TY - JOUR A1 - Probstmeier, R. A1 - Bilz, A. A1 - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürger T1 - Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule and polysialic acid during early mouse embryogenesis N2 - The expression of the neural cell adhesion molccule (N-CAM) and a 2-8 linked polysialic acid (PSA), whieh is believed to be predominantly expressed on N-CAM, was investigated during early embryonie development ofthe mouse (embryonic days 7.5 to 10.0). By immunoeytoehemistry, in tissue sections, N-CAM and PSA were not detectable at embryonie day 7.5 but were expressed in the prominent body regions such as somites, unsegmented mesoderm, developing heart, and neuroectoderm at embryonie day 8.0 N-CAM and PSA immunoreaetivities were always predominantly associated with tbe plasma membrane. No tissue could be detected which was positive for PSA but negative for N-CAM. In Western blot analysis of whole embryos, by contrast, only the lightly sialylated and PSA-negative 180 and 140 kD isoforms of N-CAM werc present at embryonie day 8.0 and strong expression of PSA-bearing, heavily sialylated N-CAM was not detectable before embryonie day 10.0. In Western blot analysis of N-CAM immunoaffinity purifled from whole embryos and digested with neuraminidase as weil as in Northern blot analysis, the 120 kD isoform of N-CAM or its eorresponding mRN A were not expressed in detectable amounts during the time period investigated. KW - Immunologie KW - embryo KW - mouse KW - N-CAM KW - sialic acid Y1 - 1994 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54921 ER - TY - THES A1 - Leimeister, Cornelia T1 - Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von Genen für die Entwicklung der Nieren und des Urogenitalsystems T1 - Identification and characterization of genes involved in development of the kidney and the urogenital system N2 - Das Studium der Nierenentwicklung gibt Einblicke in generelle entwicklungsbiologische Prozesse wie induktive Wechselwirkungen, mesenchymale Kondensation, mesenchymale-epitheliale Umformung, Determinierung von Zellschicksal sowie Differenzierung und damit auch in die Entstehung congenitaler Fehlbildungen. Nach Induktion durch die Ureterknospe entstehen aus dem metanephrogenen Mesenchym die funktionellen Einheiten der Niere - die Nephrone - und das Nierenstroma. Diesen morphogenetischen Prozessen liegen komplexe regulatorische Veränderungen in der Genexpression zugrunde, die bislang nicht im Detail aufgeklärt sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit war deshalb die Identifizierung bekannter und insbesondere neuer Gene, die durch Induktion im metanephrogenen Mesenchym reguliert werden. Mit Hilfe der ddPCR und Transfilter-Organkulturen wurde die Genexpression von induziertem versus nicht-induziertem Mesenchym aus Mäuse-Nierenanlagen untersucht. Einzelne Kandidaten wurden auf differenzielle Expression durch Northern Blot Analyse überprüft und für die weitere Charakterisierung ausgewählt. Als eines der bekannten Gene wurde sFRP2 als im metanephrogenen Mesenchym induziert bestätigt und durch in situ Hybridisierung ganzer Mäuseembryonen und Paraffinschnitte näher untersucht. Es zeigt eine spezifische und dynamische Expression während der Entwicklung der Niere und anderer Gewebe, die mit den Expressionsmustern von sFRP1 und sFRP4 verglichen wurde. Die detailierte Genexpressionsanalyse der sFRP-Familie in der murinen Embryonalentwicklung sollte als Grundlage für funktionelle Studien dieser erst kürzlich entdeckten neuen Genfamilie dienen. Erste Untersuchungen der ddPCR-Produkte C0-5, J6-3 und M2-4 zeigten, daß es sich um neue Gene handelt, die unterschiedliche Expressionsmuster in der Niere zeigen. Während C0-5 dynamisch in Epithelzellen von Ureter und Nephronvorläufern exprimiert ist, markiert J6-3 Stromazellen und M2-4 ist bereits im kondensierenden Mesenchym, später aber auch in den epithelialen Derivaten nachweisbar. Die Isolierung und Analyse der dem C0-5-ddPCR-Fragment entsprechenden cDNA zeigte, daß sie für ein kollagenartiges Protein codiert, welches beim Menschen in der Nähe des EWS-Gens auf Chromosom 22q12 liegt. Darüber hinaus wurde eine neue zu hairy und dem E(spl)-Komplex verwandte Genfamile identifiziert. Aufgrund ihrer Verwandtschaft und einem charakteristischen YRPW-Tetrapeptid wurden sie als Hey-Gene bezeichnet für: "hairy- und E(spl)-verwandt mit YRPW-Motiv". Sie zeigen gegenüber hairy/E(spl) oder den entsprechenden Vertebraten-Homologen der Hes-Genfamilie veränderte DNA- und Protein-Bindungseigenschaften. Darüber hinaus korrelieren ihre Expressionsmuster häufig mit Genen des Delta-Notch-Signaltransduktionsweg, was auf eine Beteiligung der Hey-Gene an Zelldeterminierung und Bildung von Zellgrenzen hinweist. Diese Vermutung konnte durch die Analyse von Dll1-Knockout-Mäusen für die Somitogenese ansatzweise bestätigt werden. Die Kombination von Transfilter-Organkultur mit ddPCR erwies sich als geeignet, um transkriptionell regulierte Gene des metanephrogenen Mesenchyms zu identifizieren. Expressions- und Sequenzanalyse vor allem der neuen Gene deutet auf ihre Beteiligung an der Entwicklung der Niere und anderer Gewebe hin, die nun im Einzelnen untersucht werden muß. Mehr als 50 weitere Kandidaten für neue Gene bilden eine breite Basis zur weiteren Erforschung molekularer Grundlagen der Nierenentwicklung. N2 - Studies on kidney development provide insights into general processes of embryogenesis like inductive interactions, mesenchymal condensation, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, cell fate determination as well as differentiation and thereby into the basis of congenital malformations. Once induced by the ureteric bud, the metanephrogenic mesenchyme gives rise to the functional units of the kidney - the nephrons - and the renal stroma. These morphogenetic processes rely on complex regulatory changes in gene expression, which to date are not understood in detail. The present thesis aimed to identify known and primarily novel genes regulated within the metanephrogenic mesenchyme upon induction. Gene expression of induced versus uninduced mesenchyme from murine kidney anlagen was compared using ddPCR together with transfilter organ culture. Several candidates were assayed for differential expression by northern blot hybridization and selected for further characterization. As one of the known genes, sFRP2 was verified to be induced within the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. In situ hybridization of whole-mount mouse embryos and paraffin sections revealed specific and dynamic expression patterns for sFRP2 as well as for the related genes sFRP1 and sFRP4 in the developing kidney and other tissues. The detailed sFRP gene expression analysis was performed to guide functional studies for this recently identified novel gene family. Preliminary investigations of the ddPCR products C0-5, J6-3 and M2-4 revealed that they are all derived from novel genes with distinct expression patterns during kidney development. While C0-5 expression dynamically switches from the ureteric bud to the nephron precursors and the collecting system, J6-3 specifies the stromal cell lineage and M2-4 is already detectable in the condensing mesenchyme with subsequent expression in epithelial derivatives. Isolation and analysis of the C0-5 cDNA resulted in the identification of a collagen-like protein in mice and humans that is located upstream of the EWS gene of the human chromosome 22q12. Additionally, a novel gene family related to hairy and the E(spl)-complex genes has been identified. Because of this relationship and a characteristic YRPW tetrapeptide they were designated as Hey genes for "hairy and E(spl) related with YRPW motif". Compared to hairy/E(spl) or the mammalian Hes proteins they show novel features of DNA-binding and protein interaction. Moreover, their expression patterns frequently correlate with those of members of the Delta-Notch signaling pathway suggesting that Hey genes may participate in this pathway in cell fate decisions and boundary formation. Analysis of Dll1 knockout mice partly confirmed this assumption for Hey1 and Hey2 during somitogenesis. This screen has shown that transfilter organ culture in combination with ddPCR is a powerful tool to identify genes regulated within the metanephrogenic mesenchyme upon induction. Expression and sequence analysis of the novel genes implies a function during development of the kidney and other tissues that can now be studied in further detail. The collection of more than 50 additional candidates for novel genes regulated during nephrogenesis provides a rich resource for future analysis of the networks governing kidney development KW - Niere KW - Entwicklung KW - Molekulargenetik KW - Niere KW - Urogenitalsystem KW - Differential Display PCR KW - Entwicklung KW - In situ Hybridisierung KW - Somitogenese KW - Neurogenese KW - Mesenchym KW - Maus KW - Delta KW - kidney KW - urogenital system KW - differential display PCR KW - development KW - in situ hybridization KW - somitogenesis KW - neurogenesis KW - mesenchyme KW - mouse Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1690 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bücheler, Markus T1 - Regulation der Neurotransmission im zentralen Nervensystem durch alpha2-adrenerge Rezeptoren T1 - Regulation of neural transmission by alpha2-adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system N2 - Die Gruppe der adrenergen Rezeptoren (AR) umfasst neun Rezeptoren (3 alpha1-, 3 alpha2-, 3 beta-AR), die alle durch die physiologischen Liganden Adrenalin und Noradrenalin aktiviert werden können. Eine Subgruppe der AR bilden die drei alpha2-AR alpha2A, alpha2B und alpha2C. Sie können prä- oder postsynaptisch lokalisiert sein. Präsynaptisch lokalisierte alpha2-AR hemmen die Transmitterfreisetzung im Sinne einer negativen Rückkopplung. Die Hauptrolle bei der präsynaptischen Hemmung der Transmitterfreisetzung spielen alpha2-AR vom Subtyp alpha2A. Es lagen zu Beginn dieser Arbeit auch Hinweise vor, daß noch weitere alpha2-Rezeptorsubtypen an dieser Funktion beteiligt sind. Eine eindeutige Zuordnung dieser alpha2-AR zu den Subtypen alpha2B oder alpha2C gelang aber bisher nicht. In dieser Arbeit sollte deshalb die Frage beantwortet werden, welche alpha2-AR neben dem alpha2A-AR an der präsynaptischen Hemmung der Transmitterfreisetzung im zentralen Nervensystem beteiligt sind. Zur Subtypunterscheidung wurden "knockout"-Mäuse verwendet, die nur einen oder zwei alpha2-Rezeptorsubtypen exprimierten. Gehirnschnitte aus dem Neokortex und den Basalganglien dieser Mauslinien wurden mit radoaktiv markiertem Noradrenalin bzw. Dopamin inkubiert. Anschließend wurde in Transmitterfreisetzungsexperimenten mit den so behandelten Gehirnschnitten Konzentrations-Wirkungskurven mit verschiedenen Liganden erstellt. Auf diese Weise konnte gezeigt werden, daß neben den alpha2A-AR auch alpha2C-AR präsynaptisch die Transmitterfreisetzung von Noradrenalin und Dopamin hemmen. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde die Aktivierungs- und Deaktivierungskinetik der alpha2A- und alpha2C-AR im heterologen Expressionssystem untersucht. Hierzu wurden stabile HEK293-Zellinien generiert, die entweder alpha2A- oder alpha2C-AR unterschiedlich stark exprimierten. Diese Zellinien wurden transient mit GIRK-Kanälen transfiziert, um die durch Stimulation mit Noradrenalin resultierenden Kaliumströme mit der "patch-clamp"-Technik zu messen. Dabei ergab sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen alpha2A- und alpha2C-AR bezüglich der Aktivierungskinetik. Alpha2C-AR deaktivierten jedoch deutlich langsamer als alpha2A-AR. Diese Befunde belegen, daß zwei der drei alpha2-AR-Subtypen, alpha2A und alpha2C, als präsynaptische Autorezeptoren (Noradrenalin) bzw. Heterorezeptoren (Dopamin) die Neurotransmission modulieren. Dies könnte in der Zukunft für die Entwicklung neuer, subtypspezifischer Pharmaka von großer Bedeutung sein. N2 - The group of adrenergic receptors (AR) consists of 9 receptors (3 alpha1-, 3 alpha2-, 3 alpha-AR). They can be activated by their physiological ligands, epinephrine and norepinephrine. One group consists of three alpha2-AR subtypes, alpha2A, alpha2B and alpha2C. Alpha2-AR can be localised either pre- or postsynaptically in neurons. Presynaptic alpha2-AR inhibit transmitter release via a negative feedback mechanism. The most important subtype for the presynaptic inhibiton is alpha2A. At the beginning of this work there were hints, indicating that more than one alpha2-AR subtype is involved in presynaptic inhibition. However, it was not feasible so far to determine which subtypes contribute to presynaptic feedback inhibition. The aim of this thesis was to determine which further subtypes inhibit transmitter release in the central nervous system. In order to distiguish between the different subtypes, knockout mice were used which expressed only one or two subtypes of the three alpha2-AR. Brain slices of the neocortex or the basal ganglia were incubated with radioactively labelled norepinephrine or dopamine, respectively. Then, concentration response curves with different ligands were made. These experiments revealed that alpha2C-AR can inhibit the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in