TY - THES A1 - Heckl, Steffen T1 - Kohlenhydratmalassimilation bei der Hashimotothyreoiditis T1 - Evidence of impaired carbohydrate assimilation in euthyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis N2 - Die autoimmune Thyreoiditis nach Hashimoto stellt aktuell eine der häufigsten Autoimmunerkrankungen eines Organs und die häufigste Ursache der Hypothyreose dar. Die Hashimotothyreoiditis (HT) weist eine hohe Prävalenz und Inzidenz auf. Es existieren Hinweise, dass die Inzidenz der HT aus noch nicht geklärten Gründen gestiegen sein könnte. Die Kohlenhydrate Fruktose, Laktose und Sorbitol werden in der Lebensmittelproduktion umfassend eingesetzt. Insbesondere die industrielle Verwendung sowie der weltweite Konsum von Fruktose und Laktose unterlagen in den letzten Jahrzehnten einer rasanten Steigerung, obwohl ein hoher Prozentsatz der Bevölkerung zur Malassimilation jener Kohlenhydrate prädisponiert ist. In einer internistischen Praxis (Praxis Frau Dr. med. I. Heckl, Bad Homburg) zeigte sich, dass HT-Patienten trotz verifizierter Euthyreose vermehrt über gastrointestinale Symptome berichteten. Unter anderem wurden eine bakterielle Fehlbesiedelung des Dünndarmes und eine Zöliakie ausgeschlossen. In der weiteren Abklärung durch die Praxis Dr. I. Heckl wurde eine deutliche Häufung der Malassimilation der Kohlenhydrate Fruktose, Laktose oder Sorbitol unter euthyreoten HT-Patienten ersichtlich. In Abhängigkeit von einer konsequenten Nahrungsumstellung normalisierten sich regelmäßig das Befinden der Patienten sowie die sonographischen, die serologischen und die laborchemischen Marker der HT, sodass man einen ursächlichen Zusammenhang empirisch vermuten konnte. Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Studie sollte dieser neu beobachtete Zusammenhang zwischen der HT und der Kohlenhydratmalassimilation in der Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin der Universität Würzburg untersucht werden. In einem unizentrischen Fall-Kontroll-Studiendesign wurden 45 euthyreote HT-Patienten und 38 schilddrüsengesunde Kontrollpersonen auf das Vorliegen einer Kohlenhydratmalassimilation mittels des Wasserstoffatemtests (H2-Atemtest) untersucht. Alle Probanden erhielten einen Fruktose-H2-Atemtest sowie einen Laktose-H2-Atemtest inklusive einer kapillären Blutglukosemessung. Im Falle eines positiven Ergebnisses des Fruktose-H2-Atemtests wurde ein Glukose-H2-Atemtest zum Ausschluss einer bakteriellen Fehlbesiedelung des Dünndarmes durchgeführt. Lieferte der Fruktose-H2-Atemtest ein negatives Ergebnis, so folgte ein H2-Atemtest mit Sorbitol. Das Auftreten gastrointestinaler Symptome während der Testdurchführung wurde dokumentiert. Symptomfragebögen und semiquantitative Ernährungsfragebögen im retrospektiven Design dienten der Erfassung alltäglicher Symptome und Ernährungsgewohnheiten. Blutproben dienten der Messung von Schilddrüsenhormonen, Schilddrüsenautoantikörpern, Gewebstransglutaminase-Antikörpern und Antiparietalzell-Autoantikörpern. Unter den euthyreoten HT-Patienten konnte ein signifikant häufigeres Auftreten der Fruktose- sowie der Laktosemalassimilation im Vergleich zu den schilddrüsengesunden Kontrollpersonen demonstriert werden. Die Fruktosemalassimilation wurde bei den HT-Patienten mit 48,9% signifikant häufiger als in der Kontrollgruppe nachgewiesen (p=0,035). Im Kontrollgruppenkollektiv hatte eine Fruktosemalassimilation lediglich bei 26,3% der Probanden bestanden. Eine Laktosemalassimilation wurde bei den HT-Patienten mit 42,2% signifikant häufiger als im Kontrollkollektiv diagnostiziert, welches in 21,1% der Fälle eine Laktosemalassimilation aufwies (p=0,04). Insgesamt lag eine Fruktose- und / oder Laktosemalassimilation bei 73,3% der HT-Patienten und bei 42,1% der Kontrollgruppenprobanden vor. Somit vertrugen nur 26,7% der Fallgruppe, jedoch 57,9% der Kontrollgruppe beide Kohlenhydrate (p=0,004). Hinsichtlich der Prävalenz der Sorbitolmalassimilation oder eines positiven Glukose-H2-Atemtestes kam kein signifikanter Unterschied zur Darstellung. Die Auswertung der Ernährungsfragebögen zeigte für beide Kollektive eine vergleichbare durchschnittliche Konsummenge der jeweiligen Kohlenhydrate auf. Gastrointestinale Symptome waren während des Laktose-H2-Atemtests sowie während des Fruktose-H2-Atemtests jeweils in der Fallgruppe signifikant häufiger anzutreffen als in der Kontrollgruppe. Auch im Hinblick auf das Alltagsleben beschrieben die euthyreoten HT-Patienten signifikant häufiger unter den folgenden Symptomen zu leiden: Weicher Stuhlgang, Oberbauchschmerzen, Meteorismus, laute Darmgeräusche, „Kugelbauch“, Sodbrennen, Schleimauflagerungen des Stuhlgangs, Obstipation, Müdigkeit, postprandiale Kraftlosigkeit, Depressionen, Heißhunger auf Süßes, Migräne, Konzentrationsmangel und eine vermehrte Infektanfälligkeit. Zur Kausalität des hier erstmals beschriebenen Zusammenhangs existieren mehrere Hypothesen. Die Einteilung der HT-Patienten gemäß ihrer Schilddrüsenautoantikörper-Titer in Subkollektive ergab keinen Hinweis auf einen Einfluss der Aktivität des Autoimmungeschehens auf die Häufigkeit der Kohlenhydratmalassimilation. Es steht zur Diskussion, ob die HT zur Entstehung einer Kohlenhydratmalassimilation führen, oder ob eine vorbestehende Kohlenhydratmalassimilation, im Sinne eines neu identifizierten Risikofaktors, zur Genese einer HT prädisponieren könnte. In der vorliegenden Studie konnte erstmalig eine signifikante Häufung der Kohlenhydratmalassimilation bei euthyreoten HT-Patienten aufgezeigt werden. Vor dem Hintergrund der weitreichenden lebensmittelindustriellen Verwendung und des hohen Konsums der Kohlenhydrate Fruktose, Laktose und Sorbitol sowie der hohen Prävalenz und Inzidenz der HT, ergibt sich eine hohe Relevanz des hier nachgewiesenen Zusammenhangs. In der differenzialdiagnostischen Abklärung gastrointestinaler Beschwerden bei euthyreoten HT-Patienten nimmt die hier beschriebene Assoziation zwischen der HT und der Kohlenhydratmalassimilation einen besonderen Stellenwert ein. Die Kohlenhydratmalassimilation verkörpert einen neuen, sowohl klinisch, als auch potentiell pathogenetisch relevanten Aspekt der Hashimotothyreoiditis. N2 - Background/Objectives: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) represents a wide-spread autoimmune disease. In euthyroid patients with HT, an impaired assimilation of common carbohydrates has been observed. Our objectives were to compare the frequency of (1) fructose (FM), lactose (LM) and sorbitol malassimilation (SM), (2) gastrointestinal symptoms (GS) following carbohydrate ingestion and (3) recurrent GS relevant to the participants’ daily lives. Subjects/Methods: We conducted a prospective case–control study of 45 ambulatory patients with HT and 38 healthy volunteers, matched with regard to age, gender and area of origin. Hydrogen breath tests with fructose, lactose, sorbitol and glucose were performed, the lactose testing additionally comprising measurements of capillary blood glucose (cBG). GS during the tests and recurrent GS concerning the participants’ daily lives were assessed. A food-frequency questionnaire was administered. Results: FM was diagnosed in 48.9% of patients compared with 26.3% of the control group (P=0.035). In all, 42.2% of patients with HT and 21.1% of healthy controls showed LM (P=0.04). FM and/or LM was present in 73.3% of the patients and in 42.1% of healthy controls (P=0.004). GS after the ingestion of fructose (P=0.003) or lactose (P=0.025) and recurrent GS were significantly more prevalent in the case group. The consumption of free fructose, lactose or sorbitol did not differ. Conclusions: Carbohydrate malassimilation and gastrointestinal complaints are frequent in euthyroid patients with HT, leading to novel clinical and pathophysiological considerations and concepts. KW - Schilddrüse KW - Malabsorption KW - Fructose KW - Lactose KW - Hashimoto-Thyreoiditis KW - Malassimilation KW - Hashimoto Thyreoiditis KW - Kohlenhydrate KW - Schilddrüse KW - Fruktose KW - fructose KW - thyroid KW - carbohydrate KW - malassimilation KW - lactose Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140362 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gundermann, Stefan T1 - Untersuchungen zur natürlichen und Aminobisphosphonat-induzierten antileukämischen Aktivität von humanen allogenen Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen gegenüber akuter myeloischer Leukämie T1 - Innate and aminobisphosphonate-induced antileukemic activity of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against primary acute myeloid leukemia N2 - Adoptive Immuntherapien mit allogenen Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen sind eine vielversprechende therapeutische Behandlungsstrategie für eine Reihe von hämatologischen Erkrankungen. Im Gegensatz zu konventionellen αβ T-Zellen sind allogene Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen in der Lage Tumorzellen MHC-unabhängig zu lysieren ohne eine „graft-versus-host“ (GvH)-Reaktion zu induzieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die in vitro Antileukämieantwort von HLA-inkompatiblen Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen gegenüber primären AML-Zellen systematisch untersucht. Die antileukämische Aktivität von Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen wurde in einem durchflusszytometrisch-basierten Zytotoxizitätsassay bestimmt und mit der Oberflächenexpression Killer-aktivierender und inhibierender Liganden (z.B. NKG2D- und DNAM1-Liganden), KIR-Liganden-Inkompatibilität zwischen Patienten und Spender und intrinsischen AML-Merkmalen (Zytogenetik, Immunphänotyp, Chemotherapiesensitivität der AML-Blasten) korreliert. Die beobachtete Zytotoxizität war deutlich heterogen (2.91 %- 56.26 %). 37 % der AML-Zellen waren primär empfindlich bzw. 63 % refraktär gegenüber Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen. Die Suszeptibilität der AML-Blasten gegenüber Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen korrelierte mit der Oberflächenexpression von ULBP1 und CD112 und monozytärer bzw. monoblastischer AML-Differenzierung. Die antileukämische Aktivität von Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen war dagegen unabhängig vom KIR-Liganden-Status zwischen Patienten und Spendern, zytogenetischem Risiko und Chemotherapiesensitivität der AML-Blasten. Die Vorbehandlung der Leukämiezellen mit Aminobisphosphonaten (Zoledronat) führte, insbesondere bei myelo-monozytär-differenzierten AML-Zellen, zu einer signifikanten dosisabhängigen Steigerung der antileukämischen Aktivität von Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen. Die Empfindlichkeit von myelo-monozytär-differenzierten Leukämiezellen gegenüber Zoledronat bzw. Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen korrelierte mit der Aktivität des Mevalonatmetabolismus. Dagegen zeigte die Mehrheit myeloblastischer AML-Blasten keine natürliche und nur geringe Aminobisphosphonat-induzierte Suszeptibilität gegenüber Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten biologische Merkmale von AML-Blasten identifiziert werden, die mit der Antileukämieantwort von Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen korrelieren. N2 - Allogeneic γδ T cells are attractive candidates for immunotherapy of hematological malignancies due to their intrinsic ability to provide MHC-unrestricted antitumor activity without inducing graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). The present thesis evaluated the antileukemic capacity of allogeneic γδ T cells against primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in order to determine clinical factors that might predict the susceptibility of AML cells to γδ T cells. Leukemic blasts were obtained from 19 newly diagnosed AML patients. In vitro alloreactivity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells lines derived from TCR αβ depleted leukapheresis products was evaluated by flow-cytometer based cytotoxicity assays. Marked differences of γδ T cell mediated cytotoxicity against AML blasts. 