TY  - JOUR
A1  - Haunert, Jan-Henrik
A1  - Wolff, Alexander
T1  - Beyond maximum independent set: an extended integer programming formulation for point labeling
JF  - ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
N2  - Map labeling is a classical problem of cartography that has frequently been approached by combinatorial optimization. Given a set of features in a map and for each feature a set of label candidates, a common problem is to select an independent set of labels (that is, a labeling without label–label intersections) that contains as many labels as possible and at most one label for each feature. To obtain solutions of high cartographic quality, the labels can be weighted and one can maximize the total weight (rather than the number) of the selected labels. We argue, however, that when maximizing the weight of the labeling, the influences of labels on other labels are insufficiently addressed. Furthermore, in a maximum-weight labeling, the labels tend to be densely packed and thus the map background can be occluded too much. We propose extensions of an existing model to overcome these limitations. Since even without our extensions the problem is NP-hard, we cannot hope for an efficient exact algorithm for the problem. Therefore, we present a formalization of our model as an integer linear program (ILP). This allows us to compute optimal solutions in reasonable time, which we demonstrate both for randomly generated point sets and an existing data set of cities. Moreover, a relaxation of our ILP allows for a simple and efficient heuristic, which yielded near-optimal solutions for our instances.
KW  - integer linear programming
KW  - cartographic requirements
KW  - map labeling
KW  - point-feature label placement
KW  - NP-hard
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158960
VL  - 6
IS  - 11
ER  -