TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Tobias A1 - Remer, Katharina A. A1 - Nahrendorf, Wiebke A1 - Masic, Anita A1 - Siewe, Lisa A1 - Müller, Werner A1 - Roers, Axel A1 - Moll, Heidrun T1 - T Cell-Derived IL-10 Determines Leishmaniasis Disease Outcome and Is Suppressed by a Dendritic Cell Based Vaccine JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - Abstract In the murine model of Leishmania major infection, resistance or susceptibility to the parasite has been associated with the development of a Th1 or Th2 type of immune response. Recently, however, the immunosuppressive effects of IL-10 have been ascribed a crucial role in the development of the different clinical correlates of Leishmania infection in humans. Since T cells and professional APC are important cellular sources of IL-10, we compared leishmaniasis disease progression in T cell-specific, macrophage/neutrophil-specific and complete IL-10-deficient C57BL/6 as well as T cell-specific and complete IL-10-deficient BALB/c mice. As early as two weeks after infection of these mice with L. major, T cell-specific and complete IL-10-deficient animals showed significantly increased lesion development accompanied by a markedly elevated secretion of IFN-γ or IFN-γ and IL-4 in the lymph nodes draining the lesions of the C57BL/6 or BALB/c mutants, respectively. In contrast, macrophage/neutrophil-specific IL-10-deficient C57BL/6 mice did not show any altered phenotype. During the further course of disease, the T cell-specific as well as the complete IL-10-deficient BALB/c mice were able to control the infection. Furthermore, a dendritic cell-based vaccination against leishmaniasis efficiently suppresses the early secretion of IL-10, thus contributing to the control of parasite spread. Taken together, IL-10 secretion by T cells has an influence on immune activation early after infection and is sufficient to render BALB/c mice susceptible to an uncontrolled Leishmania major infection. Author Summary The clinical symptoms caused by infections with Leishmania parasites range from self-healing cutaneous to uncontrolled visceral disease and depend not only on the parasite species but also on the type of the host's immune response. It is estimated that 350 million people worldwide are at risk, with a global incidence of 1–1.5 million cases of cutaneous and 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Murine leishmaniasis is the best-characterized model to elucidate the mechanisms underlying resistance or susceptibility to Leishmania major parasites in vivo. Using T cell-specific and macrophage-specific mutant mice, we demonstrate that abrogating the secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 by T cells is sufficient to render otherwise susceptible mice resistant to an infection with the pathogen. The healing phenotype is accompanied by an elevated specific inflammatory immune response very early after infection. We further show that dendritic cell-based vaccination against leishmaniasis suppresses the early secretion of IL-10 following challenge infection. Thus, our study unravels a molecular mechanism critical for host immune defense, aiding in the development of an effective vaccine against leishmaniasis. KW - cytokines KW - mouse models KW - T cells KW - lymph nodes KW - leishmania major KW - secretion KW - parasitic diseases KW - immune response Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130385 VL - 9 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Katz, Beverly Vanessa T1 - Rolle der gammadelta T-Zellen in der Immunantwort bei Patienten mit gastrointestinalen Tumoren T1 - Role of gammadelta T cells in the immune response in patients with gastrointestinal tumors N2 - Zusammenfassend konnte im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit die Frage nach der Fähigkeit der selektiven Stimulierung mittels des Phosphorantigens HMBPP und den beiden BTN3 Antikörpern bestätigt werden. Es konnte zudem wie erwartet hierbei ein Unterschied zwischen den beiden Kohorten detektiert werden. Dabei zeigte die Kohorte der Normalspender erwartungsgemäß eine stärkere Aktivierungs- sowie Proliferations-fähigkeit. Normalspender ließen sich signifikant besser mit HMBPP aktivieren und bei bestimmter Konzentration signifikant besser proliferieren, bei BTN3A und sc20.1 konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede ermittelt werden, allerdings anhand der Mittelwerte eine deutlich stärkere Aktivierung und Proliferation aufgezeigt werden. Außerdem konnten interessante interindividuelle Unterschiede detektiert werden, die neue Erkenntnisse brachten. Mit Hilfe der untersuchten Oberflächenmoleküle CD45RA und CD27 und der Einteilung der gammadelta T-Zellen in unterschiedliche Subgruppen konnten so mögliche Erklärungen für die Unterschiede zwischen den Kohorten aufgezeigt werden. Normalspender zeigten signifikant höhere Anteile an naiven gammadelta T-Zellen und nicht signifikant höhere Anteile an central memory T-Zellen, demnach eine deutliche Verschiebung in Richtung nicht differenzierter Subsets, wohingegen die Tumorkohorte signifikant höhere effector memory T-Zellen aufwiesen und somit eine deutliche Verschiebung in Richtung differenzierter Subsets. Dadurch kann erklärt werden, weshalb Normalspender besser aktiviert werden und besser proliferieren können. Auch die Einteilung in unterschiedliche Profile 1-6 anhand CD28, CD27 und CD16 lieferte Gründe für den Unterschied zwischen den Kohorten, wobei Normalspender der Gruppe 1 und 2, Tumorpatienten der Gruppe 3 und 4 angehörten. Durch Ermittlung weiterer signifikanter Änderungen einiger exprimierter Oberflächenmoleküle CD39, CD161 und PD1 wurde mit Hilfe der vorliegenden Arbeit bekräftigt, dass einige Faktoren betrachtet werden müssen, die die Proliferation und Aktivierung der gammadelta T-Zellen positiv und negativ beeinflussen können. Es konnte jedoch auch erneut verdeutlicht werden, wie komplex und weitgreifend der Aktivierungsmechanismus, die damit verbundene Expansion und die Auslösung der einzelnen Effektorfunktionen ist. N2 - In summary, the present thesis confirmed the ability of the antigen HMBPP and the two BTN3 antibodies to stimulate selectively. Moreover, as expected, a difference between the two cohorts could be detected. As expected, the cohort of normal donors showed a stronger activation and proliferation ability. Normal donors were significantly better activated with HMBPP and significantly better proliferated at certain concentrations. No significant differences could be determined for BTN3A and sc20.1, but a significantly stronger activation and proliferation could be shown on the basis of the mean values. In addition, interesting interindividual differences could be detected, which provided new insights. With the help of the investigated surface molecules CD45RA and CD27 and the classification of the T cells into different subgroups, possible explanations for the differences between the cohorts could be revealed. Normal donors showed significantly higher proportions of naïve T cells and non-significantly higher proportions of central memory T cells, thus a clear shift towards non-differentiated subsets, whereas the tumor cohort showed significantly higher effector memory T cells and thus a clear shift towards differentiated subsets. This may explain why normal donors are better activated and better able to proliferate. Also, classification into different profiles 1-6 based on CD28, CD27, and CD16 provided reasons for the difference between the cohorts, with normal donors belonging to groups 1 and 2, and tumor patients to groups 3 and 4. By identifying further significant changes in some expressed surface molecules CD39, CD161 and PD1, the