological effects. Furthermore different in vitro- and animal-experiments indicate that these compounds demonstrate positive effects in prevention and therapy of diseases, like cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. In order to characterize the interactionsbetween flavonoids and cancer cells, we examined the cytotoxicity of different flavonoids on a human leukemia cell line and identified structure elements that could be associated to flavonoid-induced cell death. Our further studies were dedicated to the potentially neuroprotective activity of flavonoids. It has been described that in neuronal cells as well as in transgenic AD mice EGCG increases levels of sAPPα- and reduces Aβ-production. This influence of EGCG was associated with enhanced activity and expression of the α-secretase, ADAM-10. To find out, if flavonoids showed neuroprotective activity, preliminary work for a later flavonoid screening on hAPP and ADAM-10 wit stably-transfected HT1080 cells was done. This includes the determination of flavonoid candidates and research of effective siRNAs towards ADAM-10. Furtherrmore we investigated the role of heparansulfat (HS) in attachment of FV to host cell. Foamyviruses (FV) are retroviruses and belong to the subfamily of spumaretroviruses. In our studies we discovered the binding of FV on heparin, the correlation between susceptibility of different cells and cellular HS and the reduction of infectivity through soluble heparin and through enzymatic HS-degradation. KW - Flavonoide KW - Biologische Aktivität KW - Bioassay KW - Virusrezeptor KW - Spumaviren KW - T-Lymphoblastomzellen KW - ADAM-10 KW - alpha-Sekretase KW - Cytotoxizität KW - T-Zell-Leukämie KW - Alzheimer-Krankheit KW - Spumaviren KW - Virusrezeptor KW - Heparansulfat KW - flavonoids KW - cytotoxicity KW - alzheimer's disease KW - foamy virus KW - receptor Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65183 ER - TY - THES A1 - Pfeiffer, Hendrik T1 - Synthesis and biological activity of molybdenum carbonyl complexes and their peptide conjugates T1 - Synthese und biologische Aktivität von Molybdäncarbonylkomplexen und ihren Peptidkonjugaten N2 - Molybdenum carbonyl complexes with different polypyridyl coligands were prepared and conjugated to peptides by mild bioorthogonal coupling reactions like the oxime ligation and a catalyst-free azide-alkyne click reaction utilized for the first time in such a context. The biological activity of some of the new complexes and conjugates, including their CO release properties, cytotoxicity on human cancer cells, and mode of induction of cell death was studied. N2 - Molybdäncarbonylkomplexe mit verschiedenen Polypyridyl-Coliganden wurden synthetisiert und erstmalig in diesem Zusammenhang mittels milder bioorthogonaler Kupplungsreaktionen wie der Oxim-Ligation und der katalysatorfreien Azid- Alkin Click-Reaktion mit Peptiden verknüpft. Die biologische Aktivität einiger der neuen Komplexe und Konjugate, wozu deren Fähigkeit CO freizusetzen, die Cytotoxizität auf menschliche Krebszellen und die Induktion des Zelltods zählen, wurde untersucht. KW - Molybdäncarbonyle KW - Biologische Aktivität KW - Molybdän KW - CORM KW - Cytotoxizität KW - Bioorganometallchemie KW - molybdenum KW - CORM KW - cytotoxicity KW - bioorganometallic chemistry Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71199 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otto, Christoph A1 - Hahlbrock, Theresa A1 - Eich, Kilian A1 - Karaaslan, Ferdi A1 - Jürgens, Constantin A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Wiegering, Armin A1 - Kämmerer, Ulrike T1 - Antiproliferative and antimetabolic effects behind the anticancer property of fermented wheat germ extract JF - BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine N2 - Background Fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) sold under the trade name Avemar exhibits anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Its mechanisms of action are divided into antiproliferative and antimetabolic effects. Its influcence on cancer cell metabolism needs further investigation. One objective of this study, therefore, was to further elucidate the antimetabolic action of FWGE. The anticancer compound 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ) is the major bioactive compound in FWGE and is probably responsible for its anticancer activity. The second objective of this study was to compare the antiproliferative properties in vitro of FWGE and the DMBQ compound. Methods The IC\(_{50}\) values of FWGE were determined for nine human cancer cell lines after 24 h of culture. The DMBQ compound was used at a concentration of 24 μmol/l, which is equal to the molar concentration of DMBQ in FWGE. Cell viability, cell cycle, cellular redox state, glucose consumption, lactic acid production, cellular ATP levels, and the NADH/NAD\(^+\) ratio were measured. Results The mean IC\(_{50}\) value of FWGE for the nine human cancer cell lines tested was 10 mg/ml. Both FWGE (10 mg/ml) and the DMBQ compound (24 μmol/l) induced massive cell damage within 24 h after starting treatment, with changes in the cellular redox state secondary to formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Unlike the DMBQ compound, which was only cytotoxic, FWGE exhibited cytostatic and growth delay effects in addition to cytotoxicity. Both cytostatic and growth delay effects were linked to impaired glucose utilization which influenced the cell cycle, cellular ATP levels, and the NADH/NAD\(^+\) ratio. The growth delay effect in response to FWGE treatment led to induction of autophagy. Conclusions FWGE and the DMBQ compound both induced oxidative stress-promoted cytotoxicity. In addition, FWGE exhibited cytostatic and growth delay effects associated with impaired glucose utilization which led to autophagy, a possible previously unknown mechanism behind the influence of FWGE on cancer cell metabolism. KW - cytostatic KW - FWGE KW - benzoquinone KW - cancer cells KW - reactive oxygen species KW - autophagy KW - cytotoxicity Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146013 VL - 16 IS - 160 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lührmann, Anja T1 - Analyse der Reifung von Afipien- und Rhodokokken-enthaltenden Phagosomen in Makrophagen T1 - Analysis of the maturation of Afipia- and Rhodococcus-containing phagosomes in macrophages N2 - Die Isolierung von Phagosomen ermöglicht die