TY - JOUR A1 - Koderer, Corinna A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Wünsch, Anna Chiara A1 - Balint, Julia A1 - El-Mesery, Mohamed A1 - Volland, Julian Manuel A1 - Hartmann, Stefan A1 - Linz, Christian A1 - Kübler, Alexander Christian A1 - Seher, Axel T1 - Low energy status under methionine restriction is essentially independent of proliferation or cell contact inhibition JF - Cells N2 - Nonlimited proliferation is one of the most striking features of neoplastic cells. The basis of cell division is the sufficient presence of mass (amino acids) and energy (ATP and NADH). A sophisticated intracellular network permanently measures the mass and energy levels. Thus, in vivo restrictions in the form of amino acid, protein, or caloric restrictions strongly affect absolute lifespan and age-associated diseases such as cancer. The induction of permanent low energy metabolism (LEM) is essential in this process. The murine cell line L929 responds to methionine restriction (MetR) for a short time period with LEM at the metabolic level defined by a characteristic fingerprint consisting of the molecules acetoacetate, creatine, spermidine, GSSG, UDP-glucose, pantothenate, and ATP. Here, we used mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to investigate the influence of proliferation and contact inhibition on the energy status of cells. Interestingly, the energy status was essentially independent of proliferation or contact inhibition. LC/MS analyses showed that in full medium, the cells maintain active and energetic metabolism for optional proliferation. In contrast, MetR induced LEM independently of proliferation or contact inhibition. These results are important for cell behaviour under MetR and for the optional application of restrictions in cancer therapy. KW - methionine restriction KW - caloric restriction KW - mass spectrometry KW - LC/MS KW - liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry KW - metabolomics KW - L929 KW - amino acid KW - proliferation KW - contact inhibition Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262329 SN - 2073-4409 VL - 11 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Koderer, Corinna A1 - El-Mesery, Mohamed A1 - Gobik, Sebastian A1 - Sampers, Rene A1 - Straub, Anton A1 - Kübler, Alexander Christian A1 - Seher, Axel T1 - Metabolic fingerprinting of murine L929 fibroblasts as a cell-based tumour suppressor model system for methionine restriction JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Since Otto Warburg reported in 1924 that cancer cells address their increased energy requirement through a massive intake of glucose, the cellular energy level has offered a therapeutic anticancer strategy. Methionine restriction (MetR) is one of the most effective approaches for inducing low-energy metabolism (LEM) due to the central position in metabolism of this amino acid. However, no simple in vitro system for the rapid analysis of MetR is currently available, and this study establishes the murine cell line L929 as such a model system. L929 cells react rapidly and efficiently to MetR, and the analysis of more than 150 different metabolites belonging to different classes (amino acids, urea and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycles, carbohydrates, etc.) by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) defines a metabolic fingerprint and enables the identification of specific metabolites representing normal or MetR conditions. The system facilitates the rapid and efficient testing of potential cancer therapeutic metabolic targets. To date, MS studies of MetR have been performed using organisms and yeast, and the current LC/MS analysis of the intra- and extracellular metabolites in the murine cell line L929 over a period of 5 days thus provides new insights into the effects of MetR at the cellular metabolic level. KW - methionine restriction KW - caloric restriction KW - mass spectrometry KW - LC/MS KW - liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry KW - metabolism KW - L929 KW - amino acid Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259198 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 22 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kühnreich, Raphael T1 - Development and Validation of Methods for Impurity Profiling of Amino Acids T1 - Entwicklung und Validierung von Methoden für die Reinheitsanalytik von Aminosäuren N2 - The requirements for the impurity profiling of substances for pharmaceutical use have become greater over time. They can be accomplished by the use of modern instrumental analysis techniques, which have been evolved in the last decades. New types of columns with HILIC, mixed-mode and chiral stationary phases are suitable for the separation of all kinds of substances mixtures, that were previously hardly possible with the use of common reversed phase columns. Modern, almost universal detectors like CAD, ELSD and CNLSD can be applied for a sensitive detection of substances without a chromophore. However, in addition to some small individual disadvantages to these methods, the costs are high and applications are still kind of rare. Thus, the introduction of these devices at a broader level has not yet taken place. While this presumably will change over time, there is a need for methods that enable the impurity profiling of challenging substances with widespread analytics devices. Methionine is a substance with hydrophobic and hydrophilic impurities. With the help of a mixed-mode stationary phase, which is a combination of a reversed phase and a strong cationic exchanger, the separation of all putative impurities was found possible with good sensitivity and selectivity. The method requires apart from the column only standard isocratic HPLC equipment and was successfully validated. The evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of amino acids is challenging. Two approaches were made. The first method utilizes CE by means of in-capillary derivation with OPA and the subsequent separation with a cyclodextrin. With the use of OPA/NAC and γ-cyclodextrin, a simple and cost-effective method for the indirect enantioseparation of 16 amino acids was developed. With the second approach, racemic amino acids can be analyzed with HPLC and in-needle derivatization. For