present work affirmed the need to consider some factors that may positively and negatively influence T cell proliferation and activation. However, it was also possible to illustrate once again how complex and far-reaching the activation mechanism, the associated expansion and the triggering of the individual effector functions are. KW - T-Lymphozyt KW - Immunsystem KW - Immunmodulation KW - Gammadelta T Zellen KW - gastrointestinale Tumore KW - Immunreaktion KW - T cells KW - Immunreaction KW - immune response Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290140 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dreschers, Stephan A1 - Saupp, Peter A1 - Hornef, Mathias A1 - Prehn, Andrea A1 - Platen, Christopher A1 - Morschhäuser, Joachim A1 - Orlikowsky, Thorsten W. T1 - Reduced PICD in Monocytes Mounts Altered Neonate Immune Response to Candida albicans JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background Invasive fungal infections with Candida albicans (C. albicans) occur frequently in extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants and are associated with poor outcome. Phagocytosis of C.albicans initializes apoptosis in monocytes (phagocytosis induced cell death, PICD). PICD is reduced in neonatal cord blood monocytes (CBMO). Hypothesis Phagocytosis of C. albicans causes PICD which differs between neonatal monocytes (CBMO) and adult peripheral blood monocytes (PBMO) due to lower stimulation of TLR-mediated immune responses. Methods The ability to phagocytose C. albicans, expression of TLRs, the induction of apoptosis (assessment of sub-G1 and nick-strand breaks) were analyzed by FACS. TLR signalling was induced by agonists such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Pam3Cys, FSL-1 and Zymosan and blocked (neutralizing TLR2 antibodies and MYD88 inhibitor). Results Phagocytic indices of PBMO and CBMO were similar. Following stimulation with agonists and C. albicans induced up-regulation of TLR2 and consecutive phosphorylation of MAP kinase P38 and expression of TNF-α, which were stronger on PBMO compared to CBMO (p < 0.005). Downstream, TLR2 signalling initiated caspase-3-dependent PICD which was found reduced in CBMO (p < 0.05 vs PBMO). Conclusion Our data suggest direct involvement of TLR2-signalling in C. albicans-induced PICD in monocytes and an alteration of this pathway in CBMO. KW - Candida albicans KW - monocytes KW - immune response KW - PICD Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166778 VL - 11 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Notz, Quirin A1 - Schmalzing, Marc A1 - Wedekink, Florian A1 - Schlesinger, Tobias A1 - Gernert, Michael A1 - Herrmann, Johannes A1 - Sorger, Lena A1 - Weismann, Dirk A1 - Schmid, Benedikt A1 - Sitter, Magdalena A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas A1 - Kranke, Peter A1 - Wischhusen, Jörg A1 - Meybohm, Patrick A1 - Lotz, Christopher T1 - Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Responses in Severe COVID-19-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome—An Observational Pilot Study JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Objectives The severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is largely determined by the immune response. First studies indicate altered lymphocyte counts and function. However, interactions of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain elusive. In the current study we characterized the immune responses in patients suffering from severe COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods This was a single-center retrospective study in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with confirmed COVID-19 between March 14th and May 28th 2020 (n = 39). Longitudinal data were collected within routine clinical care, including flow-cytometry of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine analysis and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). Antibody responses against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein were analyzed. Results All patients suffered from severe ARDS, 30.8% died. Interleukin (IL)-6 was massively elevated at every time-point. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was concomitantly upregulated with IL-6. The cellular response was characterized by lymphocytopenia with low counts of CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) and naïve T helper cells. CD8+ T and NK cells recovered after 8 to 14 days. The B cell system was largely unimpeded. This coincided with a slight increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD immunoglobulin (Ig) G and a decrease in anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD IgM. GDF-15 levels were elevated throughout ICU treatment. Conclusions Massively elevated levels of IL-6 and a delayed cytotoxic immune defense characterized severe COVID-19-induced ARDS. The B cell response and antibody production were largely unimpeded. No obvious imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms was observed, with elevated GDF-15 levels suggesting increased tissue resilience. KW - Coronavirus Disease 2019 KW - acute respiratory distress syndrome KW - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 KW - cytokines KW - inflammation KW - growth differentiation factor 15 KW - immune response Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212815 SN - 1664-3224 VL - 11 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zoran, Tamara T1 - Multilevel analysis of the human immune response to \(Aspergillus\) \(fumigatus\) infection: Characteristic molecular signatures and individual risk factors T1 - Analysen der humanen Immunantwort auf eine Infektion mit \(Aspergillus\) \(fumigatus\): Charakteristische molekulare Signaturen und individuelle Risikofaktoren N2 - Although the field of fungal infections advanced tremendously, diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in immunocompromised patients continues to be a challenge. Since IPA is a multifactorial disease, investigation from different aspects may provide new insights, helpful for improving IPA diagnosis. This work aimed to characterize the human immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus in a multilevel manner to identify characteristic molecular candidates and risk factors indicating IPA, which may in the future support already established diagnostic assays. We combined in vitro studies using myeloid cells infected with A. fumigatus and longitudinal case-control studies investigating patients post allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) suffering from IPA and their match controls. Characteristic miRNA and mRNA signatures indicating A. fumigatus-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) demonstrated the potential to differentiate between A. fumigatus and Escherichia coli infection. Transcriptome and protein profiling of alloSCT patients suffering from IPA and their matched controls revealed a distinctive IPA signature consisting of MMP1 induction and LGAL2 repression in combination with elevated IL-8 and caspase-3 levels. Both, in vitro and case-control studies, suggested cytokines, matrix-metallopeptidases and galectins are important in the immune response to A. fumigatus. Identified IPA characteristic molecular candidates are involved in numerous processes, thus a combination of these in a distinctive signature may increase the specificity. Finally, low monocyte counts, severe GvHD of the gut (grade ≥ 2) and etanercept administration were significantly associated with IPA diagnosis post alloSCT. Etanercept in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) infected with A. fumigatus downregulates genes involved in the NF-κB and