TY - THES A1 - Fuchs, Ines T1 - Die Rolle von Kaliumkanälen der AKT1-Unterfamilie für Kaliumaufnahme und gerichtetes Wachstum T1 - The role of potassium channels of the AKT1-subfamily for potassium uptake and directional growth N2 - In vorausgegangenen Experimenten unseres Labors war bereits gezeigt worden, dass die Transkription des Kaliumaufnahmekanals ZMK1 durch IAA stimuliert wird und dass dieser eine wichtige Rolle für das differentielle Zellstreckungswachstum während der gravitropen Krümmung spielt. Dieser Annahme folgend wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht, ob ZMK1 auch in phototrop stimulierten Maiskeimlingen am differentiellen Wachstum der Koleoptile beteiligt ist. Im Hinblick auf diese Fragestellung wurden folgende Erkenntnisse gewonnen: i. Auch in photostimulierten Keimlingen folgt die Transkription von ZMK1 dem endogenen IAA-Gradienten. Vor allem in der Koleoptilenspitze, wo die Umverteilung der freien IAA in die unbelichtete Flanke stattfindet, wurde der größte ZMK1-mRNA Gradient gemessen. ii. Der Krümmungswinkel photostimulierter Koleoptilen war erheblich kleiner als der ebenso lange gravitrop gereizter Keimlinge. Pflanzen, die auf einem Klinostaten einseitig mit Blaulicht bestrahlt worden waren, zeigten jedoch eine ähnlich starke Krümmung wie gravistimulierte Pflanzen. Der Einfluss der Schwerkraft verhinderte demzufolge eine stärkere Krümmung photostimulierter Koleoptilen. iii. Die ausgeprägtere Krümmungsreaktion von auf dem Klinostaten photostimulierten Maiskeimlingen war mit einer drastischen Auxinverschiebung in der Koleoptilenspitze und einer länger anhaltenden differentiellen Expression von ZMK1 verbunden. Die Wachstumsantwort der Keimlinge konnte daher direkt mit der Verteilung freier IAA und der daraus resultierenden Regulation von ZMK1 korreliert werden. iv. Die Wahrnehmung zweier verschiedener Reize (Schwerkraft, Blaulicht) mündet in einen gemeinsamen Signalweg, welcher zur Umverteilung endogenen Auxins innerhalb der Koleoptile und zur differentiellen Kaliumaufnahme über ZMK1 in den gegenüberliegenden Flanken führt. Die hierdurch bedingte stärker ausgeprägte Zellstreckung in der unbelichteten Koleoptilenhälfte hat schließlich die Krümmung des Keimlings zur Folge. Mit dem Ziel, auch den ZMK1-orthologen Kaliumkanal in einer der wichtigsten Nutzpflanzen, Reis, zu charakterisieren, wurden molekularbiologische und biophysikalische Analysen durchgeführt. Im Bezug auf die verfolgten Ziele dieser Arbeit lassen sich die gewonnenen Ergebnisse wie folgt zusammenfassen: v. Aus Oryza sativa-Keimlingsgewebe konnte das cDNA-Molekül OsAKT1 isoliert und anhand der abgeleiteten Aminosäuresequenz der AKT1-Unterfamilie des Shaker- Typs pflanzlicher Kaliumkanäle zugeordnet werden. vi. Die Transkripte von OsAKT1 wurden in Koleoptile und Wurzel 5 Tage alter Reiskeimlinge lokalisiert. Im Gegensatz zur Expression des AKT1-orthologen Kanals in Mais ZMK1 blieb die Transkription von OsAKT1 durch die Erhöhung exogenen Auxins in Koleoptilsegmenten unbeeinflusst. Demzufolge ist es unwahrscheinlich, dass OsAKT1 ähnlich wie ZMK1 eine wichtige Rolle während des auxininduzierten Streckungswachstums spielt. vii. Nach heterologer Expression in HEK293-Zellen wurde OsAKT1 als spannungsabhängiger, kaliumselektiver Einwärtsgleichrichter charakterisiert, der durch Ca2+ und Cs+ geblockt und durch extrazelluläre Protonen aktiviert wird. Ähnliche Eigenschaften konnten in Protoplasten beobachtet werden, die aus Keimlingswurzeln isoliert worden waren. Diese Ergebnisse legten den Schluss nahe, dass OsAKT1 der dominante Kaliumaufnahmekanal in Reiswurzeln ist. Keimlinge des verwendeten Reiskultivars waren in Reaktion auf Salzstress im Vergleich zu Kontrollpflanzen erheblich im Wachstum verzögert und wiesen einen geringeren Kaliumgehalt auf. Dieser Phänotyp wurde von einer Abnahme der OsAKT1-Transkripte und der Verringerung der durch OsAKT1 getragenen Kaliumströme in Wurzelprotoplasten salzbehandelter Keimlinge begleitet. Dieser Zusammenhang deutet darauf hin, dass die OsAKT1-vermittelte Aufnahme von Kalium über die Wurzel essentiell für das pflanzliche Wachstum und die Ionenhomöostase salzgestresster Pflanzen ist. N2 - Previous experiments from our