TY - JOUR A1 - Dedukh, Dmitrij A1 - Da Cruz, Irene A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Marta, Anatolie A1 - Ormanns, Jenny A1 - Tichopád, Tomáš A1 - Lu, Yuan A1 - Alsheimer, Manfred A1 - Janko, Karel A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Achiasmatic meiosis in the unisexual Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa JF - Chromosome Research N2 - Unisexual reproduction, which generates clonal offspring, is an alternative strategy to sexual breeding and occurs even in vertebrates. A wide range of non-sexual reproductive modes have been described, and one of the least understood questions is how such pathways emerged and how they mechanistically proceed. The Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa, needs sperm from males of related species to trigger the parthenogenetic development of diploid eggs. However, the mechanism, of how the unreduced female gametes are produced, remains unclear. Cytological analyses revealed that the chromosomes of primary oocytes initiate pachytene but do not proceed to bivalent formation and meiotic crossovers. Comparing ovary transcriptomes of P. formosa and its sexual parental species revealed expression levels of meiosis-specific genes deviating from P. mexicana but not from P. latipinna. Furthermore, several meiosis genes show biased expression towards one of the two alleles from the parental genomes. We infer from our data that in the Amazon molly diploid oocytes are generated by apomixis due to a failure in the synapsis of homologous chromosomes. The fact that this failure is not reflected in the differential expression of known meiosis genes suggests the underlying molecular mechanism may be dysregulation on the protein level or misexpression of a so far unknown meiosis gene, and/or hybrid dysgenesis because of compromised interaction of proteins from diverged genomes. KW - meiosis KW - parthenogenesis KW - synaptonemal complex KW - recombination KW - crossing-over KW - achiasmatic KW - transcriptome KW - oogenesis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325128 VL - 30 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alsheimer, Manfred A1 - Link, Jana A1 - Leubner, Monika A1 - Schmitt, Johannes A1 - Göb, Eva A1 - Benavente, Ricardo A1 - Jeang, Kuan-Teh A1 - Xu, Rener T1 - Analysis of Meiosis in SUN1 Deficient Mice Reveals a Distinct Role of SUN2 in Mammalian Meiotic LINC Complex Formation and Function N2 - LINC complexes are evolutionarily conserved nuclear envelope bridges, composed of SUN (Sad-1/UNC-84) and KASH (Klarsicht/ANC-1/Syne/homology) domain proteins. They are crucial for nuclear positioning and nuclear shape determination, and also mediate nuclear envelope (NE) attachment of meiotic telomeres, essential for driving homolog synapsis and recombination. In mice, SUN1 and SUN2 are the only SUN domain proteins expressed during meiosis, sharing their localization with meiosis-specific KASH5. Recent studies have shown that loss of SUN1 severely interferes with meiotic processes. Absence of SUN1 provokes defective telomere attachment and causes infertility. Here, we report that meiotic telomere attachment is not entirely lost in mice deficient for SUN1, but numerous telomeres are still attached to the NE through SUN2/KASH5-LINC complexes. In Sun12/2 meiocytes attached telomeres retained the capacity to form bouquetlike clusters. Furthermore, we could detect significant numbers of late meiotic recombination events in Sun12/2 mice. Together, this indicates that even in the absence of SUN1 telomere attachment and their movement within the nuclear envelope per se can be functional. Author summary: Correct genome haploidization during meiosis requires tightly regulated chromosome movements that follow a highly conserved choreography during prophase I. Errors in these movements cause subsequent meiotic defects, which typically lead to infertility. At the beginning of meiotic prophase, chromosome ends are tethered to the nuclear envelope (NE). This attachment of telomeres appears to be mediated by well-conserved membrane spanning protein complexes within the NE (LINC complexes). In mouse meiosis, the two main LINC components SUN1 and SUN2 were independently described to localize at the sites of telomere attachment. While SUN1 has been demonstrated to be critical for meiotic telomere attachment, the precise role of SUN2 in this context, however, has been discussed controversially in the field. Our current study was targeted to determine the factual capacity of SUN2 in telomere attachment and chromosome movements in SUN1 deficient mice. Remarkably, although telomere attachment is impaired in the absence of SUN1, we could find a yet undescribed SUN1-independent telomere attachment, which presumably is mediated by SUN2 and KASH5. This SUN2 mediated telomere attachment is stable throughout prophase I and functional in moving telomeres within the NE. Thus, our results clearly indicate that SUN1 and SUN2, at least partially, fulfill redundant meiotic functions. KW - telomeres KW - spermatocytes KW - Oocytes KW - meiosis KW - protein domains KW - cytoskeleton KW - synapsis KW - homologous chromosomes Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111355 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adolfi, Mateus C. A1 - Herpin, Amaury A1 - Martinez-Bengochea, Anabel A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Regensburger, Martina A1 - Grunwald, David J. