TY - THES A1 - Nitschke, Cindy T1 - Humorale und zelluläre Immunantwort gegen das Prion-Protein T1 - Humoral and cellular immune response against prion protein N2 - Das Prion-Protein spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung von übertragbaren spongiformen Enzephalopathien. Studien aus den letzten Jahren haben gezeigt, dass die Entwicklung einer Therapie für Prionenerkrankungen eine Induktion von Autoantikörpern gegen das Prion-Protein voraussetzt. In dieser Arbeit wurden aktive Immunisierungsstrategien gegen das zelluläre Prion-Protein beschrieben und die zellulären und humoralen Immunantworten sowie deren Einfluss auf die Entstehung einer Prionenerkrankung analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch die Immunisierung mit rek. mPrP und Adjuvants eine Aktivierung und Proliferation von PrP-spezifischen T-Zellen in Prnp0/0-Mäusen induziert wurde. Desweiteren konnten in PrP-defizienten Mäusen spezifische Antikörper gegen das Prion-Protein nachgewiesen werden, die in der Lage waren, die pathogene Form des PrPs (PrPSc) zu detektieren und den PrPSc-Gehalt in Zellkultur zu reduzieren. Durch die Immunisierung mit rek. mPrP und CpG-1826 konnten in CD4+-T-Zellen erhöhte Zytokinspiegel von TNF und IFN induziert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte keine T-Zell-Antwort und nur geringe Antikörperkonzentrationen nach Proteinimmunisierung in Wildtypmäusen nachgewiesen werden. Die induzierten Antikörper in Wildtypmäusen waren nicht in der Lage den PrPSc-Gehalt in Zellkultur zu reduzieren. In einem zweiten Ansatz wurde die Immunisierung mit zwei unterschiedlichen PrP-exprimierenden DNA-Vektoren durchgeführt. Hierfür wurden der pCG-PrP-Vektor, der das Maus-PrP exprimiert, und der pCG-PrP-P30-Vektor, der zusätzlich zum PrP für das P30-Th-Epitop des Tetanustoxins kodiert, verwendet. Dieses P30-Epitop wurde schon in früheren Arbeiten genutzt, um die Toleranz gegen körpereigene Proteine zu brechen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass durch die DNA-Immunisierung eine PrP-spezifische Antikörperantwort in Prnp0/0-Mäusen induziert werden konnte. In Wildtypmäusen wurden allerdings nur geringe Antikörpertiter nachgewiesen. Die Antikörper aus den Prnp0/0-Mäusen waren in der Lage PrPSc zu erkennen, und den PrPSc-Gehalt in Zellkultur zu reduzieren. Durch die DNA-Immunisierung wurde eine PrP-spezifische Aktivierung und Proliferation von T-Zellen in Prnp0/0-Mäusen erreicht, die nach Immunisierung mit pCG-PrP-P30 stärker war als nach Immunisierung mit pCG-PrP. Nach DNA-Vakzinierung konnte in Wildtypmäusen eine unspezifische Erhöhung der Zytokinantwort mit erhöhten TNF- und IFN-Spiegeln nachgewiesen werden. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde eine Kombination aus DNA- und Proteinimmunisierung durchgeführt, um die Toleranz gegen das Prion-Protein zu brechen. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse waren vergleichbar mit denen, die nach DNA-Immunisierung allein erreicht wurden. Die Inokulation der immunisierten Wildtypmäuse mit einem Maus-adaptierten Scrapiestamm (RML) zeigte keinen Schutz dieser Tiere vor einer Prionenerkrankung. Alle Mäuse aus der immunisierten und nicht immunisierten Gruppe erkrankten im gleichen Zeitraum an Scrapie, zeigten PrPSc Akkumulation im Gehirn und in der Milz und für Prionenerkrankungen typische histopathologische Veränderungen. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen sollten neue Immunisierungsstrategien entwickelt werden, um die Toleranz gegen das Prion-Protein zu brechen und einen Schutz vor Prionenerkrankungen zu induzieren. N2 - The prion protein (PrPC) plays a pivotal role in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). Recent studies have shown that strategies aimed to elicit antibodies against PrP should be considered as a promising therapeutic approach for prion diseases. In this study active immunisation strategies against PrPC were described, humoral and cellular immune responses as well as the influence of the onset of the prion disease were analyzed. Here we demonstrate that immunisation with recombinant murine prion-protein (mPrP) results in activation and proliferation of PrP-specific T cells and induction of PrP-specific antibodies in PrP-deficient mice (Prnp0/0). These antibodies are able to detect and reduce PrPSc levels in cell culture. Immunisation with rek. mPrP and CpG-1826 results in increased levels of TNF and IFNin Prnp0/0 mice. In contrast no T cell response and only low antibody titers against PrP were found in individual wild-type mice. The low level of antibodies in wildtype mice were not able to reduce the PrPSc level in cell culture. In a second approach, we investigated a new immunisation strategy against PrPC with two vaccine DNA vectors (pCG-PrP and pCG-PrP-P30). The pCG-PrP vector system contains murine PrP sequence, whereas the pCG-PrP-P30 vector also contains an immune stimulatory peptide of the tetanus toxin, which has been shown to break tolerance against self proteins. Results indicate that this improved vaccine evokes a sustained antibody response in Prnp0/0 mice, but only low antibody titers were found in wild-type mice. The antibodies from Prnp0/0 mice were able to detect PrPSc and to reduce PrPSc levels in cell culture. DNA immunisation induced activation and proliferation of PrP-specific T cells in Prnp0/0-mice which was even stronger after immunisation with pCG-PrP-P30 than after pCG-PrP treatment. DNA vaccination induced an unspecific T cell response with increased levels of IFN and TNF in wild-type mice. Furthermore we combined DNA and protein immunisation to break tolerance against PrP. The results obtained were similar then those after DNA vaccination alone. Inoculation of the immunised wildtype mice with mouse adapted scrapie prions showed that these animals were not protected against the development of the prion disease. All mice in the vaccinated and control groups succumbed to scrapie with similar incubation times, deposition of PrPSc in brain and spleen and typical histopathological changes in the brain. Nevertheless based on these findings additional strategies of immunisiation should be envisaged to develop immunotherapeutic approaches to break tolerance against PrP and to protect against the prion disease. KW - Prion KW - Humorale Immunität KW - Zelluläre Immunität KW - Prion-Protein KW - Immunisierung KW - Antikörper KW - prion protein KW - immunisation KW - antibodies Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18409 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wagner, Katrin T1 - Manuelle versus automatisierte Bestimmung von Schilddrüsenantikörpern: Vergleich des VarELISA mit dem KRYPTOR T1 - Manual versus automated measurement of thyroid antibodies: Comparison of the VarELISA and KRYPTOR System N2 - In dieser Studie wurden zwei Immunoassays zur Bestimmung von TG- und TPO-Antikörpern hinsichtlich diagnostischer Trennschärfe sowie klinischer Relevanz in der Diagnostik der chronischen lymphozytären Thyreoiditis-Hashimoto (CLT) untersucht. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurden zwei Patientengruppen erfasst: ein Kollektiv mit der Diagnose CLT (n=203) und das sogenannte Normalkollektiv, das 205 Probanden umfasste. Die diagnostischen Kriterien zur Diagnosestellung CLT ergaben sich aus dem Zusammenspiel von klinischem Befund, Ultraschalluntersuchung und Antikörpertiter. Verglichen wurden der an der Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin der Universität Würzburg für die Routinediagnostik eingesetzte manuelle VarELISA TG und TPO Antibodies Assay, PHARMACIA Diagnostics mit dem automatisierten BRAHMS anti-TGn bzw. anti-TPOn KRYPTOR Assay. Die Bestimmung der Ergebnisse bei TPO-AK zeigte, dass die von KRYPTOR gemessenen Werte im Mittel um 2670,51 U/ml höher lagen als bei VarELISA. Bei TG-AK wurden die Konzentrationen auf der Plattform KRYPTOR allerdings um 325,07 U/ml niedriger gemessen als bei VarELISA; es zeigte sich bei TG-AK somit ein umgekehrtes Verhältnis. Des Weiteren wurde eine relativ gute Übereinstimmung zwischen beiden Assays (Kappa-Koeffizient nach Cohen = 0,63) bei der Bestimmung der TPO-Antikörper festgestellt; 86,8% der Seren wurden als konkordant bewertet. Demgegenüber stehen 65,4% in ihrem subjektiven Urteil übereinstimmende Ergebnisse bei der TG-Antikörper Bestimmung, was für eine schwache Übereinstimmung der TG-AK-Werte spricht (Kappa-Koeffizient nach Cohen = 0,31). Zudem ist die diagnostische Trennschärfe bei TPO-AK höher (Area under Curve = 0,929) als bei TG-AK (Area under Curve = 0,805); somit unterscheidet KRYPTOR bei der Bestimmung der TPO-AK besser zwischen „gesunden“ und „erkrankten“ Patienten als VarELISA. Bei der Messung der TPO-AK auf der Plattform KRYPTOR zeigte sich bei dem dem Cut-Off (vom Hersteller auf 60 U/ml festgelegt) am nächsten liegenden Wert (59,9 U/ml) sowohl eine hohe Sensitivität (81,4%) als auch Spezifität (97,6%). Bei der TG-AK Messung lag bei dem Cut-Off Wert von 59,8 U/ml bei hoher Spezifität (99,5%) die Sensitivität sehr niedrig (43,6%), d.h. viele Patienten wurden als falsch negativ eingestuft. Aus der Auswertung geht ein optimaler Schwellenwert von 67,2 U/ml für TPO-AK und 40,7 U/ml für TG-AK hervor, wobei der vom Hersteller angegebene Cut-Off Wert für beide AK 60 U/ml beträgt. Mittels neu ermitteltem Cut-Off Wert (67,2 U/ml) konnte bei TPO-AK eine Steigerung