TY - THES A1 - Butters, Marlene T1 - Etablierung und Evaluierung von quantitativen RT-PCR- und ELISA-Verfahren zur Bestimmung muriner Zytokinspiegel bei der Immunantwort gegenüber Aspergillus fumigatus T1 - Establishment and evaluation of quantitative RT-PCR- and ELISA-methods for identifycation of murine zytikin levels regarding the immune reaction against Aspergillus fumigatus N2 - In unserer Studie sollte die Genauigkeit der PCR zur Bestimmung von Zytokinspiegeln ermittelt werden. Mittels Blutproben von mit A. Fumigatus infizierten Mäusen, sollte eine Aussage bezüglich der Immunantwort getroffen werden. Wir griffen TNFα, IL-12p40 und IL-10 heraus, um einschätzen zu können, ob die Immunantwort eher humoral oder zellvermittelt abläuft. Zur möglichen Bestimmung der Sensitivität und Genauigkeit, wurden die crossing points der Standardverdünnungsreihen jeweils einmal in einem Lauf dreifach, ausserdem jeweils in drei unabhängigen Läufen von einander einfach eingesetzt, und miteinander verglichen. Unsere Ergebnisse decken sich mit den Ergebnissen aktueller Literatur und Etablierungen anderer Zytokine. Die Etablierung des ELISAs sollte dem Vergleich zwischen mRNA-Ebene und Proteinebene dienen. Zur richtigen Einordnung unserer Arbeiten mit dem Immunoassay müssen die Limitierungen der Ergebnisse beachtet werden. Die Versuche zur Quantifizierung der mRNA murinen TNFαs aus den Versuchsserien misslang. Auch die erzielten Ergebnisse mit Protein-basierten Nachweisverfahren konnten letztendlich nicht suffizient beurteilt werden. Die großen Schwankungen in der Konzentration und die Widersprüchlichkeit im Vergleich der Ergebnisse aktueller Literatur, machen eine Verfälschung durch Kontamination mit Proteinen aus lysierten Zellen sehr wahrscheinlich. Die erzielten Ergebnisse der RT-PCR anhand der Inter- und Intra-Assay- Vergleiche jedoch können nachfolgenden Projekten dazu dienen, hauptsächlich das Instrument LightCycler in seiner Sensitivität und Genauigkeit einschätzen zu können, und so die ermittelten Daten besser verarbeiten zu können. N2 - In this study we analysed the accuracy of PCR for identification of murine cytokine levels. Using blood samples of with A. Fumigatus infected mice, we wanted to reach a conclusion concerning the immune reaction. We picked TNFα, IL-12p40 and IL-10 to decide if the immune reaction is humoral or cell mediated. For determination of sensitivity and accuracy we compared the crossing points of the dilution standard series. We used the standard series once three times in one run and on the other hand in three independent runs. Our results correspond with the results in current literature. The establishment of the ELISA should have served for comparing the mRNA level with the protein level. But the tests failed. We couldn´t find mRNA of murine TNFα, and there was big variability in the concentration of protein. Probably the falsification happend because of the contamination with proteins from lysis of cells. But the conclusions from the RT-PCR inter- and intra-assay comparison could be helpful to assess the LightCycler instrument in its sensitivity and its accuracy and so facilitate the assessment of the results. KW - Aspergillus fumigatus KW - Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor KW - Immunreaktion KW - Reverse Transkriptase-Polymerase-Kettenreaktion KW - Polymerase-Kettenreaktion KW - Real time quantitative PCR KW - Aspergillose KW - murin KW - IL 10 KW - IL 12 KW - IL 12p40 KW - ELISA KW - Mausmodell KW - invasive Aspergillose KW - aspergillus fumigatus KW - TNF a KW - immune reaction KW - RT-PCR KW - PCR KW - aspergillosis Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38890 ER - TY - THES A1 - Scheuermann, Sabine Verena T1 - Prospektive Untersuchung zur Evaluation von Risikofaktoren und Inzidenzen invasiver Pilzinfektionen, sowie der konsekutiven antimykotischen Therapie bei Hochrisikopatienten mit akuter Leukämie und Langzeitaplasie nach Chemotherapie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polymerasekettenreaktion zur Verbesserung der diagnostischen Optionen T1 - Evaluation of risk factors, incidences of invasive fungal infections and antifungal treatment at high risk patients with acute leukaemia and high dose chemotherapy with following prolonged neutropenia considering polymerase chain reaction to improve the diagnostic options N2 - In der Hämatoonkologie nimmt die Inzidenz von Pilzinfektionen