TY - CHAP A1 - Högger, Petra A1 - Xiao, Jianbo T1 - Abstracts of the International Symposium on Phytochemicals in Medicine and Food N2 - The International Symposium on Phytochemicals in Medicine and Food (ISPMF2015), organized by the Phytochemical Society of Europe (PSE) and the Phytochemical Society of Asia (PSA), was held June 26-29, 2015, in Shanghai of China. This was the first time that a PSE meeting has been held in Asia and a PSE-PSA joint symposium provided an opportunity for communication between scientists from Europe and Asia and other continents. ISPMF2015 has been jointly sponsored by Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Guizhou Medical University, Shanghai Normal University, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Beijing Normal University, and Fudan University. More than 270 scientists from 48 countries attended this meeting and presented their research and opinions on phytochemistry, phytomedicine and phytoneering. The international organizing committee and scientific advisory board of ISPMF 2015 comprised of outstanding scientists from around the globe. Dr. Jianbo Xiao was the chairman of the International Organizing Committee of ISPMF2015 and moderated the open address on June 26. The organizing committee of ISPMF2015 assembled an exciting and diverse program, featuring 16 sessions including 12 plenary lectures, 20 invited talks, 55 short oral presentations, and more than 130 posters, which were dedicated to creating a podium for exchanging the latest research results in the phytochemicals for food and human health. KW - phytoneering KW - phytomedicine KW - nutrition KW - food KW - medicine KW - phytochemistry KW - ISPMF Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121585 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grund-Mueller, Nils A1 - Ruedenauer, Fabian A. A1 - Spaethe, Johannes A1 - Leonhardt, Sara D. T1 - Adding amino acids to a sucrose diet is not sufficient to support longevity of adult bumble bees JF - Insects N2 - Dietary macro-nutrients (i.e., carbohydrates, protein, and fat) are important for bee larval development and, thus, colony health and fitness. To which extent different diets (varying in macro-nutrient composition) affect adult bees and whether they can thrive on nectar as the sole amino acid source has, however, been little investigated. We investigated how diets varying in protein concentration and overall nutrient composition affected consumption, longevity, and breeding behavior of the buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Queenless micro-colonies were fed either natural nutrient sources (pollen), nearly pure protein (i.e., the milk protein casein), or sucrose solutions with low and with high essential amino acid content in concentrations as can be found in nectar. We observed micro-colonies for 110 days. We found that longevity was highest for pure pollen and lowest for pure sucrose solution and sucrose solution supplemented with amino acids in concentrations as found in the nectar of several plant species. Adding higher concentrations of amino acids to sucrose solution did only slightly increase longevity compared to sucrose alone. Consequently, sucrose solution with the applied concentrations and proportions of amino acids or other protein sources (e.g., casein) alone did not meet the nutritional needs of healthy adult bumble bees. In fact, longevity was highest and reproduction only successful in micro-colonies fed pollen. These results indicate that, in addition to carbohydrates and protein, adult bumble bees, like larvae, need further nutrients (e.g., lipids and micro-nutrients) for their well-being. An appropriate nutritional composition seemed to be best provided by floral pollen, suggesting that pollen is an essential dietary component not only for larvae but also for adult bees. KW - nutrition KW - nutrients KW - foraging KW - pollen KW - resources KW - adult bees Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203866 SN - 2075-4450 VL - 11 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Menger, Johannes A1 - Lee, Zheng-Yii A1 - Notz, Quirin A1 - Wallqvist, Julia A1 - Hasan, M. Shahnaz A1 - Elke, Gunnar A1 - Dworschak, Martin A1 - Meybohm, Patrick A1 - Heyland, Daren K. A1 - Stoppe, Christian T1 - Administration of vitamin D and its metabolites in critically ill adult patients: an updated systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials JF - Critical Care N2 - Background The clinical significance of vitamin D administration in critically ill patients remains inconclusive. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of vitamin D and its metabolites on major clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, including a subgroup analysis based on vitamin D status and route of vitamin D administration. Methods Major databases were searched through February 9, 2022. Randomized controlled trials of adult critically ill patients with an intervention group receiving vitamin D or its metabolites were included. Random-effect meta-analyses were performed to estimate the pooled risk ratio (dichotomized outcomes) or mean difference (continuous outcomes). Risk of bias assessment included the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. Results Sixteen randomized clinical trials with 2449 patients were included. Vitamin D administration was associated with lower overall mortality (16 studies: risk ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.62–0.97, p = 0.03; I2 = 30%), reduced intensive care unit length of stay (12 studies: mean difference − 3.13 days, 95% CI − 5.36 to − 0.89, n = 1250, p = 0.006; I2 = 70%), and shorter duration of mechanical ventilation (9 studies: mean difference − 5.07 days, 95% CI − 7.42 to − 2.73, n = 572, p < 0.0001; I2 = 54%). Parenteral administration was associated with a greater effect on overall mortality than enteral administration (test of subgroup differences, p = 0.04), whereas studies of parenteral subgroups had lower quality. There were no subgroup differences based on baseline vitamin D levels. Conclusions Vitamin D supplementation in critically ill patients may reduce mortality. Parenteral administration might be associated with a greater impact on mortality. Heterogeneity and assessed certainty among the studies limits the generalizability of the results. KW - critically ill KW - vitamin D KW - nutrition KW - meta-analysis KW - mortality KW - mechanical ventilator weaning Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-299700 VL - 26 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruedenauer, Fabian A. A1 - Raubenheimer, David A1 - Kessner-Beierlein, Daniela A1 - Grund-Mueller, Nils A1 - Noack, Lisa A1 - Spaethe, Johannes A1 - Leonhardt, Sara D. T1 - Best be(e) on low fat: linking nutrient perception, regulation and fitness JF - Ecology Letters N2 - Preventing malnutrition through consuming nutritionally appropriate resources represents a challenge for foraging animals. This is due to often high variation in the nutritional quality of available resources. Foragers consequently need to evaluate different food sources. However, even the same food source can provide a plethora of nutritional and non‐nutritional cues, which could serve for quality assessment. We show that bumblebees, Bombus terrestris , overcome this challenge by relying on lipids as nutritional cue when selecting pollen. The bees ‘prioritised’ lipid perception in learning experiments and avoided lipid consumption in feeding experiments, which supported survival and reproduction. In contrast, survival and reproduction were severely reduced by increased lipid contents. Our study highlights the importance of fat regulation for pollen foraging bumblebees. It also reveals that nutrient perception, nutrient regulation and reproductive fitness can be linked, which represents an effective strategy enabling quick foraging decisions that prevent malnutrition and maximise fitness. KW - bee decline KW - foraging KW - nutrition KW - plant-insect interactions KW - pollen quality KW - PER KW - resource use Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208709 VL - 23 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sprenger, Philipp P. A1 - Müsse, Christian A1 - Hartke, Juliane A1 - Feldmeyer, Barbara A1 - Schmitt, Thomas A1 - Gebauer, Gerhard A1 - Menzel, Florian T1 - Dinner with the roommates: trophic niche differentiation and competition in a mutualistic ant‐ant association JF - Ecological Entomology N2 - 1. The potential for competition is highest among species in close association. Despite net benefits for both parties, mutualisms can involve costs, including food competition. This might be true for the two neotropical ants Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior, which share the same nest in a presumably mutualistic association (parabiosis). 2. While each nest involves one Crematogaster and one Camponotus partner, both taxa were recently found to comprise two cryptic species that show no partner preferences and seem ecologically similar. Since these cryptic species often occur in close sympatry, they might need to partition their niches to avoid competitive exclusion. 3. Here, we investigated first, is there interference competition between parabiotic Camponotus and Crematogaster, and do they prefer different food sources under competition? And second, is there trophic niche partitioning between the cryptic species of either genus? 4. Using cafeteria experiments, neutral lipid fatty acid and stable isotope analyses, we found evidence for interference competition, but also trophic niche partitioning between Camponotus and Crematogaster. Both preferred protein‐ and carbohydrate‐rich baits, but at protein‐rich baits Ca. femoratus displaced Cr. levior over time, suggesting a potential discovery‐dominance trade‐off between parabiotic partners. Only limited evidence was found for trophic differentiation between the cryptic species of each genus. 5. Although we cannot exclude differentiation in other niche dimensions, we argue that neutral dynamics might mediate the coexistence of cryptic species. This model system is highly suitable for further studies of the maintenance of species diversity and the role of mutualisms in promoting species coexistence. KW - Cryptic species KW - Formicidae KW - neutral theory KW - niche partitioning KW - nutrition KW - parabiosis KW - species coexistence mechanism KW - trade‐offs Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228215 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 562 EP - 572 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trinkl, Moritz A1 - Kaluza, Benjamin F. A1 - Wallace, Helen A1 - Heard, Tim A. A1 - Keller, Alexander A1 - Leonhardt, Sara D. T1 - Floral Species Richness Correlates with Changes in the Nutritional Quality of Larval Diets in a Stingless Bee JF - Insects N2 - Bees need food of appropriate nutritional quality to maintain their metabolic functions. They largely obtain all required nutrients from floral resources, i.e., pollen and nectar. However, the diversity, composition and nutritional quality of floral resources varies with the surrounding environment and can be strongly altered in human-impacted habitats. We investigated whether differences in plant species richness as found in the surrounding environment correlated with variation in the floral diversity and nutritional quality of larval provisions (i.e., mixtures of pollen, nectar and salivary secretions) composed by the mass-provisioning stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria (Apidae: Meliponini). We found that the floral diversity of larval provisions increased with increasing plant species richness. The sucrose and fat (total fatty acid) content and the proportion and concentration of the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid decreased, whereas the proportion of the omega-3 fatty acid linolenic acid increased with increasing plant species richness. Protein (total amino acid) content and amino acid composition did not change. The protein to fat (P:F) ratio, known to affect bee foraging, increased on average by more than 40% from plantations to forests and gardens, while the omega-6:3 ratio, known to negatively affect cognitive performance, decreased with increasing plant species richness. Our results suggest that plant species richness may support T. carbonaria colonies by providing not only a continuous resource supply (as shown in a previous study), but also floral resources of high nutritional quality. KW - floral resources KW - plant-insect interactions KW - nutrition KW - biodiversity KW - bee decline Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200605 SN - 2075-4450 VL - 11 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schilcher, Felix A1 - Hilsmann, Lioba A1 - Ankenbrand, Markus J. A1 - Krischke, Markus A1 - Mueller, Martin J. A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf A1 - Scheiner, Ricarda T1 - Honeybees are buffered against undernourishment during larval stages JF - Frontiers in Insect Science N2 - The negative impact of juvenile undernourishment on adult behavior has been well reported for vertebrates, but relatively little is known about invertebrates. In honeybees, nutrition has