der Spezifität auf 99,5% bei unveränderter Sensitivität erreicht werden. Dementsprechend erbrachte der Cut-Off Wert von 40,7 U/ml eine Steigerung der Sensitivät auf 50% bei gleich bleibender Spezifität bei TG-AK. Die Bestimmung des Antikörperprofils in den beiden Testsystemen zeigte somit, insbesondere bei TG-AK, häufig diskrepante Ergebnisse. Dies belegt erneut die bekannte Problematik bei der Labordiagnostik der CLT. Ursächlich sind Affinitätsunterschiede und unterschiedliche Kalibrierungen der verwendeten Tests sowie das Fehlen einer Standardisierung zu diskutieren. Darüber hinaus bestätigen die Ergebnisse die Notwendigkeit einer Definition eines institutionellen Cut-Offs. N2 - A comparison of two different immunoassays in the clinical investigation of autoimmune thyroid disease was carried out. The manual Immunoassay VarELISA was compared to the fully automated KRYPTOR system regarding clinical relevance and diagnostic accuracy. On both assays thyroid peroxidase antibodiese (TPO-Ab) and thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Ab) were measured. The study was held on two groups: a normal population (n=205) and a group of patients (n=205) who had been diagnosed Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We found out "optimal" cut-offs (despite the manufacturer's data of 60 U/ml) for both antibodies regarding better sensitivity and specificity: these were 67,2 U/ml for TPO-ab and 40,7 U/ml for TG-Ab. Overall there was a benefit in the assessment of TPO-Ab on the fully automated Immunoassay KRYPTOR whereas we often found discrepant results in the measurement of TG-Ab. KW - Schilddrüse KW - Immunoassay KW - Autoantikörper KW - Hashimoto-Thyreoiditis KW - TG-Antikörper KW - TPO-Antikörper KW - manuelle Messung KW - automatisierte Messung KW - thyroid gland KW - immunoassay KW - antibodies KW - hashimoto thyroiditis Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-52011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geis, Christian A1 - Weishaupt, Andreas A1 - Grünewald, Benedikt A1 - Wultsch, Thomas A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Gerlach, Manfred A1 - Dirkx, Ron A1 - Solimena, Michele A1 - Toyka, Klaus V A1 - Folli, Franco A1 - Perani, Daniela A1 - Heckmann, Manfred A1 - Sommer, Claudia T1 - Human Stiff-Person Syndrome IgG Induces Anxious Behavior in Rats JF - Plos One N2 - Background: Anxiety is a heterogeneous behavioral domain playing a role in a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases. While anxiety is the cardinal symptom in disorders such as panic disorder, co-morbid anxious behavior can occur in a variety of diseases. Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a CNS disorder characterized by increased muscle tone and prominent agoraphobia and anxiety. Most patients have high-titer antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 65. The pathogenic role of these autoantibodies is unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: We re-investigated a 53 year old woman with SPS and profound anxiety for GABA-A receptor binding in the amygdala with (11) C-flumazenil PET scan and studied the potential pathogenic role of purified IgG from her plasma filtrates containing high-titer antibodies against GAD 65. We passively transferred the IgG fraction intrathecally into rats and analyzed the effects using behavioral and in vivo electrophysiological methods. In cell culture, we measured the effect of patient IgG on GABA release from hippocampal neurons. Repetitive intrathecal application of purified patient IgG in rats resulted in an anxious phenotype resembling the core symptoms of the patient. Patient IgG selectively bound to rat amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortical areas. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, patient IgG inhibited GABA release. In line with these experimental results, the GABA-A receptor binding potential was reduced in the patient's amygdala/hippocampus complex. No motor abnormalities were found in recipient rats. Conclusion/Significance: The observations in rats after passive transfer lead us to propose that anxiety-like behavior can be induced in rats by passive transfer of IgG from a SPS patient positive for anti-GAD 65 antibodies. Anxiety, in this case, thus may be an antibody-mediated phenomenon with consecutive disturbance of GABAergic signaling in the amygdala region. KW - Glutamic-acid decarboxylase anxiety KW - spinal-cord-injury KW - presynaptic inhibition KW - 65-kda isoform KW - fear memory KW - antibodies KW - disorder KW - neurons KW - anxiety KW - autoantibodies Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140506 VL - 6 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, Alexander U. A1 - Zimmermann, Hanna A1 - Kaufhold, Falko A1 - Promesberger, Julia A1 - Schippling, Sven A1 - Finis, David A1 - Aktas, Orhan A1 - Geis, Christian A1 - Ringelstein, Marius A1 - Ringelstein, E. Bernd A1 - Hartung, Hans-Peter A1 - Paul, Friedemann A1 - Kleffner, Ilka A1 - Dörr, Jan T1 - Patterns of Retinal Damage Facilitate Differential Diagnosis between Susac Syndrome and MS JF - PLoS One N2 - Susac syndrome, a rare but probably underdiagnosed combination of encephalopathy, hearing loss, and visual deficits due to branch retinal artery occlusion of unknown aetiology has to be considered as differential diagnosis in various conditions. Particularly, differentiation from multiple sclerosis is often challenging since both clinical presentation and diagnostic findings may overlap. Optical coherence tomography is a powerful and easy to perform diagnostic tool to analyse the morphological integrity of retinal structures and is increasingly established to depict characteristic patterns of retinal pathology in multiple sclerosis. Against this background we hypothesised that differential patterns of retinal pathology facilitate a reliable differentiation between Susac syndrome and multiple sclerosis. In this multicenter cross-sectional observational study optical coherence tomography was performed in nine patients with a definite diagnosis of Susac syndrome. Data were compared with age-, sex-, and disease duration-matched relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients with and without a history of optic neuritis, and with healthy controls. Using generalised estimating equation models, Susac patients showed a significant reduction in either or both retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and total macular volume in comparison to both healthy controls and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients. However, in contrast to the multiple sclerosis patients this reduction was not distributed over the entire scanning area but showed a distinct sectorial loss especially in the macular measurements. We therefore conclude that patients with Susac syndrome show distinct abnormalities in optical coherence tomography in comparison to multiple sclerosis patients. These findings recommend optical coherence tomography as a promising tool for differentiating Susac syndrome from MS. KW - optical coherence tomography KW - vasculopathy KW - artery occlusion KW - hearing loss KW - microangiopathy KW - brain KW - endotheliopathy KW - antibodies KW - multiple-sclerosis KW - retinocochleocerebral Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134013 VL - 7 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bruder, Jessica T1 - Antigenerkennung bei autoaggressiven Lymphozyten T1 - Antigen recognition of autoaggressive lymphocytes N2 - Millionen Menschen weltweit leiden an den verschiedensten Autoimmunerkrankungen. Diese Krankheiten entstehen, wenn das Immunsystem gesundes körpereigenes Gewebe angreift und zerstört. An der Pathogenese sind sowohl Komponenten des angeborenen Immunsystems als auch Bestandteile des adaptiven Immunsystems, wie Lymphozyten und Antikörper, beteiligt. Da die Ursachen und molekularen Mechanismen der Pathogenese dieser Erkrankungen bis heute weitgehend unbekannt sind, wurden in dieser Arbeit autoaggressive Lymphozyten bei den humanen Autoimmunerkrankungen Polymyositis und Multiple Sklerose näher untersucht. Die Polymyositis ist eine chronisch entzündliche Erkrankung der Skelettmuskulatur. Die Muskelfasern werden dabei von zytotoxischen CD8+ gd-T-Lymphozyten infiltriert, attackiert und schließlich zerstört. In einem seltenen Fall der Polymyositis wurden die Muskelzellen hingegen in ähnlicher Weise von CD8- gd-T-Lymphozyten angegriffen. Die gd-T-Lymphozyten waren monoklonal expandiert und ihr Rezeptor, im Folgenden als M88 bezeichnet, wurde als Vg1.3+Vd2+ identifiziert. Frühere Untersuchungen der Antigenspezifität dieser Zellen zeigten, dass M88 mehrere funktionell und strukturell verschiedene Proteine aus unterschiedlichen Spezies erkennt. Die Bindung erfolgt spezifisch durch die Antigenerkennungsregionen beider Rezeptorketten von M88. In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene bakterielle und humane Proteine des Translationsapparates als Antigene von M88 identifiziert. Weitere ausführliche Untersuchungen eines paradigmatischen bakteriellen Antigens, dem Translationsinitiationsfaktor EcIF1, zeigten, dass M88 an Oberflächen-exponierte Konformationsepitope von Proteinen bindet. Interessanterweise erkennt M88 mehrere humane Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetasen, Antigene, die in anderen Formen der