TY - JOUR A1 - Eisenberg, Philip A1 - Albert, Leon A1 - Teuffel, Jonathan A1 - Zitzow, Eric A1 - Michaelis, Claudia A1 - Jarick, Jane A1 - Sehlke, Clemens A1 - Große, Lisa A1 - Bader, Nicole A1 - Nunes-Alves, Ariane A1 - Kreikemeyer, Bernd A1 - Schindelin, Hermann A1 - Wade, Rebecca C. A1 - Fiedler, Tomas T1 - The Non-phosphorylating Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase GapN Is a Potential New Drug Target in Streptococcus pyogenes JF - Frontiers in Microbiology N2 - The strict human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes causes infections of varying severity, ranging from self-limiting suppurative infections to life-threatening diseases like necrotizing fasciitis or streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Here, we show that the non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GapN is an essential enzyme for S. pyogenes. GapN converts glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into 3-phosphoglycerate coupled to the reduction of NADP to NADPH. The knock-down of gapN by antisense peptide nucleic acids (asPNA) significantly reduces viable bacterial counts of S. pyogenes laboratory and macrolide-resistant clinical strains in vitro. As S. pyogenes lacks the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway, GapN appears to be the major NADPH source for the bacterium. Accordingly, other streptococci that carry a complete pentose phosphate pathway are not prone to asPNA-based gapN knock-down. Determination of the crystal structure of the S. pyogenes GapN apo-enzyme revealed an unusual cis-peptide in proximity to the catalytic binding site. Furthermore, using a structural modeling approach, we correctly predicted competitive inhibition of S. pyogenes GapN by erythrose 4-phosphate, indicating that our structural model can be used for in silico screening of specific GapN inhibitors. In conclusion, the data provided here reveal that GapN is a potential target for antimicrobial substances that selectively kill S. pyogenes and other streptococci that lack the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. KW - X-ray crystallography KW - homology modeling KW - computational docking KW - PNA (peptide nucleic acid) KW - NADPH KW - drug target KW - GapN Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262869 SN - 1664-302X VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Merget, Benjamin A1 - Koetschan, Christian A1 - Hackl, Thomas A1 - Förster, Frank A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Müller, Tobias A1 - Schultz, Jörg A1 - Wolf, Matthias T1 - The ITS2 Database JF - Journal of Visual Expression N2 - The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) has been used as a phylogenetic marker for more than two decades. As ITS2 research mainly focused on the very variable ITS2 sequence, it confined this marker to low-level phylogenetics only. However, the combination of the ITS2 sequence and its highly conserved secondary structure improves the phylogenetic resolution1 and allows phylogenetic inference at multiple taxonomic ranks, including species delimitation. The ITS2 Database presents an exhaustive dataset of internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences from NCBI GenBank accurately reannotated. Following an annotation by profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), the secondary structure of each sequence is predicted. First, it is tested whether a minimum energy based fold (direct fold) results in a correct, four helix conformation. If this is not the case, the structure is predicted by homology modeling. In homology modeling, an already known secondary structure is transferred to another ITS2 sequence, whose secondary structure was not able to fold correctly in a direct fold. The ITS2 Database is not only a database for storage and retrieval of ITS2 sequence-structures. It also provides several tools to process your own ITS2 sequences, including annotation, structural prediction, motif detection and BLAST search on the combined sequence-structure information. Moreover, it integrates trimmed versions of 4SALE and ProfDistS for multiple sequence-structure alignment calculation and Neighbor Joining tree reconstruction. Together they form a coherent analysis pipeline from an initial set of sequences to a phylogeny based on sequence and secondary structure. In a nutshell, this workbench simplifies first phylogenetic analyses to only a few mouse-clicks, while additionally providing tools and data for comprehensive large-scale analyses. KW - homology modeling KW - molecular systematics KW - internal transcribed spacer 2 KW - alignment KW - genetics KW - secondary structure KW - ribosomal RNA KW - phylogenetic tree KW - phylogeny Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124600 VL - 61 IS - e3806 ER - TY - THES A1 - Dindar, Gülcin T1 - Molecular basis for product-specificity of DOT1 methyltransferases in Trypanosoma brucei T1 - Die molekularen Grundlagen der Produktspezifität von DOT1 Methyltransferasen in Trypanosoma brucei N2 - Post-translational histone modifications (PTMs) such as methylation of lysine residues influence chromatin structure and function. PTMs are involved in different cellular processes such as DNA replication, transcription and cell differentiation. Deregulations of PTM patterns are responsible for a variety of human diseases including acute leukemia. DOT1 enzymes are highly conserved histone methyltransferases that are responsible for methylation of lysine 79 on histone H3 (H3K79). Most eukaryotes contain one single DOT1 enzyme, whereas African trypanosomes have two homologues, DOT1A and DOT1B, which methylate H3K76 (H3K76 is homologous to H3K79 in other organisms). DOT1A is essential and mediates mono- and di-methylations, whereas DOT1B additionally catalyzes tri-methylation of H3K76. However, a mechanistic understanding how these different enzymatic activities are achieved is lacking. This thesis exploits the fact that trypanosomes possess two DOT1 enzymes with different catalytic properties to understand the molecular basis for the differential product-specificity of DOT1 enzymes. A trypanosomal nucleosome reconstitution system was established to analyze methyltransferase activity under defined in vitro conditions. Homology modeling allowed the identification of critical residues within and outside the catalytic center that modulate product-specificity. Exchange of these residues transferred the product-specificity from one enzyme to the other and revealed regulatory domains adjacent to the catalytic center. This work provides the first evidence that few specific residues in DOT1 enzymes are crucial to catalyze methyl-state-specific reactions. These results have also consequences for the functional understanding of homologous enzymes in other eukaryotes. N2 - Posttranslationale Histonmodifizierungen (PTMs), wie beispielsweise die Methylierung von Lysinseitenketten, beeinflussen maßgeblich die Struktur und Funktion von Chromatin. PTMs spielen eine wichtige Rolle in verschiedensten zellulären Prozessen, darunter DNA Replikation, Transkription oder Zelldifferenzierung. Darüber hinaus liegt ein verändertes PTM-Muster einer Vielzahl humaner Erkrankungen zugrunde, wie z.B. der akuten myeloischen Leukämie. DOT1-Enzyme sind hochkonservierte Histonmethyltransferasen, die für die Methylierung von Lysin 79 in Histon H3 (H3K79) verantwortlich sind. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Eukaryoten, die lediglich ein einziges DOT1-Enzym besitzen, finden sich zwei homologe Proteine in afrikanischen Trypanosomen (DOT1A und DOT1B), die Lysin 76 in Histon H3 (H3K76) methylieren (H3K76 ist homolog zu H3K79 in anderen Organismen). DOT1A ist essentiell und katalysiert Mono- und Di-Methylierungen, wohin gegen DOT1B darüber hinaus eine Trimethylierung an H3K76 setzen kann. Derzeit fehlt jegliches mechanistische Verständnis darüber, wie beide Enzyme diese unterschiedliche Produktspezifität erreichen. Die vorliegende Dissertation macht sich den Umstand zunutze, dass Trypanosomen zwei DOT1-Methyltransferasen mit unterschiedlichen katalytischen Eigenschaften besitzen, um Einblicke in die molekulare Grundlage der unterschiedlichen Produktspezifität zu erlangen. Zunächst wurde ein Rekonstitutionssystem für Nukleosomen aus Trypanosomen etabliert, das es ermöglichte die Methyltransferase-Aktivitäten unter definierten in vitro Bedingungen zu analysieren. Homologiemodelle erlaubten die Identifikation von wichtigen Aminosäurepositionen innerhalb und außerhalb des katalytischen Zentrums der Enzyme, die einen Einfluss auf die Produktspezifität haben. Ein Austausch der Aminosäuren an diesen Positionen führte zu einer Umwandlung der Produktspezifität und offenbarte gleichzeitig DOT1A- und DOT1B-spezifische regulatorische Domänen, die an das katalytische Zentrum angrenzen. Diese Arbeit liefert erste Hinweise, dass wenige maßgebliche Aminosäuren in DOT1-Enzymen für den H3K76-Methylierungsgrad während der Katalyse entscheidend sind. Darüber hinaus haben die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse ebenfalls Konsequenzen für das funktionale Verständnis der homologen Enzyme in anderen Eukaryoten. KW - Histon-Methyltransferase KW - Chromatin KW - Trypanosoma brucei KW - DOT1 methyltransferase KW - homology modeling KW - product specificity Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-102524 ER -