TNF-α pathway and affects the secretion of CXCL10. Taken together, identified characteristic molecular signatures and risk factors indicating IPA may in the future in combination with established fungal biomarkers overcome current diagnostic challenges and help to establish tailored antifungal therapy. Therefore, further multicentre studies are encouraged to evaluate reported findings. N2 - Obwohl im Bereich der Erforschung invasiver Pilzinfektionen aktuell enorme Fortschritte erzielt wurden, stellt die Diagnose der Invasiven Pulmonalen Aspergillose (IPA) bei immunsupprimierten Patienten weiterhin eine grosse Herausforderung dar. Da es sich bei der IPA um eine multifaktorielle Erkrankung handelt, können Untersuchungen unter verschiedenen Fragestellungen neue Erkenntnisse liefern, die zur Verbesserung der IPA Diagnose beitragen. In dieser Arbeit wurde die humane Immunantwort auf Aspergillus fumigatus auf mehreren Ebenen untersucht, um charakteristische molekulare Kandidaten und Risikofaktoren zu identifizieren, die auf eine IPA hinweisen um so in Zukunft bereits etablierte diagnostische Tests unterstützen zu können. Wir kombinierten in vitro Studien mit A. fumigatus infizierten, myeloischen Zellen mit longitudinalen Case-Control-Studien, in denen an IPA erkrankte Patienten und ihre passenden Kontrollpatienten nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation (alloSZT) untersucht wurden. Charakteristische miRNA und mRNA Signaturen von A. fumigatus-infizierten Monozyten-abgeleiteten dendritischen Zellen (moDCs) zeigten das Potenzial, zwischen A. fumigatus und Escherichia coli Infektionen zu unterscheiden. Transkriptom- und Protein- Analysen von alloSZT Patienten, die an einer IPA erkrankten, und den passenden Kontrollpatienten ergaben charakteristische IPA Signaturen, bestehend aus einer MMP1 Induktion und einer LGALS2 Repression, in Kombination mit erhöhten IL-8 und Caspase-3 Konzentrationen. Sowohl die in vitro Daten als auch die Fall-Kontroll- Studien zeigten, dass Zytokine, Matrix-Metallopeptidasen und Galectine eine wichtige Rolle bei der Immunantwort auf A. fumigatus spielen. Die in IPA identifizierten charakteristischen molekularen Kandidaten sind an mehreren Prozessen beteiligt, so dass eine Kombination dieser molekularen Kandidaten die Spezifität mittels charakteristischer Signatur erhöhen könnte. Schließlich waren niedrige Monozytenzahlen, eine schwere GvHD des Darms (Grad ≥ 2) und die Anwendung von Etanercept signifikant mit einer IPA Diagnose nach alloSZT assoziiert. Etanercept in Makrophagen, die mit A. fumigatus ko-kultiviert wurden, reguliert Gene herunter, die am NF-κB- und TNF-α-Signalweg beteiligt sind, und beeinflusst die Sekretion von CXCL10. Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass die identifizierten charakteristischen molekularen Signaturen und Risikofaktoren, die auf eine IPA hinweisen, in Zukunft in Kombination mit etablierten Pilz-Biomarkern die derzeitigen diagnostischen Limitationen überwinden könnten und dazu beitragen könnten, eine patientenindividuelle antimykotische Therapie zu etablieren. Es werden jedoch weitere multizentrische Studien notwendig sein, um diese Ergebnisse umfassend zu bewerten. KW - Aspergillus fumigatus KW - Immunantwort KW - Risikofaktoren KW - invasive pulmonary aspergillosis KW - immune response KW - risk factors KW - transcriptome profiling Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-298512 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Giampaolo, Sabrina A1 - Wójcik, Gabriela A1 - Serfling, Edgar A1 - Patra, Amiya K. T1 - Interleukin-2-regulatory T cell axis critically regulates maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells JF - Oncotarget N2 - The role of IL-2 in HSC maintenance is unknown. Here we show that Il2\(^{−/-}\) mice develop severe anomalies in HSC maintenance leading to defective hematopoiesis. Whereas, lack of IL-2 signaling was detrimental for lympho- and erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis was enhanced in Il2\(^{−/-}\) mice. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms of dysregulated hematopoiesis in Il2\(^{−/-}\) mice shows that the IL-2-T\(_{reg}\) cell axis is indispensable for HSC maintenance and normal hematopoiesis. Lack of T\(_{reg}\) activity resulted in increased IFN-γ production by activated T cells and an expansion of the HSCs in the bone marrow (BM). Though, restoring T\(_{reg}\) population successfully rescued HSC maintenance in Il2\(^{-/-}\) mice, preventing IFN-γ activity could do the same even in the absence of T\(_{reg}\) cells. Our study suggests that equilibrium in IL-2 and IFN-γ activity is critical for steady state hematopoiesis, and in clinical conditions of BM failure, IL-2 or anti-IFN-γ treatment might help to restore hematopoiesis. KW - immunity KW - hematopoietic stem cells KW - IL-2 KW - treg cells KW - IL-10 KW - IFN-γ KW - immunology and microbiology section KW - immune response Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170947 VL - 8 IS - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Azzami, Klara A1 - Ritter, Wolfgang A1 - Tautz, Jürgen A1 - Beier, Hildburg T1 - Infection of honey bees with acute bee paralysis virus does not trigger humoral or cellular immune responses JF - Archives of Virology N2 - We have studied the responses of honey bees at different life stages (Apis mellifera) to controlled infection with acute bee paralysis virus and have identified the haemolymph of infected larvae and adult worker bees as the compartment where massive propagation of ABPV occurs. Insects respond with a broad spectrum of induced innate immune reactions to bacterial infections, whereas defence mechanisms based on RNA interference play a major role in antiviral immunity. In this study, we have determined that honey bee larvae and adult workers do not produce a humoral immune reaction upon artificial infection with ABPV, in contrast to control individuals challenged with Escherichia coli. ABPV-infected bees produced neither elevated levels of specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as hymenoptaecin and defensin, nor any general antimicrobial activity, as revealed by inhibition-zone assays. Additionally, adult bees did not generate melanised nodules upon ABPV infection, an important cellular immune function activated by bacteria and viruses in some insects. Challenge of bees with both ABPV and E. coli showed that innate humoral and cellular immune reactions are induced in mixed infections, albeit at a reduced level. KW - chemosensory protein KW - bee larva KW - adult bee KW - honey bee KW - larva KW - work bee KW - infected bee KW - immune response KW - young work bee KW - capsid protein KW - abdominal KW - tergite KW - haemolymph KW - sample KW - Imd pathway KW - worker bee larva KW - antimicrobial KW - peptide Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126863 VL - 157 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bittner, Thomas T1 - Immunhistologische Charakterisierung immunkompetenter Zellen in Plattenepithelkarzinomen des oberen Aerodigestivtraktes T1 - Immunohistochemical characterisation of immunocompetent cells in squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract N2 - Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Beziehung zwischen Expression der Basalmembran und der damit einhergehen Veränderung des Immunzelleninfiltrates zu untersuchen. Eine Reihe von 23 Plattenepithelkarzinomen des Larynx und Hypopharynx wurden lichtmikroskopisch untersucht. Hierzu wurde eine immunhistochemischen Färbung verwendet mit monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen folgende Membranantigene: CD 1a, CD 4, CD 8, Pan B, CD 14, ICAM 1, LFA, HLA-DR, Kollagen 4. Die