TY - THES A1 - Liedtke, Daniel T1 - Functional divergence of Midkine growth factors : Non-redundant roles during neural crest induction, brain patterning and somitogenesis T1 - Funktionelle Divergenz von Midkine Wachstumsfaktoren: Nicht-redundante Funktionen während der Neuralleisteninduktion, der Gehirnenmusterbildung und der Somitogenese N2 - Neural crest cells and sensory neurons are two prominent cell populations which are induced at the border between neural and non-neural ectoderm during early vertebrate development. The neural crest cells are multipotent and highly migratory precursors that give rise to face cartilage, peripheral neurons, glia cells, pigment cells and many other cell types unique to vertebrates. Sensory neurons are located dorsally in the neural tube and are essential for sensing and converting environmental stimuli into electrical motor reflexes. In my PhD thesis, I obtained novel insights into the complex processes of cell induction at the neural plate border by investigating the regulation and function of mdkb in zebrafish. First, it was possible to demonstrate that mdkb expression is spatiotemporally correlated with the induction of neural crest cells and primary sensory neurons at the neural plate border. Second, it became evident that the expression of mdkb is activated by known neural crest cell inducing signals, like Wnts, FGFs and RA, but that it is independent of Delta-Notch signals essential for lateral inhibition. Knockdown experiments showed that mdkb function is necessary for induction of neural crest cells and sensory neurons at the neural plate border, probably through determination of a common pool of progenitor cells during gastrulation. The present study also used the advantages of the zebrafish model system to investigate the in vivo function of all midkine gene family members during early brain development. In contrast to the situation in mouse, all three zebrafish genes show distinct expression patterns throughout CNS development. mdka, mdkb and ptn expression is detected in mostly non-overlapping patterns during embryonic brain development in the telencephalon, the mid-hindbrain boundary and the rhombencephalon. The possibility of simultaneously knocking down two or even three mRNAs by injection of morpholino mixtures allowed the investigation of functional redundancy of midkine factors during brain formation. Knockdown of Midkine proteins revealed characteristic defects in brain patterning indicating their association with the establishment of prominent signaling centers such as the mid-hindbrain boundary and rhombomere 4. Interestingly, combined knockdown of mdka, mdkb and ptn or single knockdown of ptn alone prevented correct formation of somites, either by interfering with the shifting of the somite maturation front or interferance with cell adhesion in the PSM. Thus, Ptn was identified as a novel secreted regulator of segmentation in zebrafish. N2 - Neuralleistenzellen und sensorische Neuronen werden während der frühen Wirbeltierentwicklung an der Grenze zwischen dem neuralen und epidermalen Ektoderm gebildet. Neuralleistenzellen sind multipotente Vorläufer von verschiedenen Geweben, wie der Knorpelanteile des Kopfskeletts, peripherer Neurone, Gliazellen, Pigmentzellen und vieler weiterer Derivate. Sensorische Neurone befinden sich im dorsalen Rückenmark und sind wichtig für die Wahrnehmung von Hautreizen. Durch Untersuchung der Regulation und Funktion von mdkb im Zebrafisch konnte ich in meiner Doktorarbeit neue Einsichten in den komplexen Prozess der Zellinduzierung an der Grenze der Neuralplatte erlangen. Es zeigte sich, dass die Expression von mdkb zeitlich und räumlich mit der Induktion von Neuralleistenzellen und primären Neuronen an der Neuralplattengrenze korreliert. Weiterhin konnte ich nachweisen, dass die mdkb Expression durch Signalwege reguliert wird, die für die Induktion von Neuralleistenzellen wichtig sind, wie Wnt, FGF und Retinolsäure. Signale der Delta-Notch Familie, welche essentiell für laterale Inhibition sind, werden dagegen nicht für die mdkb Expression benötigt. Weitere knockdown Experimente zur Reduktion der mdkb-Funktion bewiesen, dass mdkb notwendig für die Induktion von Neuralleistenzellen und der sensorischen Neuronen an der Neuralplattengrenze ist. Des Weiteren konnten im Verlauf dieser Doktorarbeit die in vivo Funktionen aller Mitglieder der midkine Genfamilie während der frühen Gehirnentwicklung untersucht werden. Im Unterschied zu höheren Vertebraten, wie z. B. der Maus, wiesen alle drei midkine Gene des Zebrafisches unterschiedliche Expressionsmuster während der Entwicklung auf. mdka, mdkb und ptn zeigten in Regionen hoher Zellproliferation, wie dem Telencephalon, der Mittel-Nachhirngrenze und dem Nachhirn in der Regel keine Überlappung während der embryonalen Gehirnentwicklung. Die Möglichkeit der simultanen Reduktion zweier oder dreier Proteine durch Injektion von Morpholinogemischen erlaubte die Untersuchung einer eventuellen funktionellen Redundanz während der Gehirnentwicklung. Die Reduktion der Midkine Proteine resultierte in charakteristischen Defekten während der Regionalisierung des Gehirns, was auf eine Rolle während der Bildung essentieller Signalzentren im Gehirn hindeutet. Auffallend waren auch Defekte in der Somitenbildung, die nach gleichzeitiger Reduktion von mdka, mdkb und ptn auftraten. Diese Defekte beruhen entweder auf einer Positionsveränderung der Somiten-Reifungszone