7 of 19 AML samples (37%) were intrinsically susceptible to allogeneic γδ T cells. Pretreatment of primary AML blasts with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBP) significantly induced (p<0.01) γδ T cell cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner in 32% of AML samples. The remaining 31% AML samples were consistently refractory to γδ T cell immunotargeting. ULBP1 surface expression and myelo-monocytic differentiation of AML cells correlated with innate and NBP-induced killing of AML cells by allogeneic γδ T cells, whereas KIR-ligand mismatch status, cytogenetic risk profiles and response to induction chemotherapy showed no correlation with the susceptibility of primary AML blast to γδ T cells. This study identifies relevant subsets of AML as attractive targets for upcoming γδ T cell based adoptive immunotherapies. KW - Immuntherapie KW - Akute myeloische Leukämie KW - γδ T-Zellen KW - Aminobisphosphonate KW - Immuntherapie KW - Mevalonatmetabolimus Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-105425 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Proetel, Ulrike A1 - Pletsch, Nadine A1 - Lauseker, Michael A1 - Müller, Martin C. A1 - Hanfstein, Benjamin A1 - Krause, Stefan W. A1 - Kalmanti, Lida A1 - Schreiber, Annette A1 - Heim, Dominik A1 - Baerlocher, Gabriela M. A1 - Hofmann, Wolf-Karsten A1 - Lange, Elisabeth A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Wernli, Martin A1 - Kremers, Stephan A1 - Schlag, Rudolf A1 - Müller, Lothar A1 - Hänel, Mathias A1 - Link, Hartmut A1 - Hertenstein, Bernd A1 - Pfirrmann, Markus A1 - Hochhaus, Andreas A1 - Hasford, Joerg A1 - Hehlmann, Rüdiger A1 - Saußele, Susanne T1 - Older patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (≥65 years) profit more from higher imatinib doses than younger patients: a subanalysis of the randomized CML-Study IV JF - Annals of Hematology N2 - The impact of imatinib dose on response rates and survival in older patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase has not been studied well. We analyzed data from the German CML-Study IV, a randomized five-arm treatment optimization study in newly diagnosed BCR-ABL-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. Patients randomized to imatinib 400 mg/day (IM400) or imatinib 800 mg/day (IM800) and stratified according to age (≥65 years vs. <65 years) were compared regarding dose, response, adverse events, rates of progression, and survival. The full 800 mg dose was given after a 6-week run-in period with imatinib 400 mg/day. The dose could then be reduced according to tolerability. A total of 828 patients were randomized to IM400 or IM800. Seven hundred eighty-four patients were evaluable (IM400, 382; IM800, 402). One hundred ten patients (29 %) on IM400 and 83 (21 %) on IM800 were ≥65 years. The median dose per day was lower for patients ≥65 years on IM800, with the highest median dose in the first year (466 mg/day for patients ≥65 years vs. 630 mg/day for patients <65 years). Older patients on IM800 achieved major molecular remission and deep molecular remission as fast as younger patients, in contrast to standard dose imatinib with which older patients achieved remissions much later than younger patients. Grades 3 and 4 adverse events were similar in both age groups. Five-year relative survival for older patients was comparable to that of younger patients. We suggest that the optimal dose for older patients is higher than 400 mg/day. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00055874 KW - chronic myeloid leukemia KW - older patients KW - different imatinib dose regimens KW - early applied higher imatinib dosages Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121574 SN - 0939-5555 VL - 93 IS - 7 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kruhm, Michaela T1 - Identifizierung und Isolierung Aspergillus fumigatus spezifischer T-Zell-Rezeptoren und funktionelle Charakterisierung nach Transfer auf humane T-Zellen T1 - Identification and Isolation of Aspergillus fumigatus specific T-cellreceptors and functional characterisation after Transfer on human T-cells N2 - Der humanpathogene Pilz Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) kann in immunsupprimierten Patienten zum Teil schwere invasive Infektionen auslösen. Trotz Fortschritten in den Behandlungsmöglichkeiten und der medikamentöser Prophylaxe bleibt die Sterblichkeitsrate bei invasiven Erkrankungen hoch. Aus diesem Grund ist die Entwicklung von spezifischeren Immuntherapien von Nöten. Ein Ansatz ist die genetische Modifikation von T Zellen, durch den Transfer von A. fumigatus spezifischen T Zell Rezeptoren (TCRs), für eine adoptive Therapie. Um dieses Konzept zu evaluieren wurden TCRs, die für die extrazellulären Zellwandglykonase Crf1 (Crf1/p41) spezifisch sind, auf primäre T Zellen transferiert und die Effektor-Funktion analysiert. Das Crf1/p41 Epitop induziert bei gesunden Spendern eine funktionelle TH1 Immunantwort gegen A. fumigatus und führt zur Produktion hoher Mengen von Interferon γ (IFN-γ). Für die Identifikation von A. fumigatus spezifischen TCRs wurden siebenunddreißig Crf1/p41 spezifische T Zellklone von drei HLA DRB1*04 Spendern generiert. Anschließend wurden die TCR β Ketten über die sehr variable komplementaritätsbestimmende Region 3 (CDR3) bestimmt. Es konnten zwölf unterschiedliche TCRs ermittelt werden, von denen vor allem die variablen β (Vβ) Kette 18 sehr dominant, während die Vβ Ketten 1 und 6 nur in wenigen Klonen vertreten waren. Zur weiteren Charakterisierung der Crf1/p41 spezifischen TCRs wurden die variablen α (Vα) Ketten bestimmt (Vα 3, Vα 15 und Vα 26). Somit liegt eine polyklonale T Zell Immunantwort vor. Anschließend wurden die Crf1/p41 spezifischen TCRs in den retroviralen Vektor pMP71 kloniert und auf Jurkat 76 Zellen, welche keinen endogenen TCR exprimieren, und auf primäre CD4+ T Zellen transferiert. Die Expression von Crf1/p41 spezifischen TCRs, transduziert in CD4+ T Zellen, zeigten spenderspezifische Unterschiede und die Expression war niedriger im Vergleich zu den transduzierten Jurkat 76 Zellen. Daher wurde auf Optimierungsstrategien zurückgegriffen, die für den adoptiven Transfer mit TCR-modifizierten T Zellen zur Behandlung von Krebs entwickelt wurden. Angewandt wurden die Codonoptimierung der TCR codierenden Sequenz, Murinisierung der TCR konstanter Ketten, Induktion einer weiteren Disulfidbrücke. Ebenfalls wurde das Vektorsystem optimiert. Der Optimierungsprozess der Crf1/p41 spezifischen TCR 1 führte zu einer erhöhten Oberflächenexpression des TCR sowohl in Jurkat 76 (3 bis 5fach) als auch in primären CD4+ T Zellen (2fach). In funktionellen Analysen wurde die Proliferationsfähigkeit und IFN-γ Produktion, durch die Stimulation von transduzierten CD4+ T Zellen (TCR 1 optimiert) mit Crf1/p41 beladenen dendritischen Zellen (DCs), bestätigt. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass der Transfer von A. fumigatus spezifischen TCRs eine protektive anti-fungale Immunantwort fördern könnte. Demzufolge auch als ein geeignetes Mittel in einer potentiellen Immuntherapie gegen A. fumigatus Infektionen in immunsupprimierten Patienten, eingesetzt werden könnte. N2 - The human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) can cause severe invasive infections in immunosuppressed patients. Despite progresses in the treatment and prophylaxis of invasive infections the mortality rate remains high. On that account the development of a more specific immune therapy seems necessary. One approach is genetic modification of T cells by transfer of A. fumigatus specific T cell receptors (TCR) for an adoptive therapy. To evaluate this concept, TCRs specific for a peptide derived from extracellular cell wall glucanase Crf1 (Crf1/p41) were transferred to primary T cells. Than their effector function was analyzed. In healthy donors the epitope Crf1/p41 induces a functional TH1 immune response towards A. fumigatus combined with a high Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production. To identify A. fumigatus specific TCRs, thirty-seven Crf1/p41 specific T cell clones were generated from three HLA-DRB1*04 positive healthy donors. Afterwards, the TCR β chains were analyzed by sequencing the most variable complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3). Twelve different TCRs were detected whereas variable β (Vβ) 18 was very dominant, and Vβ 1 and Vβ 6 were present only in some clones. For further characterization of Crf1/p41 specific TCRs, variable α (Vα) chains were identified (Vα 3, Vα 15 and Vα 26). Thus, the T cell response is polyclonal. Subsequently Crf1/p41 specific TCRs were cloned into the retroviral vector pMP71 and transduced into Jurkat 76 cells that lack the expression of endogenous TCR, and into primary CD4+ T cells. The expression of Crf1/p41 specific TCR transduced in CD4+ T cells was donor-dependent and the expression was lower compared to transduced Jurkat 76 cells. Consequently, optimizing strategies engineered for TCR-modified adoptive T cell transfer in cancer therapy were used to induce a higher TCR expression on T cells. Those strategies include codon-optimization of the TCR coding sequence, murinization of constant chains of TCR, induction of an additional disulfide bond. Additionally the vector system was optimized. The optimization process of Crf1/p41 TCR 1 led to a higher surface expression in Jurkat 76 (3-5x) and primary CD4+ T cells (2x). Functional analyses revealed proliferation and IFN-γ production after the stimulation of transduced CD4+ T cells (TCR 1 optimiert) with Crf1/p41 pulsed mature dendritic cells (mDC). These data suggest that the transfer of A. fumigatus specific TCRs might foster protective anti-fungal immune responses. Therefore this might be a suitable tool for immunotherapeutic use against A. fumigatus infections in immunosuppressed patients. KW - Aspergillus fumigatus KW - T-Lymphozyten-Rezeptor KW - T-Zell-Rezeptor Transfer KW - T cell rezeptor transfer KW - T-Zellrezeptor Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112184 ER - TY - THES A1 - Trebing, Johannes T1 - CD70-abhängige und spezifische Aktivierung von TRAILR1 oder TRAILR2 durch scFv:CD70-TRAIL-Mutanten T1 - CD70-restricted specific activation of TRAILR1 or TRAILR2 using scFv:CD70-TRAIL mutants N2 - Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, den T-Zell-inhibierenden Effekt eines CD70-blockierenden Antikörpers mit einer Fc-unabhängigen Zelltod-induzierenden Aktivität auf CD70-exprimierende Tumoren zu kombinieren. Dazu wurden Fusionsproteine hergestellt und untersucht, die aus einer CD70-bindenden scFv-Domäne sowie aus einer TRAIL-Domäne bestehen. Der CD70-spezifische monoklonale Antikörper lαhCD70 sowie der beretis bekannte hCD70-spezifische Antikörper 1F6 blockieren mit hoher Effizienz die CD27/CD70-Interaktion von CD70-exprimierenden Zelllinien (Mino, OVCAR-3, U-266) und inhibieren dadurch die Induktion der IL8-Produktion durch diese Zellen in kokultivierten HT1080-CD27-Zellen. IL8 wird durch den klassischen NFκB-Signalweg reguliert und ist für den pro-angiogenetischen Effekt von entscheidender Bedeutung (Abb. 2, 3). Mit Hilfe zellulärer Gleichgewichtsbindungsstudien mit mono- und trimeren scFv:lαhCD70-GpL-Fusionsproteinen (Abb. 4) auf Mino- und OVCAR-3-Zellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Trimerisierung in beiden Zelllinien zu einer Steigerung der apparenten Affinität der scFv:lαhCD70-CD70 Interaktion führt und damit einen Effekt auf die CD70-Belegung hat (Abb. 5). Für die Konstruktion der Fusionsproteine wurde sowohl Wildtyp-TRAIL als auch TRAIL-Mutanten mit Präferenz für den TRAILR1 oder TRAILR2 verwendet. Die TRAILR-Präferenz der verwendeten TRAIL-Mutanten (wt, mutR1, mutR2) wurde nicht nur in zellulären GpL-Bindungsstudien (Abb. 7) sondern zusätzlich auch in TRAILR Immobilisierungsexperimenten (Abb. 8) bewiesen. Hier zeigte sich, dass bei TRAILR1 keine Interaktion mit TRAILmutR2, so wie bei TRAILR2 keine signifikante Bindung mit TRAILmutR1 erfolgte. Nur der TRAIL-Wildtyp band signifikant an beide TRAIL-Todesrezeptoren. Vitalitätsexperimente (Abb. 10) und Western-Blot Analysen der Caspase-Prozessierung (Abb. 11) bestätigten die starke TRAILR1- bzw. TRAILR2-Spezifität der TRAILmutR1- und TRAILmutR2-Varianten. Im Gegensatz zu den unvernetzten löslichen TRAIL-Trimeren waren nur die quervernetzten TRAIL-TNC-Varianten in der Lage, eine signifikante Apoptose-Signalkaskade bei relativ geringen Konzentrationen zu induzieren. Die toxischen ED50-Konzentrationen der unoligomerisierten TRAIL-Formen lagen um einen Faktor 100 höher als die der oligomerisierten Varianten. Zusammenfassend zeigten die ED50-Werte der Zytotoxizitätsexperimente von M2-oligomerisierten zu -unoligomerisierten trimeren TRAIL-Varianten bei allen Fusionskonstrukten und Zelllinien eine eindeutige Verstärkung der Apoptoseinduktion durch die M2-Quervernetzung. Bei Jurkat- und Mino-Zellen konnte größtenteils erst nach Oligomerisierung überhaupt eine Bioaktivität bzw. eine Zelltodinduktion beobachtet werden. In OVCAR-3-Zellen zeigte sich eine 100-1000 fache apoptotische Verstärkung durch die Oligomerisierung (Abb. 10). Weiterhin zeigten Zytotoxizitätsexperimente, dass sich durch Bindung an hCD70 das Ausmaß der Toxizität der Fusionsproteine auf allen CD70-exprimierenden Zelllinien 10-100x verstärkte (Abb. 15, 17). In Übereinstimmung mit der verstärkten TRAIL-Todesrezeptor-Aktivierung durch die CD70-Bindung der scFv-TRAIL-Fusionsproteine, konnte durch eine CD70-Blockade die Caspase-8 Aktivierung und die Prozessierung von Caspase-3 signifikant unterbunden werden (Abb. 18). Die Trimerisierung des scFv:lαhCD70-Antikörpers führte zu keiner Apoptose und beeinflußte auch nicht die Aktivität von TRAIL (Abb. 19) was belegt, dass die beobachteten Effekte auf einer stärkeren TRAIL-induzierten Apoptose nach CD70-Bindung der Konstrukte beruhen muss. Die Fusionsproteine beseitigen somit nachweislich einerseits das Problem der limitierenden Aktivität von löslichem TRAIL über ihre Verankerung an CD70 (Abb. 15-20) und anderseits die potentielle unerwünschte CD70-vermittelte protumorale CD27-Stimulation (Abb. 3). Darüber hinaus könnten die TRAILR-spezifischen TRAIL-Mutanten helfen, Nebeneffekte zu reduzieren, die primär durch den jeweils anderen TRAIL-Todesrezeptor vermittelt werden. Jedoch sind weiter Forschungen insbesondere in vivo Experimente notwendig, um Aussagen über