TY - RPRT A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - A new cosmology of a crystallization process (decoherence) from the surrounding quantum soup provides heuristics to unify general relativity and quantum physics by solid state physics T1 - Eine neue Kosmologie eines Kristallisationsprozesses (Dekohärenz) vom umgebenden Quantenschaum bietet Heuristiken, um allgemeine Relativitätstheorie und Quantenphysik durch Festkörperphysik zu vereinen N2 - We explore a cosmology where the Big Bang singularity is replaced by a condensation event of interacting strings. We study the transition from an uncontrolled, chaotic soup (“before”) to a clearly interacting “real world”. Cosmological inflation scenarios do not fit current observations and are avoided. Instead, long-range interactions inside this crystallization event limit growth and crystal symmetries ensure the same laws of nature and basic symmetries over our domain. Tiny mis-arrangements present nuclei of superclusters and galaxies and crystal structure leads to the arrangement of dark (halo regions) and normal matter (galaxy nuclei) so convenient for galaxy formation. Crystals come and go, allowing an evolutionary cosmology where entropic forces from the quantum soup “outside” of the crystal try to dissolve it. These would correspond to dark energy and leads to a big rip scenario in 70 Gy. Preference of crystals with optimal growth and most condensation nuclei for the next generation of crystals may select for multiple self-organizing processes within the crystal, explaining “fine-tuning” of the local “laws of nature” (the symmetry relations formed within the crystal, its “unit cell”) to be particular favorable for self-organizing processes including life or even conscious observers in our universe. Independent of cosmology, a crystallization event may explain quantum-decoherence in general: The fact, that in our macroscopic everyday world we only see one reality. This contrasts strongly with the quantum world where you have coherence, a superposition of all quantum states. We suggest that a “real world” (so our everyday macroscopic world) happens only in our domain, i.e. inside a crystal. “Outside” of our domain and our observable universe there is the quantum soup of boiling quantum foam and superposition of all possibilities. In our crystallized world the vacuum no longer boils but is cooled down by the crystallization event and hence is 10**20 smaller, exactly as observed in our everyday world. As we live in a “solid” state, within a crystal, the different quanta which build our world have all their different states nicely separated. This theory postulates there are only n quanta and m states available for them (there is no Everett-like ever splitting multiverse after each decision). In the solid state we live in, there is decoherence, the states are nicely separated. The arrow of entropy for each edge of the crystal forms one fate, one worldline or clear development of a world, while the layers of the crystal are different system states. Some mathematical leads from loop quantum gravity point to required interactions and potentials. A complete mathematical treatment of this unified theory is far too demanding currently. Interaction potentials for strings or membranes of any dimension allow a solid state of quanta, so allowing decoherence in our observed world are challenging to calculate. However, if we introduce here the heuristic that any type of physical interaction of strings corresponds just to a type of calculation, there is already since 1898 the Hurwitz theorem showing that then only 1D, 2D, 4D and 8D (octonions) allow complex or hypercomplex number calculations. No other hypercomplex numbers and hence dimensions or symmetries are possible to allow calculations without yielding divisions by zero. However, the richest solution allowed by the Hurwitz theorem, octonions, is actually the observed symmetry of our universe, E8.   KW - Kosmologie KW - cosmology KW - Hurwitz-Theorem KW - Quantenschleifen-Gravitation KW - Verschränkung KW - Qubits KW - Hurwitz-Theorem KW - loop quantum gravity KW - entanglement KW - Qubits Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230769 ER - TY - THES A1 - Walter, Stefan T1 - Exploring the Quantum Regime of Nanoelectromechanical Systems T1 - Erforschen des quantenmechanischen Zustandes von nanomechanischen Systemen N2 - This thesis deals with nanoelectromechanical systems in the quantum regime. Nanoelectromechanical systems are systems where a mechanical degree of freedom of rather macroscopic size is coupled to an electronic degree of freedom. The mechanical degree of freedom can without any constraints be modeled as the fundamental mode of a harmonic oscillator. Due to their size and the energy scales involved in the setting, quantum mechanics plays an