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Crosstalk Between Retinoic Acid and Sex-Related Genes Controls Germ Cell Fate and Gametogenesis in Medaka JF - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology N2 - Sex determination (SD) is a highly diverse and complex mechanism. In vertebrates, one of the first morphological differences between the sexes is the timing of initiation of the first meiosis, where its initiation occurs first in female and later in male. Thus, SD is intimately related to the responsiveness of the germ cells to undergo meiosis in a sex-specific manner. In some vertebrates, it has been reported that the timing for meiosis entry would be under control of retinoic acid (RA), through activation of Stra8. In this study, we used a fish model species for sex determination and lacking the stra8 gene, the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), to investigate the connection between RA and the sex determination pathway. Exogenous RA treatments act as a stress factor inhibiting germ cell differentiation probably by activation of dmrt1a and amh. Disruption of the RA degrading enzyme gene cyp26a1 induced precocious meiosis and oogenesis in embryos/hatchlings of female and even some males. Transcriptome analyzes of cyp26a1–/–adult gonads revealed upregulation of genes related to germ cell differentiation and meiosis, in both ovaries and testes. Our findings show that germ cells respond to RA in a stra8 independent model species. The responsiveness to RA is conferred by sex-related genes, restricting its action to the sex differentiation period in both sexes. KW - sex determination KW - retinoic acid KW - meiosis KW - gametogenesis KW - medaka Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222669 SN - 2296-634X VL - 8 ER - TY - THES A1 - Göb, Eva T1 - Die Kernhülle in Keimzellen: Strukturelle Besonderheiten, dynamische Prozesse und die Umgestaltung des Zellkerns während der Spermatogenese der Maus T1 - The nuclear envelope in germ cells: structural peculiarities, dynamic processes und the reorganization of the cell nucleus during murine spermatogenesis N2 - Die Kernhülle umgibt als geschlossenes Membransystem einen jeden Zellkern und ist damit ein gemeinsames Merkmal aller eukaryotischen Zellen. Sie besteht aus einer inneren und einer äußeren Kernmembran sowie der nukleoplasmatischen Kernlamina, die aufgrund zahlreicher assoziierter Proteine in enger Wechselbeziehung mit der inneren Kernmembran steht. Neben der rein räumlichen Trennung nukleärer und zytoplasmatischer Strukturen hat die Kernhülle bedeutenden regulatorischen Einfluss auf die gesamte Zelle. So ist sie unter anderem an der Steuerung der genomischen Aktivität, an der nukleo- und zytoplasmatischen Signalübertragung und in hohem Maße an der Positionierung und Formerhaltung des Zellkerns beteiligt. Es mehren sich die Hinweise, dass die Kernhülle auch während der Gametogenese, der Differenzierung befruchtungsfähiger Keimzellen, eine zentrale Rolle einnimmt und folglich auch mit bislang ungeklärten Ursachen humaner Infertilität in Kontext stehen könnte. Um die Bedeutung der Kernhülle für die Keimbahn der Säuger generell besser verstehen zu können, wurden in dieser Arbeit ausgewählte Bestandteile der Keimzellkernhülle untersucht. Dadurch sollte der Kenntnisstand erweitert werden, in welcher Weise die Kernhülle dynamische, morphologische und vor allem für die Keimbahn essentielle Prozesse beeinflusst; insbesondere während der meiotischen und der postmeiotischen Differenzierungsphase bei männlichen Mäusen. Im Mittelpunkt stand dabei einerseits Lamin C2, ein meiosespezifisches A-Typ Lamin, dessen Verlust zu einer schwer geschädigten Meiose und infolgedessen zu vollständiger männlicher Infertilität führt. Es zeigte sich, dass Lamin C2-defiziente männliche Mäuse schwerwiegende Defekte bei der Paarung und Synapsis der homologen Chromosomen in der meiotischen Prophase I aufweisen und aufgrund apoptotischer Spermatocyten keine reifen Spermien bilden können. Es wird angenommen, dass die Assoziation homologer Chromosomen bzw. die Abstoßung nicht-homologer durch gerichtete Telomerbewegungen entlang der Kernhüllenperipherie vorangetrieben bzw. verhindert wird. Da Lamin C2 seinerseits diese Wanderung der Telomere durch eine Flexibilisierung der Spermatocytenkernhülle vereinfachen soll, ist es durchaus vorstellbar, dass sein Verlust verlangsamte Telomerbewegungen, eine gestörte Homologenfindung und folglich Fehlpaarungen zur Folge hat. Ein weiteres zentrales Thema war die Erforschung potentieller LINC-Komplexe während der Differenzierungs- und morphologischen Umgestaltungsphase postmeiotischer Keimzellen. LINC-Komplexe sind kernhüllendurchspannende Proteingebilde aus SUN-Proteinen in der inneren und Nesprinen in der äußeren Kernmembran, die nukleäre Strukturen an das Zytoskelett binden. Da sie aufgrund dieser strukturellen Eigenschaft die Kernmorphologie beeinflussen können, erscheinen sie als äußerst geeignet, an der Formierung des Spermienkopfes beteiligt zu sein. Die detaillierte Untersuchung spermiogeneserelevanter LINC-Komplex-Bestandteile ergab, dass während der Spermiogenese tatsächlich zwei neue, strukturell einzigartige LINC-Komplexe gebildet werden, die darüber hinaus auf den entgegengesetzten Seiten differenzierender Spermatiden polarisieren. Da sie den Kern dort an jeweils spezielle Zytoskelettelemente binden könnten, wurde in dieser Arbeit das Modell der LINC-Komplex vermittelten Umformung des Spermienkopfes aufgestellt. Insgesamt trägt diese Arbeit durch die funktionelle Analyse von Lamin C2 und die Identifizierung neuer LINC-Komplexe dazu bei, die Wichtigkeit der Kernhülle für die Spermatogenese zu vertiefen und auszuweiten. N2 - The nuclear envelope is a double membranous structure enclosing the most typical eukaryotic feature, the cell nucleus. It is composed of an inner and an outer nuclear membrane as well as a nucleoplasmic lamina which is closely connected to the inner nuclear membrane by a number of associated proteins. Thus, besides just separating nuclear and cytoplasmic structures the nuclear envelope is functionally involved in many regulatory processes; i.e. controlling of the genomic activity, nucleo- and cytoplasmic signal transduction and, importantly, nuclear positioning and maintenance of nuclear architecture. Evidence emerges that the nuclear envelope also plays a fundamental role in the differentiation process of germ cells, gametogenesis, likely being responsible for yet unexplained human infertility. In order to expand the knowledge concerning impact and functions of the nuclear envelope for the mammalian