lab had already demonstrated that the inward-rectifying K+ channel ZMK1 plays an important role for potassium uptake during cell elongation growth of gravistimulated maize coleoptiles. To investigate if this channel is involved in other auxin-regulated processes as well, the current work focused on the role of ZMK1 for phototropic bending. i. Alike with gravistimulated plants, ZMK1 expression also follows the IAA-redistribution in photostimulated maize seedlings. The gradient in ZMK1-mRNA was most pronounced in the coleoptile tip, where free IAA is translocated into the shaded coleoptile half. ii. The bending angle of photostimulated maize seedlings was much smaller than that reached after gravistimulation. Plants photostimulated on a clinostat, however, displayed a similar bending angle as seedlings responding to a gravistimulus, indicating that gravity restricts further bending of the coleoptile. iii. Stronger phototropic bending of plants illuminated on a clinostat was accompanied by dramatic translocation of free IAA in the coleoptile tip and prolonged differential expression of ZMK1. Thus, the growth response of maize seedlings could be directly correlated with IAA-redistribution in the coleoptile and the resulting differential regulation of ZMK1 transcription. iv. The perception of two different stimuli (gravity, blue light) thus merges into a common signaling pathway, leading to IAA-redistribution and differential K+ uptake in the two flanks of the coleoptile. As a consequence, enhanced cell elongation growth in one half of the organ gives rise to gravi- or phototropic bending. To investigate the role of the ZMK1-ortholog in one of the most important food crops, rice, the respective gene was isolated. Based on molecular and biophysical approaches the gene activity and the function of the gene product were analyzed. v. The cDNA of OsAKT1 was isolated from rice seedlings. Based on the derived amino acid-sequence, OsAKT1 could be grouped into the AKT1-family of plant Shaker-K+-channels. vi. Transcripts of OsAKT1 were localized in root and coleoptile of 5-days-old rice seedlings. In contrast to ZMK1, OsAKT1-expression was not affected by changes in IAA concentration. OsAKT1 therefore does not seem to play a major role in auxin-induced cell elongation processes. vii. Following heterologous expression in HEK293 cells, OsAKT1 was characterized as a voltage-dependent, K+-selective inward rectifier activated by extracellular protons and blocked by Ca2+ and Cs+. The K+ uptake channel measured in protoplast of root epidermal cells showed almost the same functional properties, indicating that OsAKT1 represents the dominant K+-uptake channel in rice roots. viii. Rice seedlings subjected to salt stress displayed severe growth reduction and reduced K+-concentrations both in roots and shoots. This phenotype was accompanied by decreased OsAKT1-expression and diminished K+in currents in root protoplasts. Therefore, OsAKT1-mediated K+-uptake of root cells seems to be essential for plant growth and ion homeostasis during salt stress. KW - Mais KW - Reis KW - Kaliumkanal KW - Salzstress KW - Tropismus KW - Kaliumkanäle KW - Mais KW - Reis KW - Tropismen KW - Salzstress KW - potassium channels KW - maize KW - rice KW - tropisms KW - salt stress Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-15875 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hyun, Tae Kyung A1 - van der Graaff, Eric A1 - Albacete, Alfonso A1 - Eom, Seung Hee A1 - Grosskinsky, Dominik K. A1 - Böhm, Hannah A1 - Janschek, Ursula A1 - Rim, Yeonggil A1 - Ali, Walid Wahid A1 - Kim, Soo Young A1 - Roitsch, Thomas T1 - The Arabidopsis PLAT Domain Protein1 is Critically Involved in Abiotic Stress Tolerance JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Despite the completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence, for only a relatively low percentage of the encoded proteins experimental evidence concerning their function is available. Plant proteins that harbour a single PLAT (Polycystin, Lipoxygenase, Alpha-toxin and Triacylglycerol lipase) domain and belong to the PLAT-plant-stress protein family are ubiquitously present in monocot and dicots. However, the function