important role in their description. We investigate transport through such nanomechanical devices where our focus lies on the quantum regime. We use non-equilibrium methods to fully cover quantum effects in setups where the mechanical oscillator is part of a tunnel junction. In such setups, the mechanical motion influences the tunneling amplitude and thereby the transport properties through the device. The electronics in these setups can then be used to probe and characterize the mechanical oscillator through signatures in transport quantities such as the average current or the current noise. The interplay between the mechanical motion and other physical degrees of freedom can also be used to characterize these other degrees of freedom, i.e., the nanomechanical oscillator can be used as a detector. In this thesis, we will show that a nanomechanical oscillator can be used as a detector for rather exotic degrees of freedom, namely Majorana bound states which recently attracted great interest, theoretically as well as experimentally. Again, the quantum regime plays an essential role in this topic. One of the major manifestations of quantum mechanics is entanglement between two quantum systems. Entanglement of quantum systems with few (discrete) degrees of freedom is a well established and understood subject experimentally as well as theoretically. Here, we investigate quantum entanglement between two macroscopic continuous variable systems. We study different setups where it is possible to entangle two nanomechanical oscillators which are not directly coupled to each other. We conclude with reviewing the obtained results and discuss open questions and possible future developments on the quantum aspects of nanomechanical systems. N2 - Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den quantenmechanischen Aspekten von nanoelektromechanischen Systemen. In nanomechanischen Systemen koppelt ein nahezu makroskopischer mechanischer Freiheitsgrad an einen elektronischen Freiheitsgrad. Ohne weitere Einschränkungen kann der mechanische Freiheitsgrad mit der fundamentalen Anregung eines harmonischen Oszillators beschrieben werden. Auf Grund der Größenordnung von beteiligten Längen- und Energieskalen spielt die Quantenmechanik eine sehr wichtige und nicht zu vernachlässigende Rolle in der Beschreibung dieser Systeme. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir elektrische Transporteigenschaften in solchen nanomechanischen Elementen, wobei unser Fokus in der Quantennatur dieser Systeme liegt. Um quantenmechanische Effekte gänzlich zu berücksichtigen, verwenden wir Nichtgleichgewichts-Methoden wie zum Beispiel den Keldysh Formalismus. Wir konzentrieren uns hauptsächlich auf Systeme, in denen der nanomechanische Oszillator Teil eines Tunnelkontaktes ist. In solchen Anordnungen wird die Tunnelbarriere durch den Oszillator moduliert, was zur Folge hat, dass auch die elektronischen Transporteigenschaften beeinflusst werden. Durch Signaturen in Transportgrößen der Elektronik, wie zum Beispiel des mittleren Tunnel-Stroms oder des Stromrauschens, ist es nun möglich den nanomechanischen Oszillator zu untersuchen und zu charakterisieren. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem mechanischem Freiheitsgrad und anderen Freiheitsgraden ermöglicht es diese anderen Freiheitsgrade zu charakterisieren. Folglich kann der nanomechanische Oszillator als Detektor benutzt werden. In dieser Arbeit zeigen wir, dass der nanomechanische Oszillator als Detektor für sehr exotische physikalische Freiheitsgrade verwendet werden kann. Diese exotischen Freiheitsgrade sind sogenannte gebundene Majoranazustände, die kürzlich in der theoretischen und experimentellen Physik viel Aufsehen erregt haben. Hier spielt die quantenmechanische Beschreibung des Systems wiederum eine große Rolle. Eines der wichtigsten und faszinierendsten Phänomene der Quantenmechanik ist die quantenmechanische Verschränkung zweier Quantensysteme. Die Verschränkung von quantenmechanischen Systemen mit wenigen (diskreten) Freiheitsgraden ist ein theoretisch und experimentell sehr gut verstandenes Phänomen. Wir untersuchen Verschränkung zwischen zwei makroskopischen Systemen mit kontinuierlichen Freiheitsgraden in zwei verschiedenen Anordnungen, die es erlauben zwei nanomechanische Oszillatoren zu verschränken, die nicht direkt miteinander gekoppelt sind. Schließlich fassen wir unsere Ergebnisse zusammen und diskutieren offene Fragen und künftige Entwicklungen, die sich mit der Quantennatur nanoelektromechanischer Systeme beschäftigen. KW - Nanoelektromechanik KW - nanoelectromechanical systems KW - majorana bound states KW - entanglement KW - Keldysh formalism KW - Nanoelektromechanische Systeme KW - Majorana Zustände KW - Verschränkung KW - Keldysh Formalismus Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75188 ER -