germ line selected components and special characteristics of the germ cell nuclear envelope have been investigated in this thesis. Thus, this might help to understand germ line specific dynamic, morphological and other essential processes - particularly in course of meiotic and postmeiotic differentiation in male mice. Of great interest was lamin C2, a meiosis-specific A-type lamin essential for accurate meiosis and fertility of male mice. It has been shown that the targeted depletion of lamin C2 results in a severely defective meiosis and consequently in complete male infertility. Lamin C2-deficient male mice exhibit serious defects concerning pairing and synapsis of the homologous chromosomes. Thus, these mice are characterized by apoptotic spermatocytes and the complete absence of postmeiotic stages. It has been proposed that telomere movements along the nuclear periphery during prophase I might promote homologous but prevent heterologous chromosome association. Lamin C2 in turn is suggested to facilitate those meiotic telomere migrations by providing local flexibility to the telomeres attached to the nuclear envelope. Given that loss of lamin C2 causes decelerated telomere movements and defective homologous pairing afterwards, the situation in lamin C2-deficient spermatocytes could be explained. Another central focus was the investigation of potential LINC complexes in differentiating and morphologically reorganizing postmeiotic cells. LINC complexes are proteinaceous structures formed by SUN-proteins at the inner and nesprins at the outer nuclear membrane that tether the cell nucleus to the surrounding cytoskeleton. Since this structural property is suggested to influence nuclear morphology and shaping, LINC complexes appear to be good candidates for participating in mammalian sperm head shaping. Detailed analysis of LINC complex components relevant for spermiogenesis revealed that two novel uniquely assembled LINC complexes are established in the male post meiotic germ line. Moreover, those LINC complexes were shown to polarize to opposite cell poles in differentiating spermatids probably linking to specialized cytoskeletal elements. Therefore, a model for the LINC complex mediated shaping and elongation of the mammalian sperm head has been proposed in this thesis. Together, the functional analysis of lamin C2 as well as the identification of novel LINC complexes described in this thesis substantiates the fundamental role of the nuclear envelope for entire spermatogenesis. KW - Spermatogenese KW - Kernhülle KW - Lamina KW - Maus KW - Meiose KW - meiosis KW - spermiogenesis KW - nuclear envelope KW - lamina KW - LINC complex Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56839 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nanda, Indrajit A1 - Schories, Susanne A1 - Simeonov, Ivan A1 - Adolfi, Mateus Contar A1 - Du, Kang A1 - Steinlein, Claus A1 - Alsheimer, Manfred A1 - Haaf, Thomas A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Evolution of the degenerated Y-chromosome of the swamp guppy, Micropoecilia picta JF - Cells N2 - The conspicuous colour sexual dimorphism of guppies has made them paradigmatic study objects for sex-linked traits and sex chromosome evolution. Both the X- and Y-chromosomes of the common guppy (Poecilia reticulata) are genetically active and homomorphic, with a large homologous part and a small sex specific region. This feature is considered to emulate the initial stage of sex chromosome evolution. A similar situation has been documented in the related Endler’s and Oropuche guppies (P. wingei, P. obscura) indicating a common origin of the Y in this group. A recent molecular study in the swamp guppy (Micropoecilia. picta) reported a low SNP density on the Y, indicating Y-chromosome deterioration. We performed a series of cytological studies on M. picta to show that the Y-chromosome is quite small compared to the X and has accumulated a high content of heterochromatin. Furthermore, the Y-chromosome stands out in displaying CpG clusters around the centromeric region. These cytological findings evidently illustrate that the Y-chromosome in M. picta is indeed highly degenerated. Immunostaining for SYCP3 and MLH1 in pachytene meiocytes revealed that a substantial part of the Y remains associated with the X. A specific MLH1 hotspot site was persistently marked at the distal end of the associated XY structure. These results unveil a landmark of a recombining pseudoautosomal region on the otherwise strongly degenerated Y chromosome of M. picta. Hormone treatments of females revealed that, unexpectedly, no sexually antagonistic color gene is Y-linked in M. picta. All these differences to the Poecilia group of guppies indicate that the trajectories associated with the evolution of sex chromosomes are not in parallel. KW - sex chromosomes KW - heterochromatin KW - Y chromosome degeneration KW - meiosis KW - synaptonemal complex KW - recombination KW - 5-methylcytosine KW - testosterone KW - sexual antagonistic genes KW - sex linked pigmentation pattern Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267242 SN - 2073-4409 VL - 11 IS - 7 ER - TY - THES A1 - da Cruz Güerisoli, Irene Maria T1 - Investigating the murine meiotic telomere complex TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN: spatial organization and evolutionary history T1 - Untersuchung des murinen meiotischen Telomer-Komplex TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN: spatiale Organisation und Evolutionsgeschichte N2 - Einess der faszinierenden Merkmale der meiotischen Prophase I sind die hochkonservierten kräftigen Bewegungen homologer Chromosomen. Diese Bewegungen sind entscheidend für den Erfolg von Schlüsselereignissen wie die Ausrichtung, Paarung und Rekombination der homologen Chromosomen. Mehrere bisher untersuchte Organismen, darunter Säugetiere, Würmer, Hefen und Pflanzen, erreichen diese Bewegungen, indem sie die Chromosomenenden an spezialisierten Stellen in der Kernhülle verankern. Diese Verankerung erfordert Telomer-Adapterproteine, die bisher in der Spalthefe und der Maus identifiziert wurden. Die meiosespezifischen Telomer-Adapterproteine der Maus, TERB1, TERB2 und MAJIN, sind an der Verankerung des ubiquitären Telomer-Shelterin-protein an den LINC-Komplex beteiligt, mit einem analogen Mechanismus, wie er die Spalthefe beschrieben wird. Obgleich die meiose-spezifischen TelomerAdapterproteine eine wesentliche Rolle spielen, ist der genaue Mechanismus der Verankerung der Telomere an die Kernhülle sowie ihre evolutionäre Geschichte bisher noch wenig verstanden. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist daher die Untersuchung der Organisation des meiosespezifischen TelomerAdapterkomplexes TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN der Maus und dessen Evolutionsgeschichte. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Organisation des TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN Komplexes mittels hochauflösender Mikroskopie (SIM), an Mausspermatozyten untersucht, sowie die Lokalisation in Bezug auf TRF1 des Telomer-ShelterinKomplexes und die telomerische DNA analysiert. In den Stadien Zygotän und Pachytän zeigten die Fluoreszenzsignale eine starke Überlappung der Verteilung der meiotischen Telomer-Komplex-Proteine, wobei die Organisation von TERB2 an den Chromosomenenden heterogener war als die von TERB1 und MAJIN. Außerdem konnte die TRF1-Lokalisation an den Enden der Lateralelemente (LEs) mit einer griffartigen Anordnung um die TERB1- und MAJIN-Signale im Zygotän- und Pachytän-Stadium gezeigt werden. Interessanterweise erwies sich die telomerische DNA als lateral verteilt und teilweise überlappend mit der zentralen Verteilung der meiotischen Telomer-Komplex-Proteine an den Enden der LEs. Die Kombination dieser Ergebnisse erlaubte die Beschreibung eines alternativen Modells der Verankerung der Telomer an die Kernhülle während der meiotischen Prophase I. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit analysiert die Evolutionsgeschichte der Mausproteine von TERB1, TERB2 und MAJIN. Die fehlende Übereinstimmung zwischen den Meiose-spezifische Telomer-Adapteproteinen der Maus und der Spalthefe hat die Frage nach dem evolutionsbedingten Ursprung dieses spezifischen Komplexes aufgeworfen. Um vermeintliche Orthologen der Mausproteinevon TERB1, TERB2 und MAJIN über Metazoen hinweg zu identifizieren, wurden computergestützte Verfahren und phylogenetische Analysen durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden Expressionsstudien implementiert, um ihre potenzielle Funktion während der Meiose zu testen. Die Analysen haben ergeben, dass der Meiose-spezifische Telomer-Komplex der Maus sehr alt ist, da er bereits in den Eumetazoen entstand, was auf einen einzigen Ursprung hindeutet. Das Fehlen jeglicher Homologen des meiosespezifischen Telomerkomplexes in Nematoden und die einigen wenigen in Arthropoden nachgewiesenen Kandidaten, deuten darauf hin, dass die Telomer-Adapterproteine in diesen Abstammungslinien verloren/ersetzt oder stark diversifiziert worden sind. Bemerkenswerterweise zeigten Proteindomänen von TERB1, TERB2 und MAJIN, die an der Bildung des Komplexes sowie an der Interaktion mit dem Telomer-Shelterin-Protein und den LINC-Komplexen beteiligt sind, eine hohe Sequenzähnlichkeit über alle Kladen hinweg. Abschließend lieferte die Genexpression im Nesseltier Hydra vulgaris den Beweis, dass der TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN-Komplex selektiv in der Keimbahn exprimiert wird, was auf die Konservierung meiotischer Funktionen über die gesamte Metazoen-Evolution hinweg hindeutet. Zusammenfassend bietet diese Arbeit bedeutende neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich des Meiose-spezifischen Telomer-Adapterkomplex, seines Mechanismus zur Verankerung der Telomer an die Kernhülle und die Entschlüsselung seines Ursprungs in den Metazoen. N2 - One of the fascinating features of meiotic prophase I, is the highly conserved vigorous movements of homologous chromosomes. These movements are critical for the success of essential events as homologs alignment, synapsis and recombination. Several organisms studied so far, including mammals, worms, yeast and plants achieve these movements by anchoring the chromosome ends to specialized sites in the nuclear envelope (NE). This attachment requires telomere adaptor proteins which have to date been identified in fission yeast and mice. The mouse meiosis-specific telomere adaptor proteins TERB1, TERB2, and MAJIN are involved in the attachment of ubiquitous shelterin telomere to the LINC complex, in an analogous mechanism as those described in fission yeast. Despite the essential role of meiosis-specific telomere adaptor proteins, the precise mechanism of anchorage of telomeres to the nuclear envelope, as well as their evolutionary history, are still not well understood. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis is to investigate the organization of the mouse meiosis-specific telomere adaptor complex TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN and its evolutionary history. In the first part of this thesis high-resolution Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM), indirect immunofluorescence and Telo-FISH on mouse spermatocytes were used to determine precisely how the telomere complex proteins are localized with relation to the shelterin telomeric TRF1 protein and telomeric DNA. During zygotene and pachytene stages staining patterns revealed extensively overlapping of meiotic telomere complex proteins distributions in which TERB2 organization is more heterogeneous than TERB1 and MAJIN at the chromosome ends. Further, TRF1 localization was shown at the side of lateral elements (LEs) ends with grasp-like distribution surrounding the TERB1 and MAJIN signals in zygotene and pachytene stages. Interestingly, telomeric DNA was shown to be laterally distributed and partially overlapping with the more central distribution displayed by meiotic telomere complex proteins of LEs ends. The combination of