of PLAT-plant-stress proteins is still poorly understood. Therefore, we have assessed the function of the uncharacterised Arabidopsis PLAT-plant-stress family members through a combination of functional genetic and physiological approaches. PLAT1 overexpression conferred increased abiotic stress tolerance, including cold, drought and salt stress, while loss-of-function resulted in opposite effects on abiotic stress tolerance. Strikingly, PLAT1 promoted growth under non-stressed conditions. Abiotic stress treatments induced PLAT1 expression and caused expansion of its expression domain. The ABF/ABRE transcription factors, which are positive mediators of abscisic acid signalling, activate PLAT1 promoter activity in transactivation assays and directly bind to the ABRE elements located in this promoter in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. This suggests that PLAT1 represents a novel downstream target of the abscisic acid signalling pathway. Thus, we showed that PLAT1 critically functions as positive regulator of abiotic stress tolerance, but also is involved in regulating plant growth, and thereby assigned a function to this previously uncharacterised PLAT domain protein. The functional data obtained for PLAT1 support that PLAT-plant-stress proteins in general could be promising targets for improving abiotic stress tolerance without yield penalty. KW - salicylic acid KW - gene expression KW - signal transduction KW - cold stress KW - salt stress KW - abscisic acid KW - endoplasmatic reticulum KW - transcription factors KW - pseudomonas syringae KW - plants response Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114648 VL - 9 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rasouli, Fatemeh A1 - Kiani-Pouya, Ali A1 - Li, Leiting A1 - Zhang, Heng A1 - Chen, Zhonghua A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Wilson, Richard A1 - Shabala, Sergey T1 - Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) guard cells responses to salinity stress: a proteomic analysis JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint affecting crop growth and threatening global food security. Plants adapt to salinity by optimizing the performance of stomata. Stomata are formed by two guard cells (GCs) that are morphologically and functionally distinct from the other leaf cells. These microscopic sphincters inserted into the wax-covered epidermis of the shoot balance CO\(_2\) intake for photosynthetic carbon gain and concomitant water loss. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying stomatal function under saline conditions, we used proteomics approach to study isolated GCs from the salt-tolerant sugar beet species. Of the 2088 proteins identified in sugar beet GCs, 82 were differentially regulated by salt treatment. According to bioinformatics analysis (GO enrichment analysis and protein classification), these proteins were involved in lipid metabolism, cell wall modification, ATP biosynthesis, and signaling. Among the significant differentially abundant proteins, several proteins classified as “stress proteins” were upregulated, including non-specific lipid transfer protein, chaperone proteins, heat shock proteins, inorganic pyrophosphatase 2, responsible for energized vacuole membrane for ion transportation. Moreover, several antioxidant enzymes (peroxide, superoxidase dismutase) were highly upregulated. Furthermore, cell wall proteins detected in GCs provided some evidence that GC walls were more flexible in response to salt stress. Proteins such as L-ascorbate oxidase that were constitutively high under both control and high salinity conditions may contribute to the ability of sugar beet GCs to adapt to salinity by mitigating salinity-induced oxidative stress. KW - guard cells KW - stomata KW - sugar beet KW - salt stress KW - proteomic Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285765 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 21 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karimi, Sohail M. A1 - Freund, Matthias A1 - Wager, Brittney M. A1 - Knoblauch, Michael A1 - Fromm, Jörg A1 - M. Mueller, Heike A1 - Ache, Peter A1 - Krischke, Markus A1 - Mueller, Martin J. A1 - Müller, Tobias