long been known to affect task performance and timing of behavioral transitions. Whether and how a dietary restriction during larval development affects the task performance of adult honeybees is largely unknown. We raised honeybees in-vitro, varying the amount of a standardized diet (150 µl, 160 µl, 180 µl in total). Emerging adults were marked and inserted into established colonies. Behavioral performance of nurse bees and foragers was investigated and physiological factors known to be involved in the regulation of social organization were quantified. Surprisingly, adult honeybees raised under different feeding regimes did not differ in any of the behaviors observed. No differences were observed in physiological parameters apart from weight. Honeybees were lighter when undernourished (150 µl), while they were heavier under the overfed treatment (180 µl) compared to the control group raised under a normal diet (160 µl). These data suggest that dietary restrictions during larval development do not affect task performance or physiology in this social insect despite producing clear effects on adult weight. We speculate that possible effects of larval undernourishment might be compensated during the early period of adult life. KW - nutrition KW - juvenile hormone KW - nurse bees KW - foragers KW - triglycerides KW - undernourishment KW - task allocation Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304646 SN - 2673-8600 VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schreier, Peter A1 - Binns, Colin A1 - Högger, Petra A1 - Wu, Dayong T1 - It began with citrus N2 - First Editorial of Open Access Journal "Nutrition and Medicine (NUME)" published by Würzburg University Press: http://nume.de KW - Ernährung KW - Medizin KW - Citrus KW - Geschichte KW - nutrition KW - medicine KW - citrus KW - history Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74918 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steijven, Karin A1 - Spaethe, Johannes A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf A1 - Härtel, Stephan T1 - Learning performance and brain structure of artificially-reared honey bees fed with different quantities of food JF - PeerJ N2 - Background Artificial rearing of honey bee larvae is an established method which enables to fully standardize the rearing environment and to manipulate the supplied diet to the brood. However, there are no studies which compare learning performance or neuroanatomic differences of artificially-reared (in-lab) bees in comparison with their in-hive reared counterparts. Methods Here we tested how different quantities of food during larval development affect body size, brain morphology and learning ability of adult honey bees. We used in-lab rearing to be able to manipulate the total quantity of food consumed during larval development. After hatching, a subset of the bees was taken for which we made 3D reconstructions of the brains using confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Learning ability and memory formation of the remaining bees was tested in a differential olfactory conditioning experiment. Finally, we evaluated how bees reared with different quantities of artificial diet compared to in-hive reared bees. Results Thorax and head size of in-lab reared honey bees, when fed the standard diet of 160 µl or less, were slightly smaller than hive bees. The brain structure analyses showed that artificially reared bees had smaller mushroom body (MB) lateral calyces than their in-hive counterparts, independently of the quantity of food they received. However, they showed the same total brain size and the same associative learning ability as in-hive reared bees. In terms of mid-term memory, but not early long-term memory, they performed even better than the in-hive control. Discussion We have demonstrated that bees that are reared artificially (according to the Aupinel protocol) and kept in lab-conditions perform the same or even better than their in-hive sisters in an olfactory conditioning experiment even though their lateral calyces were consistently smaller at emergence. The applied combination of experimental manipulation during the larval phase plus subsequent behavioral and neuro-anatomic analyses is a powerful tool for basic and applied honey bee research. KW - nutrition KW - cognition KW - neuroanatomy KW - differential olfactory conditioning KW - mushroom bodies KW - proboscis extension reflex KW - confocal laser scanning microscopy KW - Apis mellifera KW - brain development KW - morphometry Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170137 VL - 5 IS - e3858 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Truswell, Arthur Stewart T1 - Medical history of obesity N2 - This paper contains the following sections, in approximate chronological order: Early years, Scientific research on energy metabolism, Clinical teaching, Evidence on health risks, Slow recognition of obesity in diabetes, Depression and war, some Obesity research continued in the 1950s and 1960s, New approaches to management, a Universal standard weight for height, Luxuskonsumption, Calories (incompletely) replaced by Joules, Food intakes of obese people, Genetics, unexpected Surge of obesity from 1980, Diabetes, Scarcity of effective, safe drugs for obesity, Leptin and Ghrelin stimulate basic research, Why has the obesity epidemic happened? What is the best weight-reducing diet? Bariatric surgery KW - Fettsucht KW - Ernährung KW - Diät KW - Stoffwechsel KW - Geschichte KW - obesity KW - nutrition KW - dieting KW - energy metabolism KW - Medical history KW - Obesity history KW - Diabetes history Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78910 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rüdenauer, Fabian T1 - Nutrition facts of pollen: nutritional quality and how it affects reception and perception in bees T1 - Nährwertinformationen von Pollen: Nährstoffzusammensetzung und wie diese sich auf Rezeption und Perzeption von Bienen auswirkt N2 - Nutrients belong to the key elements enabling life and influencing an organism’s fitness. The intake of nutrients in the right amounts and ratios can increase fitness; strong deviations from the optimal intake target can decrease fitness. Hence, the ability to assess the nutritional profile of food would benefit animals. To achieve this, they need the according nutrient receptors, the ability to interpret the receptor information via perceptive mechanisms, and the ability to adjust their foraging behavior accordingly. Additionally, eventually existing correlations between the nutrient groups and single nutrient compounds in food could