addition to alpha2A-AR. Next, alpha2A- and alpha2C-AR were stabily expressed in HEK 293 cells to determine the kinetics in signal transduction. These cells were transiently transfected with GIRK channels to determine the potassium currents elicited by norepinephrine stimulation with the patch clamp technique. No significant differences between alpha2A- and alpha2C-AR with respect to activation kinetics were detected. However, alpha2C-AR deactivated significantly slower than alpha2A-AR. These results demonstrate that two alpha2-AR, alpha2A- and alpha2C, modulate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. These findings are of importance for future development of subtype-selective ligands. KW - transgen KW - Maus KW - Adrenozeptor KW - alpha2 KW - transgenic KW - mouse KW - adrenoceptor KW - alpha2 Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7803 ER - TY - THES A1 - Frydrychowicz, Alex T1 - Hochaufgelöste cine-Magnetresonanz-Bildgebung des Mäuseherzens zur Bestimmung rechtsventrikulärer Morphologie und funktioneller Parameter : Validierung der Methode und Etablierung an zwei Modellen der Herzinsuffizienz T1 - High-resolution cardiac cine-MR-Imaging of the murine right ventricle:Quantification of morphological and functional parameters and results from two models of induced heart failure N2 - Die Rolle des rechten Ventrikels in der Entwicklung der Herzinsuffizienz ist bis heute umstritten. Vor dem Hintergrund neuer transgener Mausmodelle war es Ziel dieser Studie, die MR-basierte Volumenquantifizierung für den rechten Ventrikel der Maus zu validieren und auf zwei Mausmodell mit Rechtsherzinsuffizienz anzuwenden. Gesunde Mäuse unterschiedlichen Alters wurden mittels MR-Bildgebung bei 7T untersucht. Zur Generierung der Herzinsuffizienz wurde eine Infarzierung durch Banding der LAD, zur Erzeugung einer isolierten Rechtsherzinsuffizienz eine Pulmonalarterienstenose operativ induziert. Die Schnittführung der MR-Aufnahmen lag orthogonal zum Ventrikelseptum, um Partialvolumen-Fehler zu minimieren. Die MR-Daten wurden von 2 unabhängigen Auswertern zur Bestimmung der Reproduzierbarkeit analysiert. Der Vergleich linksventrikulärer (LV) und rechtsventrikulärer (RV) Volumina zeigte eine enge Korrelation für die Schlagvolumina (SV) (r=0.97, p<0.0001). Die Bland-Altman-Analyse bestätigte diese enge Übereinstimmung (mittlere Differenz 0.4µl). Wiederholte Messung der RV Parameter zeigte ein hohes Maß an Reproduzierbarkeit (intraobserver- und interobserver-Variabilität jeweils <7%). Die MR-Messung 4 Wochen nach Pulmonalbanding ergab einen signifikanten Anstieg des RV enddiastolischen Volumens (+44%, p<0.005) und vor allem RV endsystolischen Volumens (+133%, p<0.0001). Die RV Ejektionsfraktion war signifikant reduziert (31.2±6.2 % vs. 57.0±2.3 %, p<0.001). Die LV Volumina sowie EF waren unverändert zum Normalkollektiv und bestätigten den Befund der isolierten Rechtsherzinsuffizienz. Neben LV Volumina erlaubt die 3D MR-Datenakquisition auch eine reproduzierbare Analyse des deutlich komplexeren rechten Ventrikels der Maus. Die Studie belegt eindrucksvoll des Potential von hochauflösender MR-Bildgebung zur Aufklärung von Pathomechanismen rechtsventrikulärer Erkrankungen. N2 - The predictive importance of the right ventricle (RV) in the failing heart is constantly discussed and MR-Imaging as a uniquely precise method is used to evaluate the underlying processes. The results from left ventricular (LV) murine cardiac MR-Imaging (MRI) led to the interest in assessing the RV by in vivo 7.05T cine-MRI and to demonstrate its potency on two models of heart failure. To demonstrate the feasibility of RV measurements RV volumes and parameters were compared to LV correlates and validated by inter- and intraobserver comparison. The method was then transferred to mice infarcted by LAD-banding as a model of heart failure and to a relatively unknown model of right heart failure by banding of the pulmonary artery. LAD-banding was performed as previously described by open-chest surgery. For pulmonary banding the pulmonary artery was dissected from other vascular structures and then banded against a prepared 25G needle for reproducibility of results1. All mice were given 4 weeks to recreate from the operation and to develop heart failure. MR studies were done by the known setup of our workgroup on a 7.05T experimental MR scanner (BRUKER Biospec, Germany) with a horizontal bore and a microscopy gradient insert. Adjacent planes were planned orthogonal to the interventricular septum as to depicture both RV and LV in a single measurement with highest possible precision and low geometric assumptions. Volume calculation was achieved by determining endsystolic and enddiastolic slices in every plane. Endo- and epicardial borders were then manually delineated for both left and right ventricle and added up for total ventricular volume (see figures 1-4). After comparison of LV and RV EDV, ESV, SV, CO and EF for validation of the method by one observer, a different observer repeatedly assessed RV volumes of each mouse for determination of inter- and intraobserver variability. After RV evaluation was thereby validated, the method was transferred onto the above models. Comparison of LV and RV in healthy mice showed close correlations (r=0.97, p<0.0001) between SV and CO as expected from human physiology. LV and RV EDV, ESV and EF differed as expected: RV EDV and ESV were significantly higher, RV EF lower than LV correlates (for all p<0.05). Repeated RV assessment for demonstration of inter- and intraobserver variability was done by a different observer: Calculations revealed low differences as shown in tables 1 and 2. Findings in the LAD-banding model were consistent with expectations from human pathophysiological changes with an obvious decrease of RV and LV SV, EF and CO. The relatively unknown banding of the pulmonary artery revealed unsignficantly altered LV parameters whereas RV EF was significantly lower. However, RV SV and CO were only slightly diminished which could be due to a slower progress of RV alterations than expected. We were able to demonstrate the feasibility of high-resolution MRI of the murine right ventricle with good results in direct RV and LV comparison. Inter- and Intraobserver validation of this method showed reasonably low differences which enabled us to successfully transfer this technique on two models of heart failure. These findings open new perspectives to further investigate RV changes both in healthy mice as well as in genetically or surgically engineered mice. Evaluation of the murine RV by MR-Imaging may therefore lead to a better understanding of the development of RV changes under pathophysiological circumstances. KW - Herzinsuffizienz KW - Kernspintomographie KW - Maus KW - RV KW - Model KW - Heart failure KW - murine KW - mri KW - mouse KW - pulmonal banding Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-10207 ER - TY - THES A1 - Glückert, Eva-Katharina T1 - Charakterisierung eines Antiserums gegen BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) und Optimierung von Methoden zum immunhistochemischen Nachweis von BDNF im Hippocampus der Maus T1 - Characterization of an antibdoy against BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and optimizing of methods for immunohistochemical proof of BDNF in mouse hippocampus N2 - Der neurotrophe Wachstumsfaktor BDNF gehört neben NGF, NT-3 und NT-4/5 zur Familie der Neurotrophine. Er spielt eine wichtige Rolle für Überleben und Differenzierung von Nervenzellen und ist insbesondere auch verantwortlich für die Regulation synaptischer Plastizität. Besonders im Hippocampus, dem Ort der höchsten Expression von BDNF im adulten Gehirn, wirkt BDNF bei den Vorgängen von Lernen und Gedächtnis mit, welches als Phänomen der LTP untersucht werden kann. Bisher ist eine Lokalisation von BDNF-Protein mittels Immunfluoreszenz-Techniken im Gehirn der Maus oder Ratte nur sehr schwer gelungen. In den meisten Arbeiten gelang die Lokalisation von BDNF über den Nachweis von mRNA oder im Western Blot, die Gruppe von Conner et al. konnte einen qualitativen Nachweis von BDNF-Protein mittels eines eigens hergestellten Antiserums erbringen (Conner et al. 1997). Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines Antiserums gegen BDNF zur subzellulären Lokalisation mittels Immunhistochemie. Durch die Verwendung von Immunfluoreszenz-gekoppelten Sekundärantikörpern sollte zum einen eine quantitative Bestimmung von BDNF möglich sein, zum anderen sollte durch die Möglichkeit einer nahezu dreidimensionalen Darstellung des Gewebes mittels Vibratomschnitten auch eine Aussage über eine genauere Lokalisation von BDNF gemacht werden können. Um den immunhistochemischen Nachweis von BDNF-Protein im Hippocampus der Maus mittels Immunfluoreszenz führen zu können, wurde zunächst ein geeignetes Anti-serum benötigt. Zwei zu Vergleichszwecken ausgetestete kommerzielle Antikörper zeigten keine Färbung. Nach dem Vorbild zweier Arbeitsgruppen (Yan et al. 1997b und Conner et al. 1996, 1997) wurde ein Antiserum gegen humanes rekombinantes BDNF in Kaninchen hergestellt. Das Antiserum erhielt den Namen „BDNF RabbitB“. Die Spezifität des Antiserums wurde mittels Western Blot und in der Zellkultur anhand von Hühnchen-DRGs überprüft. Im Western Blot zeigte das Antiserum eine spezifische Anfärbung von rekombinantem BDNF sowie im Hippocampus-Proteinextrakt. In der Kontrolle mit Präimmunserum zeigte sich keine Anfärbung. In der Zellkultur mit Hühnchen-DRGs konnte eine blockierende Wirkung des Antiserums in Gegenwart von BDNF als neurotrophem Wachstumsfaktor im Zellkulturmedium nachgewiesen werden, es zeigte sich eine signifikante Reduktion des Überlebens von Zellen bei einer Verdünnung des Antiserums von 1:1.000. Das Präimmunserum zeigte keine Wirkung. Eine Kreuzreaktivität mit NGF als strukturähnlichem Protein konnte ausgeschlossen werden, da das Antiserum in Gegenwart von NGF im Kulturmedium keine Wirkung zeigte. Anschließend galt es, die Methoden für die Immunhistochemie mit diesem Antiserum zu optimieren, da es Hinweise gab, daß gerade die Immunhistochemie neurotropher Faktoren sehr sensibel auf verschiedene Methoden reagiert. Daher wurden sowohl die Fixierungsmethode, unterschiedliche Gewebeschnitte, verschiedene Puffersysteme und immunhistochemische Färbemethoden untersucht und verglichen. Die Standard-Fixierungsmethode mit Phosphat-Puffer, modifiziert nach der Methode nach Yan et al. 1997b mit maximal 2 h Nachfixierung stellte sich als beste Methode heraus. Eine Kombination zweier verschiedener Puffer (TBS und PB) innerhalb der Fixierung ist ungünstig. Daher sollte innerhalb einer Methode immer bei einem Puffersystem geblieben werden, wobei hier insgesamt bei dem Vergleich von PBS, TBS und TRIS-Puffer sowohl in der Fixierung als auch in der Färbemethode dem Phosphat-Puffer der Vorzug gegeben wird, welches auch das Standard-System darstellt. Bei den Gewebeschnitten sind, wie ursprünglich geplant Vibratomschnitte zu bevorzugen. Insgesamt konnten jedoch mögliche Ursachen für die Anfälligkeit der BDNF-Immunreaktivität bei Fixierungs- und Färbemethoden hier nicht abschließend erklärt werden. Problematisch war die ausgeprägte Hintergrundfärbung des Antiserums v.a. in der Immunhistochemie, die nicht ausreichend behoben werden konnte. Insofern sollte das Antiserum für die Verwendung bei immunhistochemischen Färbungen noch weiter optimiert werden. Für die Verwendung in der Zellkultur ist das Antiserum auf Grund seiner BDNF-blockierenden Eigenschaften gut einsetzbar. Im Western Blot sollte „BDNF RabbitB“ in einer Verdünnung von 1:5.000, in Zellkultur mit 1:1.000 und in der Immunhistochemie mit Vibratomschnitten mit 1:2.000 eingesetzt werden. KW - BDNF KW - Hippocampus KW - Maus KW - Immunhistochemie KW - BDNF KW - hippocampus KW - mouse KW - immunohistochemical Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18696 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ritter, Christian Oliver T1 - Langzeitverlauf der linksventrikulären Hypertrophie von Mäuseherzen nach Aortenbanding - nichtinvasive Charakterisierung mittels schneller hochauflösender in vivo Magnetresonanztomographie - T1 - Long term study of left ventricular hypertrophy in mice hearts after aortic banding -non invasive characterization with fast high-resolution in vivo magnetic resonance imaging- N2 - Diese Arbeit zeigt den zeitlichen Verlauf der geometrischen und funktionellen kardialen Änderungen während chronischer Druckinduktion des Mäuseherzens nach kontrollierter Banding-Operation der Aorta thoracalis im Langzeitverlauf von insgesamt 26 Wochen. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten Tiere, die sich zum gleichen Zeitpunkt einer Pseudo-Operation (Sham-Operation) unterzogen. Zur Erfassung der kardialen Funktionsparameter sowie der Dynamik wurde schnelle hochauflösende MR-Kinobildgebung in einem 7 Tesla Magneten mit Hilfe eines Mikroskopie-Gradientensystems unter Isofluran-Narkose durchgeführt. Erfasst wurden hierbei die Parameter enddiastolisches Volumen (EDV), endsytolisches Volumen (ESV), Schlagvolumen (SV), Auswurffraktion (EF), Herzminutenvolumen (HMV), Herzindex (CI), linksventrikuläre (LV) Masse, LV-Massenindex, LV-Wanddicke endsytolisch und enddiastolisch sowie LV-Entleerungs- und Füllungsrate. Zusätzliche Zeit-Volumen-Kurven wurden berechnet. Zu jedem Untersuchungszeitpunkt wurde eine histologische Aufarbeitung des linken Ventrikels durchgeführt. Die Kardiomyozytengröße wurde nach einer Hämalaun-Eosin-(HE)-Färbung planimetrisch lichtmikroskopisch bestimmmt. Der Grad der einsetzenden Fibrose wurde mit einer Picro-Sirius-Rot(PSR)-Färbung und nachfolgender Mikroskopie mit zirkulär polarisiertem Licht bestimmt. Es zeigten sich die typischen linksventrikulären Veränderungen der druckinduzierten Hypertrophie, die sich in vier Stufen einteilen lässt: Akutphase bis sieben Tage nach Operation, Kompensationsphase bis zwei Wochen nach Operation, Umbauphase bis sieben Wochen nach Operation und die Dekompensationsphase ab sieben Wochen nach Operation. Die Kollagendichte hatte sich zum Beispiel 26 Wochen nach Operation verdoppelt im Vergleich zur Erstuntersuchung. Die zeitliche, funktionelle und histologische Erfassung der linksventrikulären Hypertrophie ist eine wichtige Grundlage für die Planung weiterer Studien, besonders in Hinblick auf den Einsatz von Modellen mit transgenen Tieren sowie Tieren mit Gen-Knockout. Vorteil der kardialen mikroskopischen Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) ist der Einsatz als Kontrollmethode der Auswirkungen der genetischen Manipulation nahezu direkt nach der Geburt. Entscheidend ist die umfassende kardiovaskuläre Phänotyp-Charakterisierung der Maus als Schlüssel für die Anwendung der experimentell gewonnen Erkenntnisse zum weiteren Verständnis der Morphologie und funktionellen Abläufe des Herzen sowie der sich daraus ableitenden Therapiemöglichkeiten am menschlichen Herzen. Eine Anwendung dieser Bildgebungsmethode an der Maus ist in der Zukunft zum Beispiel auch denkbar für die Untersuchung von Remodeling-Prozessen nach Myokard-Infarkt, regionaler Herzmuskelfunktion unter Verwendung der Stress-Cinematographie, MR-Tagging- sowie Phasenkontrast-Bildgebung und der myokardialen First-Pass-Perfusionsbildgebung in Kombination mit dem späten Kontrastmittel-Enhancement nach Myokardinfarkt. N2 - This study shows the temporal changes of cardiac geometry and functional parameters after aortic banding in eight C57Bl6-mice. Pressure induced left-ventricular hypertrophy was monitored over 26 weeks. As control we examined the same number of sham-operated mice. A fast, high-resolution microscopic magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) cine-imaging technique has been applied at each of the six different examination timepoints using a 7 Tesla magnet and Isofluran-anesthesia. We evaluated the following parameter: enddiastolic volume (EDV), endsytolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), left ventricular (LV) mass, LV-mass index, endsytolic and enddiastolic LV-wall thickness as well as time-resolved LV-volume-time-curves. At each timepoint we sacrificed mice for a histological work-up of the left ventricle. Manual planimetry of the cardiomyocyte size has been performed after hemalaun-eosin (HE) staining. The grade of fibrosis was shown after picro-sirius-red (PSR) staining using circular-polarized light microscopy. Typical changes of left ventricular pressure induced hypertrophy could be depicted and a four step scheme was established: acute phase within seven days after surgery, compensation phase within two weeks, remodelling till seven weeks and decompensation phase starting seven weeks after surgery. The documentation of temporal, functional and histologic changes of left ventricular hypertrophy is an essential base for the planning of further studies, especially respecting its use in models with transgen animals and animals with gen-knockout. The advantage of cardiac microscopic MRI is its use as a control method monitoring genetic changes directly already after birth. Main target is a comprehensive cardiovascular phenotyp-characterization of the the mouse in terms of morpology and function, and the resulting therapy options for humans. In the future, implementation of cardiac microscopic imaging in mice might be applied to study the process of remodeling after myocardial infarction, regional functional parameters using stress-cinematography, MR-tagging- as well as phase-contrast-imaging, and myocardial first-pass-perfusion (FPP) imaging in combination with late contrast ehnhancement after myocardial infarction. KW - Linksventrikuläre Hypertrophie KW - Maus KW - Herz KW - Magnetresonanztomographie KW - left ventricular hypertrophy KW - high-resolution MRI KW - microscopic MRI KW - mouse KW - heart Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-20940 ER - TY - THES A1 - Meyer, Klaus T1 - Erhöhte Anfälligkeit von Creatinkinase-defizienten Mausherzen gegenüber Ischämie und Reperfusionschaden bei veränderter Calcium-Homöostase T1 - Creatine Kinase-Deficient Hearts exhibit Increased Susceptibility to Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Impaired Calcium Homeostasis N2 - Durch die Konzeption des Versuchsaufbaus und der Wahl der Komponenten konnte die aktuelle Arbeit an intakten isolierten Mäuseherzen zeigen, dass unter weitgehend physiologischen in-vitro-Bedingungen die Möglichkeit besteht, mit Hilfe des Biolumineszenzproteins Aequorin Messungen der intrazytoplasmatischen Ca2+- Konzentration während eines einzelnen Herzschlages mit einer Frequenz von 420 Schlägen pro Minute zu gewinnen und diese gleichzeitig in die linksventrikuläre Funktion integrieren zu können. Das wesentliche Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist dabei, dass während moderater Arbeitsbelastung der Verlust eines effizienten CK-Systems transgener CK-defizienter- Herzen (CKM/Mito-/) hinsichtlich des intramyokardialem Calciumstoffwechsels und der linksventrikulären Funktion durch Adaptionsmechanismen offensichtlich gut kompensiert wird. Allerdings wird in Situationen des Ungleichgewichtes zwischen Energieversorgung und Energieverbrauch, ausgelöst durch Ischämie und anschließende Reperfusion, eine signifikante Verschlechterung der linksventrikulären Funktion und gleichzeitig der Ca2+-Homöostase sichtbar, was einen weiteren Beweis für die enge Beziehung zwischen myokardialer Energetik und des Ca2+-Haushaltes insbesondere in CK-defizienten Herzen unter metabolischem Stress darstellt. Schließlich zeigt die simultane Aufzeichnung des Ca2+-Signals und die Druckentwicklung des linken Ventrikels, dass es schon vor der Entwicklung der ischämischen Kontraktur zur intrazytoplasmatischen Veränderung der Ca2+-Homöostase kommt, die durch eine unzureichende Bereitstellung durch ATP ausgelöst wird und maßgeblich durch das Fehlen eines effizienten Energietransportsystem in Form der Kreatinkinase bedingt sein könnte. N2 - In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that, during moderate workload, loss of an efficient CK system in transgenic CK deficient hearts is well compensated by adaptational mechanisms. However, during more pronounced mismatches in energy supply and demand, such as induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury, significant alterations in LV performance and Ca2+ homeostasis become unmasked, providing further evidence for a key function of an intact CK system for maintenance of calcium homeostasis under metabolic stress conditions. KW - Kreatin Kinase KW - Calcium KW - Aequorin KW - Ischämie KW - Maus KW - Herz KW - Kreatin Kinase KW - Calcium KW - Aequorin KW - Ischämie KW - Maus KW - Herz KW - creatin kinase KW - calcium KW - mouse KW - ischemia KW - heart Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35015 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kriegebaum, Claudia T1 - Spatio-temporal Expression Patterns of the Serotonin Synthesis Enzymes TPH1 and TPH2 and Effects of Acute Stress T1 - Regional-zeitliche Expressionsmuster der beiden Serotoninsynthese-Enzyme TPH1 und TPH2 und Effekte durch akuten Stress N2 - Several lines of evidence implicate a dysregulation of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-dependent serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in emotions and stress and point to their potential relevance to the etiology and pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the differential expression pattern of the two isoforms TPH1 and TPH2 which encode two forms of the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis is controversial. Here, a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis clarifies TPH1 and TPH2 expression during pre- and postnatal development of the mouse brain and in adult human brain as well as in peripheral organs including the pineal gland. Four different methods (real time PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis) were performed to systematically control for tissue-, species- and isoform-specific expression on both the pre- and posttranslational level. TPH2 expression was consistently detected in the raphe nuclei, as well as in fibres in the deep pineal gland and in the gastrointestinal tract. Although TPH1 expression was found in these peripheral tissues, no significant TPH1 expression was detected in the brain, neither during murine development, nor in mouse and human adult brain. Also under conditions like stress and clearing the tissue from blood cells, no changes in expression levels were detectable. Furthermore, the reuptake of 5-HT into the presynaptic neuron by the serotonin transporter (SERT) is the major mechanism terminating the neurotransmitter signal. Thus, mice with a deletion in the Sert gene (Sert KO mice) provide an adequate model for human affective disorders to study lifelong modified 5-HT homeostasis in interaction with stressful life events. To further explore the role of TPH isoforms, Tph1 and Tph2 expression was studied in the raphe nuclei of Sert deficient mice under normal conditions as well as following exposure to acute immobilization stress. Interestingly, no statistically significant changes in expression were detected. Moreover, in comparison to Tph2, no relevant Tph1 expression was detected in the brain independent from genotype, gender and treatment confirming expression in data from native animals. Raphe neurons of a brain-specific Tph2 conditional knockout (cKO) model were completely devoid of Tph2-positive neurons and consequently 5-HT in the brain, with no compensatory activation of Tph1 expression. In addition, a time-specific Tph2 inducible (i) KO mouse provides a brain-specific knockdown model during adult life, resulting in a highly reduced number of Tph2-positive cells and 5-HT in the brain. Intriguingly, expression studies detected no obvious alteration in expression of 5-HT system-associated genes in these brain-specific Tph2 knockout and knockdown models. The findings on the one hand confirm the specificity of Tph2 in brain 5-HT synthesis across the lifespan and on the other hand indicate that neither developmental nor adult Tph2-dependent 5-HT synthesis is required for normal formation of the serotonergic system, although Tph1 does not compensate for the lack of 5-HT in the brain of Tph2 KO models. A further aim of this thesis was to investigate the expression of the neuropeptide oxytocin, which is primarily produced in the hypothalamus and released for instance in response to stimulation of 5-HT and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Oxytocin acts as a neuromodulator within the central nervous system (CNS) and is critically involved in mediating pain modulation, anxiolytic-like effects and decrease of stress response, thereby reducing the risk for emotional disorders. In this study, the expression levels of oxytocin in different brain regions of interest (cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus and raphe nuclei) from female and male wildtype (WT) and Sert KO mice with or without exposure to acute immobilization stress were investigated. Results showed significantly higher expression levels of oxytocin in brain regions which are involved in the regulation of emotional stimuli (amygdala and hippocampus) of stressed male WT mice, whereas male Sert KO as well as female WT and Sert KO mice lack these stress-induced changes. These findings are in accordance with the hypothesis of oxytocin being necessary for protection against stress, depressive mood and anxiety but suggest gender-dependent differences. The lack of altered oxytocin expression in Sert KO mice also indicates a modulation of the oxytocin response by the serotonergic system and provides novel research perspectives with respect to altered response of Sert KO mice to stress and anxiety inducing stimuli. N2 - Durch zahlreiche Untersuchungen ist belegt, dass eine gestörte Tryptophan-Hydroxylase (TPH)-abhängige Serotonin (5-HT)-Synthese an einer veränderten emotionalen Reaktion sowie einer veränderten Stress-Antwort beteiligt ist und damit auch in der Ätiologie und Pathogenese psychischer Erkrankungen eine Rolle spielt. Dennoch werden nach wie vor die unterschiedlichen Expressionsmuster der beiden Isoformen TPH1 und TPH2, die für zwei Formen des Schrittmacherenzyms der 5-HT-Synthese kodieren, kontrovers diskutiert. Zentrales Anliegen dieser Arbeit ist daher eine Klärung der TPH1- und TPH2-Expression während der prä- und postnatalen Entwicklung des murinen