A1 - Dittrich, Marcus A1 - Geilfus, Christoph-Martin A1 - Alfaran, Ahmed H. A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Deeken, Rosalia T1 - Under salt stress guard cells rewire ion transport and abscisic acid signaling JF - New Phytologist N2 - Soil salinity is an increasingly global problem which hampers plant growth and crop yield. Plant productivity depends on optimal water-use efficiency and photosynthetic capacity balanced by stomatal conductance. Whether and how stomatal behavior contributes to salt sensitivity or tolerance is currently unknown. This work identifies guard cell-specific signaling networks exerted by a salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant plant under ionic and osmotic stress conditions accompanied by increasing NaCl loads. We challenged soil-grown Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella salsuginea plants with short- and long-term salinity stress and monitored genome-wide gene expression and signals of guard cells that determine their function. Arabidopsis plants suffered from both salt regimes and showed reduced stomatal conductance while Thellungiella displayed no obvious stress symptoms. The salt-dependent gene expression changes of guard cells supported the ability of the halophyte to maintain high potassium to sodium ratios and to attenuate the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway which the glycophyte kept activated despite fading ABA concentrations. Our study shows that salinity stress and even the different tolerances are manifested on a single cell level. Halophytic guard cells are less sensitive than glycophytic guard cells, providing opportunities to manipulate stomatal behavior and improve plant productivity. KW - soil KW - stomata KW - abscisic acid (ABA) KW - glycophyte Arabidopsis KW - guard cell KW - halophyte Thellungiella/Eutrema KW - ion transport KW - salt stress Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259635 VL - 231 IS - 3 ER - TY - THES A1 - Karimi, Sohail Mehmood T1 - A Comparative Study on Guard Cell Function of the Glycophyte \(Arabidopsis\) \(thaliana\) and the Halophyte \(Thellungiella\) \(salsuginea\) Under Saline Growth Conditions T1 - Eine vergleichende Studie zur Schließzellfunktion des Glycophyten \(Arabidopsis\) \(thaliana\) und des Halophyten \(Thellungiella\) \(salsuginea\) unter salinen Wachstumsbedingungen N2 - The greatest problems faced during the 21st century is climate change which is a big threat to food security due to increasing number of people. The increase in extreme weather events, such as drought and heat, makes it difficult to cultivate conventional crops that are not stress tolerant. As a result, increasing irrigation of arable land leads to additional salinization of soils with plant-toxic sodium and chloride ions. Knowledge about the adaptation strategies of salt-tolerant plants to salt stress as well as detailed knowledge about the control of transpiration water loss of these plants are therefore important to guarantee productive agriculture in the future. In the present study, I have characterized salt sensitive and salt tolerant plant species at physiological, phenotypic and transcriptomic level under short (1x salt) and long-time (3x) saline growth conditions. Two approaches used for long-time saline growth conditions (i.e increasing saline conditions (3x salt) and constant high saline conditions (3x 200 mM salt) were successfully developed in the natural plant growth medium i.e soil. Salt sensitive plants, A. thaliana, were able to survive and successfully set seeds at the toxic concentrations on the increasing saline growth mediums, with minor changes in the phenotype. However, under constant high saline conditions they could not survive. This was due to keeping low potassium, and high salt ions (sodium and chloride) in the photosynthetic tissue i.e leaf. Similarly, high potassium and low salt ions in salt tolerant T. salsuginea on both saline environments were the key for survival of this plant species. Being salt tolerant, T. salsuginea always kept high potassium levels and low sodium (during 1x) and chloride levels (during both 1x and 3x) in the leaf tissue. A strict control over