Myositis von Autoantikörpern angegriffen werden. Diese Beobachtung ergibt eine bemerkenswerte Verbindung zwischen T-Zell- und Antikörper-vermittelten B-Zell-Antworten bei der autoimmunen Myositis. Bei der Multiplen Sklerose ist das zentrale Nervensystem betroffen. Autoaggressive Lymphozyten greifen die Myelinschicht der Nervenzellen im Gehirn und Rückenmark an und zerstören sie. Im Liquor cerebrospinalis von Patienten lassen sich klonal expandierte und affinitätsgereifte B-Zellen sowie „oligoklonale Banden“ (OKB) Antikörper nachweisen. Obwohl diese Merkmale auf eine Antigen-induzierte Immunantwort hindeuten, sind die zugrundeliegenden Antigene und die Rolle der OKB bei der Pathogenese bis heute unbekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Antigenspezifität von fünf IgG OKB-Antikörpern aus drei Patienten untersucht. Durch verschiedene proteinbiochemische Methoden konnten intrazelluläre Kandidatenantigene identifiziert werden. Interessanterweise sind darunter mehrere nukleäre Proteine, die an der Transkriptionsregulation oder der RNA-Prozessierung beteiligt sind. Reaktivitäten gegen intrazelluläre Antigene treten auch bei anderen Autoimmunerkrankungen, wie beispielsweise dem systemischen Lupus erythematodes, auf. Diese Ergebnisse könnten auf einen allgemeinen Mechanismus der Entstehung und Funktion von Autoantikörpern bei diesen humanen Autoimmunerkrankungen hindeuten. N2 - Millions of people worldwide suffer from various autoimmune diseases. These disorders occur if the immune system reacts to and destroys healthy body tissue. Pathogenesis is mediated by components of the innate immune system as well as by constituents of the adaptive immune system, like lymphocytes and antibodies. However, the origin and molecular mechanisms of these diseases remain still largely unknown. Therefore we investigated the role of autoaggressive lymphocytes in the human autoimmune diseases polymyositis and multiple sclerosis. Polymyositis is a chronically inflammatory disease of the skeletal muscles. Cytotoxic CD8+ gd-T lymphocytes invade, attack and finally destroy muscle fibers. However, in a rare variant of polymyositis, muscle fibers are similarly attacked by CD8- gd-T lymphocytes. These gd-T lymphocytes were monoclonally expanded and their receptor, termed M88, was identified as Vg1.3+Vd2+. Previous investigations of the antigen specificity of these cells revealed that M88 recognizes several structurally and functionally different proteins from various species. This recognition is specifically mediated by the antigen recognition sites of both receptor chains of M88. In this work we have identified different bacterial and human proteins of the translation apparatus as antigens of M88. Further detailed investigations of one paradigmatic bacterial antigen, the translation initiation factor EcIF1, have shown that M88 binds to surface-exposed conformational protein epitopes. Interestingly, M88 recognizes several human aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases. These antigens have been described to be also targeted by autoantibodies in other forms of myositis. This observation reveals a remarkable link between T cell and antibody-mediated B cell responses in autoimmune myositis. In multiple sclerosis the central nervous system is affected. Autoaggressive lymphocytes attack and destroy the myelin sheet of nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. In the cerebrospinal fluid of these patients clonally expanded and affinity-maturated B cells as well as „oligoclonal band“ (OCB) antibodies can be detected. Although these features indicate an antigen-induced immune response, the underlying antigens and the role of the OCB antibodies in the pathogenesis are still unknown. In this work we describe the antigen specificity of five IgG OCB antibodies from three patients. Through various biochemical methods we have identified intracellular candidate antigens. Interestingly, these include several nuclear proteins involved in transcription regulation and RNA processing. Reactivity against intracellular antigens also occurs in other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. These findings suggest a general mechanism for the generation and function of autoantibodies in these human autoimmune diseases. KW - Multiple Sklerose KW - gamma-delta T-Lymphozyten KW - Polymyositis KW - B-Lymphozyten KW - Antikörper KW - Multiple Sklerose KW - gamma-delta T-lymphocytes KW - polymyositis KW - B-lymphocytes KW - antibodies KW - Multiple Sclerosis KW - Polymyositis KW - Lymphozyt KW - Antikörper Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73342 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Feller, Tatjana A1 - Thom, Pascal A1 - Koch, Natalie A1 - Spiegel, Holger A1 - Addai-Mensah, Otchere A1 - Fischer, Rainer A1 - Reimann, Andreas A1 - Pradel, Gabriele A1 - Fendel, Rolf A1 - Schillberg, Stefan A1 - Scheuermayer, Matthias A1 - Schinkel, Helga T1 - Plant-Based Production of Recombinant Plasmodium Surface Protein Pf38 and Evaluation of its Potential as a Vaccine Candidate JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Pf38 is a surface protein of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. In this study, we produced and purified recombinant Pf38 and a fusion protein composed of red fluorescent protein and Pf38 (RFP-Pf38) using a transient expression system in the plant Nicotiana benthamiana. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the production of recombinant Pf38. To verify the quality of the recombinant Pf38, plasma from semi-immune African donors was used to confirm specific binding to Pf38. ELISA measurements revealed that immune responses to Pf38 in this African subset were comparable to reactivities to AMA-1 and \(MSP1_{19}\). Pf38 and RFP-Pf38 were successfully used to immunise mice, although titres from these mice were low (on average 1:11.000 and 1:39.000, respectively). In immune fluorescence assays, the purified IgG fraction from the sera of immunised mice recognised Pf38 on the surface of schizonts, gametocytes, macrogametes and zygotes, but not sporozoites. Growth inhibition assays using \(\alpha Pf38\) antibodies demonstrated strong inhibition \((\geq 60 \% ) \) of the growth of blood-stage P. falciparum. The development of zygotes was also effectively inhibited by \(\alpha Pf38\) antibodies, as determined by the zygote development assay. Collectively, these results suggest that Pf38 is an interesting candidate for the development of a malaria vaccine. KW - malaria vaccine KW - balancing selection KW - N-glycans KW - falciparum KW - expression KW - antibodies KW - identification KW - transmission KW - tobacco KW - antigen Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128221 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 8 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rudel, Thomas A1 - Faulstich, Michaela A1 - Böttcher, Jan-Peter A1 - Meyer, Thomas F. A1 - Fraunholz, Martin T1 - Pilus Phase Variation Switches Gonococcal Adherence to Invasion by Caveolin-1-Dependent Host Cell Signaling JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - Many pathogenic bacteria cause local infections but occasionally invade into the blood stream, often with fatal outcome. Very little is known about the mechanism underlying the switch from local to invasive infection. In the case of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, phase variable type 4 pili (T4P) stabilize local infection by mediating microcolony formation and inducing anti-invasive signals. Outer membrane porin PorBIA, in contrast, is associated with disseminated infection and facilitates the efficient invasion of gonococci into host cells. Here we demonstrate that loss of pili by natural pilus phase variation is a prerequisite for the transition from local to invasive infection. Unexpectedly, both T4P-mediated inhibition of invasion and PorBIA-triggered invasion utilize membrane rafts and signaling pathways that depend on caveolin-1-Y14 phosphorylation (Cav1-pY14). We identified p85 regulatory subunit of PI3 kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase Cγ1 as new, exclusive and essential interaction partners for Cav1-pY14 in the course of PorBIA-induced invasion. Active PI3K induces the uptake of gonococci via a new invasion pathway involving protein kinase D1. Our data describe a novel route of bacterial entry into epithelial cells and offer the first mechanistic insight into the switch from local to invasive gonococcal infection. KW - antibodies KW - bacterial pathogens KW - cell membranes KW - intracellular pathogens KW - neisseria gonorrhoeae KW - phosphates KW - phosphorylation KW - pili and fimbriae Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96679 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen A1 - Bieringer, Maria A1 - Han, Jung Woo A1 - Kendl, Sabine A1 - Khosravi, Mojtaba A1 - Plattet, Philippe T1 - Experimental Adaptation of Wild-Type Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) to the Human Entry Receptor CD150 JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Canine distemper virus (CDV), a close relative of measles virus (MV), is widespread and well known for its broad host range. When the goal of measles eradication may be achieved, and when measles vaccination will be stopped, CDV might eventually cross the species barrier to humans and