biochemische Analyse der Phagosomen-Zusammensetzung sowie der an der Phagosomenreifung beteiligten Moleküle. Deshalb wurde im Rahmen dieser Promotionsarbeit eine Methode entwickelt, die es ermöglicht, Bakterien-enthaltende Phagosomen zu isolieren. Diese Methode erzielt im Vergleich zu anderen in der Literatur beschriebenen Methoden eine gute Ausbeute (fast 40 Prozent) und vor allem eine höhere Reinheit an Bakterien-enthaltenden Phagosomen. So besteht keine Kontamination mit Teilen des Golgi-Apparates und nur eine sehr geringe Kontamination mit endosomalen und lysosomalen Proteinen sowie Plasmamembranbestandteilen. Allerdings wurde eine Kontamination mit Mitochondrien und ER detektiert. Letzteres muss nicht unbedingt eine Kontamination darstellen, sondern könnte ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Phagosomen sein. Afipia felis ist ein Gram-negatives Bakterium, das für einige Fälle der Katzen-Kratz Krankheit verantwortlich ist. Es kann innerhalb von Makrophagen überleben und sich vermehren. Die genaue Kompartimentierung der Afipia felis-enthaltenden Phagosomen in Makrophagen war allerdings unbekannt und sollte deshalb in der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit analysiert werden. Ovalbumin Texas Red, mit dem Lysosomen vor der Infektion markiert wurden, gelangt nicht in die Afipien-enthaltenden Phagosomen, und die Afipien-enthaltenden Phagosomen sind auch nicht zugänglich für Ovalbumin Texas Red, mit dem das gesamte endozytische System nach der etablierten Infektion markiert wurde. Außerdem sind etablierte, isolierte Afipia felis-enthaltende Phagosomen nur in geringem Umfang positiv für spät endosomale/lysosomale Markerproteine und negativ für früh endosomale Markerproteine. Die Afipien, die ein nicht endozytisches Kompartiment etablieren, werden vom Makrophagen in ein EEA1-negatives Kompartiment aufgenommen, das auch zu späteren Zeitpunkten negativ für LAMP-1 ist. Nur die circa 30 Prozent der Afipien, die sich in einem Kompartiment befinden, das zum endozytischen System gehört, gelangen nach der Aufnahme durch den Makrophagen in ein EEA1-positives Kompartiment, das zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt positiv für LAMP-1 wird. Tötung der Afipien oder Opsonisierung mit Antikörpern vor der Infektion normalisiert die Reifung der Afipia felis-enthaltenden Phagosomen in den J774E-Makrophagen. Somit konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Mehrzahl der Phagosomen (70 Prozent), die Afipia felis enthalten, nicht zum endozytischen System gehören. Diese ungewöhnliche Kompartimentierung besteht bereits bei der Aufnahme und kann nur von lebenden Afipien etabliert werden. Rhodococcus equi ist ein Gram-positives Bakterium, das unter anderem Bronchopneumonien beim Fohlen verursacht. Aber auch Menschen und andere Säugetiere sind von Infektionen mit R. equi betroffen. Die Fähigkeit der Rhodokokken, innerhalb der Makrophagen zu überleben und sich zu vermehren, ist mit dem Vorhandensein eines 85 kbp Plasmids assoziiert. Da über die genaue Kompartimentierung von R. equi im Mausmakrophagen wenig bekannt war, und der Frage, ob es einen Unterschied zwischen der Kompartimentierung von R. equi(+)- und R. equi(-)-enthaltenden Phagosomen gibt, noch nicht nachgegangen wurde, war beides Thema dieser Promotionsarbeit. Dabei zeigt sich, dass R. equi(-)-enthaltende Phagosomen wesentlich stärker mit den spät endosomalen/lysosomalen Markerproteinen vATPase und LAMP-1 assoziiert sind sowie eine höhere ß-Galaktosidase-Aktivität aufweisen als die R. equi(+)-enthaltenden Phagosomen. Da sowohl die isolierten R. equi(-)- als auch die R. equi(+)-enthaltenden Phagosomen mit dem früh endosomalen Markerprotein rab5 assoziiert sind, ist anzunehmen, dass Rhodokokken unabhängig vom Vorhandensein des 85 kbp Plasmids in der Lage sind, die Phagosomenreifung zu verzögern. Aber R. equi(-) kann die Reifung zwar verzögern, aber letztendlich nicht verhindern. Wahrscheinlich reifen die Phagosomen, die R. equi(-) enthalten, zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt zu Phagolysosomen, wohingegen R. equi(+) ein ungewöhnliches Kompartiment etabliert und dadurch die Phagosomenreifung endgültig zu verhindern scheint. Somit ist anzunehmen, dass mindestens ein vom 85 kbp Plasmid kodiertes Molekül für die Etablierung dieses ungewöhnlichen, R. equi(+)-enthaltenden Kompartimentes, verantwortlich ist. Da eine Infektion mit Rhodococcus equi zytotoxisch für die infizierte Zelle sein kann, wurde die von den Rhodokokken vermittelte Zytotoxizität näher analysiert. Die in dieser vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit dargestellten Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass nur die Plasmid-enthaltenden Rhodokokken zur Nekrose, aber nicht zur Apoptose ihrer Wirtszellen führen, während R. equi(-) keinen Einfluss auf die Vitalität ihrer Wirtszellen haben. Dieses Phänomen ist allerdings abhängig vom Wirtszelltyp. So sind R. equi(-) als auch R. equi(+) für humane Monozyten nur geringfügig zytotoxisch. N2 - The isolation of phagosomes from phagocytes enables their fine biochemical analysis as well as the determination of the role of various molecules in phagosome biogenesis. Therefore, a method to purify bacteria-containing phagosomes from infected macrophages has been established in this study. In comparison with previously described methods a good yield (40 per cent) and a higher level of purity of bacteria-containing phagosomes were obtained using this phagosome isolation method. No Golgi-derived contamination and only very little endosomal or lysosomal and plasma membrane-derived contaminations was found. Furthermore, some mitochondrial and ER contaminations were detectable. Afipia felis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes some cases of human Cat Scratch Disease. It can survive and multiply in macrophages, but the precise intracellular compartimentalization of Afipia felis-containing phagosomes is unknown. In this study we show evidence, that 70 per cent of Afpia felis-containing phagosomes do not belong to the endocytic pathway. This is supported by the facts that neither did ovalbumin preloaded into lysosomes enter most Afipia felis-containing phagosomes, nor did ovalbumin loaded into the endocytic system after infection. Furthermore the percentage of isolated Afipia felis-containing phagosomes positive for late endosomal/lysosomal markerproteins were very low and early endosomal marker