transpirational water loss via stomata (formed by pair of guard cells) is important to maintain plant water balance. Aperture size of the stomata is regulated by the turgidity of the guard cells. More turgid the guard cells, bigger the apertures are and hence more transpiration. Under osmotic stress, the water loss is reduced which was evident in the salt sensitive A. thaliana plants under both short and long-time saline growth conditions. As the osmotic stress was only increased during long time saline growth conditions in T. salsuginea therefore, water loss was also decreased only under these saline conditions. Environmental CO2 assimilation also takes place via stomata in plants which then is used for photosynthesis. Stomatal apertures also influence CO2 assimilation. As the light absorbing photosynthetic pigments were more affected in A. thaliana, therefore photosynthetic activity of the whole plant was also reduced. Similarly, both short and long-time saline growth conditions also reduced the effective quantum yield of A. thaliana guard cells. Growth of the plant is dependent on energy which comes from photosynthesis. Reduced environmental CO2 assimilation would affect photosynthesis and hence growth, which was clearly observed in A. thaliana guard cells under long-time saline growth conditions. Major differences in both guard cells types were observed in their chloride and potassium levels. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDXA) suggested strict control of chloride accumulation in T. salsuginea guard cells as the levels remain unchanged under all conditions. Similarly, use of sodium in place of potassium for osmotic adjustments seems to be dependent on Na+/K+ rations in both guard cell types. Increased salt ions and reduced potassium levels in A. thaliana guard cells posed negative effect on photochemistry which in turn increased ROS metabolism and reduced energy related pathways at transcriptomic level in this plant species. Moreover, photosynthesis was strongly affected in A. thaliana guard cells both at transcriptomic and physiological levels. Similarly, global phytohormones induced changes were more evident in A. thaliana guard cells especially on 3x salt medium. Among all phytohormones, genes under the control of auxin were more differentially expressed in A. thaliana guard cells which suggests wide changes in growth and development in this plant species under salinity. Phytohormone, ABA is vital for closing the stomata under abiotic stress conditions. Increased levels of ABA during saline conditions led to efflux of potassium and counter anions (chloride, malate, nitrate) from the guard cells which caused the outward flow of water and hence reduction in turgor pressure. Reduced turgor pressure led to reduced water loss and CO2 assimilation especially in A. thaliana. Guard cells of both plant species synthesized ABA during saline conditions which was reflected from transcriptomic data and ABA quantification in the guard cells. ABA induced signaling in both plant species varied at the ABA receptor (PYL/PYR) levels where totally contrasting responses were observed. PYL2, PYL8 and PYL9 were specific to A. thaliana, furthermore, PYL2 was found to be differentially expressed only under 3x salt growth conditions thus suggesting its role during long term salt stress in this plant species. Protein phosphatases, which negatively regulate ABA signaling on one hand and act as ABA sensor on the other hand were found to be more differentially expressed in A. thaliana than T. salsuginea guard cells, which suggests their diverse role in both plant species under saline conditions. Differential expression of more ABA signaling players in long time saline conditions was prominent which could be because of darkness, as it is well known that rapid closure of stomata under dark conditions require ABA signaling. Moreover, representation of these components in dark also suggests that plants become more sensitive to dark under saline conditions which is also evident from the transpiration rates. Altogether, increased salt ions in A. thaliana guard cells and leaves led to pigment degradation and ABA induced reduction in transpiration which in