immunhistochemische Analyse wurde bezogen auf den Differenzierungsgrad des Tumors, definiert durch die Ausprägung der Basalmembran. Epithel und Stroma wurden getrennt ausgezählt. Der Verlust der Basalmembran wurde von einer Veränderung in der Zusammensetzung des Immunzelleninfiltrates begleitet: HLA-DR und LFA nahm in beiden Kompartimenten ab. Pan B und CD 14 zeigten eine Parallelität im Färbeverhalten. Pan B zeigte die stärkste Färbung in Plattenepithelkarzinomen mit annähernd ununterbrochener Basalmembran. CD 8 zeigte die stärksteFärbung in Plattenepithelkarzinomen mit lückenhafter, aber noch vorhandener Basalmembran. Die CD 8 positiven Zellen zeigten stellenweise engen Kontakt zur Basalmembran, stellenweise keimzentrumsähnliche Anordnungen. Wir schlussfolgern, dass bei gut differenzierten Tumoren das B-Zell System, bei mäßig differenzierten das T-Zell System eine gewisse Rolle spielt. Der Übergangszone Tumor-Stroma scheint eine besondere immunologische Bedeutung zu zukommen. N2 - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the expression of the basement Membrane (BM) in SCC and the relative proportions of selective immune cell populations. A series of 23 SCC of the Larynx and the Hypopharynx was assessed by light microscopy and using immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies directed against the following cell surface antigens: CD 1a, CD 4, CD 8, Pan B, CD 14, ICAM 1, LFA, HLA-DR, Collagen 4. Immunhistochemical analysis of the tumor infiltrating cells was performed and correlated with the transformation level as defined by the grade of expression of BM. The loss of BM was accompanied by a change in immune infiltrate: HLA-DR and LFA decreased in both compartiments. The B cells stained in parallel with CD 14 positive cells. Pan B showed the highest levels in SCC with a nearly continous BM. CD 8 peaked in tumors with a leaky but still present BM. The CD 8 cells showed sometimes tight junction to the BM, sometimes formations similar to germinal centers. We conclude that in well differentiated SCC the B cell system plays a certain role, in middle differentiated the T cell system. The epithelio-stromal junction zone seems to play an important immunologic role. KW - Plattenepithelkarzinom KW - immunkompetente Zellen KW - monoklonale Antikörper KW - Immunantwort KW - squamous cell carcinoma KW - immunocompetent cells KW - monoclonal antibodies KW - immune response Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-12087 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitt, Jessica A1 - Eckardt, Sigrid A1 - Schlegel, Paul G A1 - Sirén, Anna-Leena A1 - Bruttel, Valentin S A1 - McLaughlin, K John A1 - Wischhusen, Jörg A1 - Müller, Albrecht M T1 - Human parthenogenetic embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells express HLA-G and show unique resistance to NK cell-mediated killing JF - Molecular Medicine N2 - Parent-of-origin imprints have been implicated in the regulation of neural differentiation and brain development. Previously we have shown that, despite the lack of a paternal genome, human parthenogenetic (PG) embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can form proliferating neural stem cells (NSCs) that are capable of differentiation into physiologically functional neurons while maintaining allele-specific expression of imprinted genes. Since biparental ("normal") hESC-derived NSCs (N NSCs) are targeted by immune cells, we characterized the immunogenicity of PG NSCs. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry revealed that both N NSCs and PG NSCs exhibited surface expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I but not HLA-DR molecules. Functional analyses using an in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction assay resulted in less proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with PG compared with N NSCs. In addition, natural killer (NK) cells cytolyzed PG less than N NSCs. At a molecular level, expression analyses of immune regulatory factors revealed higher HLA-G levels in PG compared with N NSCs. In line with this finding, MIR152, which represses HLA-G expression, is less transcribed in PG compared with N cells. Blockage of HLA-G receptors ILT2 and KIR2DL4 on natural killer cell leukemia (NKL) cells increased cytolysis of PG NSCs. Together this indicates that PG NSCs have unique immunological properties due to elevated HLA-G expression. KW - brain development KW - immune response KW - T lymphocytes KW - blastocysts KW - lines KW - HLA-G gene KW - mhc molecules KW - nervous system KW - in vitro KW - stem/progenitor cells Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149170 VL - 21 IS - 2101185 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Morton, Charles Oliver A1 - Fliesser, Mirjam A1 - Dittrich, Marcus A1 - Müller, Tobias A1 - Bauer, Ruth A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Hope, William A1 - Rogers, Thomas Richard A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Löffler, Jürgen T1 - Gene Expression Profiles of Human Dendritic Cells Interacting with Aspergillus fumigatus in a Bilayer Model of the Alveolar Epithelium/Endothelium Interface N2 - The initial stages of the interaction between the host and Aspergillus fumigatus at the alveolar surface of the human lung are critical in the establishment of aspergillosis. Using an in vitro bilayer model of the alveolus, including both the epithelium (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line, A549) and endothelium (human pulmonary artery epithelial cells, HPAEC) on transwell membranes, it was possible to closely replicate the in vivo conditions. Two distinct sub-groups of dendritic cells (DC), monocyte-derived DC (moDC) and myeloid DC (mDC), were included in the model to examine immune responses to fungal infection at the alveolar surface. RNA in high quantity and quality was extracted from the cell layers on the transwell membrane to allow gene expression analysis using tailored custom-made microarrays, containing probes for 117 immune-relevant genes. This microarray data indicated minimal induction of immune gene expression in A549 alveolar epithelial cells in response to germ tubes of A. fumigatus. In contrast, the addition of DC to the system greatly increased the number of differentially expressed immune genes. moDC exhibited increased expression of genes including CLEC7A, CD209 and CCL18 in the absence of A. fumigatus compared to mDC. In the presence of A. fumigatus, both DC subgroups exhibited up-regulation of genes identified in previous studies as being associated with the exposure of DC to A. fumigatus and exhibiting chemotactic properties for neutrophils, including CXCL2, CXCL5, CCL20, and IL1B. This model closely approximated the human alveolus allowing for an analysis of the host pathogen interface that complements existing animal models of IA. KW - aspergillus fumigatus KW - gene expression KW - immune receptors KW - immune response KW - denritic cells KW - B cell receptors KW - gene regulation KW - RNA extraction Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112893 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wong, David A1 - Winter, Oliver A1 - Hartig, Christina A1 - Siebels, Svenja A1 - Szyska, Martin A1 - Tiburzy, Benjamin A1 - Meng, Lingzhang A1 - Kulkarni, Upasana A1 - Fähnrich, Anke A1 - Bommert, Kurt A1 - Bargou, Ralf A1 - Berek, Claudia A1 - Van, Trung Chu A1 - Bogen, Bjarne A1 - Jundt, Franziska A1 - Manz, Rudolf Armin T1 - Eosinophils and Megakaryocytes Support the Early Growth of Murine MOPC315 Myeloma Cells in Their Bone Marrow Niches JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow plasma cell tumor which is supported by the external growth factors