proteins were rarely detectable. Those bacteria that were to be found in a nonendosomal compartment entered the macrophage via an EEA1-negative compartment, which remained negative for LAMP-1. The small population of Afipia felis whose phagosomes were part of the endocytic system entered into an EEA1-positive compartment which also subsequently acquired LAMP-1. Killing of Afipia felis or opsonization with antibodies before infection lead to a strong increase in the percentage of Afipia felis-containing phagosomes that interact with the endocytic system. We conclude that most phagosomes containing Afipia felis are disconnected from the endocytic system. This unusual compartalization is decided at uptake and can only be established by viable Afipia felis. Rhodococcus equi is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes granulomatous pneumonia in foals. It is also a pathogen for other animals and human beings. The pathogenicity of Rhodococcus equi is depending on its ability to exist and multiply inside macrophages and this correlates with the presence of a 85 kbp plasmid. The aim of this study was to elucidate the intracellular compartmentation of Rhodococcus equi and the mechanism by which the bacteria might avoid the destruction in host macrophages. The importance of the virulence-associated plasmid was also evaluated. In this study it is shown that R. equi(-)-containing phagosomes contained much more of the late endosomal/lysosomal marker proteins vATPase or LAMP-1 and also a larger amount of the lysosomal enzyme ß-galactosidase than R. equi(+)-containing phagosomes. Both R. equi(+)- and R. equi(-)-containing phagosomes associated with the early endosomal marker protein rab5. Based on these results it can be speculated that Rhodococcus equi is able to slow down or arrest the maturation of its phagosome independently of the 85 kbp virulence-associated plasmid. Whereas R. equi(-) is able to slow down but not to arrest its phagosomes, R. equi(+) establishes an unusual compartment, which possibly represents a recycling-endosome. Therefore, for the long term establishment of the unusual R. equi(+)-containing phagosomes at least one of the molecules encoded by the 85 kbp plasmid is necessary. Since Rhodococcus equi infection ultimately proves toxic for macrophages, the R. equi mediated cytotoxicity was analyzed. In this study it is shown that Rhodococcus equi induce necrosis in their host cells and which is dependent on the presence of the virulence-associated 85 kbp plasmid. But the Rhodococcus induced necrosis can only be observed in mouse macrophages and not in human monocytes. KW - Afipia KW - Rhodococcus KW - Phagosom KW - Makrophage KW - Makrophage KW - J774 KW - Phagosom KW - Endosom KW - Lysosom KW - Phagozytose KW - Zytotoxizität KW - Afipia felis KW - Rhodococcus equi KW - Macrophage KW - J774 KW - phagosome KW - endosome KW - lysosome KW - phagocytosis KW - cytotoxicity KW - Afipia felis KW - Rhodococcus equi Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1619 ER - TY - THES A1 - Loske, Claudia T1 - Metabolische Veränderungen und Zelltod in neuralen Zellen durch "Advanced Glycation Endproducts" T1 - Metabolic changes and cell death in neural cells by "advanced glycation endproducts" N2 - Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) entstehen aus nicht-enzymatisch glykierten Proteinen. In einer Folge von Dehydratations-, Kondensations- und Oxidationsschritten entsteht ein heterogenes Gemisch aus farbigen, fluoreszierenden Verbindungen. AGE-modifizierte Proteine sind unlöslich und proteaseresistent, bei ihrer Bildung entstehen freie Radikale und andere reaktive Intermediate. Von der AGE-Bildung betroffen sind vor allem langlebige Proteine mit geringem Umsatz wie Kollagen und Kristallin aber auch pathologische Proteinablagerungen, z.B. in der Alzheimer´schen Demenz (AD). Die Akkumulation von AGEs spielt in der Pathogenese von Komplikationen des Diabetes und der Hämodialyse eine Rolle, für die AD wird eine Beteiligung von AGEs am Krankheitsverlauf diskutiert. Die Alzheimer´sche Demenz ist gekennzeichnet durch den histologischen Nachweis seniler Plaques und neurofibrillärer Bündel in Hirngewebe der Patienten. Auf Ebene des Stoffwechsels kommt es zu einer Verringerung des zerebralen Glukoseumsatzes, es finden sich Marker sowohl für eine Akutphasenreaktion als auch für oxidativen Stress. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass die AGE-Bildung in vitro die Aggregation von ßA4, dem Hauptbestandteil der senilen Plaques in der AD, beschleunigt. Der geschwindigkeits-bestimmende Schritt ist dabei die Glykierung des ßA4-Monomers. Durch Zugabe von Übergangsmetall-ionen kann die Vernetzung weiter beschleunigt werden. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass AGEs zur Plaquebildung in der AD beitragen, redox-aktive Eisenionen sind in der AD mit den Plaques assoziiert. Mit Hilfe von Metallchelatoren, Antioxidantien oder mit Substanzen, welche die zur Vernetzung notwendigen Aminogruppen abblocken, lässt sich die Aggregation von ßA4 verlangsamen oder verhindern. AGEs wirken zytotoxisch auf BHK 21 Fibroblasten und humane SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Zellen. Die Toxizität unterschiedlicher Modell-AGEs ist abhängig von verschiedenen Faktoren, u.a. von dem zur Herstellung verwendeten Protein und vom Zucker. Die LD50 der Modell-AGEs korreliert mit dem AGE-Gehalt und der Radikalproduktion der Präparationen in vitro. Die AGE-Toxizität ist hauptsächlich radikalvermittelt. Oxidativer Stress lässt sich in AGE-behandelten Zellen durch die Bildung intrazellulärer Lipidperoxidationsprodukte nachweisen. Auf Ebene der Signaltransduktion konnte die Aktivierung des Transkriptions-faktors NfkB als Zeichen der Stressabwehr nachgewiesen werden. Die Gabe von Antioxidantien vor oder gleichzeitig mit den AGEs verringerte den Zelltod. Auch durch das Blockieren des Rezeptors für AGEs (RAGE) mit spezifischen Antikörpern konnte die Zahl überlebender Zellen gesteigert werden. Durch AGEs ausgelöster Stress führt in Neuroblastoma Zellen bereits in Konzentrationen unterhalb der LD50 zu Störungen im Redoxstatus, es kommt zur Depletion von GSH und zu Verschiebungen im Verhältnis GSH/GSSG. Damit einher gehen Veränderungen im Energiestoffwechsel der Zelle, nach anfänglich erhöhter Glukoseaufnahme kommt es im weiteren Verlauf der Inkubation zu einer Verringerung der Aufnahme von Glukose aus dem Medium, gefolgt