emerge as a new human pathogen. In order to get an impression how fast such alterations may occur, we characterized required adaptive mutations to the human entry receptors CD150 (SLAM) and nectin-4 as first step to infect human target cells. Recombinant wild-type CDV-A75/17red adapted quickly to growth in human H358 epithelial cells expressing human nectin-4. Sequencing of the viral attachment proteins (hemagglutinin, H, and fusion protein, F) genes revealed that no adaptive alteration was required to utilize human nectin-4. In contrast, the virus replicated only to low titres (102 pfu/ml) in Vero cells expressing human CD150 (Vero-hSLAM). After three passages using these cells virus was adapted to human CD150 and replicated to high titres (105 pfu/ml). Sequence analyses revealed that only one amino acid exchange in the H-protein at position 540 Asp→Gly (D540G) was required for functional adaptation to human CD150. Structural modelling suggests that the adaptive mutation D540G in H reflects the sequence alteration from canine to human CD150 at position 70 and 71 from Pro to Leu (P70L) and Gly to Glu (G71E), and compensates for the gain of a negative charge in the human CD150 molecule. Using this model system our data indicate that only a minimal alteration, in this case one adaptive mutation, is required for adaptation of CDV to the human entry receptors, and help to understand the molecular basis why this adaptive mutation occurs. KW - antibodies KW - canine distemper virus KW - measles virus KW - microbial mutation KW - protein sequencing KW - recombinant proteins KW - ultraviolet radiation KW - vero cells Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96537 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hartmann, Sonja T1 - Relevance of antibodies targeting the beta1-adrenergic receptor for renal function T1 - Relevanz von Antikörpern gegen den beta1-adrenergen Rezeptor für die Nierenfunktion N2 - Functionally active (conformational) autoantibodies directed against the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) are supposed to have a pathogenic relevance in human heart failure, particularly in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Prevalence of anti-β1-autoantibodies (anti-β1-aabs) in the healthy population is almost negligible, whereas it amounts to up to 30% in heart failure patients with idiopathic DCM. As β1-ARs are not restricted to the heart and are also highly expressed in particular segments of the nephron, it is conceivable that such autoantibodies might also affect kidney function to some extent through the activation of renal β1-ARs. In the kidney, β1-ARs are highly abundant in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the distal convoluted tubules, the collecting duct, and the renal arteries. However, the functional significance of β1-ARs at these particular sites along the nephron is poorly understood, as are the effects of conformational stimulating anti-β1-aabs on renal β1-ARs. From the available literature, it is well known that the β1-adrenergic system is involved in, e.g., the regulation of renin-secretion from juxtaglomerular cells. In addition, the β1-adrenergic system is thought to be involved in the regulation of the urine pH via type B-intercalated cells in the collecting duct. In contrast, the regulation of salt- and fluid-secretion in the medullary collecting duct appears to occur independently from the SNS. As a consequence, the present work aimed to unravel the potential pathophysiological links between renal function, alterations in the cardiovascular system, and circulating agonist-like anti- β1-abs. We analyzed possible renal effects of anti-β1-abs in a human-analogous rat model. After immunization with a GST-fusion protein containing the second extracellular loop (β1-ECII) of the human β1-AR, Lewis-rats develop functionally active, stimulating, conformational anti-β1-ECII-abs. Within the first 6 months, anti-β1-ECII-ab-positive animals develop a hypertensive phenotype, which after 9 months evolves into a DCM phenotype. In n=40 GST/ β1-ECII-immunized Lewis rats and n=40 age-matched, 0.9% NaCl-injected control animals, we sequentially (i.e. at months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 after start of immunization) analyzed the changes in renal function on a molecular, functional, and structural level. We could show that the presence of stimulating anti-β1-ECII-abs – even though having detrimental effects on the heart – has only a minor impact on kidney function and structure. Within the first 3 months after induction of anti-β1-ECII-abs, the levels and activity of renin were significantly increased in immunized compared to corresponding control animals, which was confirmed by experiments on isolated perfused kidneys, in which anti-β1-ECII-abs were able to directly induce the liberation of renin. However, within several weeks the initial anti-β1-ECII-ab-mediated RAAS activation was counter-regulated by auto-regulatory mechanisms activated in the kidney. Similarly, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) were initially decreased in the presence of the stimulating anti-β1-ECII-abs, but returned to control values within 3 months after immunization of the animals. Although expression of several pro-fibrotic markers was significantly up-regulated in anti-β1-ECII-ab-positive rats, no significant differences were noted on a histomorphological level with regard to the occurrence of renal fibrosis, glomerular damage, tubular damage, and perivascular fibrosis. Only a mild decrease in glomerular filtration function was observed in the kidneys of anti-β1-ECII-ab-positive animals from immunization-month 12 on, apparent by increased levels of urinary protein. Even though anti-β1-ECII-abs were able to induce mild changes in renal function, their effects were not strong enough to critically damage the kidneys in our rat-model. Differences between immunized anti-β1-ECII-ab-positive and corresponding control rats at later time-points (that is, from immunization-month 12 on) are most likely secondary to the progressive heart failure phenotype that immunized animals develop in the course of the experiment. The present study is the first to focus on the effects of stimulating anti-β1-ECII-abs on the kidney, and on the prevalence of these effects for the heart (referred to as cardio-renal crosstalk). Although our results were obtained in a rat model, they might contribute to better understand the situation in anti-β1-AR-aab-positive human patients. Following the results of our experiments, treatment of such patients should focus on direct and specific neutralization/elimination of stimulating anti-β1-ECII-aab or at least comprise therapeutic strategies that counteract the anti-β1-ECII-aab-effects on the heart by standard treatment for heart failure (i.e. ACE inhibitors, AT1-receptor blockers, and β-blockers) according to current guidelines. N2 - Funktionell aktive, konformationelle Autoantikörper, die gegen den β1-adrenergen Rezeptor (β1-AR) gerichtet sind, sind vermutlich pathologisch relevant bei Herzinsuffizienz, insbesondere bei der idiopathischen Dilativen Kardiomyopathie (DCM). Die Prävalenz solcher Antikörper ist in der gesunden Population vernachlässigbar, wohingegen sie bei der idiopathischen DCM 30% erreicht. Da β1-AR nicht nur im Herzen, sondern auch in der Niere stark exprimiert werden, ist naheliegend, dass solche Antikörper über eine Stimulation renaler β1-AR auch die Nierenfunktion beeinflussen können. In der Niere werden β1-AR überwiegend im juxtaglomerulären Apparat, im distalen Tubulus, in den Sammelrohren und in den renalen Arterien exprimiert. Die Bedeutung der in diesen Bereichen hohen Expression von β1-AR für die Nierenfunktion ist noch nicht vollständig geklärt, ebenso wie die renalen Effekte von stimulierenden β1-AR-Antikörpern. Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, dass das β1-adrenerge System unter anderem an der Renin-Sekretion der juxtaglomerulären Zellen beteiligt ist. Außerdem wird vermutet, dass das β1-adrenerge System in die Regulation des pH-Wertes des Urins über die Typ B-interkalierenden Zellen des Sammelrohrs eingreift, wohingegen die Regulation der Salz- und Wasserexkretion im medullären Sammelrohr wahrscheinlich unabhängig vom sympathischen Nervensystem abläuft. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab, die potentiellen pathophysiologischen Zusammenhänge zwischen renaler Funktion, Änderungen innerhalb des kardiovaskulären Systems und zirkulierenden, agonist-ähnlichen anti-β1-Autoantikörpern darzustellen. Wir haben die möglichen renalen Effekte der anti-β1-AK in einem human-ähnlichen Ratten-Modell untersucht. Nach Immunisierung mit einem GST-Fusionsprotein, welches den zweiten extrazellulären Loop des β1-AR beinhaltet, entwickeln Lewis-Ratten funktionell aktive, stimulierende Antikörper gegen β1-ECII. Anti-β1-ECII-AK-positive Tiere entwickeln nach ca. 6 Monaten einen hypertensiven Phänotyp, welcher nach 9 Monaten in einen DCM Phänotyp übergeht. Wir haben Änderungen der renalen Funktion auf molekularer, funktioneller, und struktureller Ebene in n=40 GST/ β1-ECII-immunisierten Lewis-Ratten und n=40 altersgleichen 0.9% NaCl-injizierten Kontrolltieren sequenziell (d.h. 