in den letzten 2 Jahrzehnten deutlich zu, wobei eine frühzeitige Diagnostik und adäquate Therapie hinsichtlich einer hohen Komplikationsrate wichtig ist. Umso deutlicher wird die Notwendigkeit einer Intensivierung und Verbesserung der Diagnostik, beispielsweise durch PCR. Es soll die Wertigkeit der routinemässigen PCR-Untersuchung als frühen Indikator einer Erkrankung in einer nicht durch Studiendiagnostik verfälschten klinischen Routine untersucht werden. Ein weiterer zentraler Punkt dieser Studie ist, ein Risikoprofil für neutropenische Patienten mit Chemotherapie bei Akuter Leukämie zu erstellen. Grundlegende Zusammenhänge zwischen individuellen wie auch generellen Risikofaktoren und Diagnosestellung einer IPI sollen durch die Untersuchung von 62 Patienten geklärt werden. Die PCR-Untersuchung ist ein schnelles und sensitives Verfahren zum Nachweis von Pilz-DNS. Es werden für die Sensitivität einer PCR, hinsichtlich der Diagnosestellung einer IPI im Zeitraum der Datenerhebung, ein Wert von 59,3 % und eine Spezifität von 71,4 % ermittelt. Betrachtet man den Zeitrahmen von 14 Tagen nach Beginn der Aplasie, so kann eine höhere Sensitivität von 72,7 % eruiert werden, wie auch ein hoher negativ prädiktiver Wert von 91,7. Eine invasive Mykose bei Patienten mit mehrfach negativem PCR-Nachweis kann somit als unwahrscheinlich angesehen werden. Besonderes Augenmerk wird in der Studie auch auf das Erstellen eines Risikoprofils für die Patienten hinsichtlich einer invasiven Mykose gelegt. In Hinblick auf die Chemotherapie-Protokolle und -Zyklen wird ein Trend zur frühen Chemotherapie deutlich. Bei der Überprüfung der epidemiologischen Verteilung für Deutschland kann erstmals eine signifikant unterschiedliche jahreszeitliche Verteilung an IPI nachgewiesen werden. So kommt es im Sommer signifikant seltener zu einer invasiven Mykose. Hingegen ist das Risiko der Krankheitsentstehung in den Monaten September, Oktober und November hochsignifikant gesteigert. Dieses sollte bei zukünftigen epidemiologischen Untersuchungen aber eventuell auch zur engmaschigen Diagnostik und Indikation prophylaktischer und empirischer Therapien berücksichtigt werden. N2 - IFI are a life threatening complication in immunsupressed patients and have an increased incidence after chemotherapy for treatment of acute leukaemia (AL). Due its clinical implication as well as to difficulties in diagnosis and the isolation of causal organism, patients most often receive empirical and increasingly prophylactic antifungal therapy (AFT). The best choice of indication and also pharmacoeconomy depend on the local incidence and otherwise applied AFT. Therefore further characterisation of patients at risk and the knowledge influencing factors are essential for improving antifungal approaches. Little is known about climatic influence and seasonal distribution of fungal infections. Here we describe an epidemiological single center evaluation of AFT, clinical diagnosed IFI and its temporal distribution in AL patients. In a prospective evaluation during 2005 to 2006 patients diagnosed with AL and expected neutropenia for more than 9 days after chemotherapy were included and observed for up to 6 months. Underlying disease, patient characteristics, radiological evidence of pulmonary infiltrates, IFI as well as time point and indication of AFT have been collected. 62 patients with AL have been included in the evaluation. For 27 an IFI has been diagnosed clinically but only in a minority a causal pathogen could be detected. 42 patients received AFT. No correlation between the kind of chemotherapy and IFI could be found. There had been a relevant difference in the seasonal distribution of IFI. Especially for patients enrolled between September to November a significant higher incidence of 92% (p 0,002) could be detected. A further aim was to assess the performance of PCR in terms of diagnosing invasive aspergillosis, and we succeeded in supporting the value of a negative PCR result for ruling out IA and thereby helping to limit empirical therapy to those patients who are most likely to have a n invasive fungal infection. IFI is often a clinical indication for antimicrobial therapy in patients suffering from AL. In this evaluation only in a minority of patients the infection and its causal organism could be proven. In the majority of cases an empirical or preemptive therapy was initiated. This emphasis the necessity to