TY - THES A1 - Hollmann, Claudia Beate T1 - Einfluss der sauren Sphingomyelinase auf anti-virale T-Zellantworten im Masernvirus-Infektionsmodell T1 - Role of the acid sphingomyelinase in anti-viral T cell responses in a measles virus infection model N2 - Die saure Sphingomyelinase (Asm), ein Enzym des Sphingolipidmetabolismus, spaltet Sphingomyelin zu Ceramid und Phosopocholin. Aktiviert wird die Asm unter anderem durch Stimulation des CD28 Rezeptors. CD28 Signale werden auch für die Aktivierung von konventionellen T-Zellen (Tconv) und für die Kostimulation benötigt und sind essentiell für die Differenzierung von regulatorischen T-Zellen (Treg) im Thymus und deren Erhalt in der Peripherie. Wir konnten zeigen, dass sich Tconv und Treg Zellen hinsichtlich der Asm unterscheiden. Treg haben eine höhere "basale" Asm Aktivität, widergespiegelt im höheren Ceramidgehalt und haben eine niedrigere Lipidordnung als Tconv Zellen. Die Abwesenheit der Asm in defizienten Mäusen bewirkt einen relativen Anstieg der Treg-Frequenz innerhalb der CD4+ T-Zellen. Außerdem führt die Asm-Defizienz in Treg Zellen zu einer erhöhten Umsatzrate des immunsupprimierenden Moleküls CTLA-4 und zu einer verstärkten Suppressivität von Treg Zellen aus Asm-/- Mäusen gegenüber Wildtyp Zellen. Ein Anstieg in der Treg-Frequenz, äquivalent zur genetischen Defizienz, kann auch durch Inhibition der Asm, d. h. durch Wirkstoffe wie Amitriptylin und Desipramin erreicht werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Inhibitorbehandlung die absolute Anzahl der Tconv Zellen selektiv verringert, da Treg Zellen gegenüber dem Asm Inhibitor-induzierten Zelltod resistenter sind. Mechanistisch erklärbar sind die Unterschiede gegenüber den proapoptotischen Inhibitoreffekten zwischen Tconv und Treg Zellen dadurch, dass Treg Zellen durch die Anwesenheit von IL-2 geschützt sind. In Abwesenheit von IL-2 sterben die Treg Zellen ebenfalls. Die gezielte Veränderung des Verhältnisses von Treg zu Tconv durch den Einsatz von Asm-inhibitorischen Medikamenten kann hilfreich bei der therapeutischen Behandlung von inflammatorischen- und Autoimmunerkrankungen sein. Inwiefern die Asm für die Funktion von T-Zellen in der anti-viralen Immunantwort entscheidend ist, wurde im Masernvirus-Infektionsmodell näher untersucht. In Asm-/- Mäusen und Amitriptylin-behandelten Mäusen konnte gezeigt werden, dass in Abwesenheit der Asm die Kontrolle der Masernvirusinfektion verschlechtert ist. Treg sind auch hier von entscheidender Bedeutung, da die Asm-abhängige, verstärkte Masernvirusinfektion bei Fehlen der Asm nur in Gegenwart von Treg auftritt. In der akuten Phase gibt es in Asm-/- Mäusen weniger masernvirusspezifische T-Zellen und dadurch eine verringerte Beseitigung der Viruslast. In der chronischen Phase ist die Anzahl masernvirusspezifischer T-Zellen zwischen WT und Asm-/- Mäusen vergleichbar. In Letzteren ist allerdings die Anzahl und Frequenz von T-Zellen im Gehirn infizierter Mäuse noch deutlich erhöht, was die verstärkte Maserninfektion widerspiegelt. Zusammenfassend zeigt sich, dass die Asm die Funktion von Treg moduliert und einen Einfluss auf das Verhältnis von Tconv und Treg zueinander hat. Im Masernvirus-Infektionsmodell kann die Veränderung des Tconv zu Treg Verhältnisses in Abwesenheit der Asm ursächlich für die verringerte Viruskontrolle sein. Die Asm Inhibitor-induzierte Treg-Aktivierung und die Beeinflussung des Treg zu Tconv Verhältnisses können wiederum für therapeutische Zwecke genutzt werden, wie beispielsweise bei Multipler Sklerose und Rheumatoider Arthritis. N2 - The acid sphingomyelinase (Asm), an enzyme of the sphingolipid metabolism, hydrolyses sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphocholine. Besides other stimuli the Asm is activated by ligation of the costimulatory molecule CD28. CD28 signaling is necessary to activate conventional T-cells (Tconv) and is crucial for the differentiation and maintenance of thymus-derived regulatory T-cells (Treg). We could demonstrate that Tconv and Treg cells differ with respect to Asm activity. Treg cells have an increased "basal" Asm activity resulting in an elevated level of ceramide and show a decreased lipid order compared to Tconv cells. The absence of Asm leads to a relative increase in Treg frequency among CD4+ T-cells in Asmdeficient mice. Furthermore, the Asm deficiency results in an increased turnover rate of the immunosuppressive molecule CTLA-4 and strengthens the suppressive capacity of Treg cells from Asm-/- mice compared to wild type Treg cells. An increase of the Treg cell frequency, equivalent to that seen with genetic deficiency, can be achieved by drugs like amitriptyline and desipramine too. The inhibitor treatment selectively decreases the absolute numbers of Tconv cells as Treg cells are more resistant towards Asm inhibitor induced cell death. The mechanistic explanation for the difference concerning the proapotptotic effects of Asm inhibitors between Treg and Tconv cells is that Treg cells are protected by IL-2. In the absence of IL-2 Treg cells die too. Therapeutically shifting the balance of Treg and Tconv cells by Asminhibiting drugs can be beneficial in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Whether the Asm is necessary for the function of T-cells during anti-viral immune responses was investigated in a measles virus infection model. In Asm-/- mice and amitriptyline treated mice control of the measles virus was impaired. Treg cells are of critical relevance as the Asm dependent boost in measles infection was only visible in the presence of Treg cells. During the acute phase of infection