these results allowed to describe an alternative model of the telomere attachment to the NE during meiotic prophase I. The second part of this thesis, analyses mouse TERB1, TERB2, and MAJIN evolutionary history. The lack of similarity between mouse and fission yeast meiotic-specific telomere adaptor proteins has raised the question about the origin of this specific complex through evolution. To identify mouse TERB1, TERB2, and MAJIN putative orthologues, computational approaches and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Besides, to test their potential function during meiosis, expression studies were conducted. From these analyses, it was revealed that mouse meiosis-specific telomere complex is ancient, as it originated as early as eumetazoans pointing to a single origin. The absence of any homologs in Nematoda and only a few candidates detected in Arthropoda for meiosis-specific telomere complex, seemed, that these proteins have been lost/replaced or highly diversified in these lineages. Remarkably, TERB1, TERB2, and MAJIN protein domains involved in the formation of the complex as well as those required for the interaction with the telomere shelterin protein and the LINC complexes revealed high sequence similarity across all clades. Finally, gene expression in the cnidarian Hydra Vulgaris provided evidence that the TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN complex is selectively expressed in the germline suggesting conservation of meiotic functions across metazoan evolution. In summary, this thesis provides significant insights into the meiosis-specific telomere complex mechanism to engage telomeres to the nuclear envelope and the elucidation of its origin in metazoans. KW - meiosis KW - chromosomes telomere-led movement KW - TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN KW - SIM KW - Evolution Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-210562 ER - TY - THES A1 - Glasenapp, Elisabeth ¬von¬ T1 - Lamin C2 T1 - Lamin C2 N2 - In der Kernlamina von Spermatozyten von Nagetieren sind die Lamin A-Genprodukte, Lamin A und C, durch eine meiosespezifische Splicingvariante ersetzt. Dieses Lamin C2 unterscheidet sich auffallend von den somatischen Varianten in Struktur, Menge und Verhalten. Durch eine ektopische Expression von Lamin C2 als EGFP-Lamin C2-Fusionsprotein in einer somatischen Zellinie zeigte sich, daß eine neuartige Hexapeptidsequenz (GNAEGR) am N-terminalen Ende des Proteins anstelle der C-terminal gelegenen CaaX-Box somatischer Lamine für die Interaktion mit der Kernhülle verantwortlich ist. So ermöglicht eine posttranslationelle Myristylierung des ersten Glycins ein Membrantargeting, bei dem der hydrophobe Myristinsäurerest vergleichbar dem hydrophoben Farnesylrest am Cystein der Caax-Box mit den Fettsäureresten der Kernmembran interagiert. Die Deletion des Hexapeptids im Fusionsprotein EGFP-Lamin C2 und die seine N-terminale Insertion in das Fusionsprotein EGFP-Lamin C - es besitzt keine Caax-Box - bestätigt, daß allein das Hexapeptid das Membrantargeting steuert: Die Deletionsmutante EGFP-Lamin C2 bleibt diffus im Kern verteilt, während sich die Insertionsmutante EGFP-Lamin C im Bereich der Kernperipherie anreichert. Eine weitere Besonderheit stellt die Verteilung von Lamin C2 innerhalb der Kernhülle dar, denn es verteilt sich nicht gleichmäßig wie alle bisher bekannten Lamine, sondern bildet zahlreiche Aggregate. Nicht nur in der Kernhülle von Spermatozyten, sondern auch als Fusionsprotein in somatischen Zellen exprimiert, zeigt Lamin C2 diese Akkumulationen. Überraschenderweise treten die Synaptonemal-komplexenden nur im Bereich dieser Lamin C2-Aggregate mit der Kernhülle in Kontakt. Es wird daher postuliert, daß die Lamin C2-Aggregate der lokalen Verstärkung der Kernhülle dienen und wichtig für die auf die Prophase beschränkte Anheftung der SC an die Kernhülle sind. Da zudem in einer Kurzzeitkultur von Pachytänspermatozyten, in der die Prophase künstlich beschleunigt wird, gezeigt werden konnte, daß Lamin C2 mit Ende der Prophase I noch vor dem Auflösen der eigentlichen Kernhülle nicht mehr nachweisbar ist, scheint ein Zusammenhang zwischen Lamin C2 in der Kernhülle und der Umorganisation des genetischen Materials zu bestehen. N2 - In the spermatocytes of rodents the lamin A gene products, lamin A and C, are substituted by a meiosis specific splicing variant called lamin C2, which differs significantly in structure, amount and function from somatic lamins. Instead of having a CaaX-Box, which mediates interaction between the somatic lamins and the nuclear membrane, a novel kind of membrane targeting is found in lamin C2. It consists of a hexapeptide sequence (GNAEGR) which substitutes the N-terminus and parts of the a-helical rod domain. Transfection experiments with a EGFP-lamin C2- fusion protein in a somatic cell line showed that without this hexapeptide no membrane targeting of lamin C2 takes place, while an insertion of the hexapeptide enables lamin C to accumulate at the periphery of the nuclear envelope. The first N-terminal glycine of the hexapeptide is posttranslationally modified by a myristic acid residue whose hydrophobic chain interacts with the nuclear membrane similar to the farnesyl residue in somatic lamins. By looking for the localization in the nuclear envelope lamin C2 reveals another surprising behaviour compared to somatic lamins. While other lamins are distributed evenly in the nuclear envelope, lamin C2 is found in several aggregates. Furthermore, the accumulation is not restricted to the nuclear envelope of spermatocytes, but also found in somatic cells when lamin C2 as EGFP-lamin C2 fusion protein is ectopically expressed. Contrary to somatic cells where no effect of ectopically expressed EGFP-lamin C2 on the organization of chromatin can been seen, in spermatocytes the position of SC-ends colocalize with lamin C2 rich areas of the nuclear envelope without exeption. The N-terminal part of somatic lamins that is missing in lamin C2 contains domains which are involved in