TY - JOUR A1 - Otto, Christoph A1 - Kastner, Carolin A1 - Schmidt, Stefanie A1 - Uttinger, Konstantin A1 - Baluapuri, Apoorva A1 - Denk, Sarah A1 - Rosenfeldt, Mathias T. A1 - Rosenwald, Andreas A1 - Roehrig, Florian A1 - Ade, Carsten P. A1 - Schuelein-Voelk, Christina A1 - Diefenbacher, Markus E. A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Wolf, Elmar A1 - Eilers, Martin A1 - Wiegering, Armin T1 - RNA polymerase I inhibition induces terminal differentiation, growth arrest, and vulnerability to senolytics in colorectal cancer cells JF - Molecular Oncology N2 - Ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis are deregulated in most cancers, suggesting that interfering with translation machinery may hold significant therapeutic potential. Here, we show that loss of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), which constitutes the initiating event in the adenoma carcinoma sequence for colorectal cancer (CRC), induces the expression of RNA polymerase I (RNAPOL1) transcription machinery, and subsequently upregulates ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription. Targeting RNAPOL1 with a specific inhibitor, CX5461, disrupts nucleolar integrity, and induces a disbalance of ribosomal proteins. Surprisingly, CX5461-induced growth arrest is irreversible and exhibits features of senescence and terminal differentiation. Mechanistically, CX5461 promotes differentiation in an MYC-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 (MIZ1)- and retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-dependent manner. In addition, the inhibition of RNAPOL1 renders CRC cells vulnerable towards senolytic agents. We validated this therapeutic effect of CX5461 in murine- and patient-derived organoids, and in a xenograft mouse model. These results show that targeting ribosomal biogenesis together with targeting the consecutive, senescent phenotype using approved drugs is a new therapeutic approach, which can rapidly be transferred from bench to bedside. KW - CRC KW - CX5461 KW - MIZ1 KW - MYC KW - ribosome KW - RNAPOL1 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312806 VL - 16 IS - 15 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Stefanie A1 - Denk, Sarah A1 - Wiegering, Armin T1 - Targeting protein synthesis in colorectal cancer JF - Cancers N2 - Under physiological conditions, protein synthesis controls cell growth and survival and is strictly regulated. Deregulation of protein synthesis is a frequent event in cancer. The majority of mutations found in colorectal cancer (CRC), including alterations in the WNT pathway as well as activation of RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT and, subsequently, mTOR signaling, lead to deregulation of the translational machinery. Besides mutations in upstream signaling pathways, deregulation of global protein synthesis occurs through additional mechanisms including altered expression or activity of initiation and elongation factors (e.g., eIF4F, eIF2α/eIF2B, eEF2) as well as upregulation of components involved in ribosome biogenesis and factors that control the adaptation of translation in response to stress (e.g., GCN2). Therefore, influencing mechanisms that control mRNA translation may open a therapeutic window for CRC. Over the last decade, several potential therapeutic strategies targeting these alterations have been investigated and have shown promising results in cell lines, intestinal organoids, and mouse models. Despite these encouraging in vitro results, patients have not clinically benefited from those advances so far. In this review, we outline the mechanisms that lead to deregulated mRNA translation in CRC and highlight recent progress that has been made in developing therapeutic strategies that target these mechanisms for tumor therapy. KW - colorectal cancer KW - protein synthesis KW - translation initiation Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-206014 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 12 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kastner, Carolin A1 - Hendricks, Anne A1 - Deinlein, Hanna A1 - Hankir, Mohammed A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Schmidt, Stefanie A1 - Wiegering, Armin T1 - Organoid Models for Cancer Research — From Bed to Bench Side and Back JF - Cancers N2 - Simple Summary Despite significant strides in multimodal therapy, cancers still rank within the first