turn influenced its growth. In contrast, T. salsuginea is the salt excluder and therefore keeps low levels of salt ions especially the chloride both in leaves and guard cells which mildly affects its growth. Guard cells of A. thaliana encounter severe energy problems at physiological and transcriptomic level. Main differences in the ABA signalling between both plant species were observed at the ABA receptor level. N2 - Das größte Problem des 21. Jahrhunderts ist der Klimawandel, der aufgrund der wachsenden Zahl von Menschen eine große Bedrohung für die Ernährungssicherheit darstellt. Die Zunahme extremer Wetterereignisse wie Dürre und Hitze erschwert den Anbau konventioneller, nicht stressresistenter Pflanzen. Eine zunehmende Bewässerung von Ackerland führt daher zu einer zusätzlichen Versalzung der Böden mit pflanzentoxischen Natrium- und Chloridionen. Kenntnisse über die Anpassungsstrategien salztoleranter Pflanzen an Salzstress sowie detaillierte Kenntnisse über die Kontrolle des Wasserverlusts durch Transpiration dieser Pflanzen sind daher wichtig, um eine produktive Landwirtschaft auch in Zukunft zu gewährleisten. In der vorliegenden Studie habe ich salzempfindliche und salztolerante Pflanzenarten auf physiologischer, phänotypischer und transkriptioneller Ebene unter kurzen (1x Salz) und langen (3x) Salzwachstumsbedingungen charakterisiert. In dem natürlichen Pflanzenwachstumsmedium, dh. dem Boden, wurden zwei Ansätze erfolgreich entwickelt, die für lang anhaltende Salzwachstumsbedingungen (dh zunehmende Salzbedingungen (3x Salz) und konstant hohe Salzbedingungen (3x 200 mM Salz) verwendet wurden. Die Pflanzen waren in der Lage, Samen bei den toxischen Konzentrationen auf den ansteigenden Salzwachstumsmedien zu überleben und erfolgreich zu setzen, wobei geringfügige Änderungen des Phänotyps auftraten. Unter konstant hohen Salzbedingungen konnten sie jedoch nicht überleben. Dies lag daran, dass wenig Kalium und hohe Salzionen vorhanden waren (Natrium und Chlorid) im photosynthetischen Gewebe, dh im Blatt. Ebenso stellten hohe Kalium- und niedrige Salzionen in salztoleranten T. salsuginea in beiden salzhaltigen Umgebungen den Schlüssel zum Überleben dieser Pflanzenart dar. Da T. salsuginea salztolerant war, blieb der Kaliumspiegel stets hoch und der Natrium- (während 1x) und Chloridspiegel (während 1x und 3x) im Blattgewebe niedrig. Eine strikte Kontrolle des transpirationelen Wasserverlusts über Stomata (gebildet von zwei Schließzellen) ist wichtig, um den Wasserhaushalt der Pflanzen aufrechtzuerhalten. Die Öffnungsgröße der Stomata wird durch den Turgor der Schutzzellen reguliert. Je praller die Schließzellen, desto größer die Öffnungen und damit die Transpiration. Unter osmotischem Stress wird der Wasserverlust verringert, was bei den salzempfindlichen A. thaliana-Pflanzen sowohl unter kurz- als auch langfristigen Salzwachstumsbedingungen offensichtlich war. Da der osmotische Stress in T. salsuginea nur über einen langen Zeitraum unter Salzwachstumsbedingungen anstieg, verringerte sich auch der Wasserverlust nur unter diesen Salzbedingungen. Die Aufnahme von CO2 in die Umwelt erfolgt auch über die Stomata und wird dann für die Photosynthese verwendet. Stomata beeinflussen daher auch die CO2-Assimilation. Da die lichtabsorbierenden photosynthetischen Pigmente in A. thaliana stärker betroffen waren, war auch die photosynthetische Aktivität der gesamten Pflanze verringert. In ähnlicher Weise verringerten sowohl kurz- als auch langzeitige Salzwachstumsbedingungen auch die effektive Quantenausbeute von A. thaliana-Schließzellen. Das Wachstum der Pflanze hängt von der Energie ab, die aus der Photosynthese stammt. Eine verringerte CO2-Assimilation aus der Umwelt würde die Photosynthese und damit das Wachstum beeinträchtigen, was bei A. thaliana-Schließzellenn unter lang andauerenden Salzwachstumsbedingungen deutlich zu beobachten war. Wesentliche Unterschiede bei beiden Schließzelltypen wurden in ihren Chlorid- und Kaliumspiegeln beobachtet. Die energiedispersive Röntgenanalyse (EDXA) ergab eine strikte Kontrolle der Chloridakkumulation in T. salsuginea Schließzellen, da die Chloridkonzentrationen unter allen Bedingungen unverändert bleiben. In