dimerization and polymerization of A-type and B-type lamins. Therefore a new way of interaction in the nuclear envelope of spermatocytes has to be proposed for lamin C2. Additionally, lamin C2 can only be found in spermatocytes during prophase I. A short-time culture which accelerates the development of pachytene spermatocytes by the phosphatase inhibitor Okadaic acid supports the finding that lamin C2 vanishes before the break down of the nuclear envelope in metaphase I begins. KW - Ratte KW - Spermatozyt KW - Lamine KW - Meiose KW - Kernhülle KW - Molekularbiologie KW - Lamin C2 KW - Pachytänspermatozyten KW - Kernhülle KW - Kernlamina KW - Meiose KW - Synaptonemalkomplex KW - Okadasäure KW - Myristylierung KW - Membran-Adressierungs-Signal KW - Lamin C2 KW - pachytene spermatocytes KW - nuclear envelope KW - nuclear lamina KW - meiosis KW - synaptonemal complex KW - okadaic acid KW - myristoylation Y1 - 2000 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3690 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Daniel, Katrin A1 - Tränkner, Daniel A1 - Wojtasz, Lukasz A1 - Shibuya, Hiroki A1 - Watanabe, Yoshinori A1 - Alsheimer, Manfred A1 - Toth, Attila T1 - Mouse CCDC79 (TERB1) is a meiosis-specific telomere associated protein JF - BMC Cell Biology N2 - Background: Telomeres have crucial meiosis-specific roles in the orderly reduction of chromosome numbers and in ensuring the integrity of the genome during meiosis. One such role is the attachment of telomeres to trans-nuclear envelope protein complexes that connect telomeres to motor proteins in the cytoplasm. These trans-nuclear envelope connections between telomeres and cytoplasmic motor proteins permit the active movement of telomeres and chromosomes during the first meiotic prophase. Movements of chromosomes/telomeres facilitate the meiotic recombination process, and allow high fidelity pairing of homologous chromosomes. Pairing of homologous chromosomes is a prerequisite for their correct segregation during the first meiotic division. Although inner-nuclear envelope proteins, such as SUN1 and potentially SUN2, are known to bind and recruit meiotic telomeres, these proteins are not meiosis-specific, therefore cannot solely account for telomere-nuclear envelope attachment and/or for other meiosis-specific characteristics of telomeres in mammals. Results: We identify CCDC79, alternatively named TERB1, as a meiosis-specific protein that localizes to telomeres from leptotene to diplotene stages of the first meiotic prophase. CCDC79 and SUN1 associate with telomeres almost concurrently at the onset of prophase, indicating a possible role for CCDC79 in telomere-nuclear envelope interactions and/or telomere movements. Consistent with this scenario, CCDC79 is missing from most telomeres that fail to connect to SUN1 protein in spermatocytes lacking the meiosis-specific cohesin SMC1B. SMC1B-deficient spermatocytes display both reduced efficiency in telomere-nuclear envelope attachment and reduced stability of telomeres specifically during meiotic prophase. Importantly, CCDC79 associates with telomeres in SUN1-deficient spermatocytes, which strongly indicates that localization of CCDC79 to telomeres does not require telomere-nuclear envelope attachment. Conclusion: CCDC79 is a meiosis-specific telomere associated protein. Based on our findings we propose that CCDC79 plays a role in meiosis-specific telomere functions. In particular, we favour the possibility that CCDC79 is involved in telomere-nuclear envelope attachment and/or the stabilization of meiotic telomeres. These conclusions are consistent with the findings of an independently initiated study that analysed CCDC79/TERB1 functions. KW - SUN1 KW - meiosis KW - telomeres KW - telomere attachment KW - CCDC79 KW - TERB1 KW - DNA-binding domain KW - meiotic chromosome dynamics KW - fission yeast KW - cohesin SMC1-Beta Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116248 SN - 1471-2121 VL - 15 IS - 17 ER - TY - THES A1 - Öllinger, Rupert T1 - Polymerisationseigenschaften des Synaptonemalkomplexproteins SYCP1 und Charakterisierung von Bindungspartnern : Architektur meiotischer Chromosomen T1 - Polymerization Properties of the Synaptonemal Complex Protein SYCP1 and Characterization of Binding Partners N2 - Das Synaptonemalkomplexprotein SYCP1 ist eine Strukturkomponente des Synaptonemalkomplexes (SC) von Saeugern, einer meiosespezifischen Struktur, die wesentlich fuer die Synapse, Rekombination und Segregation homologer Chromosomen ist. Der SC besteht aus zwei lateralen Elementen (LEs) und einer zentralen Region (CR), in deren Mitte das zentrale Element (CE) liegt. Dabei sind die LEs den Achsen der homologen Chromosomen aufgelagert und werden in der CR durch Transversalfilamente (TFs) mit dem CE verbunden. Im Protein SYCP1 (125 kDa) flankieren zwei nicht-helikale terminale Domaenen eine ausgedehnte zentrale „Coiled-Coil“-Domaene. Fuer diese Domaene wird angenommen, dass sie die die Kluft zwischen LEs und CE ueberbrueckt, wobei die C-Termini in den LEs verankert sind und die N-Termini im CE lokalisiert wurden. Um die molekulare Architektur des SC besser zu verstehen und die Bedeutung von SYCP1 für die Zusammenlagerung des SC aufzudecken, wurden die Polymerisationseigenschaften von SYCP1 erforscht. Dazu wurde das Protein in somatischen Zellen exprimiert. In diesem experimentellem Ansatz polymerisierte SYCP1 autonom zu filamentoesen Strukturen, welche sich auf ultrastruktureller Ebene als alternierende elektronendichte Balken offenbarten, die ueber TFs verbunden waren. Dieser Aufbau glich parallel aneinander gereihten Stapeln von SCs, so genannten Polykomplexen (PCs). Die Analyse der Orientierung der SYCP1 Molekuele innerhalb der PCs erwies, dass diese hochorganisiert vorliegen und die Organisation von SYCP1 innerhalb von PCs und SCs identisch ist. Folglich kann sich SYCP1 sogar in Abwesenheit anderer SC-Proteine zu Strukturen zusammenlagern, die der CR entsprechen und muss dementsprechend beim Aufbau der CR des SC den grundlegenden Faktor