TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Lingdan A1 - Winkler, Markus H. A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Li, Yonghui A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Emotion regulation in heavy smokers: experiential, expressive and physiological consequences of cognitive reappraisal JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Emotion regulation dysfunctions are assumed to contribute to the development of tobacco addiction and relapses among smokers attempting to quit. To further examine this hypothesis, the present study compared heavy smokers with non-smokers (NS) in a reappraisal task. Specifically, we investigated whether non-deprived smokers (NDS) and deprived smokers (DS) differ from non-smokers in cognitive emotion regulation and whether there is an association between the outcome of emotion regulation and the cigarette craving. Sixty-five participants (23 non-smokers, 22 NDS, and 20 DS) were instructed to down-regulate emotions by reappraising negative or positive pictorial scenarios. Self-ratings of valence, arousal, and cigarette craving as well as facial electromyography and electroencephalograph activities were measured. Ratings, facial electromyography, and electroencephalograph data indicated that both NDS and DS performed comparably to nonsmokers in regulating emotional responses via reappraisal, irrespective of the valence of pictorial stimuli. Interestingly, changes in cigarette craving were positively associated with regulation of emotional arousal irrespective of emotional valence. These results suggest that heavy smokers are capable to regulate emotion via deliberate reappraisal and smokers' cigarette craving is associated with emotional arousal rather than emotional valence. This study provides preliminary support for the therapeutic use of reappraisal to replace maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies in nicotine addicts. KW - negative affect KW - regulation strategies KW - positive emotions KW - craving KW - late positive potential KW - nicotine addiction KW - smoking KW - emotion regulation KW - reappraisal KW - facial electromyography KW - brain reactivity KW - down regulation KW - unpleasant pictures KW - anxiety sensitivity KW - facial expressions KW - cigarette smokers KW - smoking motives Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145225 VL - 6 IS - 1555 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stippekohl, Bastian A1 - Winkler, Markus H. A1 - Walter, Bertram A1 - Kagerer, Sabine A1 - Mucha, Ronald F. A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Vaitl, Dieter A1 - Stark, Rudolf T1 - Neural Responses to Smoking Stimuli Are Influenced by Smokers' Attitudes towards Their Own Smoking Behaviour JF - PLoS One N2 - An important feature of addiction is the high drug craving that may promote the continuation of consumption. Environmental stimuli classically conditioned to drug-intake have a strong motivational power for addicts and can elicit craving. However, addicts differ in the attitudes towards their own consumption behavior: some are content with drug taking (consonant users) whereas others are discontent (dissonant users). Such differences may be important for clinical practice because the experience of dissonance might enhance the likelihood to consider treatment. This fMRI study investigated in smokers whether these different attitudes influence subjective and neural responses to smoking stimuli. Based on self-characterization, smokers were divided into consonant and dissonant smokers. These two groups were presented smoking stimuli and neutral stimuli. Former studies have suggested differences in the impact of smoking stimuli depending on the temporal stage of the smoking ritual they are associated with. Therefore, we used stimuli associated with the beginning (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli) and stimuli associated with the terminal stage (END-smoking-stimuli) of the smoking ritual as distinct stimulus categories. Stimulus ratings did not differ between both groups. Brain data showed that BEGIN-smoking-stimuli led to enhanced mesolimbic responses (amygdala, hippocampus, insula) in dissonant compared to consonant smokers. In response to END-smoking-stimuli, dissonant smokers showed reduced mesocortical responses (orbitofrontal cortex, subcallosal cortex) compared to consonant smokers. These results suggest that smoking stimuli with a high incentive value (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli) are more appetitive for dissonant than consonant smokers at least on the neural level. To the contrary, smoking stimuli with low incentive value (END-smoking-stimuli) seem to be less appetitive for dissonant smokers than consonant smokers. These differences might be one reason why dissonant smokers experience difficulties in translating their attitudes into an actual behavior change. KW - smoking habits KW - addiction KW - amygdala KW - behavioral addiction KW - addicts KW - nicotine addiction KW - drug research and development KW - drug addiction Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124393 VL - 7 IS - 11 ER - TY - THES A1 - Friedrichs, Bettina T1 - Evaluation des Raucherentwöhnungsprogramms der Rehabilitationskliniken der bayerischen Landesversicherungsanstalten T1 - Evaluation of the smoking cessation programme of the rehabilitation clinics of the bavarian regional pension insurance agencies (LVAen) N2 - Zielsetzung: Evaluation des Raucherentwöhnungsprogramms der Rehabilitationskliniken der bayerischen Landesversicherungsanstalten. Design: Prospektive Kohortenstudie. Hintergrund: Beteiligte Rehabilitationskliniken: Bad Aibling, Bad Brückenau, Bad Füssing, Bad Kissingen, Bad Reichenhall, Bad Steben, Bad Tegernsee, Bad Wörishofen, Bernried, Höhenklinik Bischofsgrün, Buching, Lindenberg-Ried, Oberstdorf, Ohlstadt und Rangauklinik Ansbach. Patienten: 251 freiwillige stationäre Patienten, die wegen unterschiedlicher Indikation an einer Rehamaßnahme teilnahmen. Intervention. Das Programm besteht aus einer medizinischen Eingangsuntersuchung, einem psychologischen Vorgespräch, vier Gruppensitzungen und einem begleitenden Bewegungsprogramm. Wesentliche Messinstrumente: Ein selbstentwickelter Fragebogen, der im Wesentlichen die Anzahl der gerauchten Zigaretten, das Rauchverhalten und den Einfluss der einzelnen Programmelemente erhebt. Ergebnisse: Bei Reha-Ende bezeichneten sich 27% der Teilnehmer als Nichtraucher und 16% als Nichtraucher mit Rückfällen, 47% der Patienten reduzierten ihren Tabakkonsum, während 10% ihr Rauchverhalten nicht änderten. In der Halbjahreskatamnese waren 30% Nichtraucher, 21% hatten Rückfälle, 31% reduzierten ihren Zigarettenkonsum. Bei 15% war die Änderung des Rauchverhaltens vorübergehend, und bei 4% hatte es sich nicht geändert. Im Durchschnitt rauchten die Teilnehmer zu Beginn der Reha 22 Zigaretten/Tag (, am Ende der Reha nur noch 7 Zigaretten/Tag . Auch nach sechs Monaten wurden im Mittel 9 Zigaretten/Tag geraucht. Insgesamt wurde das Programm von den Teilnehmern als in hohem Maße hilfreich eingeschätzt (M = 4, SD = 1.2, Skala: 0 = “überhaupt nicht hilfreich“ bis 5 = “sehr hilfreich“). Es zeigten sich keine statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhänge zwischen den erfragten Wirkkomponenten des Raucherentwöhnungsprogramms und dem Behandlungserfolg. Allein die Verwendung eines Nikscheint überzufällig mit einer Verringerung des Zigarettenkonsums zu korrelieren. Schlussfolgerung: Es zeigt sich ein signifikanter positiver kurz- unotinpflasters d mittelfristiger Effekt sowohl hinsichtlich einer Verringerung der mittleren Anzahl gerauchter Zigaretten als auch bezüglich des Anteils der starken Raucher nach der Teilnahme am Raucherentwöhnungsprogramm bzw. einem sechsmonatigen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum. N2 - Objective: Evaluation of the smoking cessation programme of the rehabilitation clinics of the bavarian regional pension insurance agencies (LVAen) Design: prospective cohort study Setting: rehab clinics of the “LVAen” in Bad Aibling, Bad Brückenau, Bad Füssing, Bad Kissingen, Bad Reichenhall, Bad Steben, Bad Tegernsee, Bad Wörishofen, Bernried, Höhenklinik Bischofsgrün, Buching, Lindenberg-Ried, Oberstdorf, Ohlstadt and Rangauklinik Ansbach. Patients: 251 voluntary inpatients receiving rehabilitaton for different reasons. Intervention: The programme consists of a medical examination and interview and a psychological interview. The treatment starts with four group sessions accompanied by a sports programme. Main Outcome Measures: a self-developed questionnaire measuring the number of smoked cigarettes, overall smoking behaviour, and the influence of the modules of the programme. Results: At the end of the programme, 27% of the patients had become non-smokers, 16% of them were non-smokers with recidivisms, 47% reduced their tobacco use, whereas 10% did not change their smoking habits. At the 6-months-follow-up, 30% of the sample were non-smokers, 21% described themselves as non-smokers with recidivisms, 31% reduced their tobacco use whereas 4% did not change their smoking habits. The number of smoked cigarettes decreased on average from 22 cigarettes/day (SD = ??) to 7 cigarettes/day (at the end of the programme and 9 cigarettes/day after six months. The programme itself was considered very helpful (M = 4, SD = 1.2, 0 = “not helpful at all” to 5 = “extremely helpful”). There were no statistically significant correlations between the elements of the programme and the outcome. Only the nicotine patch seems to be correlated with a decrease of the number of smoked cigarettes. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant positive short and medium term effect in terms of reduced tobacco use in general and an increased number of non-smokers after completing the programme and a follow-up period of 6 months, respectively. KW - Nikotinabhängigkeit KW - Raucherentwöhnung KW - Raucher KW - Nikotinmissbrauch KW - smoking cessation KW - nicotine dependence KW - nicotine addiction Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-22672 ER -