APRIL and IL-6, among others. Recently, we identified eosinophils and megakaryocytes to be functional components of the micro-environmental niches of benign bone marrow plasma cells and to be important local sources of these cytokines. Here, we investigated whether eosinophils and megakaryocytes also support the growth of tumor plasma cells in the MOPC315. BM model for multiple myeloma. As it was shown for benign plasma cells and multiple myeloma cells, IL-6 and APRIL also supported MOPC315. BM cell growth in vitro, IL-5 had no effect. Depletion of eosinophils in vivo by IL-5 blockade led to a reduction of the early myeloma load. Consistent with this, myeloma growth in early stages was retarded in eosinophil-deficient Delta dblGATA-1 mice. Late myeloma stages were unaffected, possibly due to megakaryocytes compensating for the loss of eosinophils, since megakaryocytes were found to be in contact with myeloma cells in vivo and supported myeloma growth in vitro. We conclude that eosinophils and megakaryocytes in the niches for benign bone marrow plasma cells support the growth of malignant plasma cells. Further investigations are required to test whether perturbation of these niches represents a potential strategy for the treatment of multiple myeloma. KW - plasma cells KW - human multiple-myeloma KW - immune response KW - receptor expression KW - B-cells KW - stromal cells KW - dexamethasone KW - april KW - survival KW - Interleukin-5 Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115269 VL - 9 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brehm, Klaus A1 - Komguep Nono, Justin A1 - Lutz, Manfred B. T1 - EmTIP, a T-Cell Immunomodulatory Protein Secreted by the Tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis Is Important N2 - Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the metacestode of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is a lethal zoonosis associated with host immunomodulation. T helper cells are instrumental to control the disease in the host. Whereas Th1 cells can restrict parasite proliferation, Th2 immune responses are associated with parasite proliferation. Although the early phase of host colonization by E. multilocularis is dominated by a potentially parasitocidal Th1 immune response, the molecular basis of this response is unknown. Principal Findings We describe EmTIP, an E. multilocularis homologue of the human T-cell immunomodulatory protein, TIP. By immunohistochemistry we show EmTIP localization to the intercellular space within parasite larvae. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot experiments revealed the presence of EmTIP in the excretory/secretory (E/S) products of parasite primary cell cultures, representing the early developing metacestode, but not in those of mature metacestode vesicles. Using an in vitro T-cell stimulation assay, we found that primary cell E/S products promoted interferon (IFN)-γ release by murine CD4+ T-cells, whereas metacestode E/S products did not. IFN-γ release by T-cells exposed to parasite products was abrogated by an anti-EmTIP antibody. When recombinantly expressed, EmTIP promoted IFN-γ release by CD4+ T-cells in vitro. After incubation with anti-EmTIP antibody, primary cells showed an impaired ability to proliferate and to form metacestode vesicles in vitro. Conclusions We provide for the first time a possible explanation for the early Th1 response observed during E. multilocularis infections. Our data indicate that parasite primary cells release a T-cell immunomodulatory protein, EmTIP, capable of promoting IFN-γ release by CD4+ T-cells, which is probably driving or supporting the onset of the early Th1 response during AE. The impairment of primary cell proliferation and the inhibition of metacestode vesicle formation by anti-EmTIP antibodies suggest that this factor fulfills an important role in early E. multilocularis development within the intermediate host. KW - T Cells KW - primary cells KW - parasitic diseases KW - vesicles KW - larvae KW - immunoprecipitation KW - host-pathogen interactions KW - immune response Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111407 ER - TY - THES A1 - Steigerwald, Mario T1 - Die Rolle von dendritischen Zellen und Chemokinen bei der Regulation der Immunantwort gegen Erreger der kutanen Leishmaniose T1 - The role of dendritic cells and chemokines in the regulation of the immune response against pathogens of cutaneous leishmaniasis N2 - Dendritische Zellen stellen ein essentielles Bindeglied zwischen angeborener und adaptiver Immunität dar. Sie stammen aus dem Knochenmark und bilden ein Netzwerk von heterogenen Zellpopulationen. In peripheren Geweben liegen sie als unreife Zellen mit einem hohen Potential zur Aufnahme und Prozessierung von Mikroorganismen vor. Nach der Aufnahme von eindringenden Mikroorganismen beginnen dendritische Zellen jedoch, sich von einem prozessierenden in ein präsentierendes Stadium zu differenzieren, und wandern zu den sekundären lymphatischen Organen, um dort den naïven T-Zellen die mikrobiellen Antigene zu präsentieren. Die gerichtete Wanderung von dendritischen Zellen ist hierbei ein zentraler Bestandteil der immunstimulatorischen und -modulatorischen Funktion dieser Zellen. Eine essentielle Rolle bei diesem Migrationsverhalten spielen chemotaktische Zytokine (Chemokine). Chemokine sind Proteine mit einem niedermolekularen Gewicht (8-10 kDa), welche anhand ihres strukturellen Cysteinmotifs in vier Gruppen unterteilt und entweder als CXC-, CC-, C- und CX3C- Chemokine oder als α-, β-, δ- und γ-Chemokine bezeichnet werden. Arbeiten der eigenen Arbeitsgruppe am Modell der kutanen Leishmaniose haben jedoch gezeigt, dass die Funktion von Chemokinen weitaus mehr umfasst, als lediglich die zielgerichtete Steuerung der Migration immunologisch wichtiger Zellen. So konnte in diesen Studien nicht nur gezeigt werden, dass das Muster der Expression von Chemokinen mit der Schwere des Krankheitsbildes korreliert, sondern auch, dass das Chemokin CCL2/MCP-1 in der Lage ist, einen direkten Einfluss auf die intrazelluläre Erregerabwehr zu nehmen. Diese Arbeiten bezogen sich jedoch auf humane Hautbiopsien und aus Humanblut isolierten Zellen. Eine detaillierte Analyse des Infektionsverlaufes unter definierten Bedingungen (konstante Infektionsdosis und -art, kontrollierte Infektionsdauer, Verwendung von klonierten Parasiten, einheitlicher genetischer Hintergrund des Wirts) ist bei Patienten jedoch nicht möglich. Deshalb wurde die experimentelle Leishmanieninfektion von Inzuchtmäusen (suszeptible BALB/c- und resistente C57BL/6-Mäuse) herangezogen, um die Kinetik der Chemokinexpression und deren Korrelation mit dem Verlauf der kutanen Leishmaniose zu bestimmen. Die Arbeiten dieser Doktorarbeit zeigen erstmals, dass ebenso wie im humanen System bei der experimentellen Leishmaniose in der Maus die Fähigkeit zur Abwehr dieses Erregers mit einer verstärkten Expression von CCL2/MCP-1 in der infizierten Haut korreliert. Des Weiteren konnte zwar eine CCL2/MCP-1-induzierte leishmanizide Wirkung in murinen Makrophagen festgestellt werden, ein vergleichbarer Effekt blieb bei Langerhans-Zellen, den dendritischen Zellen der Haut, jedoch aus. Weiterhin sollte der Einfluss einer Leishmanieninfektion auf das CCL2/MCP-1- induzierte Wanderungsverhalten von Langerhans-Zellen untersucht werden, da aus der Literatur bekannt ist, dass das Chemokin CCL2/MCP-1 die Migration dendritischer Zellen induziert. Die Studien der Doktorarbeit ergaben hierbei, dass eine Infektion mit Leishmania major zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der durch CL2/MCP-1 oder CCL3/MIP-1α induzierten Migration von Langerhans-Zellen führt. Eine mögliche Ursache für dieses Resultat war hierbei in dem Einfluss einer Infektion mit Leishmanien auf die Expression von Chemokinrezeptoren in dendritischen Zellen zu finden. Anschließende Untersuchungen der mRNA-Expression dieser Rezeptoren konnten diese Vermutung bestätigen. So wurde nach einer Infektion von dendritischen Zellen mit L. major eine Reduktion der mRNA-Expression der Chemokinrezeptoren CCR2 und CCR5 festgestellt. Anschließende FACS-Analysen und Studien mit Hilfe des konfokalen Lasermikroskops führten zu einem ähnlichen Resultat. Interessanterweise bewirkt die Infektion mit L. major andererseits eine Hochregulation der mRNA-Expression von CCR7 in dendritischen Zellen. Von diesem Rezeptor ist bekannt, dass er die Chemokine CCL19/MIP-3β und CCL21/6Ckine, welche im Lymphknoten konstitutiv exprimiert werden, mit großer Affinität bindet und für die zielgerichtete Migration dendritischer Zellen in dieses Organ essentiell ist. Weitere Versuche ergaben zudem eine verstärkte CXCL10/IP-10-mRNA-Expression in dendritischen Zellen aus L. major-resistenten C57BL/6-Mäusen, welche bei dendritischen Zellen aus BALB/c-Mäusen nicht festgestellt worden ist. Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Doktorarbeit gezeigt werden, dass eine Infektion dendritischer Zellen mit L. major sowohl bei suszeptiblen als auch bei resistenten Mäusen zu einer Modulation der Expression von Chemokinrezeptoren führt, die sowohl für die Lokalisation der Zellen in den entzündeten Hautarealen verantwortlich sind (CCR2 und CCR5), als auch ihre Wanderung in die Lymphknoten steuern CCR7). Darüber hinaus lässt die wirtsspezifische Modulation des Chemokins CXCL10/IP-10 in resistenten Tieren vermuten, dass sie zur Kontrolle der Infektion beiträgt. N2 - Dendritic cells (DC) represent an essential link between innate and adaptive immunity. DC are bone marrow-derived and form a network of heterogeneous cell populations. In peripheral tissue they are in an immature state, with a high potential for taking up and processing microorganisms. After taking up invading pathogens, DC differentiate from a “processing” into a “presenting” stage, while migrating to the secondary lymphoid organs in order to present microbial antigens to naïve T cells. The directed migration of dendritic cells is a central component in the immunostimulatory and modulatory function of these cells. Chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) are critical for these migratory pathways. Chemokines are proteins of low molecular weight (8-10 kDa) and can be classified into four groups on the basis of a cysteine structural motif, known as either the CXC, CC, C and CX3C or the α, β, δ and γ subfamilies. Studies using the model of cutaneous leishmaniasis have shown, however, that the function of chemokines is much wider than only to control the migratory pathway of immunologically relevant cells. These previous studies demonstrated not only the correlation between the chemokine expression pattern and the course of the infection, but also the direct influence of the chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 on the intracellular defence of pathogens. However, these studies were based on skin lesions from patients and human monocytes. A more detailed analysis of the infection process under more defined conditions (constant infection dose, defined duration of infection, use of cloned parasites, uniform genetic background of the host) is not possible with human material. Therefore, the experimental Leishmania model with inbred mice (susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice) was used to determine the kinetics of the chemokine expression and their correlation with the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The studies of this work demonstrated for the first time that the expression of CCL2/MCP-1 during experimental infection with Leishmania major in mice correlates with the capability to control this pathogen. Moreover, a CCL2/MCP-1 induced leishmanicidal effect on murine macrophages could be determined, but a comparable effect was not observed with Langerhans cells, the dendritic cells of the skin. Furthermore, in this work the influence of an infection with Leishmania on the CCL2/MCP-1-induced migration of Langerhans cells were examined, since it is known from the literature that CCL2/MCP-1 induces dendritic cell migration. The studies of this work demonstrated that an infection of Langerhans cells with L. major leads to a significant reduction of the CCL2/MCP-1- or CCL3/MIP-1α-induced migration rate of these cells. A possible reason for this result may be the influence of an infection with Leishmania on the chemokine receptor expression by dendritic cells. Further investigations of the mRNA expression of these receptors could confirm this assumption. They demonstrated reductions in the mRNA expression of the chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5 after an infection of dendritic cells with L. major. Moreover, FACS analysis and studies using confocal laser microscopy led to similar results and showed that the L. major-induced alterations in mRNA expression correlate with those at the protein level. Interestingly, a strong upregulation of CCR7 mRNA expression could be detected after infection of dendritic cells. This receptor is well known for binding the chemokines CCL19/MIP-3β and CCL21/6Ckine, which both are constitutively expressed on the lymph node, with high affinity. Moreover, this receptor is essential for a directed movement of dendritic cells to that organ. Further studies also showed an upregulation of the CXCL10/IP-10-mRNA expression in dendritic cells from L. major-resistant C57BL/6 mice, whereas it could not be detected in dendritic cells from susceptible BALB/c mice. In summary, this work demonstrated that an L. major-infection of dendritic cells from resistant mice as well as susceptible mice leads to a modulation in the expression of chemokine receptors that are responsible for the localisation of those cells into the inflammatory tissue (CCR2 and CCR5) and the migration of dendritic cells to the lymph node (CCR7). Moreover, the host-specific modulation of the chemokine CXCL10/IP-10 in resistant animals seems to play a role in the control of the infection. KW - Leishmaniose KW - Dendritische Zelle KW - Chemokine KW - Immunreaktion KW - dendritische Zelle KW - kutane Leishmaniose KW - Chemokine KW - Immunantwort KW - dendritic cells KW - cutane leishmaniasis KW - chemokine KW - immune response Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13852 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ronchi, Cristina L. A1 - Sbiera, Silviu A1 - Volante, Marco A1 - Steinhauer, Sonja A1 - Scott-Wild, Vanessa A1 - Altieri, Barbara A1 - Kroiss, Matthias A1 - Bala, Margarita A1 - Papotti, Mauro A1 - Deutschbein, Timo A1 - Terzolo, Massimo A1 - Fassnacht, Martin A1 - Allolio, Bruno T1 - CYP2W1 Is Highly Expressed in Adrenal Glands and Is Positively Associated with the Response to Mitotane in Adrenocortical Carcinoma N2 - Background Adrenocortical tumors comprise frequent adenomas (ACA) and rare carcinomas (ACC). Human cytochrome P450 2W1 (CYP2W1) is highly expressed in some cancers holding the potential to activate certain drugs into tumor cytotoxins. Objective To investigate the CYP2W1 expression in adrenal samples and its relationship with clinical outcome in ACC. Material and Methods CYP2W1 expression was investigated by qRT-PCR in 13 normal adrenal glands, 32 ACA, 25 ACC, and 9 different non-adrenal normal tissue samples and by immunohistochemistry in 352 specimens (23 normal adrenal glands, 33 ACA, 239 ACC, 67 non-adrenal normal or neoplastic samples). Results CYP2W1 mRNA expression was absent/low in normal