Funktionalität, Halbwertszeiten, sowie Effektivität und Verträglichkeit treffen zu können. N2 - The aim of this work was to generate constructs that combine the CD27 stimulation inhibitory effect of blocking CD70 antibodies with an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity(ADCC)-independent, cell death inducing molecule. To reach this goal we generated fusion proteins consisting of the apoptosis-inducing TNF family member TRAIL and a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from a high affinity lama anti-human CD70 antibody (lαhCD70). A fusion protein of scFv:lαhCD70 and TNC-TRAIL, a stabilized form of soluble TRAIL, showed strongly enhanced apoptosis induction upon CD70 binding. In addition, this construct efficiently interfered with the CD70-CD27 interaction. The introduction of recently identified TRAIL-mutations that discriminate between TRAILR1 and TRAILR2 binding into the TRAIL-part of scFv:lαhCD70-TNC-TRAIL resulted in the TRAIL death receptor-specific fusion proteins with CD70-dependent activity. The fusion proteins eliminate on the one hand the problem of the limited activity of soluble TRAIL by anchoring to CD70 what confers membrane TRAIL-like activity to the constructs (Fig. 15-20). On the other hand, the constructs have the potential to block the unwanted CD70-mediated protumorale CD27 stimulation (Fig. 3). In addition, the TRAILR1-specific TRAIL mutant (Fig. 7, 8) could reduce unrecognized side effects mediated by TRAILR2 and vice versa. However, further research, particularly in vivo experiments are necessary to state about functionality, half-lives, as well as efficacy and tolerability of the constructs. KW - Apoptosis KW - CD70 KW - Antikörper KW - T-Lymphozyt KW - CD27 KW - scFv KW - TRAIL KW - TRAILR-Mutants KW - Antibodies KW - Antigen KW - Single chain KW - Recombinant protein Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111592 ER - TY - THES A1 - Müller, Ludwig T1 - Die Rolle von E2F3 in mikrosatelliteninstabilen kolorektalen Karzinomen T1 - The Relevance Of E2F3 In Colorectal Carcinoma With Microsatellite Instability N2 - Das Gen E2F3 und seine Produkte sind essentiell für die Regulation des Zellzyklus. Eine E2F3-Überexpression wurde bereits in diversen anderen Tumorentitäten nachgewiesen, u.a. in Wilms-Tumoren (Kort et al., 2008), Blasenkrebs (Feber et al., 2004; Oeggerli et al., 2004), Ovarialkarzinomen (Smith et al., 2012; Reimer et al., 2011), malignen Melanomen (Noguchi et al., 2012), sowie Plattenepithelkarzinomen der Lunge (Cooper et al., 2006). In dieser Arbeit wurden 19 mikrosatelliteninstabile kolorektale Karzinome mittels Immunhistochemie auf ihre E2F3 Expression im Vergleich zur autologen Normalschleimhaut untersucht. 57,9% der untersuchten Karzinome zeigen eine der Positivkontrolle (autologe Normalmukosa) entsprechende Intensität der Färbung. 36,8% der angefärbten Karzinome färbten sich schwächer an als die entsprechende Positivkontrolle. Nur 5,3% der Karzinome zeigte eine stärkere Anfärbung als die zugehörige Positivkontrolle. Diese Beobachtungen lassen den Schluss zu, dass das Gen E2F3 für mikrosatelliteninstabile kolorektale Karzinome kein relevantes Onkogen darstellt. Im Rahmen des Cancer Genome Project konnten verschiedene Gene aus der Region 6pter-p22.2 identifiziert werden, die in mikrosatelliteninstabilen kolorektalen Karzinomen mutiert vorkommen. Die größte Schnittmenge konnte bei den Genen DSP (Desmoplakin) mit n=13, JARID2 (Jomunji, AT rich interactive domain 2) mit n=10! und bei ATXN1 (Ataxin1) mit n=10 ermittelt werden. Diese Gene sollten nun auf ihre Beteiligung an kolorektalen Karzinomen hin analysiert werden, beispielsweise durch Messungen der mRNA Spiegel der Genprodukte, um die Expression der jeweiligen Genprodukte im Tumorgewebe zu objektivieren sowie beispielsweise über eine Exon- Sequenzanalyse der betroffenen Abschnitte, um die Alterationen im Genom mikrosatelliteninstabiler kolorektaler Karzinome zu quantifizieren. N2 - The Gene E2F3 plays an essential role in the regulation of the cell cycle. An E2F3 overexpression has been observed in various types of cancer , e.g. nephroblastoma (Kort et al., 2008), bladder cancer (Feber et al., 2004; Oeggerli et al., 2004), ovarian cancer (Smith et al., 2012; Reimer et al., 2011), malingant melanoma (Noguchi et al., 2012) and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (Cooper et al., 2006). In this thesis 19 colorectal tumor samples exhibiting microsatellite instability and 19 healthy autologous mucosa samples have been examined via immunohistochemistry in regard to E2F3 expression. The staining intensity of the cancer samples has been compared to that exhibited in their autologous mucosa counterparts. 57,9% of all examined cancer samples showed a staining intensity equivalent, 36,8 % showed a weaker and 5,3% a stronger intensity than the respective autologous mucosa samples. These observations lead to the conclusion that E2F3 plays no significant role as an oncogene in colorectal cancer exhibiting microsatellite instability KW - kolorektales Karzinom KW - Mikrosatellit KW - E2F3 KW - Mikrosatelliteninstabilität Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112353 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuj, Shigeo A1 - Kapp, Markus A1 - Einsele, Hermann T1 - Possible Implication of Bacterial Infection in Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation JF - Frontiers in Oncology N2 - Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is still one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the pathogenesis of acute GVHD, it has been established that donor-derived T-cells activated in the recipient play a major role in GVHD in initiation and maintenance within an inflammatory cascade. To reduce the risk of GVHD, intensification of GVHD prophylaxis like T-cell depletion is effective, but it inevitably increases the risk of infectious diseases and abrogates beneficial graft-versus-leukemia effects. Although various cytokines are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of GVHD, GVHD initiation is such a complex process that cannot be prevented by means of single inflammatory cytokine inhibition. Thus, efficient methods to control the whole inflammatory milieu both on cellular and humoral view are needed. In this context, infectious diseases can theoretically contribute to an elevation of inflammatory cytokines after allogeneic HSCT and activation of various subtypes of immune effector cells, which might in summary lead to an aggravation of acute GVHD. The appropriate treatments or prophylaxis of bacterial infection during the early phase after allogeneic HSCT might be beneficial to reduce not only infectious-related but also GVHD-related mortality. Here, we aim to review the literature addressing the interactions of bacterial infections and GVHD after allogeneic HSCT. KW - pathogen-associated molecular patterns KW - LPS KW - GVHD KW - bacterial infection KW - allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120674 SN - 2234-943X VL - 4 IS - 89 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bedke, Tanja A1 - Iannitti, Rossana G. A1 - De Luca, Antonella A1 - Giovannini, Gloria A1 - Fallarino, Francesca A1 - Berges, Carsten A1 - Latgé, Jean-Paul A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Romani, Luigina A1 - Topp, Max S. T1 - Distinct and complementary roles for Aspergillus fumigatus-specific Tr1 and \(Foxp3^+\) regulatory T cells in humans and mice JF - Immunology and Cell Biology N2 - Unlike induced \(Foxp3^+\) regulatory T cells (\(Foxp3^+\) \(iT_{reg}\)) that have been shown to play an essential role in the development of protective immunity to the ubiquitous mold Aspergillus fumigatus, type-(1)-regulatory T cells (Tr1) cells have, thus far, not been implicated in this process. Here, we evaluated the role of Tr1 cells specific for an epitope derived from the cell wall glucanase Crf-1 of A. fumigatus (Crf-1/p41) in antifungal immunity. We identified Crf-1/p41-specific latent-associated \(peptide^+\) Tr1 cells in healthy humans and mice after vaccination with Crf-1/p41+zymosan. These cells produced high amounts of interleukin (IL)-10 and suppressed the expansion of antigen-specific T cells in vitro and in vivo. In mice, in vivo differentiation of Tr1 cells was dependent on the presence of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, c-Maf and IL-27. Moreover, in comparison to Tr1 cells, \(Foxp3^+\) \(iT_{reg}\) that recognize the same epitope were induced in an interferon gamma-type inflammatory environment and more potently suppressed innate immune cell activities. Overall, our data show that Tr1 cells are involved in the maintenance of antifungal immune homeostasis, and most likely play a distinct, yet complementary, role compared with \(Foxp3^+\) \(iT_{reg}\). Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121449 VL - 92 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiss, Johannes A1 - Rau, Monika A1 - Geier, Andreas T1 - Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Epidemiology, Clinical Course, Investigation, and Treatment JF - Deautsches Ärzteblatt International N2 - Background: The global obesity epidemic has increased the prevalence of fatty liver disease. At present, 14% to 27% of the general population in the industrialized world has non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: We review pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search of the PubMed database for the years 1995 to 2013. Results: The term “non-alcoholic fatty liver disease” covers cases of a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from bland fatty liver without any inflammation and with little or no tendency to progress all the way to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with inflammatory reactions and hepatocyte damage, with or without fibrosis. Some 5% to 20% of patients with NAFLD develop NASH, which undergoes a further transition to higher-grade fibrosis in 10% to 20% of cases. In fewer than 5% of cases, fibrosis progresses to cirrhosis. These approximate figures lead to an estimate of 0.05% to 0.3% for the prevalence of cirrhosis in the general population. About 2% of all cirrhosis patients per year develop hepatocellular carcinoma. The diagnosis of fatty liver disease can be suspected initially on the basis of abnormally high aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) levels and abnormal ultrasonographic findings. The positive predictive value of an ultrasonographic study for mild steatosis is 67% at most. The NAFLD fibrosis score, which is computed on the basis of multiple parameters (age, body-mass index, diabetes status, ASAT, ALAT, platelet count, and albumin level), has a positive predictive value of 82% to 90% and a negative predictive value of 88% to 93%. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis but should be performed sparingly in view of its rare but sometimes life-threatening complications, such as hemorrhage. The treatment of NAFLD and NASH consists mainly of changes in lifestyle and nutrition. Conclusion: NAFLD can, in principle, be reversed. This is only possible with weight reduction by at least 3% to 5%. KW - fatty liver disease Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119557 VL - 111 IS - 26 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mousset, Sabine A1 - Buchheidt, Dieter A1 - Heinz, Werner A1 - Ruhnke, Markus A1 - Cornely, Oliver A. A1 - Egerer, Gerlinde A1 - Krüger, William A1 - Link, Hartmut A1 - Neumann, Silke A1 - Ostermann, Helmut A1 - Panse, Jens A1 - Penack, Olaf A1 - Rieger, Christina A1 - Schmidt-Hieber, Martin A1 - Silling, Gerda A1 - Südhoff, Thomas A1 - Ullmann, Andrew J. A1 - Wolf, Hans-Heinrich A1 - Maschmeyer, Georg A1 - Böhme, Angelika T1 - Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients—updated recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) JF - Annals of Hematology N2 - Invasive fungal infections are a main cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy regimens. Early antifungal treatment is mandatory to improve survival. Today, a number of effective and better-tolerated but more expensive antifungal agents compared to the former gold standard amphotericin B deoxycholate are available. Clinical decision-making must consider results from numerous studies and published guidelines, as well as licensing status and cost pressure. New developments in antifungal prophylaxis improving survival rates result in a continuous need for actualization. The treatment options for invasive Candida infections include fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B and its lipid formulations, as well as echinocandins. Voriconazole, amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid formulations, caspofungin, itraconazole, and posaconazole are available for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Additional procedures, such as surgical interventions, immunoregulatory therapy, and granulocyte transfusions, have to be considered. The Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology here presents its 2008 recommendations discussing the dos and do-nots, as well as the problems and possible solutions, of evidence criteria selection. KW - cancer KW - invasive