Gehirns, sowie im adulten humanen Gehirn und in einigen peripheren Organen und der Zirbeldrüse. Durch die Verwendung von vier verschiedenen Methoden (Real time-PCR, In situ-Hybridisierung, Immunhistochemie und Westernblot-Analysen) wurde systematisch die Gewebs- und Isoform-spezifische Expression in Maus und Mensch auf prä- und posttranslationaler Ebene nachgewiesen. TPH2-Expression wurde Spezies-übergreifend in den Raphe-Kernen des Hirnstamms wie auch in Fasern zur Zirbeldrüse und im Gastrointestinaltrakt detektiert. Auch TPH1 konnte in diesen peripheren Organen (die Zirbeldrüse eingeschlossen) nachgewiesen werden, jedoch fand sich keine signifikante TPH1-Expression im Gehirn, weder während der Entwicklung des Maus-Gehirns noch im humanen und murinen adulten Gehirn. Auch durch veränderte Bedingungen wie der Entfernung von Blutzellen aus dem Gewebe oder der Anwendung von akutem Immobilisierungsstress konnte keine Änderung der Expression gemessen werden. Sert Knockout-Mäuse, stellen ein geeignetes Tiermodell für affektive Erkrankungen dar, insbesondere um eine lebenslang veränderte 5-HT-Homöostase in Verbindung mit belastenden Lebensereignissen zu untersuchen. Um die Bedeutung der TPH-Isoformen und deren korrekte Expression weiter zu untersuchen, wurde die Tph1- und Tph2-Expression in den Raphe-Kernen von Sert Knockout (KO)-Mäusen unter normalen Bedingungen und nach akutem Stress getestet. Interessanterweise konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Expressionsänderungen entdeckt werden. Mehr noch, relativ zu Tph2 konnte unabhängig von Behandlung, Geschlecht oder Genotyp keine relevante Tph1-Expression im Gehirn gemessen werden, was wiederum die Expressionsdaten aus nativen Tieren unterstützt. Die Raphe-Neurone eines Gehirn-spezifischen konditionalen Tph2 KO-Modells zeigten weder Tph2-positive Zellen noch 5-HT, wiesen aber auch keine kompensatorische Aktivierung der Tph1-Expression im Gehirn auf. Zusätzlich repräsentiert eine zeit-spezifische, induzierbare KO-Maus ein Gehirn-spezifisches Tph2 Knockdown-Modell ab dem Erwachsenenalter, das eine stark reduzierte Anzahl an Tph2-positiven Zellen und 5-HT im Gehirn aufweist. Expressionsuntersuchungen zeigten interessanterweise, dass diese Gehirn-spezifischen Tph2 Knockout- und Knockdown-Modelle keine sichtliche Änderung in der Expression von 5-HT-System-assoziierten Genen aufweisen. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen zum einen, dass die 5-HT-Synthese im murinen Gehirn während der kompletten Lebensspanne ausschließlich durch Tph2 katalysiert wird und weisen außerdem darauf hin, dass eine Tph2-abhängige 5-HT-Synthese weder während der Entwicklung noch im Erwachsenalter für die Ausbildung eines normalen serotonergen Systems benötigt wird, obwohl Tph1 den Verlust des 5-HT-Vorkommens im Gehirn der Tph2 KO-Mäuse nicht kompensiert. Weiterhin beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit der Expression von Oxytocin, das hauptsächlich im Hypothalamus produziert. Oxytocin ist maßgeblich bei Angst-lösenden Effekten sowie einer verringerten Stressantwort beteiligt. In dieser Studie wurde die Expression von Oxytocin in verschiedenen Gehirnregionen (Cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus und Raphe Nuclei) von weiblichen und männlichen Wildtyp- (WT) und Sert KO-Mäusen getestet, die entweder unter normalen Bedingungen gehalten wurden oder eine Stunde lang akutem Immobilisierungsstress ausgesetzt waren. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine signifikant höhere Oxytocin-Expression in Gehirnregionen, die für die emotionale Reizverarbeitung zuständig sind (Amygdala und Hippocampus) in gestressten männlichen WT-Mäusen, während männliche Sert KO-Mäuse sowie weibliche WT- und Sert KO-Mäuse diese Stress-bedingten Unterschiede nicht aufwiesen. Diese Befunde sind im Einklang mit der Hypothese, dass Oxytocin eine schützende Rolle bei Stress, depressiver Stimmung und Angst übernimmt, weisen jedoch auf einen Geschlechterunterschied hin. Ferner legt das Fehlen einer veränderten Oxytocin-Expression in Sert KO-Mäusen eine Modulation der Oxytocin-Expression durch das serotonerge System nahe, was neue Forschungsperspektiven über eine veränderte Reaktion auf Stress und Angst-auslösende Reize in Sert KO-Mäusen eröffnet. KW - Serotonin KW - Neurotransmitter KW - Chemische Synthese KW - Stress KW - Enzym KW - Genexpression KW - Maus KW - serotonin KW - mouse KW - acute stress KW - gene expression KW - enzymatic synthesis Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40839 ER - TY - THES A1 - Röder, Daniel T1 - Tumorzelladhäsion an monofilen und polyfilen Nahtmaterialien: Empfehlungen für die onkologische Chirurgie T1 - Tumor cell adhesion on monofilament and polyfilament sutures: Recommendations in oncological surgery N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde in einem in-vivo-Tiermodell das Ausmaß der Tumorzelladhäsion an chirurgischen Nahtmaterialien untersucht. In zwei Nacktmäusen wurde durch orthotope Implantation ein humanes Magenkarzinom induziert. Nach Laparotomie wurde das Magenkarzinom freigelegt und folgende acht kommerziell verfügbare Fadensorten in der Stärke 4/0 (USP) in vivo durch vitales Tumorgewebe gezogen: Prolene®, Monoplus®, Monosyn®, PDS II® und Maxon® (jeweils monofil), Polysorb®, Safil® und Vicryl® (jeweils polyfil). Anschließend wurde die Fadenoberfläche direkt hinter der Nadel sowie zehn Zentimeter hinter der Nadel raster-elektronenmikroskopisch dargestellt und immunzytochemisch sowie molekular-biologisch auf die Adhäsion humaner Tumorzellen hin untersucht. Als qualitatives Nachweisverfahren dienten die EPIMET®-Färbung, bei der das humane epitheliale Stukturprotein Zytokeratin CK-20 im Zytoplasma farblich markiert wird, sowie eine nested-reverse-Transkriptase-Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) mit human-CK-20-spezifischen Primerpaaren. Die Rasterelektronenmikroskopie zeigte bei jeder Fadensorte auf mindestens einer Probe Zellbeläge. Der immunzytologische Nachweis erwies sich als wenig sensitiv und gelang nur für Proben von Monoplus®, Maxon® und Safil®. Die PCR identifizierte CK-20-positive Zellen auf allen polyfilen Fäden (Polysorb®, Safil® und Vicryl®) sowie den monofilen Sorten Monosyn®, Monoplus® und Maxon®. Alle PCR-Proben von Prolene® oder PDS II® waren negativ. Damit fiel die Tumorzelladhäsion auf monofilen Proben in der PCR signifikant geringer aus als auf polyfilen Proben (p < 0.017). Dies kann im wesentlichen mit der ausgeprägten Traumatisierung des Gewebes durch den Sägeeffekt polyfiler Fäden begründet werden. Unterschiede in der Zelladhäsion zwischen den einzelnen monofilen Fadensorten lassen sich möglicherweise auf ihre unterschiedliche chemische Struktur (polare Gruppen, Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen) und deren Interaktion mit der Tumorzelloberfläche zurückführen. Für die gastrointestinale Tumorchirurgie wird empfohlen, weiterhin eine konsequente No-Touch-Technik einzuhalten, um eine Exfoliation viabler Tumorzellen, deren Adhäsion an Nahtmaterial und damit das Risiko eines Anastomosenrezidivs durch Implantation der am Faden adhärenten Tumorzellen zu reduzieren. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die monofilen Fäden aus PDS II® und Prolene® in der Gesamtschau der Ergebnisse die geringste Tendenz zur Tumorzelladhäsion aufweisen und somit im Vergleich zu den anderen untersuchten Fäden bei onkologischen Eingriffen bevorzugt werden sollten; die mehrfache Verwendung eines Fadens sollte wegen der verlängerten Kontaktzeit zwischen Faden und Anastomose vermieden und für jeden Durchstich ein neuer Faden verwendet werden. Geflochtene Nahtmaterialien sollten dagegen wegen des erhöhten Risikos für Tumorzelladhäsion und -implantation in der onkologischen Anastomosentechnik keine Anwendung finden. Es bedarf weiterer Studien zum Verständnis der unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägten Tumorzelladhäsion unter den verschiedenen monofilen Fäden. Als Ursachen denkbar wären Oberflächeneigenschaften wie z. B. elektrische Ladung, Hydrophilie/-phobie oder chemische Eigenschaften. Ein weiterer Ansatz wäre die Beschichtung von monofilen Nahtmaterialien mit Zytostatika zur Inhibition der Tumorzellvermehrung auf der Oberfläche der Anastomosennaht. N2 - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adhesion of tumor cells on surgical sutures in an in-vivo animal model. A human gastric carcinoma was induced by orthotopic implantation into two nude mice. After laparotomy, the following eight commercial surgical sutures (4/0 USP) were pulled through vital tumor tissue: Prolene®, Monoplus®, Monosyn®, PDS II® and Maxon® (monofilament structure), and Polysorb®, Safil® and Vicryl® (multifilament structure). Three methods were used to evaluate the results: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the suture surface, detection of tumor cells by immunocytochemical EPIMET® staining (which stains the human epithelial structure protein cytokeratin CK-20 in cytoplasm) and by detection of tumor specific mRNA (encoding CK-20) by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In SEM each type of suture showed cellular coating on the surface of at least one sample, although the cells could not be identified as of tumor origin. The sensitivity of immunocytochemical staining was poor; positive staining was successful in Monoplus®, Maxon® and Safil® samples only. PCR identified CK-20 positive cells on each multifilament suture and on monofilament Monosyn®, Monoplus® and Maxon®. No Prolene® and PDS II® samples were positive in PCR. Thus, there was significantly less tumor cell adhesion in PCR on monofilament than on multifilament sutures (p < 0.017). This is mainly due to gross tissue damage by the “sawing effect” of multifilament sutures. Differences in the tumor cell adhesion among monofilament sutures may be due to different chemical structure (polar groups, hydrogen bonds) and their interaction with the tumor cell surface. A consequent no-touch-technique in gastrointestinal tumor surgery is recommended in order to prevent exfoliation of viable tumor cells, cell adhesion on suture threads and to reduce the risk of local anastomostic recurrence by implantation of adherent tumor cells. Regarding the results, monofilament PDS II® and Prolene® show the least tendency for tumor cell adhesion. Multiple use of one thread should be avoided and a new thread should be taken for each stitch in order to minimize contact time between thread and anastomosis. Evidence of a higher risk of both tumor cell adhesion and implantation makes the use of braided suture obsolete in oncological surgery. Further studies are needed to better understand the differences in tumor cell adhesion among different monofilament sutures due to surface qualities like electrical charge, hydrophilia/-phobia or chemical qualities. Other approaches should include cytostatic coating of monofilament threads in order to inhibit tumor cell growth on the surface of threads used for anastomotic sutures. KW - Rezidiv KW - Gastrointestinaler Tumor KW - Anastomose KW - Nacktmaus KW - Naht KW - Anastomosenrezidiv KW - Tumorzelladhäsion KW - chirurgisches Nahtmaterial KW - Zytokeratin KW - anastomotic recurrence KW - tumor cell adhesion KW - surgical sutures KW - CK-20 KW - mouse Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38824 ER - TY - THES A1 - Parczyk, Marco T1 - In vivo NMR-methods to study effects of atherosclerosis in mice T1 - In vivo NMR-Methoden zur Untersuchung von atherosklerotischen Veränderungen an Mäusen N2 - Background Transgenic mouse models are increasingly used to study the pathophysiology of human cardiovascular diseases. The aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an indirect measure for vascular stiffness and a marker for cardiovascular risk. Results This work presents three MR-methods that allow the determination of the PWV in the descending murine aorta by analyzing blood flow waveforms, arterial distension waveforms, and a method that uses the combination of flow and distension waveforms. Systolic flow pulses were recorded with a temporal resolution of 1 ms applying phase velocity encoding. In a first step, the MR methods were validated by pressure waveform measurements on pulsatile elastic vessel phantoms. In a second step, the MR methods were applied to measure PWVs in a group of five eight-month-old apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice and an age matched group of four C57Bl/6J mice. The ApoE(-/-) group had a higher mean PWV than the C57Bl/6J group. Depending on the measurement technique, the differences were or were not statistically significant. Conclusions The findings of this study demonstrate that high field MRI is applicable to non-invasively determine and distinguish PWVs in the arterial system of healthy and diseased groups of mice. N2 - Hintergrund Transgene Mausmodelle werden zunehmend für Studien der Pathophysiologie humaner Kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen herangezogen. Die aortale Pulswellengeschwindigkeit ist ein indirektes Maß für die Gefäßsteifigkeit und ein Messparameter für kardiovaskulares Risiko. Ergebnisse Diese Arbeit präsentiert drei MR-Methoden, welche die Bestimmung der Pulswellengeschwindigkeit in der absteigenden murinen Aorta durch die Analyse von Fluss- und Dehnungswellen und durch eine Kombination beider Techniken ermöglicht. Systoliche Flusspulse wurden durch Phasendifferenzbildgebung mit einer Zeitauflösung von 1 ms aufgenommen. In einem ersten Schritt wurden die MR-Methoden durch druckkathetermessungen an einem pulsatilen elastischen Gefäßphantom validiert. In einem zweiten Schritt wurden die MR-Methoden angewendet, um die Pulswellengeschwindigkeit in einer Gruppe aus fünf acht Monate alten atherosklerotischen und einer gleichalterigen Gruppe aus vier gesunden Mäusen zu messen. Die atherosklerotische Gruppe hatte eine höhere mittlere Pulswellengeschwindigkeit als die gesunden Tiere. Abhängig von der Messmethode waren die Unterschiede signifikannt, oder nicht signifikant. Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit belegen die Möglichkeit der Messung der arteriellen Pulswellengeschwindigkeit an Mäusen mittels Hochfeld-MRI und die Unterscheidbarkeit gesunder und atherosklerotischer Tiergruppen. KW - Arteriosklerose KW - NMR-Tomographie KW - Maus KW - Pulswellengeschwindigkeit KW - Transitzeitmethode KW - QA-Methode KW - Pulswelle KW - Bauchaorta KW - Brustaorta KW - atherosclerosis KW - pulswave velocity KW - mouse KW - high field MRI Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53302 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göb, Eva A1 - Meyer-Natus, Elisabeth A1 - Benavente, Ricardo A1 - Alsheimer, Manfred T1 - Expression of individual mammalian Sun1 isoforms depends on the cell type N2 - Mammalian Sun1 belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family of inner nuclear membrane proteins, which are known as SUN domain proteins. SUN domain proteins interact with KASH domain partners to form bridging complexes, so-called LINC complexes, that physically connect the nuclear interior to the cytoskeleton. LINC complexes are critical for nuclear integrity and play fundamental roles in nuclear positioning, shaping and movement. The mammalian genome codes for at least five different SUN domain proteins used for the formation of a number of different LINC complexes. Recently, we reported on the identification of everal Sun1 isoforms, which tremendously enlarges the alternatives to form functional LINC complexes. We now confirmed that Sun1 actually exists in at least seven distinct splice variants. Besides that, we observed that expression of individual Sun1 isoforms remarkably depends on the cell type, suggesting a cell type-specific adaption of Sun1 dependent LINC complexes to specific cellular and physiological requirements. KW - Biologie KW - Sun1 KW - SUN domain protein KW - LINC complex KW - mouse KW - nuclear envelope KW - isoform Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68750 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bergert, Maria Pamela T1 - Zelluläre und quantitative Verteilung von Glutamattransportern im Kleinhirn der Maus während der postnatalen Ontogenese T1 - Cellular and quantitative distribution of glutamate transporters in the murine cerebellum during postnatal ontogenesis N2 - Zelluläre und quantitative Verteilung von Glutamattransportern im Kleinhirn der Maus während der postnatalen Ontogenese N2 - Cellular and quantitative distribution of glutamate transporters in the murine cerebellum during postnatal ontogenesis KW - Glutamattransporter KW - Kleinhirn KW - Maus KW - Ontogenese KW - Verteilung KW - glutamate transporters KW - cerebellum KW - mouse KW - ontogenesis KW - distribution Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76689 ER - TY - THES A1 - Sönnekes, Stephan T1 - Proteinkinase C-abhängige Oberflächenexpression des Glutamattransporters 1a (GLT1a) in kultivierten zerebellären Körnerzellen der Maus T1 - Protein kinase C-dependent trafficking of glutamate transporter 1a (GLT1a) in cultured cerebellar granule cells of mice N2 - Proteinkinase C-abhängige Oberflächenexpression des Glutamattransporters 1a (GLT1a) in kultivierten zerebellären Körnerzellen der Maus N2 - Protein kinase C-dependent trafficking of glutamate transporter 1a (GLT1a) in cultured cerebellar granule cells of mice KW - Glutamattransporter KW - GLT1a KW - Maus KW - Oberflächenexpression KW - Varikositäten KW - glutamate transporters KW - GLT1a KW - mouse KW - traffiking KW - neurites varicosities Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76694 ER - TY - THES A1 - Groneberg, Dieter T1 - Funktion der NO-sensitiven Guanylyl-Cyclase in der glatten Muskulatur T1 - The function of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase in smooth muscle N2 - Die Stickstoffmonoxid (NO)-cGMP-Signalkaskade spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Kontrolle des glatten Muskeltonus. NO ist einer der wichtigsten vaskulären Faktoren für die Relaxation der Blutgefäße sowie für die Regulation des Blutdruckes und fungiert ebenfalls als wichtigster inhibitorischer Neurotransmitter im gastrointestinalen Trakt. Es wirkt hauptsächlich über die NO-sensitive Guanylyl-Cyclase (NO-GC), die aus zwei Untereinheiten aufgebaut ist (α und ß). Deletion der ß1-Untereinheit in Mäusen führt zu einem vollständigen NO-GC-Knockout (GCKO). GCKO-Mäuse zeigen keine NO-induzierte Relaxation der vaskulären und gastrointestinalen glatten Muskulatur. Die Mäuse zeigen eine arterielle Hypertonie und eine verlängerte Magen-Darm-Transportzeit, die in eine gastrointestinale Dysfunktion mündet. Allerdings erlaubt eine vollständige Deletion der NO-GC in den Mäusen keine Identifikation des Zell- bzw. Gewebe-Typs, der für den erhöhten Blutdruck und die gastrointestinale Dysfunktion verantwortlich ist. Um die relative Beteiligung der glatten Muskelzellen an der Hypertonie und der gestörten Darm-Motilität zu bestimmen, wurden Glattmuskel-spezifische Knockout-Mäuse für die ß1-Untereinheit der NO-GC (SM-GCKO) generiert. Die SM-GCKO-Mäuse entwickelten im Verlauf der Deletion eine arterielle Hypertonie in Kombination mit einem Verlust der NO-induzierten Glattmuskelrelaxation. Diese Daten zeigen, dass die Deletion der NO-GC in den glatten Muskelzellen völlig ausreichend ist, eine Hypertonie zu erzeugen. Überraschenderweise ist die Darm-Motilität der SM-GCKO-Mäuse im Vergleich zu den WT-Mäusen unverändert. In gastrointestinaler Muskulatur exprimieren neben den glatten Muskelzellen auch die interstitiellen Zellen von Cajal (ICC) die NO-GC. Mithilfe einer Cre-spezifischen Maus für ICC wurde eine Mauslinie generiert, der die NO-GC in beiden Zelltypen fehlt. Der gastrointestinale Phänotyp dieser Doppel-Knockouts ähnelt dem der totalen GCKO-Tiere: Die nitrerge Relaxation fehlt und die Magen-Darm-Transportzeit ist verlängert. Zusammenfassend führt eine Deletion der NO-GC in glatten Muskelzellen und gleichzeitig in den ICC zu einer vollständigen Unterbrechung der nitrergen Relaxation in GI Trakt. N2 - The nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling pathway plays a prominent role in the control of smooth muscle tone. NO is one of the main vascular factors responsible for the relaxation of blood vessels, regulation of blood pressure and also acts as major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It acts predominantly via NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) which is made up of 2 different subunits (α and ß). Deletion of the ß1 subunit in the mouse leads to a global NO-GC knockout (GCKO). GCKO mice do not reveal NO-induced relaxation of vascular and GI smooth muscle. They show hypertension and an increased gut transit time resulting in GI dysfunction. However, global deletion of NO-GC in mice does not allow identification of the cell/tissue type responsible for the elevated blood pressure and GI dysfunction. To determine the relative contribution of smooth muscle cells to the hypertension and GI dysfunction seen in NO-GC knockout mice were generated smooth muscle–specific knockout mice for the ß1 subunit of NO-GC (SM-GCKO) using a tamoxifen-inducible system. SM-GCKO animals develop hypertension over time in combination with a loss of NO-induced smooth muscle relaxation. In sum, these data provide evidence that deletion of NO-GC solely in smooth muscle is sufficient to cause hypertension. Surprisingly, NO-induced relaxation of GI smooth muscle was only slightly reduced in SM-GCKO mice and gut motility was unchanged compared to wild-type mice. Taken together, lack of NO-GC in smooth muscle cells does not impair NO induced relaxation of GI tissues or GI motility. To determine the cell type expressing NO-GC we used immunhistochemistry. We found that, in addition to smooth muscle, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) express NO GC. With a Cre specific mouse model for ICC we generated a mouse line lacking NO-GC in both smooth muscle and ICC. In these double knockouts we observed a phenotype similar to that seen in total GCKO mice including lack of nitrergic relaxation and increased gut transit time. In conclusion, lack of NO-GC in both SMC and ICC totally abolishes nitrergic signaling in GI tract. KW - Knockout KW - Glatte Muskulatur KW - Hypertonie KW - Motilität KW - Maus KW - knockout KW - smooth muscle KW - hypertension KW - motility KW - mouse Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67689 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buga, Ana-Maria A1 - Scholz, Claus Jürgen A1 - Kumar, Senthil A1 - Herndon, James G. A1 - Alexandru, Dragos A1 - Cojocaru, Gabriel Radu A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Popa-Wagner, Aurel T1 - Identification of New Therapeutic Targets by Genome-Wide Analysis of Gene Expression in the Ipsilateral Cortex of Aged Rats after Stroke JF - PLoS One N2 - Background: Because most human stroke victims are elderly, studies of experimental stroke in the aged rather than the young rat model may be optimal for identifying clinically relevant cellular responses, as well for pinpointing beneficial interventions. Methodology/Principal Findings: We employed the Affymetrix platform to analyze the whole-gene transcriptome following temporary ligation of the middle cerebral artery in aged and young rats. The correspondence, heat map, and dendrogram analyses independently suggest a differential, age-group-specific behaviour of major gene clusters after stroke. Overall, the pattern of gene expression strongly suggests that the response of the aged rat brain is qualitatively rather than quantitatively different from the young, i.e. the total number of regulated genes is comparable in the two age groups, but the aged rats had great difficulty in mounting a timely response to stroke. Our study indicates that four genes related to neuropathic syndrome, stress, anxiety disorders and depression (Acvr1c, Cort, Htr2b and Pnoc) may have impaired response to stroke in aged rats. New therapeutic options in aged rats may also include Calcrl, Cyp11b1, Prcp, Cebpa, Cfd, Gpnmb, Fcgr2b, Fcgr3a, Tnfrsf26, Adam 17 and Mmp14. An unexpected target is the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 1 in aged rats, a key enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Post-stroke axonal growth was compromised in both age groups. Conclusion/Significance: We suggest that a multi-stage, multimodal treatment in aged animals may be more likely to produce positive results. Such a therapeutic approach should be focused on tissue restoration but should also address other aspects of patient post-stroke therapy such as neuropathic syndrome, stress, anxiety disorders, depression, neurotransmission and blood pressure. KW - gamma KW - corticotropin-releasing hormone KW - colony-stimulating factor KW - cerebral ischemia KW - receptor KW - brain KW - protein KW - inhibitor KW - mouse KW - differentiation Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130657 VL - 7 IS - 12 ER - TY - THES A1 - Untucht, Robert T1 - Design und Klonierung eines Targeting Vektors zur Generierung von Plasmakallikrein-defizienten Mäusen T1 - Designing and cloning of a targeting vector for generating plasma kallikrein deficient mice N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Erstellung eines sogenannten "Targeting Vektors" zur gezielten Ausschaltung des Gens für Plasmakallikrein in der Maus, als Vorbereitung zur Schaffung einer Plasmakallikrein-defizienten Mauslinie. Plasmakallikrein ist eine im Blut zirkulierende Serinprotease, die Funktionen in Hämostase, Thrombusbildung und Fibrinolyse hat sowie sowohl direkt als auch indirekt mittels Bradykinin an Entzündungsvorgängen beteiligt ist. Zwei 5836 und 3834 bp lange Abschnitte aus dem murinen Plasmakallikrein-Gen wurden durch PCR isoliert und in ein Plasmid kloniert, das neben Resistenzgenen gegen Ampicillin und Neomycin auch das β-Galaktosidase-Gen zum Nachweis einer erfolgreichen Transfektion enthält. Der so entstandene "Targeting Vektor" hat eine Gesamtgröße von 18072 bp, die Basensequenz wurde durch Sequenzierung verifiziert. Der Vektor soll im Plasmakallikrein-Gen einen Teil der Exons 2 und 3 und damit einen Großteil des Signalpeptids und der ersten Proteindomäne funktionsunfähig machen. An den mit dieser Methode erstellten Knockout-Mäusen können die Funktionen von Plasmakallikrein genauer untersucht werden. N2 - This thesis describes the cloning of a targeting vector in the gene targeting strategy