non-adrenal tissues, but high in normal and neoplastic adrenal glands (all P<0.01 vs non-adrenal normal tissues). Accordingly, CYP2W1 immunoreactivity was absent/low (H-score 0–1) in 72% of non-adrenal normal tissues, but high (H-score 2–3) in 44% of non-adrenal cancers, in 65% of normal adrenal glands, in 62% of ACAs and in 50% of ACCs (all P<0.001 vs non-adrenal normal tissues), being significantly increased in steroid-secreting compared to non-secreting tumors. In ACC patients treated with mitotane only, high CYP2W1 immunoreactivity adjusted for ENSAT stage was associated with longer overall survival and time to progression (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), and with a better response to therapy both as palliative (response/stable disease in 42% vs 6%, P<0.01) or adjuvant option (absence of disease recurrence in 69% vs 45%, P<0.01). Conclusion CYP2W1 is highly expressed in both normal and neoplastic adrenal glands making it a promising tool for targeted therapy in ACC. Furthermore, CYP2W1 may represent a new predictive marker for the response to mitotane treatment. KW - CYP2W1 KW - cancer treatment KW - adrenal glands KW - carcinomas KW - drug therapy KW - hormones KW - immune response KW - immunohistochemistry techniques KW - surgical oncology Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113096 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arndt, Andreas A1 - Hoffacker, Peter A1 - Zellmer, Konstantin A1 - Goecer, Oktay A1 - Recks, Mascha S. A1 - Kuerten, Stefanie T1 - Conventional Housing Conditions Attenuate the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis JF - PLoS ONE N2 - BACKGROUND: The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) has remained unclear, but a causative contribution of factors outside the central nervous system (CNS) is conceivable. It was recently suggested that gut bacteria trigger the activation of CNS-reactive T cells and the development of demyelinative disease. METHODS: C57BL/6 (B6) mice were kept either under specific pathogen free or conventional housing conditions, immunized with the myelin basic protein (MBP)-proteolipid protein (PLP) fusion protein MP4 and the development of EAE was clinically monitored. The germinal center size of the Peyer's patches was determined by immunohistochemistry in addition to the level of total IgG secretion which was assessed by ELISPOT. ELISPOT assays were also used to measure MP4-specific T cell and B cell responses in the Peyer's patches and the spleen. Ear swelling assays were performed to determine the extent of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in specific pathogen free and conventionally housed mice. RESULTS: In B6 mice that were actively immunized with MP4 and kept under conventional housing conditions clinical disease was significantly attenuated compared to specific pathogen free mice. Conventionally housed mice displayed increased levels of IgG secretion in the Peyer's patches, while the germinal center formation in the gut and the MP4-specific TH17 response in the spleen were diminished after immunization. Accordingly, these mice displayed an attenuated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in ear swelling assays. CONCLUSIONS: The data corroborate the notion that housing conditions play a substantial role in the induction of murine EAE and suggest that the presence of gut bacteria might be associated with a decreased immune response to antigens of lower affinity. This concept could be of importance for MS and calls for caution when considering the therapeutic approach to treat patients with antibiotics." KW - B cells KW - secretion KW - multiple sclerosis KW - enzyme-linked immunoassays KW - Peyer's patches KW - gut bacteria KW - T cells KW - immune response Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119603 VL - 9 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Büchner, Lotte T1 - Charakterisierung der CD4+- und CD8+-T-Zell-Immunantwort nach Myokardinfarkt im Mausmodell T1 - Characterisation of the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immune response after myocardial infarction in the mouse model N2 - Die Rolle des Immunsystems nach MI hat innerhalb der letzten Jahrzehnte immer mehr Aufmerksamkeit erfahren, trotzdem herrschen weiterhin einige Unklarheiten. Daher war es Ziel dieser Arbeit, das Verhalten der T-Zellen nach MI im Mausmodell näher zu betrachten und zu analysieren. Dafür wurde einerseits mittels Durchflusszytometrie die T-Zell-Immunantwort im Herzen und in verschiedenen lymphatischen Organen mit Fokus auf pro- und antiinflammatorische Zytokine und deren Transkriptionsfaktoren genauer analysiert und andererseits ein Protokoll etabliert, um die T-Zellen im Herzen und in den Lymphknoten mittels Lichtblattmikroskopie sichtbar zu machen. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Expression von LAP, welches nicht-kovalent an das antiinflammatorische Zytokin TGF-ß1 gebunden ist und das wichtig für eine ausgeglichene Immunantwort ist, indem es überschießende Entzündungsreaktionen verhindert, in T-Zellen im Herzen nach MI im Vergleich zu naiven und scheinoperierten Mäusen signifikant hochreguliert war. Dieses Ergebnis konnte nur im Herzen und in keinem anderen der untersuchten Organe erzielt werden, weshalb es sich somit um eine lokale Immunreaktion handeln muss, die nur im Herzen nach MI stattfindet. Eine weitere Besonderheit war, dass die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens an Foxp3+ Treg im Herzen im Vergleich zu den anderen untersuchten Organen durchgehend am höchsten war, sowohl bei den Mäusen nach MI als auch bei naiven und scheinoperierten Mäusen. Dies unterstreicht, dass Foxp3+ Treg im Herzen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Dank der Verbesserung des Protokolls zur bildlichen Darstellung von T-Zellen im Herzen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich diese nach MI insbesondere im Infarktgewebe befinden und dort relativ gleichmäßig verteilt sind. Außerdem konnten die mediastinalen Lymphknoten im Ganzen dargestellt und die einzelnen T-Zellen sichtbar gemacht werden. Insgesamt lässt sich sagen, dass durch die vorliegende Arbeit neue Erkenntnisse zur Charakterisierung der T-Zell-Immunantwort nach MI im Mausmodell hinzugewonnen werden konnten. Die LAP+ T-Zellen scheinen nach MI im Herzen eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen, weshalb die Funktion dieser Zellen im Reparaturprozess nach MI in zukünftigen Versuchen genauer betrachtet werden sollte. Außerdem wurde der Grundstein zur Anfärbung und Darstellung von T-Zellen in Herzen und in Lymphknoten mittels Lichtblattmikroskopie gelegt, weshalb daran weitergearbeitet werden sollte, um auch andere Immunzellen neben den T-Zellen zeigen zu können. Dadurch können weitere Hinweise auf das Zusammenspiel der Immunzellen nach MI erhalten werden, um die immunologischen Vorgänge immer besser verstehen zu können. N2 - The role of the immune system after MI has received more and more attention within the last decades, yet there are still some uncertainties. Therefore, the aim of this work was to take a closer look at and analyse the behaviour of T cells after MI in a mouse model. For this purpose, on the one hand, the T cell immune response in the heart and in various lymphatic organs was analysed in more detail by means of flow cytometry with a focus on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their transcription factors and, on the other hand, a protocol was established to visualise the T cells in the heart and in the lymph nodes by means of light sheet microscopy. It was found that the expression of LAP, which is non-covalently bound to the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-ß1 