fungal infections KW - antifungals KW - mycoses KW - hematologic malignancies KW - aspergillosis KW - antifungal agents KW - invasive candidiasis Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121340 VL - 96 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wendler, Jörg A1 - Burmester, Gerd R. A1 - Sörensen, Helmut A1 - Krause, Andreas A1 - Richter, Constanze A1 - Tony, Hans-Peter A1 - Rubbert-Roth, Andrea A1 - Bartz-Bazzanella, Peter A1 - Wassenberg, Siegfried A1 - Haug-Rost, Iris A1 - Dörner, Thomas T1 - Rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in routine practice (GERINIS): six-year results from a prospective, multicentre, non-interventional study in 2,484 patients JF - Arthritis Research & Therapy N2 - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rituximab (RTX) in a large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in routine care, and to monitor changes in daily practice since the introduction of RTX therapy. METHODS: This was a multicentre, prospective, non-interventional study conducted under routine practice conditions in Germany. Efficacy was evaluated using Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI). Safety was assessed by recording adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Physician and patient global efficacy and tolerability assessments were also evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 2,484 patients (76.7% female, mean age 56.4 years, mean disease duration 11.7 years) received RTX treatment (22.7% monotherapy). The total observation period was approximately six-years (median follow-up 14.7 months). RTX treatment led to improvements in DAS28 and HAQ-DI that were sustained over multiple courses. DAS28 improvements positively correlated with higher rheumatoid factor levels up to 50 IU/ml. Response and tolerability were rated good/very good by the majority of physicians and patients. Mean treatment intervals were 10.5 and 6.8 months for the first and last 400 enrolled patients, respectively. Infections were the most frequently reported ADRs (9.1%; 11.39/100 patient-years); approximately 1% of patients per course discontinued therapy due to ADRs. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged RTX treatment in routine care is associated with good efficacy and tolerability, as measured by conventional parameters and by physicians' and patients' global assessments. Rheumatoid factor status served as a distinct and quantitative biomarker of RTX responsiveness. With growing experience, physicians repeated treatments earlier in patients with less severe disease activity. KW - Rituximab Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121184 VL - 16 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunzmann, Volker A1 - Herrmann, Ken A1 - Bluemel, Christina A1 - Kapp, Markus A1 - Hartlapp, Ingo A1 - Steger, Ulrich T1 - Intensified neoadjuvant chemotherapy with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine followed by FOLFIRINOX in a patient with locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer JF - Case Reports in Oncology N2 - The prognosis of patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer can be improved if secondary complete (R0) resection is possible. In patients initially staged as unresectable this may be achieved with neoadjuvant treatment which is usually chemoradiotherapy based. We report the case of a 46-year-old patient with an unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer (pT4 Nx cM0 G2) who was treated with a sequential neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen consisting of 2 cycles of nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine followed by 4 cycles of FOLFIRINOX. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in secondary resectability (R0 resection). After 2 cycles of nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine, the patient already had a complete metabolic remission as measured by integrated fludeoxyglucose ((18)F) positron emission tomography and computerized tomography. After a follow-up of 18 months the patient is alive without progression of disease. We propose to assess the clinical benefit of sequencing the combinations nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine and FOLFIRINOX as neoadjuvant therapy for patients with locally advanced and initially unresectable pancreatic cancer in a controlled clinical trial. KW - nab-paclitaxel KW - neoadjuvant chemotherapy KW - oxaliplatin KW - pancreatic cancer KW - locally advanced disease KW - irinotecan KW - gemcitabine KW - folinic acid KW - 5-Fluorouracil Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120189 SN - 1662-6575 VL - 7 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, R. A1 - Nickel, N. A1 - Godau, J. A1 - Willie, B. M. A1 - Duda, G. N. A1 - Schwarzer, R. A1 - Cirovic, B. A1 - Leutz, A. A1 - Manz, R. A1 - Bogen, B. A1 - Dörken, B. A1 - Jundt, F. T1 - Notch pathway inhibition controls myeloma bone disease in the murine MOPC315.BM model JF - Blood Cancer Journal N2 - Despite evidence that deregulated Notch signalling is a master regulator of multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis, its contribution to myeloma bone disease remains to be resolved. Notch promotes survival of human MM cells and triggers human osteoclast activity in vitro. Here, we show that inhibition of Notch through the γ-secretase inhibitor XII (GSI XII) induces apoptosis of murine MOPC315.BM myeloma cells with high Notch activity. GSI XII impairs murine osteoclast differentiation of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in vitro. In the murine MOPC315.BM myeloma model GSI XII has potent anti-MM activity and reduces osteolytic lesions as evidenced by diminished myeloma-specific monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)-A serum levels and quantitative assessment of bone structure changes via high-resolution microcomputed tomography scans. Thus, we suggest that Notch inhibition through GSI XII controls myeloma bone disease mainly by targeting Notch in MM cells and possibly in osteoclasts in their microenvironment. We conclude that Notch inhibition is a valid therapeutic strategy in MM. KW - MOPC315.BM Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119683 SN - 2044-5385 VL - 4 IS - e217 ER - TY - THES A1 - Sahraizadeh, Heidar T1 - Das Leben mit PEG-Sonde : Probleme, Zufriedenheit der Betroffenen, Auswirkungen auf die Lebensqualität - Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie T1 - Living with PEG tube: problems, satisfaction of concerned people, effect on quality of life - Results of a prospective study N2 - In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 220 Patientinnen und Patienten prospektiv 1 Jahr lang nach der Anlage einer PEG-Sonde verfolgt. Die Studie sollte der Frage nachgehen, welche Patienten bzw. welche Indikationsgruppen in welchem Umfang von einer PEG-Anlage kurz- oder langfristig profitieren. Außerdem wurde die Zufriedenheit der Patienten, ihrer Angehörigen, Betreuer und Hausärzte sowie auf den Einfluss einer PEG-Anlage und der Sondenernährung auf die Lebensqualität der Betroffenen untersucht. Die Befragung wurde über strukturierte Telefoninterviews nach 7 Tagen, 4 Wochen und dann im Abstand von jeweils 3 Monaten bis abschließend ein Jahr nach Sondenanlage durchgeführt. Die Gesamtheit der Patienten setzte sich zu 41% aus Frauen und 59% aus Männern zusammen. Das Durchschnittsalter lag bei 72 Jahren, die Altersspanne bewegte sich zwischen 39 und 97 Jahren. Es zeigte sich eine außergewöhnlich hohe Zufriedenheit aller Befragten mit der PEG-Sonde und deren Auswirkung auf die Lebensqualität. 95,7% der befragten Patienten beurteilten ihre Zufriedenheit mit der PEG als sehr gut oder gut. Der Grad der Zufriedenheit war auch bei den Angehörigen, Pflegekräften und Ärzten sehr hoch: 94%, 95,2% und 92% bewerteten die PEG mit sehr gut/ gut. Die wenigen negativen Beurteilungen basierten im Wesentlichen auf Komplikationen, die in Verbindung mit der Sondenernährung auftraten, und auf dem Hinterfragen der Notwendigkeit der PEG-Anlagen. Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Indikationsgruppen gaben die Befragten mit einer Ausnahme nicht an. Während Angehörige und Pflegekräfte ihre hohe Zustimmung zur PEG auch bei den Demenzkranken zum Ausdruck brachten (100%, bzw. 95% sehr gute/gute Bewertung), lassen die Hausärzte in dieser Indikation gewisse Vorbehalte erkennen. 9,1% vergaben die Noten mangelhaft/ungenügend und weitere 13,6% die Bewertung befriedigend/ausreichend. Sie begründen ihre Kritik mit ethischen und medizinischen Überlegungen. Zusammenfassend bestätigt sich die PEG in dieser prospektiven Studie als sichere und effektive Maßnahme zur enteralen Ernährung. Die Indikationsstellung darf nicht nur den Erhalt oder die Steigerung des Körpergewichtes berücksichtigen, sondern sollte auch die Aspekte wie Komorbiditäten, Prognose und nicht zuletzt Allgemeinzustand und Lebensqualität der Patienten beachten. Nach einer PEG-Anlage ist die allgemeine Zufriedenheit bei Patienten Angehörigen, Pflegekräften und Ärzten fast ausnahmslos sehr hoch. N2 - Summary In the present study, 220 patients were prospectively followed for 1 year after implantation of a PEG tube. The study aimed to investigate which patients or which groups of indications to what extent of a PEG placement short or long-term benefit. In addition, the satisfaction of patients, their relatives, carers and GPs and was examined for the influence of PEG placement and tube feeding on the quality of life of those affected. The survey was conducted through structured telephone interviews after 7 days, 4 weeks and then once every 3 months until finally one year after the PEG placement. The totality of the patient included 41% women and 59% men. The average age was 72 years, the age span moved 39-97 years. There was an exceptionally high level of satisfaction of respondents with the PEG tube and their effect on the quality of life. 95.7% of patients surveyed rated their satisfaction with the PEG as very good or good. The degree of satisfaction was very high even with the relatives, nurses and doctors: 94%, 95.2% and 92% rated the PEG with very good / good. The few negative assessments based substantially on complications occurring in connection with the tube feeding, and on the questioning of the need for PEG-systems. Differences between the indication groups gave the respondents except one not to. While relatives and carers their high approval for PEG even in people with dementia to express applied (100%, or 95% excellent / good rating), the GPs reveal certain reservations in this indication. 9.1% gave the marks deficient / insufficient and further 13.6% rating the satisfactory / sufficient. They base their criticism with ethical and medical considerations. In summary, the PEG confirmed in this prospective study as a safe and effective measure for enteral nutrition. The indication must be considered not only to maintain or increase in body weight, but should also refer to the aspects such as comorbidities, prognosis, and not least general condition and quality of life of patients. After a PEG placement the satisfaction in relatives of Patients, in nurses and doctors is almost invariably very high. KW - Enterale Ernährung KW - PEG KW - Mangelernährung KW - tube nutrition KW - Zufriedenheit mit PEG KW - PEG-Anlage KW - percutaneus endoscopic gastrostomy Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137286 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmitt, Friderike T1 - Etablierung und Evaluierung eines Nachweisverfahrens klinisch relevanter Zygomyzeten anhand der Polymerasekettenreaktion T1 - Development and Application of three independent PCR-Assays to detect clinically relevant Zygomycetes N2 - Invasive Zygomykosen verzeichnen in den letzten Jahren eine steigende Inzidenz, insbesondere im Risikokollektiv immunsupprimierter Patienten. Aufgrund des häufig letalen Verlaufs dieser Infektionen ist eine rasche, korrekte Diagnosestellung essentiell, um rechtzeitig eine adäquate Therapie einzuleiten. Jedoch sieht sich die konventionelle, mikrobiologische Diagnostik mit vielen Problemen konfrontiert, so dass molekularbiologische Nachweisverfahren zunehmend in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit rücken. Eine zuverlässige, mit relativ geringem Zeit- und Kostenaufwand praktizierbare Methode stellt in diesem Zusammenhang die Real-time-PCR dar, deren Aussagekraft durch anschließende Speziesidentifizierung mittels Sequenzierung noch verstärkt werden kann. Aus diesem Grund wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit 3 PCR-Assays entwickelt und deren Sensitivität, Spezifität und klinische Anwendbarkeit evaluiert. Alle 3 Systeme nutzten Multi-copy-Gene des ribosomalen Operons der Zygomyzeten als Target und erwiesen sich als zuverlässige Werkzeuge zur Amplifikation fungaler DNA. Sie wurde sowohl an Pilzkulturen, als auch an klinischen Proben und einem Quasi-Tiermodell mit Erfolg ausgetestet und werden möglicherweise in Zukunft der klinischen Routinediagnostik zur Verfügung stehen. Bedingt durch die Seltenheit invasiver Zygomykosen besteht in diesem Bereich noch ein großer Forschungsbedarf, auch, um die noch