for a murine plasma kallikrein (PK) knock-out. PK is a serine protease found in blood which has functions in hemostasis, thrombus formation, fibrinolysis and – both directly and indirectly via bradykinin – inflammation. Two fragments of the murine PK gene with respective lengths of 5836 and 3834 bp were isolated by PCR and cloned into a plasmid containing resistance genes against both ampicillin and neomycin and the β-galactosidase gene for the detection of transfected cells. The targeting vector has a total size of 18072 bp and was verified by sequencing. The vector should destroy parts of the exons 2 and 3 in the gene for PK and thus the greater part of the signal peptide and the first protein domain. With the knock-out mice created by this means the function of PK can be investigated more thoroughly. KW - Kallikreine KW - Maus KW - Plasmakallikrein KW - knockout KW - plasma kallikrein KW - knockout KW - knock-out KW - mouse KW - gene targeting Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78124 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Yan A1 - Hong, Ni A1 - Chen, Tiansheng A1 - Li, Mingyou A1 - Wang, Tiansu A1 - Guan, Guijun A1 - Qiao, Yongkang A1 - Chen, Songlin A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Li, Chang-Ming A1 - Hong, Yunhan T1 - p53 Gene Targeting by Homologous Recombination in Fish ES Cells JF - PLoS One N2 - Background: Gene targeting (GT) provides a powerful tool for the generation of precise genetic alterations in embryonic stem (ES) cells to elucidate gene function and create animal models for human diseases. This technology has, however, been limited to mouse and rat. We have previously established ES cell lines and procedures for gene transfer and selection for homologous recombination (HR) events in the fish medaka (Oryzias latipes). Methodology and Principal Findings: Here we report HR-mediated GT in this organism. We designed a GT vector to disrupt the tumor suppressor gene p53 (also known as tp53). We show that all the three medaka ES cell lines, MES1 similar to MES3, are highly proficient for HR, as they produced detectable HR without drug selection. Furthermore, the positive-negative selection (PNS) procedure enhanced HR by similar to 12 folds. Out of 39 PNS-resistant colonies analyzed, 19 (48.7%) were positive for GT by PCR genotyping. When 11 of the PCR-positive colonies were further analyzed, 6 (54.5%) were found to be bona fide homologous recombinants by Southern blot analysis, sequencing and fluorescent in situ hybridization. This produces a high efficiency of up to 26.6% for p53 GT under PNS conditions. We show that p53 disruption and long-term propagation under drug selection conditions do not compromise the pluripotency, as p53-targeted ES cells retained stable growth, undifferentiated phenotype, pluripotency gene expression profile and differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that medaka ES cells are proficient for HR-mediated GT, offering a first model organism of lower vertebrates towards the development of full ES cell-based GT technology. KW - mouse KW - in-vitro KW - drug selection KW - chimera formation KW - medakafish oryzias latipes KW - embryonic stem-cells KW - zebrafish KW - differentiation KW - cultures KW - pluripotency Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133416 VL - 8 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winter, Patrick A1 - Kampf, Thomas A1 - Helluy, Xavier A1 - Gutjahr, Fabian T. A1 - Meyer, Cord B. A1 - Rommel, Eberhard A1 - Bauer, Wolfgang R. A1 - Jakob, Peter M. A1 - Herold, Volker T1 - Fast retrospectively triggered local pulse-wave velocity measurements in mice with CMR-microscopy using a radial trajectory JF - Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance N2 - Background The aortic pulse-wave velocity (PWV) is an important indicator of cardiovascular risk. In recent studies MRI methods have been developed to measure this parameter noninvasively in mice. Present techniques require additional hardware for cardiac and respiratory gating. In this work a robust self-gated measurement of the local PWV in mice without the need of triggering probes is proposed. Methods The local PWV of 6-months-old wild-type C57BL/6J mice (n=6) was measured in the abdominal aorta with a retrospectively triggered radial Phase Contrast (PC) MR sequence using the flow-area (QA) method. A navigator signal was extracted from the CMR data of highly asymmetric radial projections with short repetition time (TR=3 ms) and post-processed with high-pass and low-pass filters for retrospective cardiac and respiratory gating. The self-gating signal was used for a reconstruction of high-resolution Cine frames of the aortic motion. To assess the local PWV the volume flow Q and the cross-sectional area A of the aorta were determined. The results were compared with the values measured with a triggered Cartesian and an undersampled triggered radial PC-Cine sequence. Results In all examined animals a self-gating signal could be extracted and used for retrospective breath-gating and PC-Cine reconstruction. With the non-triggered measurement PWV values of 2.3±0.2 m/s were determined. These values are in agreement with those measured with the triggered Cartesian (2.4±0.2 m/s) and the triggered radial (2.3±0.2 m/s) measurement. Due to the strong robustness of the radial trajectory against undersampling an acceleration of more than two relative to the prospectively triggered Cartesian sampling could be achieved with the retrospective method. Conclusion With the radial flow-encoding sequence the extraction of a self-gating signal is feasible. The retrospective method enables a robust and fast measurement of the local PWV without the need of additional trigger hardware. KW - pulse-wave velocity KW - mouse KW - self-gating KW - phase-contrast CMR KW - non-triggered KW - retrospective KW - radial KW - aorta Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96602 UR - http://jcmr-online.com/content/15/1/88 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fluri, Felix A1 - Schuhmann, Michael K A1 - Kleinschnitz, Christoph T1 - Animal models of ischemic stroke and their application in clinical research JF - Drug Design, Development and Therapy N2 - This review outlines the most frequently used rodent stroke models and discusses their strengths and shortcomings. Mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is not feasible because ischemic stroke in humans is a heterogeneous disorder with a complex pathophysiology. The transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model is one of the models that most closely simulate human ischemic stroke. Furthermore, this model is characterized by reliable and well-reproducible infarcts. Therefore, the MCAo model has been involved in the majority of studies that address pathophysiological processes or neuroprotective agents. Another model uses thromboembolic clots and thus is more convenient for investigating thrombolytic agents and pathophysiological processes after thrombolysis. However, for many reasons, preclinical stroke research has a low translational success rate. One factor might be the choice of stroke model. Whereas the therapeutic responsiveness of permanent focal stroke in humans declines significantly within 3 hours after stroke onset, the therapeutic window in animal models with prompt reperfusion is up to 12 hours, resulting in a much longer action time of the investigated agent. Another major problem of animal stroke models is that studies are mostly conducted in young animals without any comorbidity. These models differ from human stroke, which particularly affects elderly people who have various cerebrovascular risk factors. Choosing the most appropriate stroke model and optimizing the study design of preclinical trials might increase the translational potential of animal stroke models. KW - permanent and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion KW - thromboembolic clot model KW - mouse KW - rat KW - microsphere/macrosphere KW - endothelin-1 KW - photothrombosis KW - thromboembolic stroke Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149157 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Steinlein, Claus A1 - Winking, Heinz T1 - Multicolor Spectral Analyses of Mitotic and Meiotic Mouse Chromosomes Involved in Multiple Robertsonian Translocations. I. The CD/Cremona Hybrid Strain JF - Cytogenetic and Genome Research N2 - Multicolor spectral analysis (spectral karyotyping) was applied to mitotic and male diakinetic chromosomes of hybrid mice carrying a unique system of 18 autosomal Robertsonian translocation chromosomes with alternating arm homologies. Only the autosomes 19 and the XY sex chromosomes are excluded from these Robertsonian translocations. The translocations, previously identified by conventional banding analyses, could be verified by spectral karyotyping. Besides the Robertsonian translocations, no other interchromosomal rearrangements were detected. In diakineses of male meiosis, the 18 metacentric Robertsonian translocation chromosomes form a very large meiotic ‘superring'. The predictable, specific order of the chromosomes along this ‘superring' was completely confirmed by multicolor spectral analysis. In the majority of diakineses analyzed, the free autosomal bivalent 19 and the XY sex bivalent form a conspicuous complex which tightly associates with the 12;14 Robertsonian translocation chromosome in the ‘superring'. KW - meiotic ‘superring’ KW - mouse KW - Robertsonian translocation chromosomes KW - spectral karyotyping Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-199013 SN - 1424-8581 SN - 1424-859X N1 - This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively. VL - 147 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lorenzin, Francesca A1 - Benary, Uwe A1 - Baluapuri, Apoorva A1 - Walz, Susanne A1 - Jung, Lisa Anna A1 - von Eyss, Björn A1 - Kisker, Caroline A1 - Wolf, Jana A1 - Eilers, Martin A1 - Wolf, Elmar T1 - Different promoter affinities account for specificity in MYC-dependent gene regulation JF - eLife N2 - Enhanced expression of the MYC transcription factor is observed in the majority of tumors. Two seemingly conflicting models have been proposed for its function: one proposes that MYC enhances expression of all genes, while the other model suggests gene-specific regulation. Here, we have explored the hypothesis that specific gene expression profiles arise since promoters differ in affinity for MYC and high-affinity promoters are fully occupied by physiological levels of MYC. We determined cellular MYC levels and used RNA- and ChIP-sequencing to correlate promoter occupancy with gene expression at different concentrations of MYC. Mathematical modeling showed that binding affinities for interactions of MYC with DNA and with core promoter-bound factors, such as WDR5, are sufficient to explain promoter occupancies observed in vivo. Importantly, promoter affinity stratifies different biological processes that are regulated by MYC, explaining why tumor-specific MYC levels induce specific gene expression programs and alter defined biological properties of cells. KW - MYC KW - promoter affinity KW - human KW - mathematical modeling KW - mouse KW - ChIP-sequencing KW - MIZ1 KW - cancer biology KW - cell biology KW - WDR5 Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162913 VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langenhorst, Daniela A1 - Haack, Stephanie A1 - Göb, Selina A1 - Uri, Anna A1 - Lühder, Fred A1 - Vanhove, Bernhard A1 - Hünig, Thomas A1 - Beyersdorf, Niklas T1 - CD28 costimulation of T helper 1 cells enhances cytokine release in vivo JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Compared to naive T cells, differentiated T cells are thought to be less dependent on CD28 costimulation for full activation. To revisit the role of CD28 costimulation in mouse T cell recall responses, we adoptively transferred in vitro generated OT-II T helper (Th) 1 cells into C57BL/6 mice (Thy1.2\(^{+}\)) and then either blocked CD28–ligand interactions with Fab fragments of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb) E18 or deleted CD28 expression using inducible CD28 knock-out OT-II mice as T cell donors. After injection of ovalbumin protein in adjuvant into the recipient mice we observed that systemic interferon (IFN)γ release strongly depended on CD28 costimulation of the Th1 cells, while secondary clonal expansion was not reduced in the absence of CD28 costimulation. For human memory CD4\(^{+}\) T cell responses we also noted that cytokine release was reduced upon inhibition of CD28 costimulation. Together, our data highlight the so far underestimated role of CD28 costimulation for the reactivation of fully differentiated CD4\(^{+}\) T cells. KW - CD4\(^{+}\) T helper cells KW - T helper 1 cells KW - antigenic recall KW - CD28 costimulation KW - cytokine secretion KW - mouse KW - human Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176726 VL - 9 IS - 1060 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleefeldt, Florian A1 - Bömmel, Heike A1 - Broede, Britta A1 - Thomsen, Michael A1 - Pfeiffer, Verena A1 - Wörsdörfer, Philipp A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Wagner, Nicole