three causes of death especially in industrial nations. A lack of individualized approaches and accurate preclinical models are amongst the major barriers that limit the development of novel therapeutic options and drugs. Recently, the 3D culture system of organoids was developed which stably retains the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the original tissue, healthy as well as diseased. In this review, we summarize current data and evidence on the relevance and reliability of such organoid culture systems in cancer research, focusing on their role in drug investigations (in a personalized manner). Abstract Organoids are a new 3D ex vivo culture system that have been applied in various fields of biomedical research. First isolated from the murine small intestine, they have since been established from a wide range of organs and tissues, both in healthy and diseased states. Organoids genetically, functionally and phenotypically retain the characteristics of their tissue of origin even after multiple passages, making them a valuable tool in studying various physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. The finding that organoids can also be established from tumor tissue or can be engineered to recapitulate tumor tissue has dramatically increased their use in cancer research. In this review, we discuss the potential of organoids to close the gap between preclinical in vitro and in vivo models as well as clinical trials in cancer research focusing on drug investigation and development. KW - cancer KW - tumor disease KW - organoid KW - patient-derived organoid (PDOs) KW - patient-derived tumor organoid (PDTO) Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246307 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 13 IS - 19 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmidt, Stefanie T1 - Cartilage Tissue Engineering – Comparison of Articular Cartilage Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Agarose and Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels T1 - Tissue Engineering von Knorpel – Vergleich von Gelenkknorpel-Vorläuferzellen und mesenchymalen Stromazellen in Agarose- und Hyaluronsäure-basierten Hydrogelen N2 - Articular cartilage damage caused by sports accidents, trauma or gradual wear and tear can lead to degeneration and the development of osteoarthritis because cartilage tissue has only limited capacity for intrinsic healing. Osteoarthritis causes reduction of mobility and chronic pain and is one of the leading causes of disability in the elderly population. Current clinical treatment options can reduce pain and restore mobility for some time, but the formed repair tissue has mostly inferior functionality compared to healthy articular cartilage and does not last long-term. Articular cartilage tissue engineering is a promising approach for the improvement of the quality of cartilage repair tissue and regeneration. In this thesis, a promising new cell type for articular cartilage tissue engineering, the so-called articular cartilage progenitor cell (ACPC), was investigated for the first time in the two different hydrogels agarose and HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G) in comparison to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). In agarose, ACPCs´ and MSCs´ chondrogenic capacity was investigated under normoxic (21 % oxygen) and hypoxic (2 % oxygen) conditions in monoculture constructs and in zonally layered co-culture constructs with ACPCs in the upper layer and MSCs in the lower layer. In the newly developed hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogel HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G), chondrogenesis of ACPCs and MSCs was also evaluated in monoculture constructs and in zonally layered co-culture constructs like in agarose hydrogel. Additionally, the contribution of the bioactive molecule hyaluronic acid to chondrogenic gene expression of MSCs was investigated in 2D monolayer, 3D pellet and HA-SH hydrogel culture. It was shown that both ACPCs and MSCs could chondrogenically differentiate in agarose and HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G) hydrogels. In agarose hydrogel, ACPCs produced a more articular cartilage-like tissue than MSCs that contained more glycosaminoglycan (GAG), less type I collagen and only little alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Hypoxic conditions did