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 und 18 Monate nach Beginn der Immunisierung) analysiert. Wir konnten zeigen, dass die stimulierenden anti-β1-ECII-Antikörper – obwohl sie eine schädigende Wirkung auf das Herz haben – die Nierenfunktion und -Struktur nur gering beeinflussen. In den ersten Monaten nach Induktion der anti-β1-ECII-AK stieg die Reninkonzentration und -aktivität in den immunisierten Tieren im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden Kontrollen signifikant an. Dieses Ergebnis konnte im Model der isolierten perfundierten Niere bestätigen werden, in dem anti-β1-ECII-AK eine direkte Freisetzung von Renin induzierten. Diese frühe AK-vermittelte Aktivierung des RAAS wurde jedoch innerhalb weniger Wochen durch autoregulatorische Mechanismen der Niere aufgehoben. Ebenso waren anfangs die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate und der renale Blutfluss in anti-β1-ECII-AK-positiven Ratten vermindert, kehrten jedoch nach 3 Monaten zu den Werten der Kontrolltiere zurück. Obwohl die Expression mehrerer pro-fibrotischer Marker signifikant erhöht war, konnten keine signifikanten Veränderungen auf histomorphologischer Ebene hinsichtlich des Auftretens renaler Fibrose, glomerulärer und tubulärer Schädigung, oder perivaskulärer Fibrose festgestellt werden. Lediglich die glomeruläre Filtrationsfunktion war ab dem 12. Immunisierungsmonat zunehmend beeinträchtigt, was sich an einer progredienten Proteinurie zeigte. Obwohl anti-β1-ECII-AK durchaus einen gewissen Effekt auf die Nierenfunktion haben, ist ihr Einfluss nicht stark genug um die Niere kritisch zu schädigen. Unterschiede zwischen immunisierten und Kontrolltieren, welche zu späteren Zeitpunkten (d.h. ab dem 12. Immunisierungsmonat) auftreten, sind wahrscheinlich sekundäre Effekte der progredienten Herzinsuffizienz, die die immunisierten Tiere im Verlauf des Experiments entwickeln. Unsere Studie ist die Erste, die sich mit den Effekten von stimulierenden anti-β1-AK auf die Niere und ihre Zusammenhänge mit der antikörper-induzierten Herzinsuffizienz (dem sogenannten kardio-renalen „Crosstalk“) befasst. Obwohl unsere Ergebnisse in einem Tiermodell erzielt wurden, könnten sie von großem Nutzen sein, um die Krankheitsentwicklung von anti-β1-Autoantikörper-positiven Patienten besser zu verstehen. Unseren Ergebnissen zufolge sollte die Behandlung von Autoimmun-DCM auf eine möglichst direkte und spezifische Neutralisierung/Eliminierung von anti-β1-Autoantikörpern abzielen und gleichzeitig alle kardio- und renal-protektiven Elemente der Standard-Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz (d.h. Gabe von ACE-Hemmern, AT1-Rezeptor-Inhibitoren und β-Blockern) einschließen. KW - Nierenfunktion KW - Beta-1-Rezeptor KW - kidney KW - Antikörper KW - beta1-adrenergic receptor KW - antibodies Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106285 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adelfinger, Marion A1 - Gentschev, Ivaylo A1 - de Guibert, Julio Grimm A1 - Weibel, Stephanie A1 - Langbein-Laugwitz, Johanna A1 - Härtl, Barbara A1 - Escobar, Hugo Murua A1 - Nolte, Ingo A1 - Chen, Nanhai G. A1 - Aguilar, Richard J. A1 - Yu, Yong A. A1 - Zhang, Qian A1 - Frentzen, Alexa A1 - Szalay, Aladar A. T1 - Evaluation of a New Recombinant Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Strain GLV-5b451 for Feline Mammary Carcinoma Therapy JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Virotherapy on the basis of oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) infection is a promising approach for cancer therapy. In this study we describe the establishment of a new preclinical model of feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) using a recently established cancer cell line, DT09/06. In addition, we evaluated a recombinant vaccinia virus strain, GLV-5b451, expressing the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) single-chain antibody (scAb) GLAF-2 as an oncolytic agent against FMC. Cell culture data demonstrate that GLV-5b451 virus efficiently infected, replicated in and destroyed DT09/06 cancer cells. In the selected xenografts of FMC, a single systemic administration of GLV-5b451 led to significant inhibition of tumor growth in comparison to untreated tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, tumor-specific virus infection led to overproduction of functional scAb GLAF-2, which caused drastic reduction of intratumoral VEGF levels and inhibition of angiogenesis. In summary, here we have shown, for the first time, that the vaccinia virus strains and especially GLV-5b451 have great potential for effective treatment of FMC in animal model. KW - antibodies KW - cancer treatment KW - carcinomas KW - vaccinia virus KW - oncolytic viruses KW - viral replication KW - cell cultures KW - enzyme-linked immunoassays Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119387 VL - 9 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfeiffer-Guglielmi, Brigitte A1 - Dombert, Benjamin A1 - Jablonka, Sibylle A1 - Hausherr, Vanessa A1 - van Thriel, Christoph A1 - Schobel, Nicole A1 - Jansen, Ralf-Peter T1 - Axonal and dendritic localization of mRNAs for glycogen-metabolizing enzymes in cultured rodent neurons JF - BMC Neuroscience N2 - Background: Localization of mRNAs encoding cytoskeletal or signaling proteins to neuronal processes is known to contribute to axon growth, synaptic differentiation and plasticity. In addition, a still increasing spectrum of mRNAs has been demonstrated to be localized under different conditions and developing stages thus reflecting a highly regulated mechanism and a role of mRNA localization in a broad range of cellular processes. Results: Applying fluorescence in-situ-hybridization with specific riboprobes on cultured neurons and nervous tissue sections, we investigated whether the mRNAs for two metabolic enzymes, namely glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP), the key enzymes of glycogen metabolism, may also be targeted to neuronal processes. If it were so, this might contribute to clarify the so far enigmatic role of neuronal glycogen. We found that the mRNAs for both enzymes are localized to axonal and dendritic processes in cultured lumbar spinal motoneurons, but not in cultured trigeminal neurons. In cultured cortical neurons which do not store glycogen but nevertheless express glycogen synthase, the GS mRNA is also subject to axonal and dendritic localization. In spinal motoneurons and trigeminal neurons in situ, however, the mRNAs could only be demonstrated in the neuronal somata but not in the nerves. Conclusions: We could demonstrate that the mRNAs for major enzymes of neural energy metabolism can be localized to neuronal processes. The heterogeneous pattern of mRNA localization in different culture types and developmental stages stresses that mRNA localization is a versatile mechanism for the fine-tuning of cellular events. Our findings suggest that mRNA localization for enzymes of glycogen metabolism could allow adaptation to spatial and temporal energy demands in neuronal events like growth, repair and synaptic transmission. KW - glycogen phosphorylase KW - neuronal primary culture KW - energy metabolism KW - nervous system KW - phosphorylase isozymes KW - brain KW - transport KW - protein synthesis KW - glycolysis KW - roles KW - synthase KW - antibodies KW - immunocytochemical analysis KW - glycogen synthase KW - mRNA localization KW - fluorescence in-situ hybridization Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116049 SN - 1471-2202 VL - 15 IS - 70 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Senecal, Jean-Luc A1 - Isabelle, Catherine A1 - Fritzler, Marvin J. A1 - Targoff, Ira N. A1 - Goldstein, Rose A1 - Gagne, Michel A1 - Raynauld, Jean-Pierre A1 - Joyal, France A1 - Troyanov, Yves A1 - Dabauvalle, Marie-Christine T1 - An Autoimmune Myositis-Overlap Syndrome Associated With Autoantibodies to Nuclear Pore Complexes Description and Long-Term Follow-up of the Anti-Nup Syndrome JF - Medicine N2 - Autoimmune myositis encompasses various myositis-overlap syndromes, each being identified by the presence of serum marker autoantibodies. We describe a novel myositis-overlap syndrome in 4 patients characterized by the presence of a unique immunologic marker, autoantibodies to nuclear pore complexes. The clinical phenotype was characterized by prominent myositis in association with erosive, anti-CCP, and rheumatoid factor-positive arthritis, trigeminal neuralgia, mild interstitial lung disease, Raynaud phenomenon, and weight loss. The myositis was typically chronic, relapsing, and refractory to corticosteroids alone, but remitted with the addition of a second immuno-modulating drug. There was no clinical or laboratory evidence for liver disease. The prognosis was good with 100% long-term survival (mean follow-up 19.5 yr). By indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells, sera from all 4 patients displayed a high titer of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) with a distinct punctate peripheral (rim) fluorescent pattern of the nuclear envelope characteristic of nuclear pore complexes. Reactivity with nuclear pore complexes was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. In a cohort of 100 French Canadian patients with autoimmune myositis, the nuclear pore complex fluorescent ANA pattern was restricted to these 4 patients (4%). It was not observed in sera from 393 adult patients with systemic