intensify diagnostic efforts (e.g. galactomannan testing, BAL) and to improve tests (e.g. PCR). For the first time a seasonal influence on IFI in Germany could be demonstrated showing a significant higher rate in autumn. This should be taken into account in future epidemiological evaluations and might be helpful for the differentiation of prophylactic or empiric AFT. KW - Polymerase-Kettenreaktion KW - Real time quantitative PCR KW - Aspergillose KW - Langzeitaplasie KW - invasive Pilzinfektion KW - invasive fungal infection KW - aspergillosis KW - prolonged neutropenia KW - pcr Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36601 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Amich, Jorge A1 - Krappmann, Sven T1 - Deciphering metabolic traits of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus: redundancy vs. essentiality JF - Frontiers in Microbiology N2 - Incidence rates of infections caused by environmental opportunistic fungi have risen over recent decades. Aspergillus species have emerged as serious threat for the immunecompromised, and detailed knowledge about virulence-determining traits is crucial for drug target identification. As a prime saprobe, A. fumigatus has evolved to efficiently adapt to various stresses and to sustain nutritional supply by osmotrophy, which is characterized by extracellular substrate digestion followed by efficient uptake of breakdown products that are then fed into the fungal primary metabolism. These intrinsic metabolic features are believed to be related with its virulence ability. The plethora of genes that encode underlying effectors has hampered their in-depth analysis with respect to pathogenesis. Recent developments in Aspergillus molecular biology allow conditional gene expression or comprehensive targeting of gene families to cope with redundancy. Furthermore, identification of essential genes that are intrinsically connected to virulence opens accurate perspectives for novel targets in antifungal therapy. KW - Aspergillus fumigatus KW - aspergillosis KW - virulence KW - conditional promoter replacement KW - nutrients KW - gene family targeting Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123669 VL - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mousset, Sabine A1 - Buchheidt, Dieter A1 - Heinz, Werner A1 - Ruhnke, Markus A1 - Cornely, Oliver A. A1 - Egerer, Gerlinde A1 - Krüger, William A1 - Link, Hartmut A1 - Neumann, Silke A1 - Ostermann, Helmut A1 - Panse, Jens A1 - Penack, Olaf A1 - Rieger, Christina A1 - Schmidt-Hieber, Martin A1 - Silling, Gerda A1 - Südhoff, Thomas A1 - Ullmann, Andrew J. A1 - Wolf, Hans-Heinrich A1 - Maschmeyer, Georg A1 - Böhme, Angelika T1 - Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients—updated recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) JF - Annals of Hematology N2 - Invasive fungal infections are a main cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy regimens. Early antifungal treatment is mandatory to improve survival. Today, a number of effective and better-tolerated but more expensive antifungal agents compared to the former gold standard amphotericin B deoxycholate are available. Clinical decision-making must consider results from numerous studies and published guidelines, as well as licensing status and cost pressure. New developments in antifungal prophylaxis improving survival rates result in a continuous need for actualization. The treatment options for invasive Candida infections include fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B and its lipid formulations, as well as echinocandins. Voriconazole, amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid formulations, caspofungin, itraconazole, and posaconazole are available for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Additional procedures, such as surgical interventions, immunoregulatory therapy, and granulocyte transfusions, have to be considered. The Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology here presents its 2008 recommendations discussing the dos and do-nots, as well as the problems and possible solutions, of evidence criteria selection. KW - cancer KW - invasive fungal infections KW - antifungals KW - mycoses KW - hematologic malignancies KW - aspergillosis KW - antifungal agents KW - invasive candidiasis Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121340 VL - 96 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marischen, Lothar