not increase extracellular matrix (ECM) production of ACPCs and MSCs significantly but improved the quality of the neo-cartilage tissue produced by MSCs. The creation of zonal agarose constructs with ACPCs in the upper layer and MSCs in the lower layer led to an ECM production in zonal hydrogels that lay in general in between the ECM production of non-zonal ACPC and MSC hydrogels. Even though zonal co-culture of ACPCs and MSCs did not increase ECM production, the two cell types influenced each other and, for example, modulated the staining intensities of type II and type I collagen in comparison to non-zonal constructs under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G) hydrogel, MSCs produced more ECM than ACPCs, but the ECM was limited to the pericellular region for both cell types. Zonal HASH/P(AGE-co-G) hydrogels resulted in a native-like zonal distribution of ECM as MSCs in the lower zone produced more ECM than ACPCs in the upper zone. It appeared that chondrogenesis of ACPCs was supported by hydrogels without biological attachment sites such as agarose, and that chondrogenesis of MSCs benefited from hydrogels with biological cues like HA. As HA is an attractive material for cartilage tissue engineering, and the HA-based hydrogel HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G) appeared to be beneficial for MSC chondrogenic differentiation, the contribution of HA to chondrogenic gene expression of MSCs was investigated. An upregulation of chondrogenic gene expression was found in 2D monolayer and 3D pellet culture of MSCs in response to HA supplementation, while gene expression of osteogenic and adipogenic transcription factors was not upregulated. MSCs, encapsulated in a HA-based hydrogel, showed upregulation of gene expression for chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation markers as well as for stemness markers. In a 3D bioprinting process, using the HA-based hydrogel, gene expression levels of MSCs mostly did not change. Nevertheless, expression of three tested genes (COL2A1, SOX2, CD168) was downregulated in printed in comparison to cast constructs, underscoring the importance of closely monitoring cellular behaviour during and after the printing process. In summary, it was confirmed that ACPCs are a promising cell source for articular cartilage engineering with advantages over MSCs when they were cultured in a suitable hydrogel like agarose. The performance of the cells was strongly dependent on the hydrogel environment they were cultured in. The different chondrogenic performance of ACPCs and MSCs in agarose and HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G) hydrogels highlighted the importance of choosing suitable hydrogels for the different cell types used in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Hydrogels with high polymer content, such as the investigated HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G) hydrogels, can limit ECM distribution to the pericellular area and should be developed further towards less polymer content, leading to more homogenous ECM distribution of the cultured cells. The influence of HA on chondrogenic gene expression and on the balance between differentiation and maintenance of stemness in MSCs was demonstrated. More studies should be performed in the future to further elucidate the signalling functions of HA and the effects of 3D bioprinting in HA-based hydrogels. Taken together, the results of this thesis expand the knowledge in the area of articular cartilage engineering with regard to the rational combination of cell types and hydrogel materials and open up new possible approaches to the regeneration of articular cartilage tissue. N2 - Gelenkknorpeldefekte, die durch Sportverletzungen, Unfälle oder graduelle Abnutzung ent-stehen, können zu Degeneration des Gewebes und zur Entstehung von Arthrose führen, da Knorpelgewebe nur über eine eingeschränkte Fähigkeit zur Selbstheilung verfügt. Arthrose reduziert die Beweglichkeit und verursacht chronische Schmerzen. Sie ist vor allem bei älte-ren Menschen einer der häufigsten Gründe für körperliche Behinderung. Die zurzeit verfüg-baren operativen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten können die Symptome meist für einige Zeit lindern, aber das dabei gebildete Ersatzgewebe zeigt meistens nur eingeschränkte Funktiona-lität im Vergleich zu natürlichem gesunden Knorpelgewebe und