less measles virus specific T-cells were present leading to a decreased clearance of virus from the brains of Asm-/- mice. In the chronic phase the number of measles virus specific Tcell was comparable between wt and Asm-/- mice. But in the latter the number and frequency of T-cells in brains of infected mice was increased, which mirrors the enhanced measles virus infection. In conclusion, the Asm modulates the function of Treg cells and influences the Treg- Tconv ratio. The changed Treg-Tconv ratio in the absence of Asm expression might be responsible for the reduced virus control in the measles virus infection model. Additionally, the Asm inhibitor induced Treg cell activation and its effects on the Treg- Tconv ratio can be used for therapeutical approaches in diseases like multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis. KW - saure Sphingomyelinase KW - Treg KW - Masernvirus KW - Sphingomyelin KW - Ceramid KW - acid sphingomyelinase KW - regulatory t cells KW - measles virus KW - ceramide Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153807 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Collenburg, Lena A1 - Beyersdorf, Niklas A1 - Wiese, Teresa A1 - Arenz, Christoph A1 - Saied, Essa M. A1 - Becker-Flegler, Katrin Anne A1 - Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle A1 - Avota, Elita T1 - The activity of the neutral sphingomyelinase is important in T cell recruitment and directional migration JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Breakdown of sphingomyelin as catalyzed by the activity of sphingomyelinases profoundly affects biophysical properties of cellular membranes which is particularly important with regard to compartmentalization of surface receptors and their signaling relay. As it is activated both upon TCR ligation and co-stimulation in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, the neutral sphingomyelinase (NSM) has proven to be important in T cell activation, where it appears to play a particularly important role in cytoskeletal reorganization and cell polarization. Because these are important parameters in directional T cell migration and motility in tissues, we analyzed the role of the NSM in these processes. Pharmacological inhibition of NSM interfered with early lymph node homing of T cells in vivo indicating that the enzyme impacts on endothelial adhesion, transendothelial migration, sensing of chemokine gradients or, at a cellular level, acquisition of a polarized phenotype. NSM inhibition reduced adhesion of T cells to TNF-α/IFN-γ activated, but not resting endothelial cells, most likely via inhibiting high-affinity LFA-1 clustering. NSM activity proved to be highly important in directional T cell motility in response to SDF1-α, indicating that their ability to sense and translate chemokine gradients might be NSM dependent. In fact, pharmacological or genetic NSM ablation interfered with T cell polarization both at an overall morphological level and redistribution of CXCR4 and pERM proteins on endothelial cells or fibronectin, as well as with F-actin polymerization in response to SDF1-α stimulation, indicating that efficient directional perception and signaling relay depend on NSM activity. Altogether, these data support a central role of the NSM in T cell recruitment and migration both under homeostatic and inflamed conditions by regulating polarized redistribution of receptors and their coupling to the cytoskeleton. KW - LFA-1 KW - neutral sphingomyelinase KW - T cell migration KW - ceramide KW - polarization KW - adhesion Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158944 VL - 8 IS - 1007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becam, Jérôme A1 - Walter, Tim A1 - Burgert, Anne A1 - Schlegel, Jan A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Seibel, Jürgen A1 - Schubert-Unkmeir, Alexandra T1 - Antibacterial activity of ceramide and ceramide analogs against pathogenic Neisseria JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Certain fatty acids and sphingoid bases found at mucosal surfaces are known to have antibacterial activity and are thought to play a more direct role in innate immunity against bacterial infections. Herein, we analysed the antibacterial activity of sphingolipids, including the sphingoid base sphingosine as well as short-chain C\(_{6}\) and long-chain C\(_{16}\)-ceramides and azido-functionalized ceramide analogs against pathogenic Neisseriae. Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) demonstrated that short-chain ceramides and a ω-azido-functionalized C\(_{6}\)-ceramide were active against Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, whereas they were inactive against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Kinetic assays showed that killing of N. meningitidis occurred within 2 h with ω–azido-C\(_{6}\)-ceramide at 1 X the MIC. Of note, at a bactericidal concentration, ω–azido-C\(_{6}\)-ceramide had no significant toxic effect on host cells. Moreover, lipid uptake and localization was studied by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and revealed a rapid uptake by bacteria within 5 min. CLSM and super-resolution fluorescence imaging by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy demonstrated homogeneous distribution of ceramide analogs in the bacterial membrane. Taken together, these data demonstrate the potent bactericidal activity of sphingosine and synthetic short-chain ceramide analogs against pathogenic Neisseriae. KW - ceramide analogs KW - Neisseria KW - ceramide Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159367 VL - 7 ER -