TY - JOUR A1 - Riederer, Peter A1 - Laux, Gerd T1 - MAO-inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease JF - Experimental Neurobiology N2 - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-I) belong to the earliest drugs tried in Parkinson's disease (PD). They have been used with or without levodopa (L-DOPA). Non-selective MAO-I due to their side-effect/adverse reaction profile, like tranylcypromine have limited use in the treatment of depression in PD, while selective, reversible MAO-A inhibitors are recommended due to their easier clinical handling. For the treatment of akinesia and motor fluctuations selective irreversible MAO-B inhibitors selegiline and rasagiline are recommended. They are safe and well tolerated at the recommended daily doses. Their main differences are related to (1) metabolism, (2) interaction with CYP-enzymes and (3) quantitative properties at the molecular biological/genetic level. Rasagiline is more potent in clinical practise and has a hypothesis driven more favourable side effect/adverse reaction profile due to its metabolism to aminoindan. Both selegiline and rasagiline have a neuroprotective and neurorestaurative potential. A head-to head clinical trial would be of utmost interest from both the clinical outcome and a hypothesis-driven point of view. Selegiline is available as tablet and melting tablet for PD and as transdermal selegiline for depression, while rasagiline is marketed as tablet for PD. In general, the clinical use of MAO-I nowadays is underestimated. There should be more efforts to evaluate their clinical potency as antidepressants and antidementive drugs in addition to the final proof of their disease-modifying potential. In line with this are recent innovative developments of MAO-I plus inhibition of acetylcholine esterase for Alzheimer's disease as well as combined MAO-I and iron chelation for PD. KW - selegiline KW - rasagiline KW - moclobemide KW - phenelzine KW - tranylcypromine KW - acetylcholine KW - Alzheimer disease KW - antidepressive agents KW - depression KW - freezing KW - head KW - indans KW - iron KW - levodopa KW - monoamine oxidase KW - monoamine oxidase inhibitors KW - Parkinson disease Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140930 VL - 20 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Dobler, Tina Melanie T1 - Tandemporenkaliumkanäle in der Amygdala T1 - Tandem Pore Potassium Channels in the Amygdala N2 - Die Neurone der medialen Amygdala spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verarbeitung von unkonditionierter Angst und aggressivem Verhalten (Nelson and Trainor, 2007). Ihre Erregbarkeit wird höchstwahrscheinlich durch eine Hintergrundleitfähigkeit von K2P-Kanälen und ihrem molekularen Korrelat reguliert. Bisher sind 15 dieser K2P-Kanäle bekannt. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Expression und die physiologische Funktion des TASK-3, einem säure-sensitivem K2P-Kanal, in dieser Gehirnregion untersucht. Bisher konnte die TASK-3-Expression durch in situ-Hybridisierungen in erwachsenen Ratten gezeigt werden (Karschin et al., 2001). Entsprechend konnten wir einen, dem TASK-3 ähnlichen Strom, durch elektrophysiologische Ganzzellmessungen in akuten Hirnschnitten nachweisen. Um die Beteiligung des TASK-3 an diesem Gesamtstrom zu überprüfen, verwendeten wir den selektiven TASK-3 Antagonisten Ruthenium Rot oder veränderten den extrazellulären pH-Wert auf pH 6,4. Ruthenium-Rot- bzw. pH-sensitive Neurone zeigten ein negativeres Ruhemembranpotential (-56.31 mV ± 1.51; n = 17) als die Neurone, die nicht sensitive für Ruthenium-Rot oder pH-Veränderungen waren (-48.39 mV ± 1.55; n = 13; p = 0.001). Zusätzlich verstärkte Ruthenium Rot die Aktionspotenzialfrequenz und die Aktionspotenzialbreite bei Stromapplikation in den Zellen mit einem positiveren Ruhemembranpotenzial. Unsere in situ-Hybridisierungen in C57/Bl6 Mäusen zeigten eine starke Expression des TASK-3-Kanals in den Neuronen der medialen Amygdala. Darum wurde die Erregbarkeit von TASK-3 Wildtypneuronen mit denen von TASK-3-Knockoutneurone verglichen. Wir konnten einen säuresensitiven Kaliumstrom in den TASK-3 Wildtypzellen identifizieren, welche in den TASK-3 Knockoutzellen abwesend war. Überraschenderweise tauchten keine Unterschiede in der Aktionspotenzialform, dem Ruhemembranpotenzial oder des Rheobasestrom auf. Verhaltenstests zeigten, dass TASK-3 Wildtyp Mäuse auf die Präsentation von TMT, ein Duftstoff aus den Fäkalien von Füchsen, stärker freezen, als TASK-3 Knockoutmäuse. Dies zeigt, dass ein Fehlen des TASK-3 zu einer geringeren Furchtantwort beiträgt. Zusammengefasst zeigen diese Daten, dass TASK-3 bei der zellulären Erregbarkeit von Neuronen der medialen Amygdala von Ratten eine große Rolle spielt. Diese TASK-3-Kanäle sind in der medialen Amygdala von Mäusen ebenso exprimiert, wo sie zur Verarbeitung von Furchtverhalten beitragen. N2 - Neurones of the medial amygdala play an important role in processing unconditioned fear and aggressive behaviour (Nelson and Trainor, 2007). Their excitability is supposed to be regulated by a background conductance with two-pore domain potassium channels (K2P) as its molecular correlate. So far, there are 15 K2P channels known. In this thesis the expression and the physiological function of TASK-3, an acid-sensitive K2P-channel, in this brain region was investigated. Previously, there was a TASK-3 channel expression in the medial amygdala from adult rats demonstrated by in situ-hybridisation (Karschin et al., 2001). Correspondingly, we also detected a TASK-3-like current by electrophysiological whole-cell measurements in acute brain slices. To identify the contribution of TASK-3 to the standing outward current (IKso) upon depolarising pulses we used the selective TASK-3 antagonist ruthenium red (RR) or acidification to pH 6.4. RR- or pH-sensitive neurones showed a more hyperpolarised resting membrane potential (-56.31 mV ± 1.51; n = 17) compared to neurones lacking TASK-3-like currents (-48.39 mV ± 1.55; n = 13; p = 0.001). In addition, Ruthenium Red enhanced action potential frequency and action potential width during current injections in the more hyperpolarised cells. Our in situ-hybridizations in C57/Bl6 mice indicate that the same member of the K2P, acid sensitive TASK-3 channel, is also strongly expressed in neurones of the medial amygdala of mice. We therefore compared medial amygdaloid excitability in TASK-3 wildtype and TASK-3 knockout mice. We could detect an acid sensitive potassium current in the TASK-3 wildtype mice, which was absent in the TASK-3 knockout mice. Surprisingly, we could not detect significant differences in parameters defining the shape of an action potential, the resting membrane potential or the rheobase current. Behavioural tests analyzing the freezing behaviour showed that TASK-3 wildtype mice do react stronger to the frightful odour of TMT than TASK-3 knockout mice. Indicating, that TASK-3 knockout mice do have less fear response. Taken together, these data suggest that TASK-3 channels are very important in controlling cellular excitability of medial amygdaloid neurones in rats. These TASK-3 channels are also expressed in mice where they contribute to the fear behaviour of freezing. KW - Kaliumkanal KW - Corpus amygdaloideum KW - Schrecken KW - mediale Amygdala KW - Schreckstarre KW - TASK-3 KW - TMT KW - K2P KW - freezing Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57043 ER -