help them to achieve this adjustment. A prominent interaction between food and consumer is the interaction between flowering plants (angiosperms) and animal pollinators. Usually both of the interacting partners benefit from this mutualistic interaction. Plants are pollinated while pollinators get a (most of the times) nutritional reward in form of nectar and/or pollen. As similar interactions between plants and animals seem to have existed even before the emergence of angiosperms, these interactions between insects and angiosperms very likely have co-evolved right from their evolutionary origin. Therefore, insect pollinators with the ability to assess the nutritional profile may have shaped the nutritional profile of plant species depending on them for their reproduction via selection pressure. In Chapter I of this thesis the pollen nutritional profile of many plant species was analyzed in the context of their phylogeny and their dependence on insect pollinators. In addition, correlations between the nutrients were investigated. While the impact of phylogeny on the pollen protein content was little, the mutual outcome of both of the studies included in this chapter is that protein content of pollen is mostly influenced by the plant’s dependence on insect pollinators. Several correlations found between nutrients within and between the nutrient groups could additionally help the pollinators to assess the nutrient profile of pollen. An important prerequisite for this assessment would be that the pollinators are able to differentiate between pollen of different plant species. Therefore, in Chapter II it was investigated whether bees have this ability. Specifically, it was investigated whether honeybees are able to differentiate between pollen of two different, but closely related plant species and whether bumblebees prefer one out of three pollen mixes, when they were fed with only one of them as larvae. Honeybees indeed were able to differentiate between the pollen species and bumblebees preferred one of the pollen mixes to the pollen mix they were fed as larvae, possibly due to its nutritional content. Therefore, the basis for pollen nutrient assessment is given in bees. However, there also was a slight preference for the pollen fed as larvae compared to another non-preferred pollen mix, at least hinting at the retention of larval memory in adult bumblebees. Chapter III looks into nutrient perception of bumblebees more in detail. Here it was shown that they are principally able to perceive amino acids and differentiate between them as well as different concentrations of the same amino acid. However, they do not seem to be able to assess the amino acid content in pollen or do not focus on it, but instead seem to focus on fatty acids, for which they could not only perceive concentration differences, but also were able to differentiate between. These findings were supported by feeding experiments in which the bumblebees did not prefer any of the pollen diets containing less or more amino acids but preferred pollen with less fatty acids. In no choice feeding experiments, bumblebees receiving a diet with high fatty acid content accepted undereating other nutrients instead of overeating fat, leading to increased mortality and the inability to reproduce. Hence, the importance of fat in pollen needs to be looked into further. In conclusion, this thesis shows that the co-evolution of flowering plants and pollinating insects could be even more pronounced than thought before. Insects do not only pressure the plants to produce high quality nectar, but also pressure those plants depending on insect pollination to produce high quality pollen. The reason could be the insects’ ability to receive and perceive certain nutrients, which enables them to forage selectively leading to a higher reproductive success of plants with a pollinator-suitable nutritional pollen profile. N2 - Nährstoffe gehören zu den zentralen Elementen, die das Leben an sich ermöglichen und die Fitness eines Organismus beeinflussen können. Nährstoffaufnahme in den richtigen Mengen und Verhältnissen kann die Fitness verbessern, starke Abweichungen von der optimalen Aufnahme können sie verschlechtern. Deshalb könnten Tiere von der Fähigkeit profitieren das Nährstoffprofil von Nahrung bewerten zu können. Dafür benötigten sie jedoch die passenden Nährstoffrezeptoren, die Fähigkeit die Rezeptorinformationen durch perzeptive Mechanismen zu interpretieren und ihr Sammelverhalten daran anzupassen. Eine zusätzliche Hilfe dabei könnten Korrelationen zwischen sowohl den Nährstoffgruppen als auch einzelnen Nährstoffen bieten. Eine bekannte Interaktion zwischen Nahrung und Konsument ist die zwischen Blühpflanzen (Angiospermen) und tierischen Bestäubern. Normalerweise profitieren beide Interaktionspartner von dieser mutualistischen Interaktion. Pflanzen werden bestäubt, während die Bestäuber eine (zumeist) nahrhafte Belohnung in Form von Nektar und/oder Pollen erhalten. Da ähnliche Interaktionen zwischen Pflanzen und Tieren vermutlich schon vor dem Auftreten der Angiospermen existierten, könnte sich diese Interaktion, im Speziellen mit Insekten, direkt vom evolutiven Startpunkt der Angiospermen aus koevolviert haben. Deshalb ist es möglich, dass Bestäuber mit der Fähigkeit das Nährstoffprofil von Pollen bewerten zu können, dieses bei von ihnen abhängigen Pflanzen durch Selektionsdruck formen konnten. Im Kapitel I dieser Thesis wurde das Nährstoffprofil von Pollen vieler Pflanzenarten im Kontext ihrer Phylogenie und ihrer Abhängigkeit von Insekten als Bestäubern analysiert. Außerdem wurden Korrelationen zwischen den Nährstoffen untersucht. Während die Phylogenie nur einen geringen Einfluss auf den Proteingehalt von Pollen haben könnte, ist der gemeinsame Nenner der beiden Studien in diesem Kapitel, dass der Proteingehalt des Pollens hauptsächlich von der Abhängigkeit der Pflanzen von Bestäubern bestimmt wird. Es wurden zudem einige Korrelationen sowohl in als auch zwischen den Nährstoffgruppen gefunden, die den Bestäubern helfen könnten das Nährstoffprofil von Pollen bewerten zu können. Eine wichtige Grundvoraussetzung für diese Bewertung wäre, dass die Bestäuber überhaupt dazu in der Lage sind zwischen Pollen von unterschiedlichen Pflanzenarten zu unterscheiden. Dies wird in Kapitel II behandelt, in dem untersucht wurde ob Honigbienen in der Lage sind zwischen Pollen zweier nah verwandter Pflanzenarten zu unterscheiden und ob Hummeln eine von drei Pollenmischungen bevorzugen, wenn sie nur mit einer davon als Larve in Kontakt kamen. Honigbienen war es tatsächlich möglich zwischen den Pollenarten zu