TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rostás, Michael
A1  - Blassmann, Katrin
T1  - Insects had it first: surfactants as a defence against predators
N2  - Insects have evolved an astonishing array of defences to ward off enemies. Well-known and widespread is the regurgitation of oral secretions (OS), fluids that repel attacking predators. In herbivores, the effectiveness of OS has been ascribed so far to the presence of deterrent secondary metabolites sequestered from the host plant. This notion implies, however, that generalists experience less protection on plants with low amounts of secondary metabolites or with compounds ineffective against potential enemies. Resolving the dilemma, we describe a novel defence mechanism that is independent of deterrents as it relies on the OS’ intrinsic detergent properties. The OS of Spodoptera exigua (and other species) was found to be highly amphiphilic and well capable of wetting the hydrophobic cuticle of predatory ants. As a result, affected ants stopped attacking and engaged in extensive cleansing. The presence of surfactants was sufficient to explain the defensive character of herbivore OS. We hypothesize that detergency is a common but unrecognised mode of defence which provides a base level of protection that may or may not be further enhanced by plant-derived deterrents. Our study also proves that insects ‘invented’ the use of defensive surfactants long before modern agriculture had started applying them as insecticides.
KW  - Pflanzenfressende Insekten
KW  - Grenzflächenaktiver Stoff
KW  - Ameisen
KW  - Zuckerrübeneule
KW  - Abwehr
KW  - Oralsekret
KW  - anti-predator defence
KW  - caterpillars
KW  - regurgitation
KW  - secondary metabolites
KW  - biosurfactants
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35031
ER  -