this, different columns and chiral thiols were evaluated and the chromatographic parameters were optimized. A method with OPA/NIBLC, a pentafluorophenyl column made the enantioseparation of 17 amino acids feasible. A LOQ of the minor enantiomer down to 0.04 % can be achieved with UV spectrophotometric detection. A similar method was developed for impurity profiling of L-amino acids. This can be used alternatively for the amino acid analysis performed by the European Pharmacopoeia. A simple, robust, precise and accurate method for the evaluation of impurities in glyceryl trinitrate solution was developed and validated. The four impurities of glyceryl trinitrate are separated by means of an acetonitrile-water gradient and the assay for this substance is also possible. N2 - Die Anforderungen an die Reinheitsanalytik von Substanzen für pharmazeutische Zwecke sind mit der Zeit größer geworden. Diese können durch die Verwendung von modernen instrumentellen Analysetechniken, die sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten entwickelt haben, erfüllt werden. Neue Arten von Säulen mit HILIC, mixed-mode und chiralen Phasen sind geeignet für die Trennung von allen möglichen Substanzgemischen, die vorher mit der Verwendung von gewöhnlichen Umkehrphasensäulen kaum möglich waren. Moderne, fast universelle Detektoren wie CAD, ELSD und CNLSD können für eine sensitive Detektion von Substanzen ohne Chromophor verwendet werden. Allerdings, neben ein paar individuellen Nachteilen von diesen Methoden, sind die Kosten sehr hoch und die Anwendungen noch eher selten. Daher haben sich diese Geräte noch nicht auf breiter Ebene durchgesetzt. Auch wenn sich das mit der Zeit ändern wird, gibt es die Notwendigkeit für Analysemethoden mit denen die Reinheitsanalytik von herausfordernden Substanzen auf verbreiteten analytischen Geräten ermöglicht wird. Methionin ist eine Substanz mit hydrophilen und hydrophoben Verunreinigungen. Mit der Hilfe einer „mixed-mode“-Phase, welche eine Kombination aus Umkehrphase und starker Kationenaustauscher ist, wurde die Trennung von allen mutmaßlichen Verunreinigungen mit guter Sensitivität und Selektivität ermöglicht. Die Methode benötigt abgesehen von der Säule nur eine normale isokratische HPLC und wurde erfolgreich validiert. Die Untersuchung der chiralen Reinheit von Aminosäuren ist anspruchsvoll. Zwei Ansätze wurden durchgeführt. Die erste Methode verwendet CE mittels In-Capillary- Derivatisierung durch OPA und der anschließenden Trennung mit Hilfe von einem Cyclodextrin. Durch den Gebrauch von OPA/NAC und γ-Cyclodextrin, wurde eine einfache und kosteneffektive Methode für die indirekte Enantioseparation von 16 Aminosäuren entwickelt. Mit dem zweiten Ansatz können Aminosäuren mittels HPLC und einer In-Needle- Derivatisierung analysiert werden. Dafür wurden verschiedene Säulen und chirale Thiole getestet und die chromatographischen Parameter optimiert. Eine Methode mit OPA/NIBLC, einer Pentafluorophenyl-Säule ermöglichte die Trennung on 17 Aminosäuren. Ein LOQ des kleinen Enantiomers von 0,04 % kann mit UV-spektroskopischer Detektion erreicht werden. Eine ähnliche Methode wurde für die Reinheitsanalytik von L-Aminosäuren entwickelt. Diese kann alternativ zur Aminosäurenanalyse im Europäischen Arzneibuch verwendet werden. Zusammenfassung 163 Eine einfache, robuste, präzise und richtige Methode zur Untersuchung der Verunreinigungen in Glyceryltrinitratlösung wurde entwickelt und validiert. Die vier Verunreinigungen von Glyceryltrinitrat werden mit Hilfe eines Acetonitril-Wasser-Gradienten getrennt und die Gehaltsbestimmung dieser Substanz ist ebenfalls möglich. KW - Aminosäuren KW - HPLC KW - Enantiomere KW - Trennung KW - amino acid KW - impurity profiling KW - chiral separation KW - Aminosäure KW - Reinheitsanalytik KW - chirale Trennung Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145718 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shephard, S. E. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. T1 - Nitrosation of dietary precursors N2 - The diet contains a large number of constituents which can be nitrosated in the gastrointestinal tract (especially in the stomach) to potentially carcinogenic nitroso compounds (NOC). The nitrosation of food mixtures has been investigated with a number of assays, such as chemical analysis or detection of alkylating potential, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Relatively good information is available on the formation of stable nitrosamines using high nitrite concentrations. Little is known, however, about the formation of chemically unstable NOC at low nitrite concentration and their genotoxicity in target cells. A comparison of the precursor classes, alkylamines, aromatic amines, amino acids, amides and peptides, ureas and guanidines, reveals a vast range, both with respect to daily intake (105-fold) and nitrosation rate (104-fold both for 1st and 2nd order nitrite dependence). A total span of 108 results for the relative yield of NOC in the stomach. The endogenous NOC burden from dietary ureas and aromatic amines may represent as large a hazard as the intake of preformed NOC. Recent evidence also indicates that heterocyclic amines and phenols must be considered and that the half-life of nitrosated a-amino acids can be much longer than that of nitrosated primary alkylamines. In these classes, more information should be collected on dietary concentrations, on the nitrosation under realistic conditions and on the genotoxicity in stomach lining cells. Within a chemical precursor class, a wide range is seen with respect to alkylating potency. It cannot, therefore, be excluded that individual precursors within the top ranking classes might become more important than single preformed NOC. Not considered in the above analysis but probably just as important for a risk evaluation in a population is the knowledge of the nitrosation conditions and target cell susceptibility in individuals. KW - Ernährung KW - diet KW - amine KW - amino acid KW - urea KW - nitrosation KW - nitroso compound KW - endogenous KW - stomach KW - alkylation KW - 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine KW - DNA binding KW - genotoxic KW - mutagen KW - carcinogen KW - Nitrosierung Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70311 ER -