oder auf einer Störung der Zelladhäsion im präsomitischen Mesoderm durch Ptn. Somit zeigen die Daten eine neue Funktion von Ptn als sekretiertem Regulator der Somitogenese im Zebrafisch. KW - Zebrabärbling KW - Neuralleiste KW - Hirnforschung KW - Entwicklungsbiologie KW - Mikroevolution KW - Midkine KW - Wachstumsfaktoren KW - Somitogenese KW - Neuralrohr KW - Midkine KW - growth factor KW - neural tube KW - somitogenesis Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25707 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Benisch, Peggy A1 - Schilling, Tatjana A1 - Klein-Hitpass, Ludger A1 - Frey, Sönke P. A1 - Seefried, Lothar A1 - Raaijmakers, Nadja A1 - Krug, Melanie A1 - Regensburger, Martina A1 - Zeck, Sabine A1 - Schinke, Thorsten A1 - Amling, Michael A1 - Ebert, Amling A1 - Jakob, Franz T1 - The Transcriptional Profile of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Populations in Primary Osteoporosis Is Distinct and Shows Overexpression of Osteogenic Inhibitors JF - PLoS One N2 - Primary osteoporosis is an age-related disease characterized by an imbalance in bone homeostasis. While the resorptive aspect of the disease has been studied intensely, less is known about the anabolic part of the syndrome or presumptive deficiencies in bone regeneration. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are the primary source of osteogenic regeneration. In the present study we aimed to unravel whether MSC biology is directly involved in the pathophysiology of the disease and therefore performed microarray analyses of hMSC of elderly patients (79-94 years old) suffering from osteoporosis (hMSC-OP). In comparison to age-matched controls we detected profound changes in the transcriptome in hMSC-OP, e.g. enhanced mRNA expression of known osteoporosis-associated genes (LRP5, RUNX2, COL1A1) and of genes involved in osteoclastogenesis (CSF1, PTH1R), but most notably of genes coding for inhibitors of WNT and BMP signaling, such as Sclerostin and MAB21L2. These candidate genes indicate intrinsic deficiencies in self-renewal and differentiation potential in osteoporotic stem cells. We also compared both hMSC-OP and non-osteoporotic hMSC-old of elderly donors to hMSC of similar to 30 years younger donors and found that the transcriptional changes acquired between the sixth and the ninth decade of life differed widely between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic stem cells. In addition, we compared the osteoporotic transcriptome to long term-cultivated, senescent hMSC and detected some signs for pre-senescence in hMSC-OP. Our results suggest that in primary osteoporosis the transcriptomes of hMSC populations show distinct signatures and little overlap with non-osteoporotic aging, although we detected some hints for senescence-associated changes. While there are remarkable inter-individual variations as expected for polygenetic diseases, we could identify many susceptibility genes for osteoporosis known from genetic studies. We also found new candidates, e.g. MAB21L2, a novel repressor of BMP-induced transcription. Such transcriptional changes may reflect epigenetic changes, which are part of a specific osteoporosis-associated aging process. KW - alkaline-phosphatase KW - in vitro KW - bone-mineral density KW - age-related osteoporosis KW - WNT signaling pathway KW - replicative senescence KW - morphogenetic protein KW - parathyroid-hormone KW - growth factor KW - skeletal overexpression Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133379 VL - 7 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, Jae Ho A1 - Franck, Julien A1 - Kang, Taewook A1 - Heinsen, Helmut A1 - Ravid, Rivka A1 - Ferrer, Isidro A1 - Cheon, Mi Hee A1 - Lee, Joo-Yong A1 - Yoo, Jong Shin A1 - Steinbusch, Harry W. A1 - Salzet, Michel A1 - Fournier, Isabelle A1 - Park, Young Mok T1 - Proteome-wide characterization of signalling interactions in the hippocampal CA4/DG subfield of patients with Alzheimer's disease JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia; however, mechanisms and biomarkers remain unclear. Here, we examined hippocampal CA4 and dentate gyrus subfields, which are less studied in the context of AD pathology, in post-mortem AD and control tissue to identify possible biomarkers. We performed mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis combined with label-free quantification for identification of differentially expressed proteins. We identified 4,328 proteins, of which 113 showed more than 2-fold higher or lower expression in AD hippocampi than in control tissues. Five proteins were identified as putative AD biomarkers (MDH2, PCLO, TRRAP, YWHAZ, and MUC19 isoform 5) and were cross-validated by immunoblotting, selected reaction monitoring, and MALDI imaging. We also used a bioinformatics approach to examine upstream signalling interactions of the 113 regulated proteins. Five upstream signalling (IGF1, BDNF, ZAP70, MYC, and cyclosporin A) factors showed novel interactions in AD hippocampi. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel platform that may provide new strategies for the early detection of AD and thus its diagnosis. KW - imaging mass spectrometry KW - neuron navigator 3 KW - dentate gyrus KW - growth factor KW - mouse model KW - neurotrophic factor KW - entorhinal cortex KW - factor expression KW - oxidative stress KW - memory deficits Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151727 VL - 5 IS - 11138 ER -