nicht optimale Therapie dieser Erkrankungen zu verbessern. Es bleibt daher zu hoffen, dass sich in absehbarer Zeit mehr Forschungsgruppen mit diesen Erregern beschäftigen, damit den schwer kranken Patienten eine echte Heilungschance geboten werden kann. N2 - During the last years invasive zygomycosis register a rising incidence, in particular in the risk collective of immunosuppressed patients. On account of the often lethal course of these infections a fast, correct diagnosis is essential to initiate an adequate therapy on time. However, the conventional, microbiological diagnostics is confronted with many problems, so that molecular-biological methods to detect invasive mucormycosis get moor important. A reliable method requiring relatively low time is the real-time-PCR. The following sequencing of the amplicon allows the identification to the genus level. That's why 3 PCR-Assays were developed and their sensitivity, specificity and clinical applicability were evaluated. All 3 systems targeted multi copy genes of the ribosomal operon of the zygomycetes and turned out to be reliable tools for the amplification of fungal DNA. They were successfully tested in fungal cultures, as well as in clinical tests and a quasi animal model. In future they will possibly be available to the clinical routine diagnostics. Because of the rarity of invasive zycomycosis a lot of research is needed in this area, also to improve the therapy, frequently being insufficient. However, there remains hope that in future more research groups deal with these causes, so that a real healing chance can be offered to the seriously ill patients. KW - Real-time PCR KW - Mucorales Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135334 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heidrich, Benjamin A1 - Wiegand, Steffen B. A1 - Buggisch, Peter A1 - Hinrichsen, Holger A1 - Link, Ralph A1 - Möller, Bernd A1 - Böker, Klaus H. W. A1 - Teuber, Gerlinde A1 - Klinker, Hartwig A1 - Zehnter, Elmar A1 - Naumann, Uwe A1 - Busch, Heiner W. A1 - Maasoumy, Benjamin A1 - Baum, Undine A1 - Hardtke, Svenja A1 - Manns, Michael P. A1 - Wedemeyer, Heiner A1 - Petersen, Jörg A1 - Cornberg, Markus T1 - Treatment of Naive Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Genotypes 2 and 3 with Pegylated Interferon Alpha and Ribavirin in a Real World Setting: Relevance for the New Era of DAA JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Evidence based clinical guidelines are implemented to treat patients efficiently that include efficacy, tolerability but also health economic considerations. This is of particular relevance to the new direct acting antiviral agents that have revolutionized treatment of chronic hepatitis C. For hepatitis C genotypes 2/3 interferon free treatment is already available with sofosbuvir plus ribavirin. However, treatment with sofosbuvir-based regimens is 10-20 times more expensive compared to pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV). It has to be discussed if PegIFN/RBV is still an option for easy to treat patients. We assessed the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C genotypes 2/3 with PegIFN/RBV in a real world setting according to the latest German guidelines. Overall, 1006 patients were recruited into a prospective patient registry with 959 having started treatment. The intention-to-treat analysis showed poor SVR (GT2 61%, GT3 47%) while patients with adherence had excellent SVR in the per protocol analysis (GT2 96%, GT3 90%). According to guidelines, 283 patients were candidates for shorter treatment duration, namely a treatment of 16 weeks (baseline HCV-RNA <800.000 IU/mL, no cirrhosis and RVR). However, 65% of these easy to treat patients have been treated longer than recommended that resulted in higher costs but not higher SVR rates. In conclusion, treatment with PegIFN/RBV in a real world setting can be highly effective yet similar effective than PegIFN +/- sofosbuvir/RBV in well-selected naive G2/3 patients. Full adherence to guidelines could be further improved, because it would be important in the new era with DAA, especially to safe resources. KW - peginterferon alpha-2B KW - HCV genotype-2 KW - sofosbuvir KW - infection KW - epidemology Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115149 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stringaris, Kate A1 - Sekine, Takuya A1 - Khoder, Ahmad A1 - Alsuliman, Abdullah A1 - Razzaghi, Bonni A1 - Sargeant, Ruhena A1 - Pavlu, Jiri A1 - Brisley, Gill A1 - de Lavallade, Hugues A1 - Sarvaria, Anushruthi A1 - Sarvaria, Anushruthi A1 - Mielke, Stephan A1 - Apperley, Jane F. A1 - Shpall, Elisabeth J. A1 - Barrett, A. John A1 - Rezvani, Katayoun T1 - Leukemia-induced phenotypic and functional defects in natural killer cells predict failure to achieve remission in acute myeloid leukemia JF - Haematologica N2 - The majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia will relapse, and older patients often fail to achieve remission with induction chemotherapy. We explored the possibility that leukemic suppression of innate immunity might contribute to treatment failure. Natural killer cell phenotype and function was measured in 32 consecutive acute myeloid leukemia patients at presentation, including 12 achieving complete remission. Compared to 15 healthy age-matched controls, natural killer cells from acute myeloid leukemia patients were abnormal at presentation, with downregulation of the activating receptor NKp46 (P=0.007) and upregulation of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A (P=0.04). Natural killer cells from acute myeloid leukemia patients had impaired effector function against autologous blasts and K562 targets, with significantly reduced CD107a degranulation, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production. Failure to achieve remission was associated with NKG2A overexpression and reduced TNF-alpha production. These phenotypic and functional abnormalities were partially restored in the 12 patients achieving remission. In vitro co-incubation of acute myeloid leukemia blasts with natural killer cells from healthy donors induced significant impairment in natural killer cell TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production (P=0.02 and P=0.01, respectively) against K562 targets and a trend to reduced CD107a degranulation (P=0.07). Under transwell conditions, the inhibitory effect of AML blasts on NK cytotoxicity and effector function was still present, and this inhibitory effect was primarily mediated by IL-10. These results suggest that acute myeloid leukemia blasts induce long-lasting changes in natural killer cells, impairing their effector function and reducing the competence of the innate immune system, favoring leukemia survival. KW - resting NK cells KW - acute myelogenous leukemia KW - virus-infected cells KW - cytotoxicity receptors KW - inhibitory receptors KW - ligand incompatibility KW - activating receptors KW - MHC molecules KW - missing self KW - class-I Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116550 SN - 1592-8721 VL - 99 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brunekreeft, Kim L. A1 - Strohm, Corinna A1 - Gooden, Marloes J. A1 - Rybczynska, Anna A. A1 - Nijman, Hans W. A1 - Grigoleit, Götz U. A1 - Helfrich, Wijnand A1 - Bremer, Edwin A1 - Siegmund, Daniela A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - de Bruyn, Marco T1 - Targeted delivery of CD40L promotes restricted activation of antigen-presenting cells and induction of cancer cell death JF - Molecular Cancer N2 - Background: Stimulation of CD40 can augment anti-cancer T cell immune responses by triggering effective activation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although CD40 agonists have clinical activity in humans, the associated systemic activation of the immune system triggers dose-limiting side-effects. Methods: To increase the tumor selectivity of CD40 agonist-based therapies, we developed an approach in which soluble trimeric CD40L (sCD40L) is genetically fused to tumor targeting antibody fragments, yielding scFv: CD40L fusion proteins. We hypothesized that scFv: CD40L fusion proteins would have reduced CD40 agonist activity similar to sCD40L but will be converted to a highly agonistic membrane CD40L-like form of CD40L upon anchoring to cell surface exposed antigen via the scFv domain. Results: Targeted delivery of CD40L to the carcinoma marker EpCAM on carcinoma cells induced dose-dependent paracrine maturation of DCs similar to 20-fold more effective than a non-targeted control scFv: CD40L fusion protein. Similarly, targeted delivery of CD40L to the B cell leukemia marker CD20 induced effective paracrine maturation of DCs. Of note, the CD20-selective delivery of CD40L also triggered loss of cell viability in certain B cell leukemic cell lines as a result of CD20-induced apoptosis. Conclusions: Targeted delivery of CD40L to cancer cells is a promising strategy that may help to trigger cancer-localized activation of CD40 and can be modified to exert additional anti-cancer activity via the targeting domain. KW - CD20 KW - EpCAM KW - CD40L KW - ScFv KW - targeting KW - dendritic cells KW - T-cells KW - monoclonal-antibodies KW - immune modulation KW - autologous tumor Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116682 SN - 1476-4598 VL - 13 IS - 85 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zugmaier, G. A1 - Topp, M. S. A1 - Alekar, S. A1 - Viardot, A. A1 - Horst, H.-A. A1 - Neumann, S. A1 - Stelljes, M. A1 - Bargou, R. C. A1 - Goebeler, M. A1 - Wessiepe, D. A1 - Degenhard, E. A1 - Goekbuget, N. A1 - Klinger, M. T1 - Long-term follow-up of serum immunoglobulin levels in blinatumomab-treated patients with minimal residual disease-positive B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia JF - Blood Cancer Journal N2 - No abstract available. KW - stem-cell transplantation KW - free survival KW - engaging aantibody KW - Rituximab KW - lymphoma KW - hypogammaglobulinemia KW - lineage Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115433 SN - 2044-5385 VL - 4 IS - e244 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hanfstein, Benjamin A1 - Lauseker, Michael A1 - Hehlmann, Rüdiger A1 - Saussele, Susanne A1 - Erben, Philipp A1 - Dietz, Christian A1 - Fabarius, Alice A1 - Proetel, Ulrike A1 - Schnittger, Susanne A1 - Haferlach, Claudia A1 - Krause, Stefan W. A1 - Schubert, Jörg A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Hänel, Mathias A1 - Dengler, Jolanta A1 - Falge, Christiane A1 - Kanz, Lothar A1 - Neubauer, Andreas A1 - Kneba, Michael A1 - Stengelmann, Frank A1 - Pfreundschuh, Michael A1 - Waller, Cornelius F. A1 - Spiekerman, Karsten A1 - Baerlocher, Gabriela M. A1 - Pfirrmann, Markus A1 - Hasford, Joerg A1 - Hofmann, Wolf-Karsten A1 - Hochhaus, Andreas A1 - Müller, Martin C. T1 - Distinct characteristics of e13a2 versus e14a2 BCR-ABL1 driven chronic myeloid leukemia under first-line therapy with imatinib JF - Haematologica N2 - The vast majority of chronic myeloid leukemia patients express a BCR-ABL1 fusion gene mRNA encoding a 210 kDa tyrosine kinase which promotes leukemic transformation. A possible differential impact of the corresponding BCR-ABL1 transcript variants e13a2 ("b2a2") and e14a2 ("b3a2") on disease phenotype and outcome is still a subject of debate. A total of 1105 newly diagnosed imatinib-treated patients were analyzed according to transcript type at diagnosis (e13a2, n=451; e14a2, n=496; e13a2+e14a2, n=158). No differences regarding age, sex, or Euro risk score were observed. A significant difference was found between e13a2 and e14a2 when comparing white blood cells (88 vs. 65 x 10(9)/L, respectively; P<0.001) and platelets (296 vs. 430 x 109/L, respectively; P<0.001) at diagnosis, indicating a distinct disease phenotype. No significant difference was observed regarding other hematologic features, including spleen size and hematologic adverse events, during imatinib-based therapies. Cumulative molecular response was inferior in e13a2 patients (P=0.002 for major molecular response; P<0.001 for MR4). No difference was observed with regard to cytogenetic response and overall survival. In conclusion, e13a2 and e14a2 chronic myeloid leukemia seem to represent distinct biological entities. However, clinical outcome under imatinib treatment was comparable and no risk prediction can be made according to e13a2 versus e14a2 BCR-ABL1 transcript type at diagnosis. (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: 00055874) KW - chronic myelogenous leukemia KW - polymerase-chain-reaktion KW - hybrid messenger RNA KW - chronic phase KW - cytogenetic response KW - no correlation KW - ABL gene KW - transcripts KW - breakpoint KW - survival Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115476 SN - 1592-8721 VL - 99 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van de Donk, Niels W. C. J. A1 - Palumbo, Antonio A1 - Johnsen, Hans Erik A1 - Engelhardt, Monika A1 - Gay, Francesca A1 - Gregersen, Henrik A1 - Hajek, Roman A1 - Kleber, Martina A1 - Ludwig, Heinz A1 - Morgan, Gareth A1 - Musto, Pellegrino A1 - Plesner, Torben A1 - Sezer, Orhan A1 - Terpos, Evangelos A1 - Waage, Anders A1 - Zweegman, Sonja A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Sonneveld, Pieter A1 - Lokhorst, Henk M. T1 - The clinical relevance and management of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and related disorders: recommendations from the European Myeloma Network JF - Haematologica N2 - Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is one of the most common pre-malignant disorders. IgG and IgA monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance are precursor conditions of multiple myeloma; light-chain monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance of light-chain multiple myeloma; and IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Clonal burden, as determined by bone marrow plasma cell percentage or M-protein level, as well as biological characteristics, including heavy chain isotype and light chain production, are helpful in predicting risk of progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to symptomatic disease. Furthermore, alterations in the bone marrow microenvironment of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance patients result in an increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis, infections, osteoporosis, and bone fractures. In addition, the small clone may occasionally be responsible for severe organ damage through the production of a monoclonal protein that has autoantibody activity or deposits in tissues. These disorders are rare and often require therapy directed at eradication of the underlying plasma cell or lymphoplasmacytic clone. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical relevance of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. We also give general recommendations of how to diagnose and manage patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. KW - multiparameter flow-cytometry KW - hematopoietic cell transplantation KW - smoldering multiple-myeloma KW - venous thromboembolic disease KW - bone-mineral density KW - population-based cohort KW - term-follow-up KW - marrow plasma cells KW - significance MGUS KW - malignant transformation Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116050 SN - 0390-6078 VL - 99 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engelhardt, Monika A1 - Terpos, Evangelos A1 - Kleber, Martina A1 - Gay, Francesca A1 - Wäsch, Ralph A1 - Morgan, Gareth A1 - Cavo, Michele A1 - van de Donk, Niels A1 - Beilhack, Andreas A1 - Bruno, Benedetto A1 - Johnsen, Hans Erik A1 - Hajek, Roman A1 - Driessen, Christoph A1 - Ludwig, Heinz A1 - Beksac, Meral A1 - Boccadoro, Mario A1 - Straka, Christian A1 - Brighen, Sara A1 - Gramatzki, Martin A1 - Larocca, Alessandra A1 - Lokhorst, Henk A1 - Magarotto, Valeria A1 - Morabito, Fortunato A1 - Dimopoulos, Meletios A. A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Sonneveld, Pieter A1 - Palumbo, Antonio T1 - European Myeloma Network recommendations on the evaluation and treatment of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma JF - Haematologica N2 - Multiple myeloma management has undergone profound changes in the past thanks to advances in our understanding of the disease biology and improvements in treatment and supportive care approaches. This article presents recommendations of the European Myeloma Network for newly diagnosed patients based on the GRADE system for level of evidence. All patients with symptomatic disease should undergo risk stratification to classify patients for International Staging System stage (level of evidence: 1A) and for cytogenetically defined high-versus standard-risk groups (2B). Novel-agent-based induction and up-front autologous stem cell transplantation in medically fit patients remains the standard of care (1A). Induction therapy should include a triple combination of bortezomib, with either adriamycin or thalidomide and dexamethasone (1A), or with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (2B). Currently, allogeneic stem cell transplantation may be considered for young patients with high-risk disease and preferably in the context of a clinical trial (2B). Thalidomide (1B) or lenalidomide (1A) maintenance increases progression-free survival and possibly overall survival (2B). Bortezomib-based regimens are a valuable consolidation option, especially for patients who failed excellent response after autologous stem cell transplantation (2A). Bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone or melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide are the standards of care for transplant-ineligible patients (1A). Melphalan-prednisone-lenalidomide with lenalidomide maintenance increases progression-free survival, but overall survival data are needed. New data from the phase III study (MM-020/IFM 07-01) of lenalidomide-low-dose dexamethasone reached its primary end point of a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival as compared to melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide and provides further evidence for the efficacy of lenalidomide-low-dose dexamethasone in transplant-ineligible patients (2B). KW - undetermined significance MGUS KW - stem-cell transplantation KW - multiparameter flow-cytpmetry KW - bortezomib plus dxamethasone KW - monoclonal gammopathy KW - randomized phase-3 trial KW - elderly patients KW - thalidomide maintenance KW - cereblon expression KW - autologous transplantation Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117477 VL - 99 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borges, Alvaro H. A1 - O'Connor, Jemma L. A1 - Phillips, Andrew N. A1 - Baker, Jason V. A1 - Vjecha, Michael J. A1 - Losso, Marcelo H. A1 - Klinker, Hartwig A1 - Lopardo, Gustavo A1 - Williams, Ian A1 - Lundgren, Jens D. T1 - Factors Associated with D-Dimer Levels in HIV-Infected Individuals JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Background: Higher plasma D-dimer levels are strong predictors of mortality in HIV+ individuals. The factors associated with D-dimer levels during HIV infection, however, remain poorly understood. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants in three randomized controlled trials with measured D-dimer levels were included (N = 9,848). Factors associated with D-dimer were identified by linear regression. Covariates investigated were: age, gender, race, body mass index, nadir and baseline CD4(+) count, plasma HIV RNA levels, markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6]), antiretroviral therapy (ART) use, ART regimens, co-morbidities (hepatitis B/C, diabetes mellitus, prior cardiovascular disease), smoking, renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and cystatin C) and cholesterol. Results: Women from all age groups had higher D-dimer levels than men, though a steeper increase of D-dimer with age occurred in men. Hepatitis B/C co-infection was the only co-morbidity associated with higher D-dimer levels. In this subgroup, the degree of hepatic fibrosis, as demonstrated by higher hyaluronic acid levels, but not viral load of hepatitis viruses, was positively correlated with D-dimer. Other factors independently associated with higher D-dimer levels were black race, higher plasma HIV RNA levels, being off ART at baseline, and increased levels of CRP, IL-6 and cystatin C. In contrast, higher baseline CD4+ counts and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were negatively correlated with D-dimer levels. Conclusions: D-dimer levels increase with age in HIV+ men, but are already elevated in women at an early age due to reasons other than a higher burden of concomitant diseases. In hepatitis B/C co-infected individuals, hepatic fibrosis, but not hepatitis viral load, was associated with higher D-dimer levels. KW - fibrin D-dimer KW - all-cause mortality KW - antiretroviral therapy KW - plasma D-dimer KW - elderly persons KW - coagulation KW - biomarkers KW - disease KW - interleukin-6 KW - adults Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117094 VL - 9 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilhelm, Martin A1 - Smetak, Manfred A1 - Schaefer-Eckart, Kerstin A1 - Kimmel, Brigitte A1 - Birkmann, Josef A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Kunzmann, Volker T1 - Successful adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of haploidentical γδ T cells JF - Journal of Translational Medicine N2 - Background: The primary aim of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility and safety of an adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of human haploidentical gamma delta T lymphocytes. Methods: Patients with advanced haematological malignancies who are not eligible for allogeneic transplantation received peripheral blood mononuclear cells from half-matched family donors. For that, a single unstimulated leukapheresis product was incubated with both the anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies conjugated to paramagnetic particles. The depletion procedure was performed on a fully automated CliniMACS (R) device according to the manufacturer's instructions. On average, patients received 2.17 x 10(6)/kg (range 0.9-3.48) γδ T cells with <1% CD4-or CD8-positive cells remaining in the product. All patients received prior lymphopenia-inducing chemotherapy (fludarabine 20-25 mg/m(2) day -6 until day -2 and cyclophosphamide 30-60 mg/kg day -6 and -5) and were treated with 4 mg zoledronate on day 0 and 1.0x10(6) IU/m(2) IL-2 on day +1 until day +6 for the induction of gamma delta T cell proliferation in vivo. Results: This resulted in a marked in vivo expansion of donor γδ T cells and, to a lower extent, natural killer cells and double-negative αβ T cells (mean 68-fold, eight-fold, and eight-fold, respectively). Proliferation peaked by around day +8 and donor cells persisted up to 28 days. Although refractory to all prior therapies, three out of four patients achieved a complete remission, which lasted for 8 months in a patient with plasma cell leukaemia. One patient died from an infection 6 weeks after treatment. Conclusion: This pilot study shows that adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of haploidentical γδ T lymphocytes is feasible and suggests a potential role of these cells in the treatment of haematological diseases. KW - NK cells KW - in vivo cell expansion KW - haploidentical γδ T lymphocytes KW - adoptive transfer KW - CD4(+) KW - innate immunity KW - stimulation KW - acute myeloid-leukemia KW - immunotherapy KW - cancer KW - infusion KW - Interleukin-2 KW - biophosphonate Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117290 VL - 12 IS - 45 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grammatikos, Georgios A1 - Lange, Christian A1 - Susser, Simon A1 - Schwendy, Susanne A1 - Dikopoulos, Nektarios A1 - Buggisch, Peter A1 - Encke, Jens A1 - Teuber, Gerlinde A1 - Goeser, Tobias A1 - Thimme, Robert A1 - Klinker, Hartwig A1 - Boecher, Wulf O. A1 - Schulte-Frohlinde, Ewert A1 - Penna-Martinez, Marissa A1 - Badenhoop, Klaus A1 - Zeuzem, Stefan A1 - Berg, Thomas A1 - Sarrazin, Christoph T1 - Vitamin D Levels Vary during Antiviral Treatment but Are Unable to Predict Treatment Outcome in HCV Genotype 1 Infected Patients JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Background: Different parameters have been determined for prediction of treatment outcome in hepatitis c virus genotype 1 infected patients undergoing pegylated interferon, ribavirin combination therapy. Results on the importance of vitamin D levels are conflicting. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of vitamin D levels before and during therapy together with single nucleotide polymorphisms involved in vitamin D metabolism in the context of other known treatment predictors has been performed. Methods: In a well characterized prospective cohort of 398 genotype 1 infected patients treated with pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin for 24-72 weeks (INDIV-2 study) 25-OH-vitamin D levels and different single nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed together with known biochemical parameters for a correlation with virologic treatment outcome. Results: Fluctuations of more than 5 (10) ng/ml in 25-OH-vitamin D-levels have been observed in 66 (39) % of patients during the course of antiviral therapy and neither pretreatment nor under treatment 25-OH-vitamin D-levels were associated with treatment outcome. The DHCR7-TT-polymorphism within the 7-dehydrocholesterol-reductase showed a significant association (P = 0.031) to sustained viral response in univariate analysis. Among numerous further parameters analyzed we found that age (OR = 1.028, CI = 1.002-1.056, P = 0.035), cholesterol (OR = 0.983, CI = 0.975-0.991, P<0.001), ferritin (OR = 1.002, CI = 1.000-1.004, P = 0.033), gGT (OR = 1.467, CI = 1.073-2.006, P = 0.016) and IL28B-genotype (OR = 2.442, CI = 1.271-4.695, P = 0.007) constituted the strongest predictors of treatment response. Conclusions: While 25-OH-vitamin D-levels levels show considerable variations during the long-lasting course of antiviral therapy they do not show any significant association to treatment outcome in genotype 1 infected patients. KW - chronic Hepatitis C KW - sustained virological response KW - common genetic determinants KW - D serum-levels KW - IL28B polymorphisms KW - interferon alpha KW - viral clearance KW - virus infection KW - severe fibrosis KW - D insufficiency Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117310 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Dan A1 - Hu, Kai A1 - Störk, Stefan A1 - Herrmann, Sebastian A1 - Kramer, Bastian A1 - Cikes, Maja A1 - Gaudron, Philipp Daniel A1 - Knop, Stefan A1 - Ertl, Georg A1 - Bijnens, Bart A1 - Weidemann, Frank T1 - Predictive Value of Assessing Diastolic Strain Rate on Survival in Cardiac Amyloidosis Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Objectives: Since diastolic abnormalities are typical findings of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), we hypothesized that speckle-tracking-imaging (STI) derived longitudinal early diastolic strain rate (LSRdias) could predict outcome in CA patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF >50%). Background: Diastolic abnormalities including altered early filling are typical findings and are related to outcome in CA patients. Reduced longitudinal systolic strain (LSsys) assessed by STI predicts increased mortality in CA patients. It remains unknown if LSRdias also related to outcome in these patients. Methods: Conventional echocardiography and STI were performed in 41 CA patients with preserved LVEF (25 male; mean age 65±9 years). Global and segmental LSsys and LSRdias were obtained in six LV segments from apical 4-chamber views. Results: Nineteen (46%) out of 41 CA patients died during a median of 16 months (quartiles 5–35 months) follow-up. Baseline mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE, 6±2 vs. 8±3 mm), global LSRdias and basal-septal LSRdias were significantly lower in non-survivors than in survivors (all p<0.05). NYHA class, number of non-cardiac organs involved, MAPSE, mid-septal LSsys, global LSRdias, basal-septal LSRdias and E/LSRdias were the univariable predictors of all-cause death. Multivariable analysis showed that number of non-cardiac organs involved (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17–3.26, P = 0.010), global LSRdias (HR = 7.30, 95% CI 2.08–25.65, P = 0.002), and E/LSRdias (HR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.54–5.79, P = 0.001) remained independently predictive of increased mortality risk. The prognostic performance of global LSRdias was optimal at a cutoff value of 0.85 S−1 (sensitivity 68%, specificity 67%). Global LSRdias <0.85 S−1 predicted a 4-fold increased mortality in CA patients with preserved LVEF. Conclusions: STI-derived early diastolic strain rate is a powerful independent predictor of survival in CA patients with preserved LVEF. KW - diagnostic medicine KW - echocardiography KW - prognosis KW - calcium imaging KW - ejection fraction KW - death rates KW - amyloidosis KW - deformation Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-118024 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 12 ER - TY - THES A1 - Klingler, Barbara T1 - Mechanismen der Todesrezeptorinduzierten JNK-Aktivierung T1 - Mechanisms of death receptor induced JNK-activation N2 - Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ist ein Mitglied der TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-Familie, dass über die rezeptoreigene Todesdomäne Caspase 8-vermittelt Apoptose induzieren kann. Dies geschieht entweder auf direktem Wege durch Aktivierung von Caspase 3 oder durch die zusätzliche, für den Untergang der Zellen essentiellen Stimulation des intrinsischen mitochondrialen Signalwegs. Abhängig von der jeweiligen Art der Apoptoseinduktion werden Zellen somit in Typ I oder Typ II unterteilt. Durch das Vorhandensein von antiapoptotischen Proteinen wie unter anderem Bcl-xL kann in Letzterem negativ regulierend auf den Signalweg eingegriffen werden (siehe Abb. 3). Während der Aktivierung des Fas-Signalweges kommt es zur Phosphorylierung der MAP-Kinasen JNK, p38-MAPK und ERK; dies alleine ist jedoch nicht ausreichend für die Induktion des Zelltodes und findet ebenfalls in apoptoseresistenten Zellen statt. Weiterhin wurde bei der Regulation entzündlicher Prozesse eine Beteiligung von Fas beschrieben18. Bedingt durch die hohe Dichte an Fas und seinem Liganden FasL auf T-Zellen nimmt es durch Apoptoseinduktion auf T-Zellen selbst oder deren Zielzellen indirekt auf verschiedene Formen entzündlicher oder immunregulatorischer Prozesse wie beispielsweise die Transplantatabstoßung Einfluss. Seit vielen Jahren ist zudem bekannt, dass durch die Aktivierung des Fas-Signalweges auch nichtapoptotische Signalwege induziert werden können. Beispielhaft hierfür steht der NF-B-Signalweg, welcher letztendlich zur Transkription antiapoptotischer Zielgene führt. Auch hierbei kommt es Caspase 8-vermittelt zur Phosphorylierung von JNK, p38-MAPK und ERK, weiterhin scheint eine Aktivierung dieses Signalweges in Zusammenhang mit einer erhöhten Produktion von Interleukin 8 zu stehen49. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hat sich nun gezeigt, dass die Aktivierung von Fas sowohl durch die Aktivierung von Caspase 8 als auch durch unabhängige Mechanismen zur Aktivierung von JNK führt. Hierbei wurde durch Stimulation der apoptosesensiblen T-Zelllinie Jurkat mit dem vorvernetzten FasL die Phosphorylierung von JNK bei nativen Zellen ebenso wie mit dem Caspaseinhibitor zVAD vorbehandelnden Zellen nachgewiesen. Des Weiteren konnte in den wenig apoptosesensitiven KB-Zellen sowie in den transfizierten und somit apoptoseresistenten Colo 357 Bcl-xL Zellen ein caspaseabhängiger, jedoch apoptoseunabhängiger Signalweg zur Aktivierung von JNK nachgewiesen werden. Dieses Phänomen scheint vom Zelltyp abhängig zu sein. Die Stimulation der Colo 357 Bcl-xL Zellen führte nach Vorbehandlung mit CHX, das eine Todesrezeptor-vermittelte, verstärkte Caspase 8-Aktivierung bewirkt, zur Aktivierung von JNK, während im simultan durchgeführten Zytotoxizitätsessay das Überleben der Zellen bestätigt werden konnte. Bei Zugabe des Caspaseinhibitors zVAD konnte in den Colo 357 Bcl-xL Zellen kein phosphoryliertes JNK nachgewiesen werden, während in den KB-Zellen eine Aktivierung von JNK bei reduzierter Konzentration von zVAD mit jedoch bestehendem Apoptoseschutz, graduell stattfand. Zuletzt wurde der Einfluss der JNK-Aktivierung auf die Interleukin 8 Produktion untersucht. Hierzu wurde die Interleukin 8 Produktion bei Colo 357 Bcl-xL Zellen unter Stimulation mit FasL gemessen und mit der Produktion nach Vorbehandlung mit zVAD verglichen. Hierbei zeigte sich eine unveränderte Produktion von Interleukin 8, was einen JNK-unabhängigen Weg postuliert, da JNK, wie im Vorversuch gezeigt, in dieser Zelllinie durch zVAD inhibiert wird. Unter Zugabe des JNK-spezifischen Inhibitors JNKII kommt es jedoch zu einer deutlichen, aber Konzentrations-abhängigen Suppression der Interleukin 8 Produktion, was in direktem Widerspruch zu dem vorab bestehenden Ergebnis steht. Möglicherweise führt eine erhöhte Konzentration von JNKII zu einer Hemmung zusätzlicher Signalwege wie beispielsweise der des NF-B-Signalweges, was indirekt zu einer Beeinflussung der Interleukin 8-Produktion führt. Weiterhin könnte eine obligat gemeinsame Aktivierung des JNK und des NF-B-Signalweges zur Interleukin 8 Produktion notwendig sein. N2 - Fas (Apo-1/CD95) is part of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) family which can induce apoptosis by conveying caspase 8 via its receptor specific death domain. This takes place either directly by activating caspase 3 or through the additional stimulation of intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. The latter is essential for cell death. Depending on the specific kind of induction of apoptosis, cells can be divided into type I and type II. By existence of antiapoptotic proteins like Bcl-xL it is possible to inhibit apoptosis in cells type II. Activation of Fas-signaling pathway causes phosphorylation of JNK, p-38 MAPK and ERK/ p-44/42; this by itself, however, is not sufficient for the induction of cell death and occurs also in apoptosis resistant cells. Furthermore, during the regulation of inflammatory processes a participation of Fas has been described. This dissertation has shown that the activation of the Fas-signaling pathway leads to the activation of JNK, both dependent and independent of caspase 8. This phenomenon seems to be dependent on the cell type. Furthermore, the production of interleukin 8 in apoptosis resistant cell line Colo357 Bcl-xL has been investigated. Data has shown that the production of interleukin 8 seems to occur independently of the JNK signaling pathway. However, by adding a JNK specific inhibitor the production of interleukin 8 Colo357 Bcl-xL decreased significantly. This stands in contradistinction to the previously described JNK-independent production of interleukin 8. In the end this contradiction could not be clarified completely. KW - Apoptosis KW - Apoptose KW - Fas-Signalweg Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113940 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lückerath, Katharina A1 - Lapa, Constantin A1 - Malzahn, Uwe A1 - Samnick, Samuel A1 - Einsele, Herrmann A1 - Buck, Andreas K. A1 - Herrmann, Ken A1 - Knop, Stefan T1 - 18FDG-PET/CT for prognostic stratification of patients with multiple myeloma relapse after stem cell transplantation N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography–computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) in 37 patients with a history of multiple myeloma (MM) and suspected or confirmed recurrence after stem cell transplantation (SCT). All patients had been heavily pre-treated. Time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were correlated to a number of different PET-derived as well as clinical parameters. Impact on patient management was assessed. Absence of FDG-avid MM foci was a positive prognostic factor for both TTP and OS (p<0.01). Presence of >10 focal lesions correlated with both TTP (p<0.01) and OS (p<0.05). Interestingly, presence of >10 lesions in the appendicular skeleton proved to have the strongest association with disease progression. Intensity of glucose uptake and presence of extramedullary disease were associated with shorter TTP (p=0.037 and p=0.049, respectively). Manifestations in soft tissue structures turned out to be a strong negative predictor for both, TTP and OS (p<0.01, respectively). PET resulted in a change of management in 30% of patients. Our data underline the prognostic value of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in MM patients also in the setting of post-SCT relapse. PET/CT has a significant impact on patient management. KW - 18FDG-PET/CT KW - Multiple myeloma KW - molecular imaging KW - FDG-PET/CT Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113107 ER - TY - THES A1 - Oberhagemann, Annika T1 - Untersuchungen zum Therapeutischen Drug Monitoring von Nevirapin, Efavirenz und Lopinavir im Rahmen der antiretroviralen Kombinationstherapie bei Patienten mit HIV-Infektion in Mwanza/Tansania T1 - Study of therapeutic drug monitoring of Nevirapin, Efavirenz and Lopinavir within an antiviral drug therapy on hiv infected patients in Mwanza, Tanzania N2 - In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden die Serumspiegel der antiretroviralen Medikamente Nevirapin, Efavirenz und Lopinavir bei 124 ambulanten HIV-Patienten der HIV-Ambulanz des Bugando Hospitals in Mwanza (Tansania) bestimmt. Sechs Patienten mussten ausgeschlossen werden, so dass letztlich bei 118 Patienten überprüft wurde, welche Serumspiegel sich zu zufällig gewählten Zeitpunkten während einer Routineuntersuchung einstellten und welche Einflussfaktoren sich auf die Serumspiegel auswirkten. Insgesamt 11 % der Patienten, die NVP und EFV eingenommen hatten, wiesen Serumspiegel auf, die im subtherapeutischen Bereich lagen. 11 % der Patienten, die EFV eingenommen hatten, wiesen Spiegel auf, die oberhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches lagen. 26 % der Patienten wiesen hohe NVP-Spiegel > 6.000 ng/ml auf, die jedoch aufgrund fehlender Daten für einen oberen cut-off-Wert nicht eindeutig einzuordnen sind. Die Patienten, die LPV eingenommen hatten, wiesen suffiziente Serumspiegel auf. Der Großteil der Patienten lag somit in dem anzustrebenden Bereich der Serumspiegel. Die häufigsten Gründe für Spiegel außerhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches waren eine eingeschränkte Adhärenz und wahrscheinlich Medikamenteninteraktionen mit Tuberkulostatika. Die Serumspiegel von NVP waren bei subjektiv angegebener eingeschränkter Adhärenz signifikant niedriger (p=0,026) und auch signifikant häufiger subtherapeutisch (p=0,005) womit gezeigt werden konnte, dass schon eine einmalig vergessene Einnahme zu niedrigeren und sogar subtherapeutischen Spiegeln führen kann. Dieser Zusammenhang unterstreicht die ausgesprochene Wichtigkeit einer guten Adhärenz. 11 % der Patienten wiesen Medikamentenspiegel auf, die oberhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches lagen, welche aber nur selten mit Nebenwirkungen einhergingen. Im Falle von NVP konnte ein marginal signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen hohen NVP-Spiegeln und erhöhten GPT-Werten gezeigt werden. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Schwierigkeit, einen klaren therapeutischen Bereich zu definieren, und zeigen, dass weitere Untersuchungen notwendig sind, um den Nutzen von TDM zur Vermeidung von Nebenwirkungen zu klären. Zwischen höherem Körpergewicht und niedrigeren EFV-Serumspiegeln konnte eine marginal signifikante negative Korrelation gezeigt werden, so dass bei Patienten mit sehr hohem oder sehr niedrigem Körpergewicht TDM sinnvoll erscheint. Zusammenfassend scheint der routinemäßige Einsatz von TDM auch bei tansanischen Patienten nicht notwendig zu sein. Bei gewissen Patienten kann TDM aber sinnvoll sein, vor allem um subtherapeutische oder toxische Spiegel zu vermeiden. Hilfreich scheint der Einsatz von TDM bei Patienten mit Adhärenzproblemen, einer Komedikation mit Rifampicin und Isoniazid und eventuell bei über- oder unterdurchschnittlichem Körperwicht und EFV-Therapie sowie erhöhten Transaminasen unter NVP-Therapie. Höheres Alter, Krankheitsprogression, auffällige CD4-Zellzahlen oder eine schon lange andauernde ART scheinen keine eigenständige Indikationen für ein TDM darzustellen, da die meisten Patienten mit diesen Kriterien suffiziente Serumspiegel aufwiesen. Die signifikant niedrigeren Serumspiegel der eingeschränkt adhärenten Patienten in dieser Untersuchung im Vergleich zu Patienten, die gute Adhärenz angegeben hatten, unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit einer gründlichen Aufklärung der Patienten über die Notwendigkeit einer guten Adhärenz. N2 - Study of therapeutic drug monitoring of Nevirapin, Efavirenz and Lopinavir within an antiviral drug therapy on hiv infected patients in Mwanza, Tanzania KW - HIV KW - TDM KW - Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring KW - Tansania Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113168 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ehrenschwender, M. A1 - Bittner, S. A1 - Seibold, K. A1 - Wajant, H. T1 - XIAP-targeting drugs re-sensitize PIK3CA-mutated colorectal cancer cells for death receptor-induced apoptosis JF - Cell Death & Disease N2 - Mutations in the oncogenic PIK3CA gene are found in 10-20% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) and are associated with poor prognosis. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and agonistic TRAIL death receptor antibodies emerged as promising anti-neoplastic therapeutics, but to date failed to prove their capability in the clinical setting as especially primary tumors exhibit high rates of TRAIL resistance. In our study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying TRAIL resistance in CRC cells with a mutant PIK3CA (PIK3CA-mut) gene. We show that inhibition of the constitutively active phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway only partially overcame TRAIL resistance in PIK3CA-mut-protected HCT116 cells, although synergistic effects of TRAIL plus PI3K, Akt or cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors could be noted. In sharp contrast, TRAIL triggered full-blown cell death induction in HCT116 PIK3CA-mut cells treated with proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib and MG132. At the molecular level, resistance of HCT116 PIK3CA-mut cells against TRAIL was reflected by impaired caspase-3 activation and we provide evidence for a crucial involvement of the E3-ligase X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) therein. Drugs interfering with the activity and/or the expression of XIAP, such as the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase mimetic BV6 and mithramycin-A, completely restored TRAIL sensitivity in PIK3CA-mut-protected HCT116 cells independent of a functional mitochondrial cell death pathway. Importantly, proteasome inhibitors and XIAP-targeting agents also sensitized other CRC cell lines with mutated PIK3CA for TRAIL-induced cell death. Together, our data suggest that proteasome-or XIAP-targeting drugs offer a novel therapeutic approach to overcome TRAIL resistance in PIK3CA-mutated CRC. KW - trail-mediated apoptosis KW - ligand trail KW - CASPASE-3 KW - resistance KW - BH3-only proteins KW - inhibitor KW - MCL-1 KW - degradation KW - activation KW - carcinoma Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114374 SN - 2041-4889 VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wong, David A1 - Winter, Oliver A1 - Hartig, Christina A1 - Siebels, Svenja A1 - Szyska, Martin A1 - Tiburzy, Benjamin A1 - Meng, Lingzhang A1 - Kulkarni, Upasana A1 - Fähnrich, Anke A1 - Bommert, Kurt A1 - Bargou, Ralf A1 - Berek, Claudia A1 - Van, Trung Chu A1 - Bogen, Bjarne A1 - Jundt, Franziska A1 - Manz, Rudolf Armin T1 - Eosinophils and Megakaryocytes Support the Early Growth of Murine MOPC315 Myeloma Cells in Their Bone Marrow Niches JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow plasma cell tumor which is supported by the external growth factors APRIL and IL-6, among others. Recently, we identified eosinophils and megakaryocytes to be functional components of the micro-environmental niches of benign bone marrow plasma cells and to be important local sources of these cytokines. Here, we investigated whether eosinophils and megakaryocytes also support the growth of tumor plasma cells in the MOPC315. BM model for multiple myeloma. As it was shown for benign plasma cells and multiple myeloma cells, IL-6 and APRIL also supported MOPC315. BM cell growth in vitro, IL-5 had no effect. Depletion of eosinophils in vivo by IL-5 blockade led to a reduction of the early myeloma load. Consistent with this, myeloma growth in early stages was retarded in eosinophil-deficient Delta dblGATA-1 mice. Late myeloma stages were unaffected, possibly due to megakaryocytes compensating for the loss of eosinophils, since megakaryocytes were found to be in contact with myeloma cells in vivo and supported myeloma growth in vitro. We conclude that eosinophils and megakaryocytes in the niches for benign bone marrow plasma cells support the growth of malignant plasma cells. Further investigations are required to test whether perturbation of these niches represents a potential strategy for the treatment of multiple myeloma. KW - plasma cells KW - human multiple-myeloma KW - immune response KW - receptor expression KW - B-cells KW - stromal cells KW - dexamethasone KW - april KW - survival KW - Interleukin-5 Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115269 VL - 9 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Morton, Charles Oliver A1 - Fliesser, Mirjam A1 - Dittrich, Marcus A1 - Müller, Tobias A1 - Bauer, Ruth A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Hope, William A1 - Rogers, Thomas Richard A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Löffler, Jürgen T1 - Gene Expression Profiles of Human Dendritic Cells Interacting with Aspergillus fumigatus in a Bilayer Model of the Alveolar Epithelium/Endothelium Interface N2 - The initial stages of the interaction between the host and Aspergillus fumigatus at the alveolar surface of the human lung are critical in the establishment of aspergillosis. Using an in vitro bilayer model of the alveolus, including both the epithelium (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line, A549) and endothelium (human pulmonary artery epithelial cells, HPAEC) on transwell membranes, it was possible to closely replicate the in vivo conditions. Two distinct sub-groups of dendritic cells (DC), monocyte-derived DC (moDC) and myeloid DC (mDC), were included in the model to examine immune responses to fungal infection at the alveolar surface. RNA in high quantity and quality was extracted from the cell layers on the transwell membrane to allow gene expression analysis using tailored custom-made microarrays, containing probes for 117 immune-relevant genes. This microarray data indicated minimal induction of immune gene expression in A549 alveolar epithelial cells in response to germ tubes of A. fumigatus. In contrast, the addition of DC to the system greatly increased the number of differentially expressed immune genes. moDC exhibited increased expression of genes including CLEC7A, CD209 and CCL18 in the absence of A. fumigatus compared to mDC. In the presence of A. fumigatus, both DC subgroups exhibited up-regulation of genes identified in previous studies as being associated with the exposure of DC to A. fumigatus and exhibiting chemotactic properties for neutrophils, including CXCL2, CXCL5, CCL20, and IL1B. This model closely approximated the human alveolus allowing for an analysis of the host pathogen interface that complements existing animal models of IA. KW - aspergillus fumigatus KW - gene expression KW - immune receptors KW - immune response KW - denritic cells KW - B cell receptors KW - gene regulation KW - RNA extraction Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112893 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiegering, Armin A1 - Isbert, Christoph A1 - Dietz, Ulrich A. A1 - Kunzmann, Volker A1 - Ackermann, Sabine A1 - Kerscher, Alexander A1 - Maeder, Uwe A1 - Flentje, Michael A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas A1 - Reibetanz, Joachim A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Klein, Ingo T1 - Multimodal therapy in treatment of rectal cancer is associated with improved survival and reduced local recurrence - a retrospective analysis over two decades N2 - Background The management of rectal cancer (RC) has substantially changed over the last decades with the implementation of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, adjuvant therapy and improved surgery such as total mesorectal excision (TME). It remains unclear in which way these approaches overall influenced the rate of local recurrence and overall survival. Methods Clinical, histological and survival data of 658 out of 662 consecutive patients with RC were analyzed for treatment and prognostic factors from a prospectively expanded single-institutional database. Findings were then stratified according to time of diagnosis in patient groups treated between 1993 and 2001 and 2002 and 2010. Results The study population included 658 consecutive patients with rectal cancer between 1993 and 2010. Follow up data was available for 99.6% of all 662 treated patients. During the time period between 2002 and 2010 significantly more patients underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (17.6% vs. 60%) and adjuvant chemotherapy (37.9% vs. 58.4%). Also, the rate of reported TME during surgery increased. The rate of local or distant metastasis decreased over time, and tumor related 5-year survival increased significantly with from 60% to 79%. Conclusion In our study population, the implementation of treatment changes over the last decade improved the patient’s outcome significantly. Improvements were most evident for UICC stage III rectal cancer. KW - Rectal cancer KW - Improved survival KW - TME Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-110606 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebert, Regina A1 - Dotterweich, Julia A1 - Kraus, Sabrina A1 - Tower, Robert J. A1 - Jakob, Franz A1 - Schütze, Norbert T1 - Mesenchymal stem cell contact promotes CCN1 splicing and transcription in myeloma cells N2 - CCN family member 1 (CCN1), also known as cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61), belongs to the extracellular matrix-associated CCN protein family. The diverse functions of these proteins include regulation of cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and survival/apoptosis, induction of angiogenesis and cellular senescence. Their functions are partly overlapping, largely non-redundant, cell-type specific, and depend on the local microenvironment. To elucidate the role of CCN1 in the crosstalk between stromal cells and myeloma cells, we performed co-culture experiments with primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent myeloma cell line INA-6. Here we show that INA-6 cells display increased transcription and induction of splicing of intron-retaining CCN1 pre-mRNA when cultured in contact with MSC. Protein analyses confirmed that INA-6 cells co-cultured with MSC show increased levels of CCN1 protein consistent with the existence of a pre-mature stop codon in intron 1 that abolishes translation of unspliced mRNA. Addition of recombinant CCN1-Fc protein to INA-6 cells was also found to induce splicing of CCN1 pre-mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner. Only full length CCN1-Fc was able to induce mRNA splicing of all introns, whereas truncated recombinant isoforms lacking domain 4 failed to induce intron splicing. Blocking RGD-dependent integrins on INA-6 cells resulted in an inhibition of these splicing events. These findings expand knowledge on splicing of the proangiogenic, matricellular factor CCN1 in the tumor microenvironment. We propose that contact with MSC-derived CCN1 leads to splicing and enhanced transcription of CCN1 which further contributes to the translation of angiogenic factor CCN1 in myeloma cells, supporting tumor viability and myeloma bone disease. KW - CCN1 KW - Multiple myeloma KW - Mesenchymal stem cells KW - Splicing Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-110497 ER -