von einer Zunahme der Laktatausschüttung. Ausserdem wurde eine Depletion von ATP um bis zu 50 Prozent nachgewiesen. Antioxidantien können die Störungen im Metabolismus der Zellen verhindern oder abschwächen, die meisten der getesteten Substanzen konnten Redoxstatus und ATP-Gehalt der Zellen zu normalisieren. Obwohl sich in AGE-gestressten Zellkulturen durch Annexin-Fluorescein-Markierung ein geringfügig erhöhter Prozentsatz apoptotischer Zellen nachweisen ließ und AGEs auch die Freisetzung von Cytochrom c ins Zytoplasma induzieren, verläuft der durch AGEs ausgelöste Zelltod verläuft offenbar insgesamt nekrotisch. Sowohl durch Radikalproduktion als auch über rezeptorvermittelte Signalwege verursachen AGEs oxidativen Stress und induzieren Veränderungen im Metabolismus der Zelle. Dies führt u. a. dazu, dass für die antioxidativen Schutzmechanismen der Zelle nicht mehr genügend Energie zur Verfügung steht. AGE-Stress trägt damit in einer selbstverstärkenden Reaktionskaskade zur Neurodegeneration bei und kann so an der Pathogenese der AD beteiligt sein. Antioxidantien und auch AGE-Inhibitoren könnten einen interessanten Ansatz zur Entwicklung alternativer Therapien in der AD darstellen. N2 - One of the most important post-translational modification of proteins is the non-enzymatic attachment of reducing sugars. Subsequent oxidations, dehydrations and rearrangements produce a heterogenous group of heterocyclic, coloured and fluorescent compounds termed "advanced glycation endproducts" (AGEs). In the course of their formation, free radicals and other reactive intermediates are created. AGE-modified proteins are resistant to proteases, their formation is irreversible. They accumulate on long-lived proteins with slow turn-over, e.g. on collagen or eye lens cristallin and on pathological protein deposits, e.g. in Alzheimer´s diease (AD). Accumulation of AGEs also occurs in the diabetic kidney and is discussed to be of importance in the etiology of AD. The pathology of Alzheimer´s disease involves accumulation of intra and extracellular protein aggregates like senile plaques and tangles. Further hallmarks are a reduction of glucose metabolism in the affected brain areas, together with signs for an acute phase response and for oxidative stress. In vitro experiments showed that AGEs accelerate the crosslinking of ßA4, the major component of senile plaques in AD. Since glycation of the peptide monomer is the first step of this reaction, this points to a participation of glycation in plaque-formation in AD. The formation of covalently crosslinked hight-weight ßA4 oligomers is further accelerated by micromolar amounts of copper and iron ions. Formation of these AGE-crosslinks can be inhibited by agents which are able of capping amino-groups, by metall chelators and by antioxidants, suggesting that these drugs may have the potential to slow down the formation of insoluble protein deposits in vivo AGEs have a direct toxic effect on BHK 21 fibroblasts and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. AGE-modification renders proteins cytotoxic, the toxicity of a protein increases with the total AGE-content and depends from the modified protein. The LD50 of a model-AGE can be correlated with the in vitro radical production by the modified protein. On the level of signal transduction, AGEs induce the activation of the nuclear transcription factor kB as a stress response in neuroblastoma cells. AGEs enhance the formation of intracellular lipid-peroxidation products as markers for oxidative stress. AGE-toxicity is mediated by ROS and oxidative stress since various antioxidants were able to attenuate AGE-induced cell death. The receptor for AGEs (RAGE) appeared to be involved in AGE-toxicity as well, because blocking of RAGE with neutralizing antibodies increased the percentage of vital cells after AGE-treatment. The AGE-induced cell death shows signs of an initial apoptotic, final necrotic pathway. Though the percentage of annexin positive, apoptotic cells is slighly increased in cell cultures treated with sublethal amounts of AGEs and cytochrome c is released in the cytoplasma no activation of caspase-3 was found. AGE-induced stress leads to an imbalance in the cellular redox-status, recognizable by a shift in the GSH/GSSG ratio and a depletion of intracellular glutathione. This is accompanied by changes in the cells glucose metabolism and impairment of energy production. During the first hours of AGE-stress glucose uptake of the cells was increased. After this time point almost no further uptake of glucose from the medium was detectable but hight amounts of lactate were released. The ATP content of the cells was reduced up to 50 per cent. Administration of antioxidants together with or before administration of AGEs normalized ATP-levels as well as glucose uptake and lactate release. Interaction of AGEs with cells has been shown to cause oxidative stress, not only by receptor mediated pathways but also by production of free radicals by chemical oxidation and degradation of AGEs. This causes metabolic dysfunctions, energy depletion and impairment of the cells antioxidative defense. In the AD brain, this may lead to neurodegeneration and cell death, suggesting a role of AGEs in the pathogenesis of this disease. The results encourage the use of membrane permeable antioxidants in novel treatment strategies of AD. AGE-inhibitors may represent an interesting approach to slow down plaque formation. KW - Alzheimer-Krankheit KW - Nervenzelle KW - Zelltod KW - Proteinstoffwechsel KW - Advanced Glycation Endproducts KW - Alzheimer KW - oxidativer Stress KW - beta A4 KW - ATP KW - Antioxidantien KW - Zytotoxizität KW - RAGE KW - Apoptose KW - SH-SY5Y KW - Advanced glycation endproducts KW - Alzheimer KW - oxidative stress KW - beta A4 KW - ATP KW - antioxidants KW - cytotoxicity KW - RAGE KW - SH-SY5Y KW - apoptosis Y1 - 2000 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1707 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ickrath, Pascal A1 - Wagner, Martin A1 - Scherzad, Agmal A1 - Gehrke, Thomas A1 - Burghartz, Marc A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Radeloff, Katrin A1 - Kleinsasser, Norbert A1 - Hackenberg, Stephan T1 - Time-Dependent Toxic and Genotoxic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles after Long-Term and Repetitive Exposure to Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) are widely spread in