unterscheiden und Hummeln bevorzugten eine bestimmte Pollenmischung gegenüber der, die sie als Larve erhalten hatten, möglicherweise aufgrund eines vorteilhaften Nährstoffprofils. Die Grundlage zur Nährstoffbewertung scheint bei Bienen also gegeben zu sein. Allerdings hatten die Hummeln auch eine leichte Präferenz für die Pollenmischung, die sie als Larve erhalten hatten gegenüber der dritten, nicht bevorzugten Pollenmischung, was zumindest darauf hindeuten könnte, dass Larvenerinnerungen bei erwachsenen Hummeln erhalten bleiben könnten. Kapitel III beschäftigt sich tiefergehend mit der Nährstoffwahrnehmung von Hummeln. Es wurde gezeigt, dass diese prinzipiell befähigt sind Aminosäuren wahrzunehmen als auch zwischen ihnen und verschiedenen Konzentrationen der gleichen Aminosäure zu unterscheiden. Allerdings scheinen sie entweder nicht in der Lage zu sein oder sich zumindest nicht darauf zu fokussieren den Aminosäuregehalt von Pollen zu bewerten, sondern sich eher auf Fettsäuren zu konzentrieren. Von diesen konnten sie nicht nur Konzentrationsunterschiede feststellen, sondern auch zwischen verschiedenen Fettsäuren im Pollen unterscheiden. Diese Ergebnisse wurden von denen in Fütterungsexperimenten gestützt, in denen die Hummeln gleiche Mengen von Pollen mit mehr oder weniger Aminosäuren aufnahmen, aber Pollen mit weniger Fettsäuren bevorzugten. In Experimenten, in denen die Hummeln keine Wahl hatten, nahmen die Hummeln mit einer Diät, die eine hohe Fettsäurekonzentration hatte, lieber in Kauf, dass sie zu wenig von den anderen Nährstoffen aufnahmen, als zu viel Fett, was zu einer erhöhten Mortalitätsrate und der Unfähigkeit sich zu reproduzieren führte. Deshalb sollten zukünftige Studien sich eingehender mit dem Fettsäuregehalt von Pollen beschäftigen. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Thesis, dass die Koevolution von Pflanzen und bestäubenden Insekten ausgeprägter sein könnte, als bisher angenommen. Insekten setzen die Pflanzen nicht nur unter Druck qualitativ hochwertigen Nektar zu produzieren, sondern setzen vor allem auch die Pflanzen unter Druck, die von ihrer Bestäubung abhängig sind, qualitativ hochwertigen Pollen zu produzieren. Der Grund dafür könnte die Fähigkeit der Insekten sein, bestimmte Nährstoffe zu rezipieren und perzipieren und dann ihr Sammelverhalten so anzupassen, dass Pflanzen mit einem passenden Nährstoffprofil einen höheren Reproduktionserfolg haben. KW - Pollen KW - bumblebee*s KW - nutrients KW - nutrition KW - pollen KW - reception KW - perception KW - proboscis extension response KW - honeybee*s Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212548 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jacka, Felice N. T1 - Nutritional Psychiatry: Inaugural Meeting in Tokyo N2 - Welcome to the inaugural meeting of the International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research (ISNPR). It is a great pleasure to have the opportunity to join with colleagues working in this new and exciting field of research. Although there has long been interest in the links between nutritional deficiencies and psychiatric illness, as well as interest in the role of food allergies in such illnesses, the last five years has seen a significant and notable growth in this nascent field of research, with an accompanying impact on the viewpoints and practices of scientists and clinicians working in mental health. In my particular field of interest – that of the role of overall dietary quality in the common mental disorders, depression and anxiety - there has been an exponential growth in the literature since the end of 2009. It is exciting and gratifying to see concordant results from across the globe, in young children and adolescents through to older adults, and from countries as diverse as Norway and Taiwan. The study of the efficacy of nutritional interventions in psychiatric illness is also developing rapidly, with high quality randomised controlled trials now being conducted in multiple settings and with outcomes that include cognition as well as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. Another important development in this field is the rapidly growing recognition that nutrition is of central importance in the risk for cognitive decline and dementia. As this new recognition filters through to clinical researchers, I look forward to seeing new interventions in this area. Another area of research with significant interest and activity grows from the understanding of the centrality of physical health to mental health and vice versa. There are many nutrition researchers, dietitians and other health practitioners working to address the physical health of patients with mental illness; acting on the recognition that physical and mental health are closely related and mutually reinforcing. There is no doubt that the formation of an international society is timely; we now have the opportunity to join forces to share knowledge and build important collaborations. Building capacity in this field by sharing our knowledge with students and early career researchers will be another important activity of our society, as will building the credibility of nutritional psychiatry research through a clear understanding and implementation of best practice scientific methodology. I welcome each of you to extend the invitation to join our new ISNPR to colleagues and students in your networks. I would also encourage you to contribute to the discussions and sharing of knowledge by contributing short pieces to our newsletter, which will be disseminated by the end of this year. For those who are unable to attend this year’s meeting, we hope that 2014 may present a possibility for attendance. Our aim is conduct our first Annual General Meeting before the end of July 2013 via teleconference and I welcome agenda items from those interested. With very best wishes Felice Jacka President ISNPR KW - diet KW - nutrition KW - depression KW - PUFA KW - omega-3 fatty acids KW - Omega-3-Fettsäuren KW - Ernährung KW - Depression KW - fatty acid metabolism KW - micronutrients KW - psychiatric illness Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-101072 ER - TY - THES A1 - Emmert, Wulf-Kristian T1 - Rachitis-ähnliche Symptome bei nigerianischen Kindern aus der Ethnie der Gbagyi in der südwestlichen Region Kadunas: Identifizierung des biochemischen Defekts, Sammeln von epidemiologischen Daten und Beschreibung des klinischen Bildes T1 - Rickets-like symptoms in nigerian children from the Gbagyi tribe in the southwestern region of Kaduna: identifying the biochemical defect, collecting epidemiological data and description