sclerosis (n = 112), mixed connective tissue disease (n = 35), systemic lupus (n = 94), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 45), or other rheumatic diseases (n = 107), nor was it observed in 62 normal adults. Autoantibodies to nuclear pore complexes were predominantly of IgG isotype. No other IgG autoantibody markers for defined connective tissue diseases or overlap syndromes were present, indicating a selective and highly focused immune response. In 3 patients, anti-nuclear pore complex autoantibody titers varied in parallel with myositis activity, suggesting a pathogenic link to pathophysiology. The nuclear pore complex proteins, that is, nucleoporins (nup), recognized by these sera were heterogeneous and included Nup358/RanBP2 (n = 2 patients), Nup90 (n = 1), Nup62 (n = 1), and gp210 (n = 1). Taken together the data suggest that nup autoantigens themselves drive the anti-nup autoimmune response. Immunogenetically, the 4 patients shared the DQA1*0501 allele associated with an increased risk for autoimmune myositis. In conclusion, we report an apparent novel subset of autoimmune myositis in our population of French Canadian patients with connective tissue diseases. This syndrome is recognized by the presence of a unique immunologic marker, autoantibodies to nuclear pore complexes that react with nups, consistent with an "anti-nupsyndrome.'' KW - idiopathic inflammatory myopathies KW - primary biliary-cirrhosis KW - transfer RNA-synthetases KW - major histocompatibility complex KW - systemic sclerosis KW - French-Canadian patients KW - protein KW - predictive factors KW - envelope KW - antibodies Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114829 SN - 0025-7974 VL - 93 IS - 24 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rudel, Thomas A1 - Prusty, Bhupesh K. A1 - Siegl, Christine A1 - Gulve, Nitish A1 - Mori, Yasuko T1 - GP96 Interacts with HHV-6 during Viral Entry and Directs It for Cellular Degradation N2 - CD46 and CD134 mediate attachment of Human Herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B to host cell, respectively. But many cell types interfere with viral infection through rapid degradation of viral DNA. Hence, not all cells expressing these receptors are permissive to HHV-6 DNA replication and production of infective virions suggesting the involvement of additional factors that influence HHV-6 propagation. Here, we used a proteomics approach to identify other host cell proteins necessary for HHV-6 binding and entry. We found host cell chaperone protein GP96 to interact with HHV-6A and HHV-6B and to interfere with virus propagation within the host cell. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), GP96 is transported to the cell surface upon infection with HHV-6 and interacts with HHV-6A and -6B through its C-terminal end. Suppression of GP96 expression decreased initial viral binding but increased viral DNA replication. Transient expression of human GP96 allowed HHV-6 entry into CHO-K1 cells even in the absence of CD46. Thus, our results suggest an important role for GP96 during HHV-6 infection, which possibly supports the cellular degradation of the virus. KW - host cells KW - immunoprecipitation KW - HeLa cells KW - antibodies KW - cell binding KW - viral transmission and infection KW - viral entry KW - flow cytometry Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111068 ER - TY - THES A1 - Klein, Dennis T1 - The pathogenic role of endogenous antibodies in a mouse model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B neuropathy T1 - Die pathogenetische Funktion von endogenen Antikörpern in einem Maus-Modell der Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B Neuropathie N2 - Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 1 neuropathies are a genetically heterogeneous group of non-treatable inherited disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system that lead to sensory and motor dysfunction. Secondary low grade inflammation, implicating the innate and adaptive immune system, could previously be identified as a substantial disease modifier in two mouse models for CMT1, CMT1B and 1X, respectively. However, the exact mechanism how the adaptive immune system contributes to disease pathogenesis is not completely understood. Based on observations that the accumulation of endogenous antibodies to myelin components is important for rapid myelin clearance after nerve injury during Wallerian degeneration, a possibly similar mechanism was considered for endogenous antibodies as disease amplifier in mice heterozygously deficient for P0 (P0het), mimicking some typical features of CMT1B. In this study an increased antibody deposition was detected in the affected peripheral nerves of P0het myelin mutant mice. By crossbreeding P0het mutants with mice specifically lacking B-lymphocytes, and therefore antibodies (JHD-/-), a decline of endoneurial macrophages together with a substantially ameliorated demyelination could be demonstrated in 6-month-old mutant mice. Moreover, reconstitution with murine IgGs reverted the neuropathic phenotype, substantiating that endogenous antibodies are potentially pathogenic at this early stage of disease. Unexpectedly, in 12-months-old P0het mutants, JHD deficiency resulted in disease aggravation accompanied by an increased inflammatory reaction and M2-polarized macrophage response. These observations suggest that in a mouse model for CMT1B, the lack of endogenous antibodies has a dichotomous effect: ameliorating early macrophage-mediated demyelination, as opposed to increasing inflammatory reactions leading to disease aggravation at older ages. N2 - Als Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Typ 1 Erkrankungen bezeichnet man eine genetisch heterogene Gruppe von nicht behandelbaren, erblichen Neuropathien, die das periphere Nervensystem betreffen und letztendlich zu starken motorischen und sensorischen Defiziten führen. Anhand verschiedener Studien konnte gezeigt werden, dass sekundäre Entzündungsreaktionen, insbesondere des angeborenen und adaptiven Immunsystems, eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Pathogenese von zwei verschiedenen CMT1-Mausmodellen (CMT1B und CMT1X) spielen. Jedoch ist der genaue Mechanismus, in dem das adaptive Immunsystem zur Pathogenese beiträgt, nicht komplett bekannt. In einer veröffentlichten Studie wurden gebundenen endogenen Antiköpern eine wichtige Rolle beim raschen Myelinabbau nach Nervläsion während der Waller´schen Degeneration zugeschrieben. In Mäusen, die heterozygot defizient für P0 (P0het) sind und einige typische Merkmale der CMT1B Neuropathie aufweisen, sollte ein möglicherweise ähnlicher Mechanismus von endogenen Antikörpern untersucht werden, der zur Verstärkung der Krankheitsentwicklung führt. In dieser Studie konnte eine vermehrte Antikörperbindung in den betroffenen peripheren Nerven von P0het Myelinmutanten beobachtet werden. Anhand von Verkreuzungs-Experimenten von P0het Mutanten mit Mäusen, die keine B-Lymphozyten besitzen und daher keine Antikörper bilden können (JHD-/-), konnte zudem in den untersuchten 6 Monate alten Doppelmutanten eine verringerte Anzahl endoneuraler Makrophagen und eine deutliche Verbesserung der Demyelinisierung aufgezeigt werden. Zusätzlich konnte anhand von Rekonstitutions-Experimenten mit mausspezifischen-IgGs der neuropathische Phänotyp in peripheren Nerven wiederhergestellt werden, was die mögliche pathogenetische Rolle endogener Antikörper im frühen Stadium der Erkrankung bekräftigt. Unerwarteterweise führte die JHD-Defizienz jedoch in 12 Monate alten P0het Mausmutanten eher zu einer Verschlechterung der Neuropathie, zusammen mit einer verstärkten Entzündungsreaktion und M2-polarisierten Makrophagen-Aktivierung. Diese Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, dass das Fehlen von Antikörpern in einem etablierten Mausmodell für CMT1B unterschiedliche Folgen hat, da dies zu einer verringerten Makrophagen-vermittelten Demyelinisierung im frühen Erkrankungsverlauf führt, gleichzeitig aber im späteren Alter in einer verstärkten Entzündungsreaktion und einem vermehrten Nervschaden resultiert. KW - Charcot-Marie-Tooth KW - Demyelinisierung KW - Adaptives Immunsystem KW - Antikörper KW - Makrophagen KW - B-Lymphocyten KW - Fc-Rezeptor KW - Komplement KW - demyelination KW - antibodies KW - macrophages KW - adaptive immune system KW - B-lymphocytes KW - Fc-receptor KW - complement KW - Maus KW - Charcot-Marie-Syndrom KW - Immunsystem KW - Antikörper Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121941 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Doppler, Kathrin A1 - Appeltshauser, Luise A1 - Krämer, Heidrun H. A1 - King Man Ng, Judy A1 - Meinl, Edgar A1 - Villmann, Carmen A1 - Brophy, Peter A1 - Dib-Hajj, Sulayman D. A1 - Waxman, Stephen G. A1 - Weishaupt, Andreas A1 - Sommer, Claudia T1 - Contactin-1 and Neurofascin-155/-186 Are Not Targets of Auto-Antibodies in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy JF - PLoS One N2 - Multifocal motor neuropathy is an immune mediated disease presenting with multifocal muscle weakness and conduction block. IgM auto-antibodies against the ganglioside GM1 are detectable in about 50% of the patients. Auto-antibodies against the paranodal proteins contactin-1 and neurofascin-155 and the nodal protein neurofascin-186 have been detected in subgroups