consumer products. Data about the toxicological characteristics of ZnO-NP is still under controversial discussion. The human skin is the most important organ concerning ZnO-NP exposure. Intact skin was demonstrated to be a sufficient barrier against NPs; however, defect skin may allow NP contact to proliferating cells. Within these cells, stem cells are the most important toxicological target for NPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP at low-dose concentrations after long-term and repetitive exposure to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP were measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, genotoxicity was evaluated by the comet assay. For long-term observation over 6 weeks, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied. The results of the study indicated cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP beginning at high concentrations of 50 μg/mL and genotoxic effects in hMSC exposed to 1 and 10 μg/mL ZnO-NP. Repetitive exposure enhanced cyto- but not genotoxicity. Intracellular NP accumulation was observed up to 6 weeks. The results suggest cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of ZnO-NP. Even low doses of ZnO-NP may induce toxic effects as a result of repetitive exposure and long-term cellular accumulation. This data should be considered before using ZnO-NP on damaged skin. KW - zinc oxide KW - ZnO KW - nanoparticles KW - cytotoxicity KW - toxicity KW - genotoxicity Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169932 VL - 14 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grebinyk, Anna A1 - Prylutska, Svitlana A1 - Grebinyk, Sergii A1 - Prylutskyy, Yuriy A1 - Ritter, Uwe A1 - Matyshevska, Olga A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Frohme, Marcus T1 - Complexation with C\(_{60}\) fullerene increases doxorubicin efficiency against leukemic cells in vitro JF - Nanoscale Research Letters N2 - Conventional anticancer chemotherapy is limited because of severe side effects as well as a quickly evolving multidrug resistance of the tumor cells. To address this problem, we have explored a C\(_{60}\) fullerene-based nanosized system as a carrier for anticancer drugs for an optimized drug delivery to leukemic cells.Here, we studied the physicochemical properties and anticancer activity of C\(_{60}\) fullerene noncovalent complexes with the commonly used anticancer drug doxorubicin. C\(_{60}\)-Doxorubicin complexes in a ratio 1:1 and 2:1 were characterized with UV/Vis spectrometry, dynamic light scattering, and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The obtained analytical data indicated that the 140-nm complexes were stable and could be used for biological applications. In leukemic cell lines (CCRF-CEM, Jurkat, THP1 and Molt-16), the nanocomplexes revealed 3.5 higher cytotoxic potential in comparison with the free drug in a range of nanomolar concentrations. Also, the intracellular drug's level evidenced C\(_{60}\) fullerene considerable nanocarrier function.The results of this study indicated that C\(_{60}\) fullerene-based delivery nanocomplexes had a potential value for optimization of doxorubicin efficiency against leukemic cells. KW - C-60 fullerene KW - doxorubicin KW - noncovalent complex KW - leukemic cells KW - cytotoxicity KW - accumulation Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228257 VL - 14 IS - 61 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grebinyk, Anna A1 - Prylutska, Svitlana A1 - Buchelnikov, Anatoliy A1 - Tverdokhleb, Nina A1 - Grebinyk, Sergii A1 - Evstigneev, Maxim A1 - Matyshevska, Olga A1 - Cherepanov, Vsevolod A1 - Prylutskyy, Yuriy A1 - Yashchuk, Valeriy A1 - Naumovets, Anton A1 - Ritter, Uwe A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Frohme, Marcus T1 - C60 fullerene as an effective nanoplatform of alkaloid Berberine delivery into leukemic cells JF - Pharmaceutics N2 - A herbal alkaloid Berberine (Ber), used for centuries in Ayurvedic, Chinese, Middle-Eastern, and native American folk medicines, is nowadays proved to function as a safe anticancer agent. Yet, its poor water solubility, stability, and bioavailability hinder clinical application. In this study, we have explored a nanosized carbon nanoparticle—C60 fullerene (C60)—for optimized Ber delivery into leukemic cells. Water dispersions of noncovalent C60-Ber nanocomplexes in the 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 molar ratios were prepared. UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) evidenced a complexation of the Ber cation with the negatively charged C60 molecule. The computer simulation showed that π-stacking dominates in Ber and C\(_{60}\) binding in an aqueous solution. Complexation with C\(_{60}\) was found to promote Ber intracellular uptake. By increasing C\(_{60}\) concentration, the C\(_{60}\)-Ber nanocomplexes exhibited higher antiproliferative potential towards CCRF-CEM cells, in accordance with the following order: free Ber < 1:2 < 1:1 < 2:1 (the most toxic). The activation of caspase 3/7 and accumulation in the sub-G1 phase of CCRF-CEM cells treated with C\(_{60}\)-Ber nanocomplexes evidenced apoptosis induction. Thus, this study indicates that the fast and easy noncovalent complexation of alkaloid Ber with C\(_{60}\) improved its in vitro efficiency against cancer cells. KW - C60 fullerene KW - Berberine KW - noncovalent nanocomplex KW - UV–Vis KW - DLS and AFM measurements KW - drug release KW - leukemic cells KW - uptake KW - cytotoxicity KW - apoptosis Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193216 SN - 1999-4923 VL - 11 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gordon, Sarah A1 - Daneshian, Mardas A1 - Bouwstra, Joke A1 - Caloni, Francesca A1 - Constant, Samuel A1 - Davies, Donna E. A1 - Dandekar, Gudrun A1 - Guzman, Carlos A. A1 - Fabian, Eric A1 - Haltner, Eleonore A1 - Hartung, Thomas A1 - Hasiwa, Nina A1 - Hayden, Patrick A1 - Kandarova, Helena A1 - Khare, Sangeeta A1 - Krug, Harald F. A1 - Kneuer, Carsten A1 - Leist, Marcel A1 - Lian, Guoping A1 - Marx, Uwe A1 - Metzger, Marco A1 - Ott, Katharina A1 - Prieto, Pilar A1 - Roberts, Michael S. A1 - Roggen, Erwin L. A1 - Tralau, Tewes A1 - van den Braak, Claudia A1 - Walles, Heike A1 - Lehr, Claus-Michael T1 - Non-animal models of epithelial barriers (skin, intestine and lung) in research, industrial applications and regulatory toxicology JF - ALTEX: Alternatives to Animal Experimentation N2 - Models of the outer epithelia of the human body namely the skin, the intestine and the lung have found valid applications in both research and industrial settings as attractive alternatives to animal testing. A variety of approaches to model these barriers are currently employed in such fields, ranging from the utilization of ex vivo tissue to reconstructed in vitro models, and further to chip-based technologies, synthetic membrane systems and, of increasing current interest, in silico modeling approaches. An international group of experts in the field of epithelial barriers was convened from academia, industry and regulatory bodies to present both the current state of the art of non-animal models of the skin, intestinal and pulmonary barriers in their various fields of application, and to discuss research-based, industry-driven and regulatory-relevant future directions for both the development of new models and the refinement of existing test methods. Issues of model relevance and preference, validation and standardization, acceptance, and the need for simplicity versus complexity were focal themes of the discussions. The outcomes of workshop presentations and discussions, in relation to both current status and future directions in the utilization and development of epithelial barrier models, are presented by the attending experts in the current report. KW - on-a-chip KW - asthmatic bronchial epithelium KW - vesicle-based barrier KW - pulmonary drug-delivery KW - epithelial cell culture KW - cytotoxicity KW - transport studies KW - permeability KW - in vitro models KW - air-liquid interface KW - respiratory syncytial virus KW - reconstructed human epidermis KW - artificial membrane-permeability KW - embryonic stem cells Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144275 VL - 32 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Glückermann, Susanne Karola T1 - Zytotoxizitätsprüfung verschiedener Silbertitanlegierungen auf Titanbasis mittels humaner Osteoblasten T1 - Cytotoxicity of silver-titanium-alloy on titan grade 2 with human osteoblasts N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Zytotoxizität verschiedener Schichten bestehend aus Silber-Titanlegierungen auf Titanbasis mittels der humanen Osteoblastenzelllinie hFOB 1.19 geprüft. Es sollte der Einfluß des Silberanteils in der Beschichtung auf die Zellen getestet werden. Es wurde die Wirkung auf die Proliferations- und Differenzierungsleistung der Zellen mit standardisierten Untersuchungsmethoden getestet. Des weiteren wurde die Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase und die Biomassebestimmung vorgenommen.Als Kontrolluntersuchung wurde der gleiche Versuch mit der bronchialen Epithelzelllinie HBE 16 durchgeführt. Die Zellkultivierung erfolgte über einen 14-tägigen Zeitraum. Als Referenzoberfläche wurde konventionelles Zellkultur-Polystyrol verwendet. Die Zellvitalität wurde mit Hilfe des WST-1-Tests, der Differenzierungstatus anhand der Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase und der Proteingehalt mittels der Proteinbestimmung nach Bradford erfaßt. Es zeigten sich bei allen Messungen starke Schwankungen der Zellzahl, Zellvitalität, der spezifischen Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase und des Proteingehalts auf den Oberflächen. Eine Proportionalität zwischen den verschiedenen Silberkonzentrationen und den Proliferationszahlen war nicht zu beobachten. Mit dem Wissen über die hervorragende Biokompatibilität von Titan und der nachgewiesenen bakteriostatischen Wirkung von Silber ist dies ein hervorragender Werkstoff , welcher schädliche Bakterien um das Implantat herum eliminiert und trotzdem ein ungehindertes Einwachsen des Implantats in den Knochen erlaubt. KW - Silber-Titan-Legierung KW - Osteoblasten KW - Zytotoxizitätsprüfung KW - bronchiale Epithelzellen HBE 16 KW - PVD-Verfahren KW - silver-titanium-alloy KW - osteoblasts KW - cytotoxicity KW - human respiratory epithelial cells Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-11021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Glaser, Jan A1 - Schultheis, Martina A1 - Moll, Heidrun A1 - Hazra, Banasri A1 - Holzgrabe, Ulrike T1 - Antileishmanial and Cytotoxic Compounds from Valeriana wallichii and Identification of a Novel Nepetolactone Derivative JF - Molecules N2 - The chloroform extract of Valeriana wallichii (V. wallichii) rhizomes was investigated to elucidate the structures responsible for reported antileishmanial activity. Besides bornyl caffeate (1, already been reported by us previously), bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in two additional cinnamic acid derivatives 2–3 with moderate leishmanicidal activity. The structure of a novel nepetolactone derivative 4 having a cinnamic acid moiety was elucidated by means of spectral analysis. To the best of our knowledge villoside aglycone (5) was isolated from this plant for the first time. The bioassay-guided fractionation yielded two new (compounds 6–7) and two known valtrates (compounds 8–9) with leishmanicidal potential against Leishmania major (L. major) promastigotes. In addition, β-bisabolol (10), α-kessyl alcohol (11), valeranone (12), bornyl isovalerate (13) and linarin-2-O-methylbutyrate (14) were identified. This is the first report on the isolation of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin (15), podophyllotoxin (16) and pinoresinol (17) in V. wallichii. In total thirteen known and four new compounds were identified from the extract and their cytotoxic and antileishmanial properties were evaluated. KW - novel nepetolactone derivative KW - cytotoxicity KW - antileishmanial KW - V. wallichii KW - podophyllotoxin KW - valtrates Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125320 VL - 20 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eltamany, Enas E. A1 - Abdelmohsen, Usama Ramadan A1 - Hal, Dina M. A1 - Ibrahim, Amany K. A1 - Hassanean, Hashim A. A1 - Abdelhameed, Reda F. A. A1 - Temraz, Tarek A. A1 - Hajjar, Dina A1 - Makki, Arwa A. A1 - Hendawy, Omnia Magdy A1 - AboulMagd, Asmaa M. A1 - Youssif, Khayrya A. A1 - Bringmann, Gerhard A1 - Ahmed, Safwat A. T1 - Holospiniferoside: A New Antitumor Cerebroside from The Red Sea Cucumber Holothuria spinifera: In Vitro and In Silico Studies JF - Molecules N2 - Chemical investigation of the methanolic extract of the Red Sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera led to the isolation of