A1 - Rueckschloss, Uwe A1 - Ergün, Süleyman T1 - Aging‐related carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 1 signaling promotes vascular dysfunction JF - Aging Cell N2 - Aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and therefore of particular interest for the prevention of cardiovascular events. However, the mechanisms underlying vascular aging are not well understood. Since carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is crucially involved in vascular homeostasis, we sought to identify the role of CEACAM1 in vascular aging. Using human internal thoracic artery and murine aorta, we show that CEACAM1 is upregulated in the course of vascular aging. Further analyses demonstrated that TNF‐α is CEACAM1‐dependently upregulated in the aging vasculature. Vice versa, TNF‐α induces CEACAM1 expression. This results in a feed‐forward loop in the aging vasculature that maintains a chronic pro‐inflammatory milieu. Furthermore, we demonstrate that age‐associated vascular alterations, that is, increased oxidative stress and vascular fibrosis, due to increased medial collagen deposition crucially depend on the presence of CEACAM1. Additionally, age‐dependent upregulation of vascular CEACAM1 expression contributes to endothelial barrier impairment, putatively via increased VEGF/VEGFR‐2 signaling. Consequently, aging‐related upregulation of vascular CEACAM1 expression results in endothelial dysfunction that may promote atherosclerotic plaque formation in the presence of additional risk factors. Our data suggest that CEACAM1 might represent an attractive target in order to delay physiological aging and therefore the transition to vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. KW - aging KW - anti‐aging KW - cytokines KW - inflammation KW - mouse KW - reactive oxygen species Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201231 VL - 2019 IS - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weidner, Magdalena T. A1 - Lardenoije, Roy A1 - Eijssen, Lars A1 - Mogavero, Floriana A1 - De Groodt, Lilian P. M. T. A1 - Popp, Sandy A1 - Palme, Rupert A1 - Förstner, Konrad U. A1 - Strekalova, Tatyana A1 - Steinbusch, Harry W. M. A1 - Schmitt-Böhrer, Angelika G. A1 - Glennon, Jeffrey C. A1 - Waider, Jonas A1 - van den Hove, Daniel L. A. A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter T1 - Identification of cholecystokinin by genome-wide profiling as potential mediator of serotonin-dependent behavioral effects of maternal separation in the amygdala JF - Frontiers in Neuroscience N2 - Converging evidence suggests a role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis in the brain, in modulating long-term, neurobiological effects of early-life adversity. Here, we aimed at further elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction, and its consequences for socio-emotional behaviors, with a focus on anxiety and social interaction. In this study, adult, male Tph2 null mutant (Tph2\(^{-/-}\)) and heterozygous (Tph2\(^{+/-}\)) mice, and their wildtype littermates (Tph2\(^{+/+}\)) were exposed to neonatal, maternal separation (MS) and screened for behavioral changes, followed by genome-wide RNA expression and DNA methylation profiling. In Tph2\(^{-/-}\) mice, brain 5-HT deficiency profoundly affected socio-emotional behaviors, i.e., decreased avoidance of the aversive open arms in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) as well as decreased prosocial and increased rule breaking behavior in the resident-intruder test when compared to their wildtype littermates. Tph2\(^{+/-}\) mice showed an ambiguous profile with context-dependent, behavioral responses. In the EPM they showed similar avoidance of the open arm but decreased prosocial and increased rule breaking behavior in the resident-intruder test when compared to their wildtype littermates. Notably, MS effects on behavior were subtle and depended on the Tph2 genotype, in particular increasing the observed avoidance of EPM open arms in wildtype and Tph2\(^{+/-}\) mice when compared to their Tph2\(^{-/-}\) littermates. On the genomic level, the interaction of Tph2 genotype with MS differentially affected the expression of numerous genes, of which a subset showed an overlap with DNA methylation profiles at corresponding loci. Remarkably, changes in methylation nearby and expression of the gene encoding cholecystokinin, which were inversely correlated to each other, were associated with variations in anxiety-related phenotypes. In conclusion, next to various behavioral alterations, we identified gene expression and DNA methylation profiles to be associated with TPH2 inactivation and its interaction with MS, suggesting a gene-by-environment interaction-dependent, modulatory function of brain 5-HT availability. KW - serotonin KW - maternal separation KW - mouse KW - emotional behavior KW - DNA methylation KW - RNA expression Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201340 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balkenhol, Johannes A1 - Kaltdorf, Kristin V. A1 - Mammadova-Bach, Elmina A1 - Braun, Attila A1 - Nieswandt, Bernhard A1 - Dittrich, Marcus A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Comparison of the central human and mouse platelet signaling cascade by systems biological analysis JF - BMC Genomics N2 - Background Understanding the molecular mechanisms of platelet activation and aggregation is of high interest for basic and clinical hemostasis and thrombosis research. The central platelet protein interaction network is involved in major responses to exogenous factors. This is defined by systemsbiological pathway analysis as the central regulating signaling cascade of platelets (CC). Results The CC is systematically compared here between mouse and human and major differences were found. Genetic differences were analysed comparing orthologous human and mouse genes. We next analyzed different expression levels of mRNAs. Considering 4 mouse and 7 human high-quality proteome data sets, we identified then those major mRNA expression differences (81%) which were supported by proteome data. CC is conserved regarding genetic completeness, but we observed major differences in mRNA and protein levels between both species. Looking at central interactors, human PLCB2, MMP9, BDNF, ITPR3 and SLC25A6 (always Entrez notation) show absence in all murine datasets. CC interactors GNG12, PRKCE and ADCY9 occur only in mice. Looking at the common proteins, TLN1, CALM3, PRKCB, APP, SOD2 and TIMP1 are higher abundant in human, whereas RASGRP2, ITGB2, MYL9, EIF4EBP1, ADAM17, ARRB2, CD9 and ZYX are higher abundant in mouse. Pivotal kinase SRC shows different regulation on mRNA and protein level as well as ADP receptor P2RY12. Conclusions Our results highlight species-specific differences in platelet signaling and points of specific fine-tuning in human platelets as well as murine-specific signaling differences. KW - interspecies comparison KW - transcriptome KW - proteome KW - platelet KW - network KW - signaling KW - mouse KW - human KW - interactome KW - cascade Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230377 VL - 21 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerull, Brenda A1 - Brodehl, Andreas T1 - Genetic Animal Models for Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy has been clinically defined since the 1980s and causes right or biventricular cardiomyopathy associated with ventricular arrhythmia. Although it is a rare cardiac disease, it is responsible for a significant proportion of sudden cardiac deaths, especially in athletes. The majority of patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy carry one or more genetic variants in desmosomal genes. In the 1990s, several knockout mouse models of genes encoding for desmosomal proteins involved in cell–cell adhesion revealed for the first time embryonic lethality due to cardiac defects. Influenced by these initial discoveries in mice, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy received an increasing interest in human cardiovascular genetics, leading to the discovery of mutations initially in desmosomal genes and later on in more than 25 different genes. Of note, even in the clinic, routine genetic diagnostics are important for risk prediction of patients and their relatives with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Based on improvements in genetic animal engineering, different transgenic, knock-in, or cardiac-specific knockout animal models for desmosomal and nondesmosomal proteins have been generated, leading to important discoveries in this field. Here, we present an overview about the existing animal models of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy with a focus on the underlying pathomechanism and its importance for understanding of this disease. Prospectively, novel mechanistic insights gained from the whole animal, organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels will lead to the development of efficient personalized therapies for treatment of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. KW - arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy KW - desmosomes KW - animal models of human disease KW - sudden death KW - genetics KW - mouse KW - zebrafish Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-206903 SN - 1664-042X VL - 11 IS - 264 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Jan V. A1 - Janssen, Jan P. A1 - Kanno, Takayuki A1 - Shibutani, Takayuki A1 - Onoguchi, Masahisa A1 - Lapa, Constantin A1 - Grunz, Jan-Peter A1 - Buck, Andreas K. A1 - Higuchi, Takahiro T1 - Performance evaluation of fifth-generation ultra-high-resolution SPECT system with two stationary detectors and multi-pinhole imaging JF - EJNMMI Physics N2 - Background Small-animal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) systems with multi-pinhole collimation and large stationary detectors have advantages compared to systems with moving small detectors. These systems benefit from less labour-intensive maintenance and quality control as fewer prone parts are moving, higher accuracy for focused scans and maintaining high resolution with increased sensitivity due to focused pinholes on the field of view. This study aims to investigate the performance of a novel ultra-high-resolution scanner with two-detector configuration (U-SPECT5-E) and to compare its image quality to a conventional micro-SPECT system with three stationary detectors (U-SPECT\(^+\)). Methods The new U-SPECT5-E with two stationary detectors was used for acquiring data with \(^{99m}\)Tc-filled point source, hot-rod and uniformity phantoms to analyse sensitivity, spatial resolution, uniformity and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Three dedicated multi-pinhole mouse collimators with 75 pinholes each and 0.25-, 0.60- and 1.00-mm pinholes for extra ultra-high resolution (XUHR-M), general-purpose (GP-M) and ultra-high sensitivity (UHS-M) imaging were examined. For CNR analysis, four different activity ranges representing low- and high-count settings were investigated for all three collimators. The experiments for the performance assessment were repeated with the same GP-M collimator in the three-detector U-SPECT\(^+\) for comparison. Results Peak sensitivity was 237 cps/MBq (XUHR-M), 847 cps/MBq (GP-M), 2054 cps/MBq (UHS-M) for U-SPECT5-E and 1710 cps/MBq (GP-M) for U-SPECT\(^+\). In the visually analysed sections of the reconstructed mini Derenzo phantoms, rods as small as 0.35 mm (XUHR-M), 0.50 mm (GP-M) for the two-detector as well as the three-detector SPECT and 0.75 mm (UHS-M) were resolved. Uniformity for maximum resolution recorded 40.7% (XUHR-M), 29.1% (GP-M, U-SPECT5-E), 16.3% (GP-M, U-SPECT\(^+\)) and 23.0% (UHS-M), respectively. UHS-M reached highest CNR values for low-count images; for rods smaller than 0.45 mm, acceptable CNR was only achieved by XUHR-M. GP-M was superior for imaging rods sized from 0.60 to 1.50 mm for intermediate activity concentrations. U-SPECT5-E and U-SPECT+ both provided comparable CNR. Conclusions While uniformity and sensitivity are negatively affected by the absence of a third detector, the investigated U-SPECT5-E system with two stationary detectors delivers excellent spatial resolution and CNR comparable to the performance of an established three-detector-setup. KW - small-animal imaging KW - SPECT KW - mouse KW - ollimator KW - post-reconstruction filtering Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230361 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riedl, Katharina A. A1 - Kampf, Thomas A1 - Herold, Volker A1 - Behr, Volker C. A1 - Bauer, Wolfgang R. T1 - Wall shear stress analysis using 17.6 Tesla MRI: A longitudinal study in ApoE\(^{-/-}\)mice with histological analysis JF - PLoS One N2 - This longitudinal study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of detecting the interaction between wall shear stress (WSS) and plaque development. 