of the clinical picture N2 - Zielsetzung: In einer Population im Westen der nigerianischen Stadt Kaduna wurden seit 20-30 Jahren vermehrt Kinder mit einer deformierenden Knochenerkrankung registriert. Ziel der Studie war, eine Diagnose zu stellen und Risikofaktoren für die Erkrankung zu identifizieren. Studiendesign: 26 Familien aus 20 Dörfern wurden in die Studie einbezogen. In einer nicht-randomisierten Fall-Kontroll-Studie wurden 53 erkrankte Kinder mit 48 gesunden sowie 16 fraglich erkrankten Geschwistern anhand ihrer Ergebnisse aus Anamnese, klinischer Untersuchung und Laborchemie miteinander verglichen. Ebenfalls wurden Daten von 24 Vätern und 36 Müttern ausgewertet. Weitere Untersuchungen umfassten Ernährung, Anthropometrie, Umweltfaktoren und Genetik der teilnehmenden Familien. Ergebnisse: Die betroffenen Kinder wiesen deutliche Rachitissymptome auf, bei allen lag eine Kalzium-defiziente Rachitis vor. Zwischen den Laborergebnissen von Fall- und Kontrollgruppe bestanden signifikante Unterschiede, nicht jedoch zwischen der Gruppe der fraglichen Fälle und der Kontrollgruppe. In der Fallgruppe waren die Serumspiegel von Kalzium und 25-Vit. D signifikant niedriger, die Serumspiegel von 1,25-Vit. D, ALP und PTH signifikant höher als in der Kontrollgruppe. Bei den Eltern zeigten die Mütter insbesondere in der Stillzeit signifikant niedrigere Kalzium- und signifikant höhere 1,25- Vit. D- und PTH-Serumspiegel als die Väter. Als Ursache für den Kalziummangel der Studienteilnehmer konnte eine kalziumarme und phytatreiche Diät der Familien identifiziert werden. Hinweise auf einen gesunkenen Lebensstandard und eine Abnahme der Bodenqualität erklären die in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark gestiegene Prävalenz der Erkrankung. Bei weitgehend gleichen Ernährungs- und Umweltfaktoren innerhalb einer Familie konnten keine individuellen Faktoren identifiziert werden, die bei einzelnen Familienmitgliedern zum Ausbruch der Erkrankung führten. Trotz einzelner Hinweise auf eine mögliche genetische Prädisposition war kein einheitliches Vererbungsmuster in den Stammbäumen der Familien erkennbar. Schlussfolgerung: Neben dem Hauptfaktor einer kalziumarmen Ernährung müssen weitere Faktoren für eine Kalzium-defiziente Rachitis vorliegen. Mehrere Hinweise deuten auf eine multifaktorielle Genese der Erkrankung hin. Die noch offenstehenden Fragen sollten durch weitere Studien geklärt werden, um die richtigen Maßnahmen für Prävention und Therapie zu treffen. N2 - OBJECTIVES: In the last 20-30 years, an increasing number of children with deformed bones have been registered in a region west of the city Kaduna in Nigeria. The aim of the study is to find a diagnosis and identify risk factors. METHODS: Twenty-six families from 20 villages participated in our non-randomised case-controlled study. Fifty-three affected children were compared with 48 healthy siblings. Additional to the latter group, 16 other individuals were also included, whose health status was questionable. Data from their anamnesis, clinical examination and laboratory determinations were collected. The laboratory results from 24 fathers and 36 mothers were also analysed. Further investigations included the nutrition, anthropology, genetics and environmental factors of participating families. RESULTS: Affected children showed clear clinical signs of rickets, the calcium-deficient form being common to all. While cases and controls showed significant differences in their laboratory results, questionable cases showed no difference compared to their healthy siblings. Compared to controls, cases had significantly lower serum levels of 25-OH-Vitamin D (p < 0,001), calcium (p < 0,001) and phosphate (p = 0,001), but significantly higher serum levels of 1,25-OH-Vitamin D (p = 0,007), alkaline phosphatase (p < 0,001) and parathyroid hormone (p < 0,001). Mothers had significantly lower serum levels of calcium (p = 0,016), but significantly higher levels of 1,25-OH-Vitamin D (p = 0,001) and parathyroid hormone (p = 0,001) than fathers. Breastfeeding mothers had significantly higher serum levels of 1,25-OH-Vitamin D (p < 0,001) and alkaline phosphatase (p = 0,005) compared to non-breastfeeding mothers. A nutrition with low intakes of calcium and high intakes of phytates explains the lack of available calcium for the participants. Evidence for a decreased living standard and a deteriorated soil quality explains the rise in the prevalence of the disease. With widely similar nutrition and environmental factors within a family, no risk factors leading to the disease in single family members could be identified. Despite some hints for a possible genetic predisposition, the family trees of participating families showed no consistent inheritance pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Besides a calcium-deprived nutrition as a main factorcontributing to calcium deficiency rickets, our study shows that other factors are also involved. Here, information suggest a multifactorial genesis of the disease. Further studies are needed to clarify the outstanding questions and to implement improved measures for prevention and therapy. KW - Rachitis KW - Calcium KW - Rachitis KW - Calcium KW - Vitamin D KW - Parathormon KW - ALP KW - PTH KW - Mangel KW - Nigeria KW - Ernährung KW - Genetik KW - Kaduna KW - kalzium-defizient KW - rickets KW - calcium KW - calcium-deficiency KW - vitamin D KW - parathyroid hormone KW - alkaline phosphatase KW - Nigeria KW - nutrition KW - Kaduna Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48354 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Römer, Daniela A1 - Aguilar, Gonzalo Pacheco A1 - Meyer, Annika A1 - Roces, Flavio T1 - Symbiont demand guides resource supply: leaf-cutting ants preferentially deliver their harvested fragments to undernourished fungus gardens JF - The Science of Nature N2 - Leaf-cutting ants are highly successful herbivores in the Neotropics. They forage large amounts of fresh plant material to nourish a symbiotic fungus that sustains the colony. It is unknown how workers organize the intra-nest distribution of resources, and whether they respond to increasing demands in some fungus gardens by adjusting the amount of delivered resources accordingly. In laboratory experiments, we analyzed the spatial distribution of collected leaf fragments among nest chambers in Acromyrmex ambiguus leaf-cutting ants, and how it changed when one of the fungus gardens experienced undernourishment. Plant fragments were evenly distributed among nest chambers when the fungal symbiont was well nourished. That pattern changed when one of the fungus gardens