a new cerebroside, holospiniferoside (1), together with thymidine (2), methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (3), a new triacylglycerol (4), and cholesterol (5). Their chemical structures were established by NMR and mass spectrometric analysis, including gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). All the isolated compounds are reported in this species for the first time. Moreover, compound 1 exhibited promising in vitro antiproliferative effect on the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with IC\(_{50}\) of 20.6 µM compared to the IC50 of 15.3 µM for the drug cisplatin. To predict the possible mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of compound 1, a docking study was performed to elucidate its binding interactions with the active site of the protein Mdm2–p53. Compound 1 displayed an apoptotic activity via strong interaction with the active site of the target protein. This study highlights the importance of marine natural products in the design of new anticancer agents. KW - Holothuria spinifera KW - HRMS KW - cerebrosides KW - molecular docking KW - cytotoxicity Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234058 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 26 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Chan, Gordon T1 - The Role of Vav-1, Vav-2 and Lsc in NK T cell development and NK cell cytotoxicity N2 - The hematopoietic-specific Rho-family GTP exchange factor (GEF) Vav-1 is a regulator of lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling and mediates normal maturation and activation of B and T cells. Recent findings suggest that Vav-1 also forms part of signaling pathways required for natural and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human NK cells. In this study, I show that Vav-1 is also expressed in murine NK cells. Vav-1-/- mice had normal numbers of splenic NK cells, and these displayed a similar expression profile of NK cell receptors as cells from wild type mice. Unexpectedly, IL-2-activated Vav-1-/- NK cells retained normal ADCC. Fc-receptor mediated activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 was also normal. In contrast, Vav-1-/- NK cells exhibited reduced natural cytotoxicity against EL4, C4.4.25, RMA and RMA/S. Together, these results demonstrate that Vav-1 is dispensable for mainstream NK cell development, but is required for NK cell natural cytotoxicity. Vav-2, a protein homologous to Vav-1 has also been implicated in NK cell functions. However, NK cells from Vav-2-/- mice have normal cytotoxic activities and NK cells that lack both Vav-1 and Vav-2 exhibit similar defect as Vav-1-/- cells. Thus Vav-2 has no apparent function in the development and the activation of NK cells. Although NK cell development is normal in Vav-1-/- mice, their numbers of NKT cells were dramatically diminished. Furthermore, NKT cells from Vav-1 mutant mice failed to produce IL-4 and IFNg following in vivo CD3 stimulation. A similar loss of NKT cells was observed in Vav-1-/-Vav-2-/- mice, but not in Vav-2-/- mice, suggesting that only Vav-1, and not Vav-2, is an essential regulator of NKT cell development and NK cell cytotoxicity. Similar to Vav-1, Lsc is a Rho GEF that is expressed specifically in the hematopoietic system. It contains a regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) domain which negatively regulates the Ga12 and Ga13 subunits of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). This study shows that NK and NKT cell development are normal in Lsc-/- mice. However, NK cells from mutant mice display enhanced cytotoxic responses towards a panel of tumor cells. These data implicate for the first time a RGS-containing Rho GEF in cytotoxic responses and suggest that Lsc down-modulate NK cell activation. N2 - Vav-1 ist ein spezifisch in hämatopoetischen Zellen exprimierter Guanin-Nukleotid-Exchange-Faktor (GEF) für Rho-GTPasen, der die Antigenrezeptor-vermittelte Signaltransduktion in Lymphocyten reguliert und essentiell für der Reifung und Aktivierung von B- und T-Zellen ist. Untersuchungen an menschlichen Zellen lassen vermuten, dass Vav1 auch für Antikörper-unabhängige, natürliche Zytotoxizität und die Antikörper-abhängige zellvermittelte Zytoxizität (ADCC) von „Natürlichen-Killerzellen“ (NK-Zellen) wichtig ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit zeige ich, dass Vav-1 auch in murinen NK-Zellen exprimiert ist. Analysen von Vav-1-/--Mäuse zeigen eine normale Anzahl von NK-Zellen, die wiederum ein ähnliches Expressionsprofil von typischen NK-Zell-Rezeptoren im Vergleich zu wildtypischen Mäusen aufweisen. Die ADCC von Vav-1-/- NK-Zellen ist unverändert, wie auch die Fc-Rezeptor vermittelte Aktivierung von ERK, JNK und p38. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen Vav-1-/- NK-Zellen eine reduzierte natürliche Cytotoxizität gegenüber EL4-, C4.4.25-, RMA- und RMA/S-Zielzellen. Vav-1 ist daher nicht für die Entwicklung, sondern für den Aufbau der natürlichen Cytotoxizität von NK-Zellen von Bedeutung. Für Vav-2 wurde ebenfalls eine Rolle in NK-Zellfunktionen wahrscheinlich gemacht. Dennoch zeigen Vav-2-/- Mäuse ein normales zytotoxisches Verhalten. NK-Zellen von Vav-1/Vav-2-doppeldefizienten Tieren weisen ähnliche Defekte wie NK-Zellen von Vav-1-defizienten Tieren. Somit besitzt Vav-2 keine entscheidende Funktion für die Entwicklung und Aktivierung von NK-Zellen. Im Gegensatz zu NK-Zellen ist die Anzahl der NKT-Zellen in Vav-1-/- Mäusen drastisch reduziert. Außerdem sind NKT-Zellen Vav-1-defizienter Mäuse nicht in der Lage IL-4 und INFg nach CD3-Stimulierung in vivo zu produzieren. Ein ähnlicher Verlust der NKT-Zell-Population wurde in Vav-1-/-- Vav-2-/--Mäusen beobachtet, nicht aber in Vav-2-/- Mäusen. Daher scheint nur Vav-1, nicht aber Vav-2, ein essentieller Regulator sowohl der NKT-Zell-Entwicklung als auch der NK-Zell-Cytotoxizität zu sein. Ein weiterer Rho-GEF, Lsc, ist ebenfalls spezifisch im hämatopoetischen System exprimiert. Lsc besitzt auch eine negativ-regulatorische RGS-Domäne (regulator of G-protein signaling) für die Ga12- und Ga13-Untereinheiten von G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren. NK- und NKT-Zellen von Lsc-defizienten Mäusen entwickeln sich normal, weisen aber eine erhöhte Cytotoxizität gegenüber einer Reihe von Tumor-Zellen auf. Diese Daten zeigen zum ersten mal die Beteiligung eines RGS-Rho-GEF an zytotoxischen Reaktionen und