and which is important for a balanced immune response by preventing excessive inflammatory reactions, was significantly upregulated in T cells in the heart after MI compared to naïve and sham-operated mice. This result could only be obtained in the heart and in none of the other organs studied, so it must therefore be a local immune response that only occurs in the heart after MI. Another peculiarity was that the frequency of occurrence of Foxp3+ Treg was consistently highest in the heart compared to the other organs studied, both in the mice after MI and in naïve and sham-operated mice. This underlines that Foxp3+ Treg play an important role in the heart. Thanks to the improvement of the protocol for imaging T cells in the heart, it was possible to show that after MI they are located in particular in the infarct tissue and are relatively evenly distributed there. In addition, the mediastinal lymph nodes could be depicted as a whole and the individual T cells made visible. Overall, it can be said that the present work has added new insights into the characterisation of the T-cell immune response after MI in the mouse model. The LAP+ T cells seem to play an important role after MI in the heart, which is why the function of these cells in the repair process after MI should be examined more closely in future experiments. In addition, the foundation was laid for staining and visualising T cells in hearts and in lymph nodes using light sheet microscopy, which is why further work should be done on this in order to be able to show other immune cells besides T cells. This can provide further clues to the interplay of immune cells after MI in order to understand the immunological processes better and better. KW - Herzinfarkt KW - Immunreaktion KW - Myokardinfarkt KW - Immunantwort KW - Mausmodell KW - myocardial infarction KW - immune response Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-320530 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Doghman-Bouguerra, Mabrouka A1 - Finetti, Pascal A1 - Durand, Nelly A1 - Parise, Ivy Zortéa S. A1 - Sbiera, Silviu A1 - Cantini, Giulia A1 - Canu, Letizia A1 - Hescot, Ségolène A1 - Figueiredo, Mirna M. O. A1 - Komechen, Heloisa A1 - Sbiera, Iuliu A1 - Nesi, Gabriella A1 - Paci, Angelo A1 - Al Ghuzlan, Abir A1 - Birnbaum, Daniel A1 - Baudin, Eric A1 - Luconi, Michaela A1 - Fassnacht, Martin A1 - Figueiredo, Bonald C. A1 - Bertucci, François A1 - Lalli, Enzo T1 - Cancer-testis antigen FATE1 expression in adrenocortical tumors is associated with a pervasive autoimmune response and is a marker of malignancy in adult, but not children, ACC JF - Cancers N2 - The SF-1 transcription factor target gene FATE1 encodes a cancer-testis antigen that has an important role in regulating apoptosis and response to chemotherapy in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) cells. Autoantibodies directed against FATE1 were previously detected in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of circulating anti-FATE1 antibodies in pediatric and adult patients with adrenocortical tumors using three different methods (immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot). Our results show that a pervasive anti-FATE1 immune response is present in those patients. Furthermore, FATE1 expression is a robust prognostic indicator in adult patients with ACC and is associated with increased steroidogenic and decreased immune response gene expression. These data can open perspectives for novel strategies in ACC immunotherapy. KW - adrenocortical carcinoma KW - cancer-testis antigens KW - autoantibodies KW - immune response Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203211 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 12 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ardelt, Peter U. A1 - Ebbing, Jan A1 - Adams, Fabian A1 - Reiss, Cora A1 - Arap, Wadih A1 - Pasqualini, Renata A1 - Bachmann, Alexander A1 - Wetterauer, Ulrich A1 - Riedmiller, Hubertus A1 - Kneitz, Burkard T1 - An anti-ubiquitin antibody response in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background To use combinatorial epitope mapping ("fingerprinting") of the antibody response to identify targets of the humoral immune response in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Methods A combinatorial random peptide library was screened on the circulating pool of immunoglobulins purified from an index patient with a high risk TCC (pTa high grade plus carcinoma in situ) to identify corresponding target antigens. A patient cohort was investigated for antibody titers against ubiquitin. Results We selected, isolated, and validated an immunogenic peptide motif from ubiquitin as a dominant epitope of the humoral response. Patients with TCC had significantly higher antibody titers against ubiquitin than healthy donors (p<0.007), prostate cancer patients (p<0.0007), and all patients without TCC taken together (p<0.0001). Titers from superficial tumors were not significantly different from muscle invasive tumors (p = 0.0929). For antibody response against ubiquitin, sensitivity for detection of TCC was 0.44, specificity 0.96, positive predictive value 0.96 and negative predictive value 0.41. No significant titer changes were observed during the standard BCG induction immunotherapy. Conclusions This is the first report to demonstrate an anti-ubiquitin antibody response in patients with TCC. Although sensitivity of antibody production was low, a high specificity and positive predictive value make ubiquitin an interesting candidate for further diagnostic and possibly immune modulating studies. KW - Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin KW - immune response KW - ubiquitin KW - protein biomarkers KW - system bcg KW - tumor cells KW - immunotherapy KW - cancer surveillance Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143711 VL - 10 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lüningschrör, Patrick A1 - Slotta, Carsten A1 - Heimann, Peter A1 - Briese, Michael A1 - Weikert, Ulrich M. A1 - Massih, Bita A1 - Appenzeller, Silke A1 - Sendtner, Michael A1 - Kaltschmidt, Christian A1 - Kaltschmidt, Barbara T1 - Absence of Plekhg5 Results in Myelin Infoldings Corresponding to an Impaired Schwann Cell Autophagy, and a Reduced T-Cell Infiltration Into Peripheral Nerves JF - Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience N2 - Inflammation and dysregulation of the immune system are hallmarks of several neurodegenerative diseases. An activated immune response is considered to be the cause of myelin breakdown in demyelinating disorders. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), myelin can be degraded in an autophagy-dependent manner directly by Schwann cells or by macrophages, which are modulated by T-lymphocytes. Here, we show that the NF-κB activator Pleckstrin homology containing family member 5 (Plekhg5) is involved in the regulation of both Schwann cell autophagy and recruitment of T-lymphocytes in peripheral nerves during motoneuron disease. Plekhg5-deficient mice show defective axon/Schwann cell units characterized by myelin infoldings in peripheral nerves. Even at late stages, Plekhg5-deficient mice do not show any signs of demyelination and inflammation. Using RNAseq, we identified a transcriptional signature for an impaired immune response in sciatic nerves, which manifested in a reduced number of CD4\(^+\) and CD8\(^+\) T-cells. These findings identify Plekhg5 as a promising target to impede myelin breakdown in demyelinating PNS disorders. KW - Schwann cells KW - autophagy KW - immune response KW - myelin KW - PLEKHG5 Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207538 SN - 1662-5102 VL - 14 ER -