ähnlicher Weise scheint die Verwendung von Natrium anstelle von Kalium für osmotische Anpassungen von Na + / K + -Verhältnissen in beiden Schließzelltypen abhängig zu sein. Erhöhte Salzionen und verringerte Kaliumspiegel in A. thaliana-Schließzellen wirkten sich negativ auf die Photochemie aus, was wiederum den ROS-Metabolismus erhöhte und die energiebezogenen Wege auf transkriptomischem Niveau bei dieser Pflanzenart verringerte. Darüber hinaus war die Photosynthese in A. thaliana-Schließzellen sowohl auf transkriptioneller als auch auf physiologischer Ebene stark beeinträchtigt. In ähnlicher Weise waren globale Phytohormon-induzierte Veränderungen in A. thaliana-Schließzellen, insbesondere auf 3 × Salzmedium, deutlicher. Unter allen Phytohormonen wurden Gene unter der Kontrolle von Auxin in A. thaliana-Schließzellen differenzierter exprimiert, was auf weitreichende Veränderungen im Wachstum und in der Entwicklung dieser Pflanzenart unter Salzgehalt hindeutet. Das Phytohormon ABA ist für das Schließen der Stomata unter abiotischen Stressbedingungen von entscheidender Bedeutung. Erhöhte ABA-Spiegel unter Salzbedingungen führten zum Austritt von Kalium und Gegenanionen (Chlorid, Malat, Nitrat) aus den Schließzellen, was den Wasserfluss nach außen und damit eine Verringerung des Turgordrucks bewirkte. Reduzierter Turgordruck führte insbesondere bei A. thaliana zu einem geringeren Wasserverlust und einer geringeren CO2-Aufnahme. Die Schließzellen beider Pflanzenarten synthetisierten ABA unter Salzbedingungen, was sich aus den Transkriptomdaten und der ABA-Quantifizierung in den Schließzellen widerspiegelte. Die ABA-induzierte Signalübertragung in beiden Pflanzenarten variierte bei den ABA-Rezeptor- (PYL / PYR-) Spiegeln, bei denen völlig unterschiedliche Reaktionen beobachtet wurden. PYL2, PYL8 und PYL9 waren spezifisch für A. thaliana. Darüber hinaus wurde festgestellt, dass PYL2 nur unter dreifachen Salzwachstumsbedingungen unterschiedlich exprimiert wird, was auf seine Rolle bei langfristigem Salzstress bei dieser Pflanzenart hindeutet. Es wurde gefunden, dass Proteinphosphatasen, die einerseits die ABA-Signalübertragung negativ regulieren und andererseits als ABA-Sensor wirken, in A. thaliana differenzierter exprimiert werden als in T. salsuginea-Schließzellen, was auf ihre vielfältige Rolle in beiden Pflanzenarten unter Salzbedingungen hindeutet. Eine differenzierte Expression von mehr ABA-Signalgebern unter Bedingungen mit langer Salzwasserbewässerung war auffällig, was auf Dunkelheit zurückzuführen sein könnte, da bekanntlich ein schnelles Schließen der Stomata unter dunklen Bedingungen eine ABA-Signalgebung erfordert. Darüber hinaus deutet die Darstellung dieser Komponenten im Dunkeln auch darauf hin, dass Pflanzen unter salzhaltigen Bedingungen empfindlicher gegenüber Dunkelheit werden, was auch aus den Transpirationsraten hervorgeht. Insgesamt führten erhöhte Salzionen in A. thaliana-Schließzzellen und Blättern zu einem Pigmentabbau und einer durch ABA verursachten Reduktion der Transpiration, was deren Wachstum beeinflusste. Im Gegensatz dazu ist T. salsuginea in der Lage Salz auszuschließen und hält daher geringe Mengen an Salzionen, insbesondere das Chlorid sowohl in Blättern als auch in Schließzellen, dass sein Wachstum geringfügig beeinflusst. Schließzellen von A. thaliana stoßen auf physiologischer und transkriptomischer Ebene auf schwerwiegende Energieprobleme. Hauptunterschiede in der ABA-Signalgebung zwischen beiden Pflanzenarten wurden auf der ABA-Rezeptorebene beobachtet. KW - Glycophyten KW - Halophyten KW - salinen Wachstumsbedingungen KW - Schließzellfunktion KW - Transkriptomik anlyze KW - Halophytes KW - glycophytes KW - salt stress KW - guard cells KW - transcriptomic analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190942 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rasouli, Fatemeh A1 - Kiani-Pouya, Ali A1 - Shabala, Lana A1 - Li, Leiting A1 - Tahir, Ayesha A1 - Yu, Min A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Chen, Zhonghua A1 - Wilson, Richard A1 - Zhang, Heng A1 - Shabala, Sergey T1 - Salinity effects on guard cell proteome in Chenopodium quinoa JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Epidermal