20 ApoE\(^{-/-}\)mice were separated in 12 mice with Western Diet and 8 mice with Chow Diet. Magnetic resonance (MR) scans at 17.6 Tesla and histological analysis were performed after one week, eight and twelve weeks. Allin vivoMR measurements were acquired using a flow sensitive phase contrast method for determining vectorial flow. Histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Elastica van Gieson and CD68 staining. Data analysis was performed using Ensight and a Matlab-based "Flow Tool". The body weight of ApoE\(^{-/-}\)mice increased significantly over 12 weeks. WSS values increased in the Western Diet group over the time period; in contrast, in the Chow Diet group the values decreased from the first to the second measurement point. Western Diet mice showed small plaque formations with elastin fragmentations after 8 weeks and big plaque formations after 12 weeks; Chow Diet mice showed a few elastin fragmentations after 8 weeks and small plaque formations after 12 weeks. Favored by high-fat diet, plaque formation results in higher values of WSS. With wall shear stress being a known predictor for atherosclerotic plaque development, ultra highfield MRI can serve as a tool for studying the causes and beginnings of atherosclerosis. KW - phase-contrast MRI KW - flow patterns KW - blood flow KW - apolipoprotein-E KW - atheriosclerosis KW - mouse KW - mice KW - quantification KW - association KW - lesions Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229318 VL - 15 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winter, Patrick M. A1 - Andelovic, Kristina A1 - Kampf, Thomas A1 - Hansmann, Jan A1 - Jakob, Peter Michael A1 - Bauer, Wolfgang Rudolf A1 - Zernecke, Alma A1 - Herold, Volker T1 - Simultaneous measurements of 3D wall shear stress and pulse wave velocity in the murine aortic arch JF - Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance N2 - Purpose Wall shear stress (WSS) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) are important parameters to characterize blood flow in the vessel wall. Their quantification with flow-sensitive phase-contrast (PC) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), however, is time-consuming. Furthermore, the measurement of WSS requires high spatial resolution, whereas high temporal resolution is necessary for PWV measurements. For these reasons, PWV and WSS are challenging to measure in one CMR session, making it difficult to directly compare these parameters. By using a retrospective approach with a flexible reconstruction framework, we here aimed to simultaneously assess both PWV and WSS in the murine aortic arch from the same 4D flow measurement. Methods Flow was measured in the aortic arch of 18-week-old wildtype (n = 5) and ApoE\(^{−/−}\) mice (n = 5) with a self-navigated radial 4D-PC-CMR sequence. Retrospective data analysis was used to reconstruct the same dataset either at low spatial and high temporal resolution (PWV analysis) or high spatial and low temporal resolution (WSS analysis). To assess WSS, the aortic lumen was labeled by semi-automatically segmenting the reconstruction with high spatial resolution. WSS was determined from the spatial velocity gradients at the lumen surface. For calculation of the PWV, segmentation data was interpolated along the temporal dimension. Subsequently, PWV was quantified from the through-plane flow data using the multiple-points transit-time method. Reconstructions with varying frame rates and spatial resolutions were performed to investigate the influence of spatiotemporal resolution on the PWV and WSS quantification. Results 4D flow measurements were conducted in an acquisition time of only 35 min. Increased peak flow and peak WSS values and lower errors in PWV estimation were observed in the reconstructions with high temporal resolution. Aortic PWV was significantly increased in ApoE\(^{−/−}\) mice compared to the control group (1.7 ± 0.2 versus 2.6 ± 0.2 m/s, p < 0.001). Mean WSS magnitude values averaged over the aortic arch were (1.17 ± 0.07) N/m\(^2\) in wildtype mice and (1.27 ± 0.10) N/m\(^2\) in ApoE\(^{−/−}\) mice. Conclusion The post processing algorithm using the flexible reconstruction framework developed in this study permitted quantification of global PWV and 3D-WSS in a single acquisition. The possibility to assess both parameters in only 35 min will markedly improve the analyses and information content of in vivo measurements. KW - 4D flow KW - pulse wave velocity KW - wall shear stress KW - radial KW - self-navigation KW - mouse KW - aortic arch KW - atherosclerosis KW - mice KW - flow KW - plaque KW - CMR KW - quantification KW - microscopy Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259152 VL - 23 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andelovic, Kristina A1 - Winter, Patrick A1 - Kampf, Thomas A1 - Xu, Anton A1 - Jakob, Peter Michael A1 - Herold, Volker A1 - Bauer, Wolfgang Rudolf A1 - Zernecke, Alma T1 - 2D Projection Maps of WSS and OSI Reveal Distinct Spatiotemporal Changes in Hemodynamics in the Murine Aorta during Ageing and Atherosclerosis JF - Biomedicines N2 - Growth, ageing and atherosclerotic plaque development alter the biomechanical forces acting on the vessel wall. However, monitoring the detailed local changes in wall shear stress (WSS) at distinct sites of the murine aortic arch over time has been challenging. Here, we studied the temporal and spatial changes in flow, WSS, oscillatory shear index (OSI) and elastic properties of healthy wildtype (WT, n = 5) and atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe\(^{−/−}\), n = 6) mice during ageing and atherosclerosis using high-resolution 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spatially resolved 2D projection maps of WSS and OSI of the complete aortic arch were generated, allowing the pixel-wise statistical analysis of inter- and intragroup hemodynamic changes over time and local correlations between WSS, pulse wave velocity (PWV), plaque and vessel wall characteristics. The study revealed converse differences of local hemodynamic profiles in healthy WT and atherosclerotic Apoe\(^{−/−}\) mice, and we identified the circumferential WSS as potential marker of plaque size and composition in advanced atherosclerosis and the radial strain as a potential marker for vascular elasticity. Two-dimensional (2D) projection maps of WSS and OSI, including statistical analysis provide a powerful tool to monitor local aortic hemodynamics during ageing and atherosclerosis. The correlation of spatially resolved hemodynamics and plaque characteristics could significantly improve our understanding of the impact of hemodynamics on atherosclerosis, which may be key to understand plaque progression towards vulnerability. KW - atherosclerosis KW - mouse KW - 4D flow MRI KW - aortic arch KW - flow dynamics KW - WSS KW - mapping KW - PWV KW - plaque characteristics Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-252164 SN - 2227-9059 VL - 9 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koeniger, Tobias A1 - Bell, Luisa A1 - Mifka, Anika A1 - Enders, Michael A1 - Hautmann, Valentin A1 - Mekala, Subba Rao A1 - Kirchner, Philipp A1 - Ekici, Arif B. A1 - Schulz, Christian A1 - Wörsdörfer, Philipp A1 - Mencl, Stine A1 - Kleinschnitz, Christoph A1 - Ergün, Süleyman A1 - Kuerten, Stefanie T1 - Bone marrow‐derived myeloid progenitors in the leptomeninges of adult mice JF - Stem Cells N2 - Although the bone marrow contains most hematopoietic activity during adulthood, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells can be recovered from various extramedullary sites. Cells with hematopoietic progenitor properties have even been reported in the adult brain under steady‐state conditions, but their nature and localization remain insufficiently defined. Here, we describe a heterogeneous population of myeloid progenitors in the leptomeninges of adult C57BL/6 mice. This cell pool included common myeloid, granulocyte/macrophage, and megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitors. Accordingly, it gave rise to all major myelo‐erythroid lineages in clonogenic culture assays. Brain‐associated progenitors persisted after tissue perfusion and were partially inaccessible to intravenous antibodies, suggesting their localization behind continuous blood vessel endothelium such as the blood‐arachnoid barrier. Flt3\(^{Cre}\) lineage tracing and bone marrow transplantation showed that the precursors were derived from adult hematopoietic stem cells and were most likely continuously replaced via cell trafficking. Importantly, their occurrence was tied to the immunologic state of the central nervous system (CNS) and was diminished in the context of neuroinflammation and ischemic stroke. Our findings confirm the presence of myeloid progenitors at the meningeal border of the brain and lay the foundation to unravel their possible functions in CNS surveillance and local immune cell production. KW - hematopoietic KW - meninges KW - mouse KW - myeloid KW - progenitor Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224452 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 227 EP - 239 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischhaber, Natalie A1 - Faber, Jessica A1 - Bakirci, Ezgi A1 - Dalton, Paul D. A1 - Budday, Silvia A1 - Villmann, Carmen A1 - Schaefer, Natascha T1 - Spinal Cord Neuronal Network Formation in a 3D Printed Reinforced Matrix-A Model System to Study Disease Mechanisms JF - Advanced Healthcare Materials N2 - 3D cell cultures allow a better mimicry of the biological and mechanical environment of cells in vivo compared to 2D cultures. However, 3D cell cultures have been challenging for ultrasoft tissues such as the brain. The present study uses a microfiber reinforcement approach combining mouse primary spinal cord neurons in Matrigel with melt electrowritten (MEW) frames. Within these 3D constructs, neuronal network development is followed for 21 days in vitro. To evaluate neuronal development in 3D constructs, the maturation of inhibitory glycinergic synapses is analyzed using protein expression, the complex mechanical properties by assessing nonlinearity, conditioning, and stress relaxation, and calcium imaging as readouts. Following adaptation to the 3D matrix-frame, mature inhibitory synapse formation is faster than in 2D demonstrated by a steep increase in glycine receptor expression between days 3 and 10. The 3D expression pattern of marker proteins at the inhibitory synapse and the mechanical properties resemble the situation in native spinal cord tissue. Moreover, 3D spinal cord neuronal networks exhibit intensive neuronal activity after 14 days in culture. The spinal cord cell culture model using ultrasoft matrix reinforced by MEW fibers provides a promising tool to study and understand biomechanical mechanisms in health and disease. KW - 3D cell cultures KW - spinal cord neurons KW - neuronal networks KW - mouse Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256353 VL - 10 IS - 19 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strekalova, Tatyana A1 - Pavlov, Dmitrii A1 - Trofimov, Alexander A1 - Anthony, Daniel C. A1 - Svistunov, Andrei A1 - Proshin, Andrey A1 - Umriukhin, Aleksei A1 - Lyundup, Alexei A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter A1 - Cespuglio, Raymond T1 - Hippocampal over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with susceptibility to stress-induced anhedonia in mice JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - The phenomenon of individual variability in susceptibility/resilience to stress and depression, in which the hippocampus plays a pivotal role, is attracting increasing attention. We investigated the potential role of hippocampal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which regulates plasticity, neuroimmune function, and stress responses that are all linked to this risk dichotomy. We used a four-week-long chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm, in which mice could be stratified according to their susceptibility/resilience to anhedonia, a key feature of depression, to investigate hippocampal expression of COX-2, a marker of microglial activation Iba-1, and the proliferation marker Ki67. Rat exposure, social defeat, restraints, and tail suspension were used as stressors. We compared the effects of treatment with either the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (30 mg/kg/day) or citalopram (15 mg/kg/day). For the celecoxib and vehicle-treated mice, the Porsolt test was used. Anhedonic (susceptible) but not non-anhedonic (resilient) animals exhibited elevated COX-2 mRNA levels, increased numbers of COX-2 and Iba-1-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the CA1 area, and decreased numbers of Ki67-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. Drug treatment decreased the percentage of anhedonic mice, normalized swimming activity, reduced behavioral despair, and improved conditioned fear memory. Hippocampal over-expression of COX-2 is associated with susceptibility to stress-induced anhedonia, and its pharmacological inhibition with celecoxib has antidepressant effects that are similar in size to those of citalopram. KW - major depression KW - inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) KW - hippocampus KW - anhedonia KW - chronic stress KW - stress resilience KW - fear conditioning KW - celecoxib KW - citalopram KW - mouse Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284056 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 4 ER -