A1 - Englert, Anne A1 - Schmitt, Anna-Lena A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Loeffler, Juergen T1 - Human NK cells adapt their immune response towards increasing multiplicities of infection of Aspergillus fumigatus JF - BMC Immunology N2 - Background: The saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus reproduces by generation of conidia, which are spread by airflow throughout nature. Since humans are inhaling certain amounts of spores every day, the (innate) immune system is constantly challenged. Even though macrophages and neutrophils carry the main burden, also NK cells are regarded to contribute to the antifungal immune response. While NK cells reveal a low frequency, expression and release of immunomodulatory molecules seem to be a natural way of their involvement. Results: In this study we show, that NK cells secrete chemokines such as CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β and CCL5/RANTES early on after stimulation with Aspergillus fumigatus and, in addition, adjust the concentration of chemokines released to the multiplicity of infection of Aspergillus fumigatus. Conclusions: These results further corroborate the relevance of NK cells within the antifungal immune response, which is regarded to be more and more important in the development and outcome of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Additionally, the correlation between the multiplicity of infection and the expression and release of chemokines shown here may be useful in further studies for the quantification and/or surveillance of the NK cell involvement in antifungal immune responses. KW - Aspergillus fumigatus KW - aspergillosis KW - NK cells KW - chemokines KW - CCL4 KW - multiplicity of infection KW - MIP-1β Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176331 VL - 19 IS - 39 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boch, Tobias A1 - Spiess, Birgit A1 - Heinz, Werner A1 - Cornely, Oliver A. A1 - Schwerdtfeger, Rainer A1 - Hahn, Joachim A1 - Krause, Stefan W. A1 - Duerken, Matthias A1 - Bertz, Hartmut A1 - Reuter, Stefan A1 - Kiehl, Michael A1 - Claus, Bernd A1 - Deckert, Peter Markus A1 - Hofmann, Wolf‐Karsten A1 - Buchheidt, Dieter A1 - Reinwald, Mark T1 - Aspergillus specific nested PCR from the site of infection is superior to testing concurrent blood samples in immunocompromised patients with suspected invasive aspergillosis JF - Mycoses N2 - Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe complication in immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis is crucial to decrease its high mortality, yet the diagnostic gold standard (histopathology and culture) is time‐consuming and cannot offer early confirmation of IA. Detection of IA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) shows promising potential. Various studies have analysed its diagnostic performance in different clinical settings, especially addressing optimal specimen selection. However, direct comparison of different types of specimens in individual patients though essential, is rarely reported. We systematically assessed the diagnostic performance of an Aspergillus‐specific nested PCR by investigating specimens from the site of infection and comparing it with concurrent blood samples in individual patients (pts) with IA. In a retrospective multicenter analysis PCR was performed on clinical specimens (n = 138) of immunocompromised high‐risk pts (n = 133) from the site of infection together with concurrent blood samples. 38 pts were classified as proven/probable, 67 as possible and 28 as no IA according to 2008 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group consensus definitions. A considerably superior performance of PCR from the site of infection was observed particularly in pts during antifungal prophylaxis (AFP)/antifungal therapy (AFT). Besides a specificity of 85%, sensitivity varied markedly in BAL (64%), CSF (100%), tissue samples (67%) as opposed to concurrent blood samples (8%). Our results further emphasise the need for investigating clinical samples from the site of infection in case of suspected IA to further establish or rule out the diagnosis. KW - antifungal KW - aspergillosis KW - BAL KW - blood KW - cerebrospinal fluid KW - comparison KW - PCR KW - Aspergillus Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214065 VL - 62 IS - 11 SP - 1035 EP - 1042 ER -