fragments enriched in guard cells (GCs) were isolated from the halophyte quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) species, and the response at the proteome level was studied after salinity treatment of 300 mM NaCl for 3 weeks. In total, 2147 proteins were identified, of which 36% were differentially expressed in response to salinity stress in GCs. Up and downregulated proteins included signaling molecules, enzyme modulators, transcription factors and oxidoreductases. The most abundant proteins induced by salt treatment were desiccation-responsive protein 29B (50-fold), osmotin-like protein OSML13 (13-fold), polycystin-1, lipoxygenase, alpha-toxin, and triacylglycerol lipase (PLAT) domain-containing protein 3-like (eight-fold), and dehydrin early responsive to dehydration (ERD14) (eight-fold). Ten proteins related to the gene ontology term “response to ABA” were upregulated in quinoa GC; this included aspartic protease, phospholipase D and plastid-lipid-associated protein. Additionally, seven proteins in the sucrose–starch pathway were upregulated in the GC in response to salinity stress, and accumulation of tryptophan synthase and L-methionine synthase (enzymes involved in the amino acid biosynthesis) was observed. Exogenous application of sucrose and tryptophan, L-methionine resulted in reduction in stomatal aperture and conductance, which could be advantageous for plants under salt stress. Eight aspartic proteinase proteins were highly upregulated in GCs of quinoa, and exogenous application of pepstatin A (an inhibitor of aspartic proteinase) was accompanied by higher oxidative stress and extremely low stomatal aperture and conductance, suggesting a possible role of aspartic proteinase in mitigating oxidative stress induced by saline conditions. KW - quinoa KW - guard cell KW - stomata KW - salt stress KW - proteomics analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285625 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 22 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graus, Dorothea A1 - Li, Kunkun A1 - Rathje, Jan M. A1 - Ding, Meiqi A1 - Krischke, Markus A1 - Müller, Martin J. A1 - Cuin, Tracey Ann A1 - Al‐Rasheid, Khaled A. S. A1 - Scherzer, Sönke A1 - Marten, Irene A1 - Konrad, Kai R. A1 - Hedrich, Rainer T1 - Tobacco leaf tissue rapidly detoxifies direct salt loads without activation of calcium and SOS signaling JF - New Phytologist N2 - Salt stress is a major abiotic stress, responsible for declining agricultural productivity. Roots are regarded as hubs for salt detoxification, however, leaf salt concentrations may exceed those of roots. How mature leaves manage acute sodium chloride (NaCl) stress is mostly unknown. To analyze the mechanisms for NaCl redistribution in leaves, salt was infiltrated into intact tobacco leaves. It initiated pronounced osmotically‐driven leaf movements. Leaf downward movement caused by hydro‐passive turgor loss reached a maximum within 2 h. Salt‐driven cellular water release was accompanied by a transient change in membrane depolarization but not an increase in cytosolic calcium ion (Ca\(^{2+}\)) level. Nonetheless, only half an hour later, the leaves had completely regained turgor. This recovery phase was characterized by an increase in mesophyll cell plasma membrane hydrogen ion (H\(^{+}\)) pumping, a salt uptake‐dependent cytosolic alkalization, and a return of the apoplast osmolality to pre‐stress levels. Although, transcript numbers of abscisic acid‐ and Salt Overly Sensitive pathway elements remained unchanged, salt adaptation depended on the vacuolar H\(^{+}\)/Na\(^{+}\)‐exchanger NHX1. Altogether, tobacco leaves can detoxify sodium ions (Na\(^{+}\)) rapidly even under massive salt loads, based on pre‐established posttranslational settings and NHX1 cation/H+ antiport activity. Unlike roots, signaling and processing of salt stress in tobacco leaves does not depend on Ca\(^{2+}\) signaling. KW - calcium signaling KW - cytosolic pH KW - leaf response KW - NaCl transport KW - NHX1 KW - osmotic effects KW - Salt Overly Sensitive pathway KW - salt stress Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312152 VL - 237 IS - 1 SP - 217 EP - 231 ER -