deuten auf eine negative Modulation der NK-Zell-Aktivierung durch Lsc hin. KW - Maus KW - Natürliche Killerzelle KW - Cytotoxizität KW - Vav KW - Lsc/p115 Rho GEF KW - NK cells KW - cytotoxicity KW - T cells Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3645 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blättner, Sebastian A1 - Das, Sudip A1 - Paprotka, Kerstin A1 - Eilers, Ursula A1 - Krischke, Markus A1 - Kretschmer, Dorothee A1 - Remmele, Christian W. A1 - Dittrich, Marcus A1 - Müller, Tobias A1 - Schuelein-Voelk, Christina A1 - Hertlein, Tobias A1 - Mueller, Martin J. A1 - Huettel, Bruno A1 - Reinhardt, Richard A1 - Ohlsen, Knut A1 - Rudel, Thomas A1 - Fraunholz, Martin J. T1 - Staphylococcus aureus Exploits a Non-ribosomal Cyclic Dipeptide to Modulate Survival within Epithelial Cells and Phagocytes JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - Community-acquired (CA) Staphylococcus aureus cause various diseases even in healthy individuals. Enhanced virulence of CA-strains is partly attributed to increased production of toxins such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSM). The pathogen is internalized efficiently by mammalian host cells and intracellular S. aureus has recently been shown to contribute to disease. Upon internalization, cytotoxic S. aureus strains can disrupt phagosomal membranes and kill host cells in a PSM-dependent manner. However, PSM are not sufficient for these processes. Here we screened for factors required for intracellular S. aureus virulence. We infected escape reporter host cells with strains from an established transposon mutant library and detected phagosomal escape rates using automated microscopy. We thereby, among other factors, identified a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) to be required for efficient phagosomal escape and intracellular survival of S. aureus as well as induction of host cell death. By genetic complementation as well as supplementation with the synthetic NRPS product, the cyclic dipeptide phevalin, wild-type phenotypes were restored. We further demonstrate that the NRPS is contributing to virulence in a mouse pneumonia model. Together, our data illustrate a hitherto unrecognized function of the S. aureus NRPS and its dipeptide product during S. aureus infection. KW - cell death KW - cytotoxicity KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - host cells KW - neutrophils KW - macrophages KW - transposable elements KW - epithelial cells Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180380 VL - 12 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abdelhameed, Reda F. A. A1 - Eltamany, Enas E. A1 - Hal, Dina M. A1 - Ibrahim, Amany K. A1 - AboulMagd, Asmaa M. A1 - Al-Warhi, Tarfah A1 - Youssif, Khayrya A. A1 - Abd El-kader, Adel M. A1 - Hassanean, Hashim A. A1 - Fayez, Shaimaa A1 - Bringmann, Gerhard A1 - Ahmed, Safwat A. A1 - Abdelmohsen, Usama Ramadan T1 - New cytotoxic cerebrosides from the Red Sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera supported by in-silico studies JF - Marine Drugs N2 - Bioactivity-guided fractionation of a methanolic extract of the Red Sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera and LC-HRESIMS-assisted dereplication resulted in the isolation of four compounds, three new cerebrosides, spiniferosides A (1), B (2), and C (3), and cholesterol sulfate (4). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established on the basis of their 1D NMR and HRMS spectral data. Metabolic profiling of the H. spinifera extract indicated the presence of diverse secondary metabolites, mostly hydroxy fatty acids, diterpenes, triterpenes, and cerebrosides. The isolated compounds were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicities against the breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line. Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 displayed promising cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 cells, with IC\(_{50}\) values of 13.83, 8.13, 8.27, and 35.56 µM, respectively, compared to that of the standard drug doxorubicin (IC\(_{50}\) 8.64 µM). Additionally, docking studies were performed for compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 to elucidate their binding interactions with the active site of the SET protein, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which could explain their cytotoxic activity. This study highlights the important role of these metabolites in the defense mechanism of the sea cucumber against fouling organisms and the potential uses of these active molecules in the design of new anticancer agents. KW - LC-HRESIMS KW - Holothuria spinifera KW - cerebrosides KW - molecular docking KW - cytotoxicity Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211089 SN - 1660-3397 VL - 18 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abd El-Aziz, Asmaa M. A1 - El-Maghraby, Azza A1 - Ewald, Andrea A1 - Kandil, Sherif H. T1 - In-vitro cytotoxicity study: cell viability and cell morphology of carbon nanofibrous scaffold/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites JF - Molecules N2 - Electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs), which were modified with hydroxyapatite, were fabricated to be used as a substrate for bone cell proliferation. The CNFs were derived from electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers after two steps of heat treatment: stabilization and carbonization. Carbon nanofibrous (CNF)/hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites were prepared by two different methods; one of them being modification during electrospinning (CNF-8HA) and the second method being hydrothermal modification after carbonization (CNF-8HA; hydrothermally) to be used as a platform for bone tissue engineering. The biological investigations were performed using in-vitro cell counting, WST cell viability and cell morphology after three and seven days. L929 mouse fibroblasts were found to be more viable on the hydrothermally-modified CNF scaffolds than on the unmodified CNF scaffolds. The biological characterizations of the synthesized CNF/HA nanofibrous composites indicated higher capability of bone regeneration. KW - HA modifiedCNF membranes KW - cytotoxicity KW - WST test KW - cell counting KW - cell viability KW - cell morphology Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234037 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 26 IS - 6 ER -