darstellen. Für eine genauere Analyse wurden ausgewaehlte Mutanten von SYCP1 exprimiert. Moleküle mit modifizierter Laenge der zentralen alpha-helikalen Domaene resultierten in der Bildung von PCs mit veränderter Weite der CR. Dies beweist, dass die „Coiled-Coil“-Domaene den Abstand der CR eines PC bestimmt und impliziert dieselbe Funktion in der SC-Bildung. Darueber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass SYCP1 Molekuele mit Deletion des nicht-helikalen N-Terminus immer noch in der Lage sind, PCs zu bilden, diese Eigenschaft aber stark eingeschraenkt ist. Das bezeugt die Bedeutung des N-Terminus sowohl in der PC-Bildung als auch im Aufbau des CE von SCs, weist aber dabei auch dem vorderen Teil der „Coiled-Coil“-Domaene eine wichtige Rolle zu. Im Gegensatz dazu war bei Mutanten mit Deletion des nicht-helikalen C-Terminus die PC-Bildung vollstaendig blockiert, was auf eine große Bedeutung dieser Domaene fuer die Polymerisation hinweist. Ein weiterer Hauptgegenstand der Arbeit war die Charakterisierung von Bindungspartnern von SYCP1. Über Immungoldlokalisation auf Maushoden konnten die Proteine Syce1 und Cesc1 als erste ausschliessliche Komponenten des CE des SC bestimmt werden. Zusaetzlich wurde die Interaktion dieser Proteine mit dem N-Terminus von SYCP1 verifiziert. SYCP1 bildet also die Grundstruktur des CE aus und rekrutiert Syce1 und Cesc1. N2 - The synaptonemal complex protein 1 (SYCP1) is a structural component of the mammalian synaptonemal complex (SC), a meiosis-specific nuclear structure essential for synapsis, recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes. The SC is a tripartite structure consisting of two lateral elements (LEs) and the central region (CR) with a central element (CE) in its middle. The LEs are attached to the axes of homologous chromosomes and are connected with the CE by transversal filaments (TFs). The protein SYCP1 (125 kDa) contains a long central á-helical domain, which is predicted to mediate dimerization in a parallel coiled-coil structure, flanked by two non-helical ends. The coiled-coil is thought to cross the gap between the LEs and the CE, the C-termini are anchored in the LEs and the N-termini have been localized to the CE. In order to better understand the molecular architecture of the SC and the role of SYCP1 in SC-assembly the polymerization properties of SYCP1 were investigated. To this end the protein was expressed in somatic cells. In this approach SYCP1 is able to form stable filamentous structures autonomously, which on the ultrastructural level represent alternating lines connected by TFs. This composition resembles multimeric SC-like complexes arranged in parallel, so called polycomplexes (PCs). By determining the orientation of SYCP1 molecules it was proven that PCs are highly ordered structures with the same arrangement of SYCP1 molecules as in SCs. These results demonstrate that SYCP1 is able to assemble into structures closely resembling the CR of SCs even in the absence of other SC-proteins, which signifies that SYCP1 is the primary determinant of SC assembly which in turn plays a key role in synapsis of homologous chromosomes. For a more detailed analysis, selected mutated constructs of SYCP1 were expressed. Mutations that modified the length of the central alpha-helical domain resulted in the formation of PCs consisting of repeat units of altered width, verifying that the coiled-coil domain determines the distance between the lines of the PC. This result implies the same function of this domain in SC assembly. Moreover, it was observed that SYCP1 molecules lacking the non-helical N-terminus are still able to form PCs, albeit at a strongly reduced level. This shows the importance of the N-terminus both in SYCP1 autoassembly and in the formation of the CE of SCs, but also implies a significant role of the N-terminal part of the coiled-coil domain. In contrast, when the non-helical C-terminus was deleted, filament formation was eliminated indicating a major role of the C-terminus in SYCP1 autoassembly. Another major topic of this work was the characterization of SYCP1 binding partners. By immunogold localization on mouse testis the proteins Syce1 and Cesc1 could be identified as the first exclusive components of the CE of SCs. Furthermore, the interaction of these proteins with the N-terminal region of SYCP1 was validated. Hence, SYCP1 forms the basic structure of the CE and recruits Syce1 and Cesc1. KW - Synaptinemal-Komplex KW - Coiled coil KW - Skleroproteine KW - Synaptonemalkomplex KW - Meiose KW - Keimzellentwicklung KW - Sturkturprotein KW - Coiled-Coile KW - synaptonemal complex KW - meiosis KW - germ cell development KW - structural protein KW - coiled-coil Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-15456 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmitt, Johannes T1 - Proteine der Kernhülle und deren Rolle bei der Umgestaltung des Zellkerns meiotischer und postmeiotischer Zellen von Säugern T1 - Proteins of the nuclear envelope and their role in the rearrangement of the nucleus in meiotic and post-meiotic mammalian cell N2 - Während der Spermatogenese finden erstaunliche Differenzierungsprozessen statt. Reguliert wird die Spermatogenese sowohl hormonell als auch durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen Zelltypen und der extrazellulärer Matrix. Unterteilt wird die Spermatogenese in drei funktionelle Einheiten. Die Proliferationsphase, die Meiose und die Spermiogenese. Im Laufe der Proliferationsphase gehen aus den Spermatogonien, Spermatocyten hervor, die die Meiose durchlaufen. Während der Prophase I der Meiose kommt es zur Reduktion und Rekombination des genetischen Materials, was mit charakteristischen und höchst dynamischen Bewegungsvorgängen der Telomere einhergeht. Auf die Meiose folgt die Spermiogenese, in der das genetische Material in seine „Transportform“ überführt wird und aus einer stationären, zellverbundenen Einheit ein mobiles autark funktionierendes Vehikel des genetischen Materials wird; das Spermium. Um das Verständnis dieser Vorgänge zu erweitern wurden in dieser Arbeit die Verteilungsmuster einiger Proteine in der Kernhülle von Zellen der Spermatogenese, in Hinblick auf ihre dynamische Umverteilung untersucht. Bei diesen Proteinen handelte es sich um die SUN-Domänen Proteine und das meiosespezifische Lamin C2. Die SUN-Domänen Proteine sind Teil des membrandurchspannenden LINC-Komplexes, der Komponenten des Nukleoplasma mit denen des Cytoplasma verbindet. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die SUN-Domänen Proteine, Sun1 und Sun2 während der Meiose exprimiert werden, und an den Anheftungsplatten meiotischer Chromosomen lokalisieren und deren dynamisches Verteilungsmuster dem Verteilungsmuster der Telomere während der Prophase I der Meiose entsprechen. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Sun1 und Sun2 eine tragende Rolle, während der koordinierten Bewegungsprozessen der Prophase I der Meiose spielen. In der Spermiogenese sind die SUN-Domänen Proteine, Sun1 und Sun3 vertreten. Dabei weist deren unterschiedliche Lokalisation an entgegengesetzten Zellpolen darauf hin, dass Sun1 und Sun3 möglicherweise unterschiedliche Funktionen bei der Umgestaltung des Spermienkopfes während der Spermiogenese erfüllen. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit war die Etablierung einer Mauslinie um die Rolle von Lamin C2 in der Meiose untersuchen zu können. Hierzu wurde eine Lamin C2 Knock-out Studie begonnen. In ersten Untersuchungen der knock-out Tiere konnte eine Größenreduktion der Hoden beobachtet werden. Ebenso konnte ein Abbruch der Meiose vermerkt werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit verdeutlichen, dass sowohl die SUN-Domänen Proteine, als auch Lamin C2, wichtige Rollen in dem komplexen Arrangement der Spermatogenese übernehmen. N2 - During spermatogenesis amazing differentiation processes take place. Spermatogenesis is regulated by hormones and crosstalk between several cell types and the extra cellular matrix. It can be divided in three functional processes: The proliferation phase, meiosis and spermiogenesis. In the course of the proliferation phase spermatogonia become spermatocytes, which then pass through meiosis. During prophase I of meiosis the reduction and the recombination of the genetic material take place, involving characteristic and highly dynamic movements of meiotic telomeres. Meiosis is followed by spermiogenesis, where the genetic material is converted to its “transport form”, thereby turning a static, tissue associated cell into a mobile, self-sufficient vehicle of the genetic material; the sperm. To expand the knowledge of these processes, the localisation of some proteins of the nuclear envelope of spermatogenetic cells were examined in this work, in order to discover their dynamic distribution pattern. These proteins are the SUN-domain proteins and the meiosis specific lamin C2. The SUN-domain proteins are part of the transmembrane LINC-complex, which connects nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic components. This work shows, that the SUN-domain proteins Sun1 and Sun2 are expressed during meiosis, that they are located at the attachment sites of the meiotic telomeres, and that their localisation parallels the dynamic movements of the telomeres, which take place in meiotic prophase I. These results indicate that Sun1 and Sun2 play a major role in the coordinated telomere movements during prophase I of meiosis. This work furthermore shows the specific expression of Sun1 and Sun3 during spermiogenesis. Their localisation at opposite poles of the spermatid head indicates discrete functions during the transformation of the sperm head, which takes place in this phase of spermatogenesis. Another focus of this work was the establishment of a lamin C2 knock out mouse line to analyse the role of lamin C2 in meiosis. Analysis of the knock out animals showed a reduction of testis-size in comparison to wild-type mice. Additionaly meiosis was aborted in lamin C2 deficient mice. In summary these results make evident, that the SUN-domain proteins, as well as the meiosis specific lamin C2 play an important role in the complex arrangements of spermiogenesis. KW - Meiose KW - Spermatogenese KW - Kernproteine KW - meiosis KW - spermatogenesis KW - nucleus Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31203 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geisinger, Adriana A1 - Rodríguez-Casuriaga, Rosana A1 - Benavente, Ricardo T1 - Transcriptomics of Meiosis in the Male Mouse JF - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology N2 - Molecular studies of meiosis in mammals have been long relegated due to some intrinsic obstacles, namely the impossibility to reproduce the process in vitro, and the difficulty to obtain highly pure isolated cells of the different meiotic stages. In the recent years, some technical advances, from the improvement of flow cytometry sorting protocols to single-cell RNAseq, are enabling to profile the transcriptome and its fluctuations along the meiotic process. In this mini-review we will outline the diverse methodological approaches that have been employed, and some of the main findings that have started to arise from these studies. As for practical reasons most studies have been carried out in males, and mostly using mouse as a model, our focus will be on murine male meiosis, although also including specific comments about humans. Particularly, we will center on the controversy about gene expression during early meiotic prophase; the widespread existing gap between transcription and translation in meiotic cells; the expression patterns and potential roles of meiotic long non-coding RNAs; and the visualization of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation from the RNAseq perspective. KW - meiosis KW - transcriptomics KW - RNAseq KW - meiotic prophase KW - spermatogenesis KW - lncRNAs KW - MSCI KW - spermatogenic cell sorting Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231032 SN - 2296-634X VL - 9 ER -