was undernourished and had a higher leaf demand, resulting in more leaf discs delivered to the undernourished fungus garden over at least 2 days after deprivation. Some ants bypassed nourished gardens to directly deliver their resource to the chamber with higher nutritional demand. We hypothesize that cues arising from that chamber might be used for orientation and/or that informed individuals, presumably stemming from the undernourished chamber, may preferentially orient to them. KW - insect-fungus symbiosis KW - nutrition KW - pheromone trail KW - local cues KW - decision-making KW - decentralized control Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325080 VL - 109 IS - 3 ER - TY - THES A1 - Aulenbach, Julia T1 - T-Zell-Zytokinexpression bei gestillten vs. nicht-gestillten Kindern T1 - T-cell cytokine production in breastfed vs. formula-fed children N2 - Das Bestreben, den Aufbau, die Funktion sowie die Entwicklung des Immunsystems zu verstehen, steht schon lange Zeit im Zentrum des Interesses vieler Forschungsarbeiten, insbesondere um auf Grundlage der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse neue Behandlungsansätze für immunologisch relevante Krankheitsbilder zu entwickeln. Stillen könnte ein wichtiger Faktor sein, der bei der Entwicklung und Differenzierung von T-Zell-Subpopulationen und Zytokinmustern im Säuglings- und Kindesalter eine bedeutende Rolle spielt. Die Zielsetzung der hier vorgelegten Promotionsarbeit war es, den potentiellen Effekt des Faktors Stillen auf die Entwicklung, die Verteilung und die Differenzierung von Zell-populationen sowie die Expression von Zytokinen bei gesunden Kindern zu untersuchen. Dies geschah insbesondere im Hinblick auf einen möglicherweise vorhandenen Shift der relativen Verteilung der TH1- und TH2-Zytokinen, da in retrospektiven Kohortenstudien bereits gezeigt werden konnte, dass gestillte Kinder eine geringere Anfälligkeit gegenüber schwerwiegenden bakteriellen Infektionen (BACHRACH ET AL., 2003) sowie einer verminderten Inzidenz von Autoimmunerkrankungen (KOLETZKO ET AL., 1989; PISACANE ET AL., 1994) aufweisen. Die Studienkohorte bestand aus 196 gesunden Kindern im Alter zwischen 26 Tagen und 12 Jahren und 352 Tagen. Diese wurde in vier Altersgruppen unterteilt (<1, 1- <3, 3- <6 und 6-<13 Jahre) und mittels eines Fragebogens im Hinblick auf ein möglicherweise vorhandenes Bias bezüglich exogener Einflussfaktoren wie Impfungen, Nikotinexposition (FELESZKO ET AL., 2006) und allergische Erkrankungen in der Familie (HRDÝ ET AL., 2010), die in diesem Zusammenhang diskutiert werden, überprüft. Dabei zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unter-schiede zwischen den Gruppen. Alle immunologischen Parameter wurden in peripherem, heparinisiertem Blut ermittelt. Zunächst wurde mittels Durchflusszytometrie (FACS) eine Phänotypisierung, anhand von antikörpermarkierten Oberflächenantigenen der T-, B- und NK-Zellpopulationen („Immun-status“), durchgeführt. Des Weiteren wurden die mononuklearen Zellen des peripheren Blutes (PBMC) mittels PMA und Ionomycin stimuliert und die Zytokinsekretion durch Brefeldin blockiert. Durch FACS-Analyse wurde die nach 20-24 stündiger Anregung in der Kultur vorhandene intrazellulärer Zytokinexpression von IL2, IFNγ, TNFα, IL4, IL10, TGFβ und IL17 in den T-Zellpopulationen ermittelt. In einem zweiten Schritt wurde der Quotient aus IFNγ und IL4 berechnet, um das Verhältnis zwischen TH1 und TH2 zu analysieren. Das Datenmaterial zeigt die Entwicklung der T-Zell-Subpopulationen mit dem Alter. Junge Kinder zeigen eine durch regulatorische T-Zellen (Treg) bzw. TH0-Zellen vorherrschende TGFβ und IL2-Expression, während ältere Kinder das gesamte Repertoire an TH1 (IFNγ, TNFα) und TH2-Zytokinen (IL4), insbesondere durch T-Gedächtniszellen, exprimieren. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigten bereits zuvor beschriebene – vom Faktor Stillen unabhängige – altersabhängige Veränderungen der Zellpopulationen und der Zytokinexpression. Aus diesem Grund konnte von einer „normalen Verteilung“ der Studienkohorte ausgegangen werden. Zwischen gestillten und nicht-gestillten Kindern hat sich gezeigt, dass sich die Größe und das Verhältnis der übergeordneten Zellpopulationen (T-Helferzellen, zytotoxische T-Zellen) sowie die Reifung der T-Zellen (naive T-Zellen, T-Gedächtniszellen) bezogen auf das Alter nicht unterscheiden. Hingegen zeigt der Faktor Stillen in der Tat einen Einfluss auf die TH1/TH2-Balance. Bei gestillten Kindern lässt sich eine stärkere Gewichtung in Richtung der TH2-Zytokine feststellen (niedrigere IFNγ/IL4-Ratio), so dass davon auszugehen ist, dass Stillen einen so genannten TH2-Shift induziert. Dieses gegenüber nicht-gestillten Kindern „verschobene“ Gleichgewicht bleibt bis zur Altersgruppe der 6-13 Jährigen konstant. Gestillte Kinder haben zudem, im Vergleich zu Formula-ernährten Kindern, ein höheres Vermögen TH1-Zytokine wie TNFα und IFNγ zwischen dem dritten und sechsten Lebensjahr zu bilden. Diese Daten entsprechen nicht einem vorherrschenden TH2-Muster und einer Allergiedisposition, aber sie können die geringere Inzidenz von bakteriellen Infektionen im Vorschulalter (TH1-Antworten benötigt) und von TH1-vermittelten Autoimmunerkrankungen bei gestillten Kindern erklären. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse wird deutlich, dass Muttermilch einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf das Immunsystem hat. Insbesondere konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Einfluss der Muttermilchernährung über den eigentlichen Zeitraum des Stillens hinausreicht. Eine Prägung des Immunsystems durch die Muttermilch, während der frühen Kindheit, erscheint deshalb sehr wahrscheinlich. Diese Ergebnisse sollten selbstverständlich durch weiterreichende Studien, die eventuell vorhandene weitere Störgrößen wie genetische Prädispositionen oder auch Umwelttoxine einschließen, verifiziert werden. Zudem wäre es von Interesse welche in der Muttermilch enthaltene Stoffe zu diesem TH2-Shift beitragen oder ob es sich bei den Einflussfaktoren vielmehr um in der Muttermilch nicht enthaltene Stoffe handelt, die in Formula-Nahrung enthalten sind, wie zum Beispiel Kuhmilchantigene. Schlussendlich bleibt festzuhalten, dass Muttermilch erwiesene positive Vorteile mit sich bringt, wie geringere Infektionsraten (Atemwegsinfektionen, Otitis media) und eine Risiko-verminderung für bestimmte Erkrankungen (Diabetes mellitus Typ1, Morbus Crohn, Multiple Sklerose) im späteren Leben. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit können bestätigen, dass das Stillen mit Muttermilch tatsächlich einen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des individuellen Immunsystems hat, der auch nach dem Abstillen weiter anhält. Eine wichtige Rolle kann diese Erkenntnis bei der Beratung werdender Mütter spielen, gerade in Hinblick auf ein gegebenenfalls erhöhtes endogenes familiäres Risiko für beispielsweise Autoimmunerkrankungen. Folgearbeiten sind sicher wünschenswert, um den pathophysiologischen Hintergrund dieser beobachteten Daten besser zu verstehen. N2 - The aspiration to understand the construction, the function as well as the development of the immune system is for a long time in the centre of the interest of many research projects, in particular to develop new attempts of treatment for immunological relevant clinical pictures on basis of the won knowledge. Breast-feeding could be an important factor which plays an important role by the development and differentiation of T-cell subsets and cytokine profiles in infancy and childhood. The objective of the doctorate work presented here was to examine the potential effect of the factor breast-feeding for the development, the distribution and the differentiation of cell populations as well as the expression of cytokines with healthy children. This happened in particular in view of a possibly available Shift of the relative distribution of the TH1 and TH2 cytokines, because in retrospective cohort studies could be already demonstrated, that breastfed children show a lower susceptibility for serious bacterial infections (BACHRACH ET AL.,2003) as well as a decreased incidence of autoimmune illnesses (KOLETZKO ET AL.,1989; PISACANE ET AL.,1994). The study cohort existed of 196 healthy children at the age between 26 days and 12 years and 352 days. This was divided into four age groups (<1, 1-<3, 3-<6 and 6-<13 years) and by means of a questionnaire in view of a possibly available Bias with regard to exogenous factors of influence like vaccinations, nicotine exposition (FELESZKO ET AL.,2006) and allergic illnesses in the family (HRDÝ ET AL.,2010) which are discussed in this connection, checks. Besides, no significant differences appeared between the groups. All immunological parametres were determined in peripheral, heparinised blood. First a phenotype determination, on the basis of antibody-marked surface antigens of the T-, B- and NK-cell populations ("immune status"), was carried out by means of flow cytometry (FACS). Besides the mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood (PBMC) were stimulated by means of PMA and Ionomycin and the cytokine secretion was blocked by Brefeldin. By FACS analysis the cytokin expression of IL2, IFN γ, TNF α, IL4, IL10, TGF β and IL17 in the T-cell subpopulations was determined. In the second step the quotient from IFN γ and IL4 was calculated to analyse the relation between TH1 and TH2. The data material shows the development of the T-cell subsets with the age. Young children show one by regulatory T-cells (Treg) or TH0-cells prevailing TGF β and IL2 expression, while older children can produce the whole repertoire of TH1-(IFN γ, TNF α) and TH2-cytokines (IL4), in particular by memory T-cells. These results already confirmed before described – from the factor breast-feeding independent – changes of the cell populations and the cytokine production dependent on age. That's why could be gone out from a „normal distribution“ of the study cohort. Between breastfed and non-breastfed infants has appeared that the size and the relation of the higher cell populations (T-helper cells, zytotoxic T-cells) as well as the maturation of the T- cells (naive T-cells, memory T-cells) did refer to the age make no distinction. Indeed, however, breastfeeding shows an influence on the TH1/TH2-balance. Breastfed children show a stronger weighting in the direction of the TH2-Zytokine (lower IFN γ/IL4-Ratio), so that is to be assumed from the fact that breast-feeding induces a so-called TH2-Shift. These towards non-breastfed children "postponed" balance remains up to the age group of the 6-13 year-old steady. Besides, breastfed children have a higher ability, in comparison to Formula-fed children, to produce TH1-Zytokine like TNF α and IFN γ between the third and sixth year of life. These data do not correspond to a prevailing TH2 pattern and an allergy arrangement, but they can explain the lower incidence of bacterial infections in the pre-school age (TH1-answers needed) and from TH1-provided auto immune illnesses with breastfed children. On account of the results becomes clear that breastmilk has an important influence on the immune system. In particular it could be shown that the influence of breastmilk stretches beyond the real period of the breast-feeding. Therefore, an imprinting of the immune system by breastmilk, during the early childhood, seems very likely. These results should be verified of course by the handing on studies which enclose, perhaps, available other sturgeon dimensions like genetic prearrangements or also environmental toxins. Besides, it would be of interest which ingredients of breastmilk to this TH2-Shift contribute or whether it concerns with the factors of influence rather materials not contained in the mother's milk which are included in Formula food, as for example cow's milk antigens. Finally remains to stick that mother's milk brings proved positive advantages with itself, how lower infection rates (breath way infections, Otitis media) and a risk decrease for certain illnesses (diabetes mellitus Typ1, Morbus Crohn, multiple sclerosis) in the later life. The results of this work can confirm that the breast-feeding with mother's milk really has an influence on the development of the individual immune system. An important role can play this knowledge with the consultation of mothers, just in view of an endogenous informal risk raised if necessary for example auto immune illnesses. Subsequent works are surely desirable to understand the pathophysiological background of these observed data better. KW - Zytokine KW - cytokine KW - Muttermilch KW - Stillen KW - TH1 KW - TH2 KW - Shift KW - breastfeeding KW - infants KW - nutrition Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117775 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schreier, Peter A1 - Binns, Colin A1 - Wu, Dayong T1 - To surrender or to persevere? N2 - Second Editorial of Open Access Journal "Nutrition and Medicine (NUME)" published by Würzburg University Press: http://nume.de KW - Impact-Faktor KW - Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten KW - Ernährung KW - Medizin KW - nutrition KW - medicine Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-101096 ER -