of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Recently, auto-antibodies against neurofascin-186 and gliomedin were described in more than 60% of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy. In the current study, we aimed to validate this finding, using a combination of different assays for auto-antibody detection. In addition we intended to detect further auto-antibodies against paranodal proteins, specifically contactin-1 and neurofascin-155 in multifocal motor neuropathy patients’ sera. We analyzed sera of 33 patients with well-characterized multifocal motor neuropathy for IgM or IgG anti-contactin-1, anti-neurofascin-155 or -186 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, binding assays with transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells and murine teased fibers. We did not detect any IgM or IgG auto-antibodies against contactin-1, neurofascin-155 or -186 in any of our multifocal motor neuropathy patients. We conclude that auto-antibodies against contactin-1, neurofascin-155 and -186 do not play a relevant role in the pathogenesis in this cohort with multifocal motor neuropathy. KW - motor proteins KW - enzyme-linked immunoassays KW - binding analysis KW - neuropathy KW - nerve fibers KW - cell binding assay KW - antibodies KW - enzyme assays Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126156 VL - 10 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boivin, Valérie A1 - Beyersdorf, Niklas A1 - Palm, Dieter A1 - Nikolaev, Viacheslav O. A1 - Schlipp, Angela A1 - Müller, Justus A1 - Schmidt, Doris A1 - Kocoski, Vladimir A1 - Kerkau, Thomas A1 - Hünig, Thomas A1 - Ertl, Georg A1 - Lohse, Martin J. A1 - Jahns, Roland T1 - Novel Receptor-Derived Cyclopeptides to Treat Heart Failure Caused by \(Anti-β_1-Adrenoceptor\) Antibodies in a Human-Analogous Rat Model JF - PLoS One N2 - Despite recent therapeutic advances the prognosis of heart failure remains poor. Recent research suggests that heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome and that many patients have stimulating auto-antibodies directed against the second extracellular loop of the \(β_1\) adrenergic receptor \((β_1EC2)\). In a human-analogous rat model such antibodies cause myocyte damage and heart failure. Here we used this model to test a novel antibody-directed strategy aiming to prevent and/or treat antibody-induced cardiomyopathy. To generate heart failure, we immunised n = 76/114 rats with a fusion protein containing the human β1EC2 (amino-acids 195–225) every 4 weeks; n = 38/114 rats were control-injected with 0.9% NaCl. Intravenous application of a novel cyclic peptide mimicking \(β_1EC2\) (\(β_1EC2-CP\), 1.0 mg/kg every 4 weeks) or administration of the \(β_1-blocker\) bisoprolol (15 mg/kg/day orally) was initiated either 6 weeks (cardiac function still normal, prevention-study, n = 24 (16 treated vs. 8 untreated)) or 8.5 months after the 1st immunisation (onset of cardiomyopathy, therapy-study, n = 52 (40 treated vs. 12 untreated)); n = 8/52 rats from the therapy-study received \(β_1EC2-CP/bisoprolol\) co-treatment. We found that \(β_1EC2-CP\) prevented and (alone or as add-on drug) treated antibody-induced cardiac damage in the rat, and that its efficacy was superior to mono-treatment with bisoprolol, a standard drug in heart failure. While bisoprolol mono-therapy was able to stop disease-progression, \(β_1EC2-CP\) mono-therapy -or as an add-on to bisoprolol- almost fully reversed antibody-induced cardiac damage. The cyclo¬peptide acted both by scavenging free \(anti-β_1EC2-antibodies\) and by targeting \(β_1EC2\)-specific memory B-cells involved in antibody-production. Our model provides the basis for the clinical translation of a novel double-acting therapeutic strategy that scavenges harmful \(anti-β_1EC2-antibodies\) and also selectively depletes memory B-cells involved in the production of such antibodies. Treatment with immuno-modulating cyclopeptides alone or as an add-on to \(β_1\)-blockade represents a promising new therapeutic option in immune-mediated heart failure. KW - memory B cells KW - antibodies KW - T cells KW - B cells KW - heart KW - heart failure KW - kidneys KW - enzyme-linked immunoassays Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126028 VL - 10 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, Dennis A1 - Groh, Janos A1 - Weishaupt, Andreas A1 - Martini, Rudolf T1 - Endogenous antibodies contribute to macrophage-mediated demyelination in a mouse model for CMT1B JF - Journal of Neuroinflammation N2 - Background We could previously identify components of both the innate and the adaptive immune system as disease modifiers in the pathogenesis of models for Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies type 1B and 1X. As part of the adaptive immune system, here we investigated the role of antibodies in a model for CMT1B. Methods Antibodies were localized and characterized in peripheral nerves of the CMT1B model by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Experimental ablation of antibodies was performed by cross breeding the CMT1B models with mutants deficient in B-lymphocytes (JHD−/− mutants). Ameliorated demyelination by antibody deficiency was reverted by intravenous injection of mouse IgG fractions. Histopathological analysis was performed by immunocytochemistry and light and quantitative electron microscopy. Results We demonstrate that in peripheral nerves of a mouse model for CMT1B, endogenous antibodies strongly decorate endoneurial tubes of peripheral nerves. These antibodies comprise IgG and IgM subtypes and are preferentially, but not exclusively, associated with nerve fiber aspects nearby the nodes of Ranvier. In the absence of antibodies, the early demyelinating phenotype is substantially ameliorated. Reverting the neuropathy by reconstitution with murine IgG fractions identified accumulating antibodies as potentially pathogenic at this early stage of disease. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that in a mouse model for CMT1B, endogenous antibodies contribute to early macrophage-mediated demyelination and disease progression. Thus, both the innate and adaptive immune system are mutually interconnected in a genetic model for demyelination. Since in Wallerian degeneration antibodies have also been shown to be involved in myelin phagocytosis, our study supports our view that inherited demyelination and Wallerian degeneration share common mechanisms, which are detrimental when activated under nonlesion conditions. KW - adaptive immune system KW - macrophages KW - antibodies KW - demyelination KW - Charcot-Marie-Tooth KW - B-lymphocytes KW - Fc-receptor KW - complement Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125036 VL - 12 IS - 49 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beiss, Veronique A1 - Spiegel, Holger A1 - Boes, Alexander A1 - Scheuermayer, Matthias A1 - Reimann, Andreas A1 - Schillberg, Stefan A1 - Fischer, Rainer T1 - Plant expression and characterization of the transmission-blocking vaccine candidate PfGAP50 JF - BMC Biotechnology N2 - Background: Despite the limited success after decades of intensive research and development efforts, vaccination still represents the most promising strategy to significantly reduce the disease burden in malaria endemic regions. Besides the ultimate goal of inducing sterile protection in vaccinated individuals, the prevention of transmission by so-called transmission blocking vaccines (TBVs) is being regarded as an important feature of an efficient malaria eradication strategy. Recently, Plasmodium falciparum GAP50 (PfGAP50), a 44.6 kDa transmembrane protein that forms an essential part of the invasion machinery (glideosome) multi-protein complex, has been proposed as novel potential transmission-blocking candidate. Plant-based expression systems combine the advantages of eukaryotic expression with a up-scaling potential and a good product safety profile suitable for vaccine production. In this study we investigated the feasibility to use the transient plant expression to produce PfGAP50 suitable for the induction of parasite specific inhibitory antibodies. Results: We performed the transient expression of recombinant PfGAP50 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves using endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) and plastid targeting. After IMAC-purification the protein yield and integrity was investigated by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot. Rabbit immune IgG derived by the immunization with the plastidtargeted variant of PfGAP50 was analyzed by immune fluorescence assay (IFA) and zygote inhibition assay (ZIA). PfGAP50 could be produced in both subcellular compartments at different yields IMAC (Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography) purification from extract yielded up to 4.1 mu g/g recombinant protein per fresh leaf material for ER-retarded and 16.2 mu g/g recombinant protein per fresh leave material for plasmid targeted PfGAP50, respectively. IgG from rabbit sera generated by immunization with the recombinant protein specifically recognized different parasite stages in immunofluorescence assay. Furthermore up to 55 % inhibition in an in vitro zygote inhibition assay could be achieved using PfGAP50-specific rabbit immune IgG. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that the plant-produced PfGAP50 is functional regarding the presentation of inhibitory epitopes and could be considered as component of a transmission-blocking malaria vaccine formulation. KW - PFS25 KW - plastid targeting KW - plant-made vaccines KW - agroinfiltration KW - gametes KW - sexual stage KW - plasmodium falciparum KW - membrane KW - antibodies KW - immunization KW - RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine KW - recombinant proteins KW - cost-effectiveness KW - purification Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137327 VL - 15 IS - 108 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rovituso, Damiano M. A1 - Duffy, Catharina E. A1 - Schroeter, Michael A1 - Kaiser, Claudia C. A1 - Kleinschnitz, Christoph A1 - Bayas, Antonios A1 - Elsner, Rebecca A1 - Kuerten, Stefanie T1 - The brain antigen-specific B cell response correlates with glatiramer acetate responsiveness in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients JF - Scientific Reports N2 - B cells have only recently begun to attract attention in the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Suitable markers for the prediction of treatment success with immunomodulatory drugs are still missing. Here we evaluated the B cell response to brain antigens in n = 34 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients treated with glatiramer acetate (GA) using the enzyme-linked immunospot technique (ELISPOT). Our data demonstrate that patients can be subdivided into responders that show brain-specific B cell reactivity in the blood and patients without this reactivity. Only in patients that classified as B cell responders, there was a significant positive correlation between treatment duration and the time since last relapse in our study. This correlation was GA-specific because it was absent in a control group that consisted of interferon-\(\beta\) (IFN-\(\beta\))-treated RRMS patients (n = 23). These data suggest that GA has an effect on brain-reactive B cells in a subset of patients and that only this subset benefits from treatment. The detection of brain-reactive B cells is likely to be a suitable tool to identify drug responders. KW - cortical pathology KW - natural history KW - disability KW - expression KW - antibodies KW - disease KW - lesions KW - trial KW - multiple sclerosis Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148172 VL - 5 IS - 14265 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boes, Alexander A1 - Spiegel, Holger A1 - Voepel, Nadja A1 - Edgue, Gueven A1 - Beiss, Veronique A1 - Kapelski, Stephanie A1 - Fendel, Rolf A1 - Scheuermayer, Matthias A1 - Pradel, Gabriele A1 - Bolscher, Judith M. A1 - Behet, Marije C. A1 - Dechering, Koen J. A1 - Hermsen, Cornelus C. A1 - Sauerwein, Robert W. A1 - Schillberg, Stefan A1 - Reimann, Andreas A1 - Fischer, Rainer T1 - Analysis of a multi-component multi-stage malaria vaccine candidate—tackling the cocktail challenge JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Combining key antigens from the different stages of the P. falciparum life cycle in the context of a multi-stage-specific cocktail offers a promising approach towards the development of a malaria vaccine ideally capable of preventing initial infection, the clinical manifestation as well as the transmission of the disease. To investigate the potential of such an approach we combined proteins and domains (11 in total) from the pre-erythrocytic, blood and sexual stages of P. falciparum into a cocktail of four different components recombinantly produced in plants. After immunization of rabbits we determined the domain-specific antibody titers as well as component-specific antibody concentrations and correlated them with stage specific in vitro efficacy. Using purified rabbit immune IgG we observed strong inhibition in functional in vitro assays addressing the pre-erythrocytic (up to 80%), blood (up to 90%) and sexual parasite stages (100%). Based on the component-specific antibody concentrations we calculated the IC50 values for the pre-erythrocytic stage (17–25 μg/ml), the blood stage (40–60 μg/ml) and the sexual stage (1.75 μg/ml). While the results underline the feasibility of a multi-stage vaccine cocktail, the analysis of component-specific efficacy indicates significant differences in IC50 requirements for stage-specific antibody concentrations providing valuable insights into this complex scenario and will thereby improve future approaches towards malaria vaccine cocktail development regarding the selection of suitable antigens and the ratios of components, to fine tune overall and stage-specific efficacy. KW - malaria KW - vaccines KW - antibodies KW - P. falciparum Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173092 VL - 10 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traub, Jan A1 - Husseini, Leila A1 - Weber, Martin S. T1 - B cells and antibodies as targets of therapeutic intervention in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders JF - Pharmaceuticals N2 - The first description of neuromyelitis optica by Eugène Devic and Fernand Gault dates back to the 19th century, but only the discovery of aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in a major subset of affected patients in 2004 led to a fundamentally revised disease concept: Neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are now considered autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, bringing the pivotal pathogenetic role of B cells and plasma cells into focus. Not long ago, there was no approved medication for this deleterious disease and off-label therapies were the only treatment options for affected patients. Within the last years, there has been a tremendous development of novel therapies with diverse treatment strategies: immunosuppression, B cell depletion, complement factor antagonism and interleukin-6 receptor blockage were shown to be effective and promising therapeutic interventions. This has led to the long-expected official approval of eculizumab in 2019 and inebilizumab in 2020. In this article, we review current pathogenetic concepts in NMOSD with a focus on the role of B cells and autoantibodies as major contributors to the propagation of these diseases. Lastly, by highlighting promising experimental and future treatment options, we aim to round up the current state of knowledge on the therapeutic arsenal in NMOSD. KW - neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders KW - B cells KW - antibodies KW - eculizumab KW - ravulizumab KW - inebilizumab KW - tocilizumab KW - satralizumab KW - ublituximab Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222957 SN - 1424-8247 VL - 14 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nyawale, Helmut A. A1 - Moremi, Nyambura A1 - Mohamed, Mohamed A1 - Njwalila, Johnson A1 - Silago, Vitus A1 - Krone, Manuel A1 - Konje, Eveline T. A1 - Mirambo, Mariam M. A1 - Mshana, Stephen E. T1 - High seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Mwanza, northwestern Tanzania: a population-based survey JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - The transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, has been documented worldwide. However, the evidence of the extent to which transmission has occurred in different countries is still to be established. Understanding the magnitude and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 through seroprevalence studies is important in designing control and preventive strategies in communities. This study investigated the seropositivity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies in the communities of three different districts in the Mwanza region, Tanzania. A household cross-sectional survey was conducted in September 2021 using the modified African Centre for Disease and Prevention (ACDC) survey protocol. A blood sample was obtained from one member of each of the selected households who consented to take part in the survey. Immunochromatographic rapid test kits were used to detect IgM and IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, followed by descriptive data analysis. Overall, 805 participants were enrolled in the study with a median age of 35 (interquartile range (IQR):27–47) years. The overall SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was 50.4% (95%CI: 46.9–53.8%). The IgG and IgM seropositivity of the SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 49.3% and 7.2%, respectively, with 6.1% being both IgG and IgM seropositive. A history of runny nose (aOR: 1.84, 95%CI: 1.03–3.5, p = 0.036), loss of taste (aOR: 1.84, 95%CI: 1.12–4.48, p = 0.023), and living in Ukerewe (aOR: 3.55, 95%CI: 1.68–7.47, p = 0.001) and Magu (aOR: 2.89, 95%CI: 1.34–6.25, p= 0.007) were all independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 IgM seropositivity. Out of the studied factors, living in the Ukerewe district was independently associated with IgG seropositivity (aOR 1.29, CI 1.08–1.54, p = 0.004). Twenty months after the first case of COVID-19 in Tanzania, about half of the studied population in Mwanza was seropositive for SARS-CoV-2. KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - COVID-19 KW - seroprevalence KW - antibodies KW - Mwanza KW - Tanzania Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288134 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 19 IS - 18 ER -