bleibt nur für eine begrenzte Zeit stabil. Tissue Engineering von Gelenkknorpelgewebe ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz, um die Qualität des Ersatzgewebes und der Knorpelregeneration zu verbessern. Diese Arbeit untersuchte einen neuen vielversprechenden Zelltyp für das Tissue Engineering von Knorpelgewebe, sogenannte Gelenkknorpel-Vorläuferzellen (ACPCs). Diese Zellen wurden erstmals in zwei verschiedenen Hydrogelen, Agarose und HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G), mit mesenchymalen Stromazellen (MSCs) verglichen. Die chondrogene Kapazität von ACPCs und MSCs in Agarose wurde unter normoxischen (21 % Sauerstoff) und hypoxischen (2 % Sauerstoff) Bedingungen in Monokultur und zonal geschichteter Kokultur untersucht. In den zonalen Kokulturen befanden sich ACPCs in einer oberen Schicht und MSCs in einer unte-ren Schicht. In dem neu entwickelten Hyaluronsäure (HA)-basierten Hydrogel HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G) wurde die chondrogene Differenzierung von ACPCs und MSCs ebenfalls in Monokultur und in zonal geschichteter Kokultur, wie im Agarose-Hydrogel, analysiert. Außerdem wurde der Beitrag des biologisch aktiven Moleküls Hyaluronsäure zur chondro-genen Genexpression von MSCs in 2D-, 3D-Pellet- und HA-SH-Hydrogel-Kulturen unter-sucht. Diese Arbeit zeigte, dass sowohl ACPCs als auch MSCs in Agarose- und HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G)-Hydrogelen chondrogen differenzieren konnten. ACPCs produzierten im Agarose-Hydrogel ein Gewebe, das dem Gelenkknorpel ähnlicher war als das von MSCs produzierte Gewebe, da es mehr Glykosaminoglykane (GAG), weniger Typ I Kollagen und nur geringe Aktivität der Alkalinen Phosphatase (ALP) aufwies. Hypoxische Bedingungen konnten die Produktion von extrazellulärer Matrix (ECM) durch ACPCs und MSCs nicht erhöhen, aber sie verbesserten die Qualität des von MSCs produzierten Gewebes. Die Herstellung von zon-alen Agarose-Konstrukten mit ACPCs in der oberen Schicht und MSCs in der unteren Schicht führte zu einer ECM-Produktion in zonalen Hydrogelen, die im Allgemeinen zwi-schen der ECM-Produktion der ACPC-Monokultur und der MSC-Monokultur lag. Zonale Kokultur von ACPCs und MSCs führte zwar nicht zu einer erhöhten ECM-Produktion, al-lerdings beeinflussten die beiden Zelltypen sich gegenseitig und modulierten zum Beispiel die Intensitäten der Typ II und Typ I Kollagen Färbungen im Vergleich zu Monokulturen unter normoxischen und hypoxischen Bedingungen. Im HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G)-Hydrogel produzierten die MSCs mehr ECM als die ACPCs, allerdings war die Verteilung der gebilde-ten ECM bei beiden Zelltypen auf den perizellulären Bereich beschränkt. Zonale HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G)-Hydrogele führten zu einer zonalen Verteilung von ECM, die der natürli-chen Struktur von Gelenkknorpel ähnlich war, da die MSCs in der unteren Schicht mehr ECM produzierten als die ACPCs in der oberen Schicht. Anscheinend wurde die chondroge-ne Differenzierung von ACPCs von Hydrogelen unterstützt, die, so wie Agarose, keine bio-logischen Bindestellen aufwiesen, und die Chondrogenese von MSCs profitierte von Hydro-gelen mit biologischen Signalen wie HA. Da HA ein attraktives Material für Tissue Engineering von Knorpel darstellt und das HA-basierte Hydrogel HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G) anscheinend die chondrogene Differenzierung von MSCs begünstigte, wurde der Beitrag von HA zur chondrogenen Genexpression in MSCs untersucht. Eine Hochregulation der chondrogenen Genexpression ließ sich in 2D- und 3D-Pellet-Kulturen von MSCs als Reaktion auf HA beobachten, während die Genexpression von osteogenen oder adipogenen Transkriptionsfaktoren nicht hochreguliert wurde. Der Ein-schluss von MSCs in einem HA-basierten Hydrogel führte zu einer Erhöhung der Genex-pression von chondrogenen, osteogenen, adipogenen und Stemness-Markern. Ein 3D-Druck-Prozess mit dem HA-basierten Hydrogel veränderte die Genexpression von MSCs in den meisten Fällen nicht. Dennoch wurde die Expression von drei getesteten Genen (COL2A1, SOX2, CD168) in gedruckten im Vergleich zu gegossenen Konstrukten herunterreguliert. Dies unterstrich die Wichtigkeit einer genauen Kontrolle des Verhaltens der Zellen während und nach dem Druck-Prozess. Zusammenfassend ließen sich ACPCs als vielversprechender neuer Zelltyp für das Tissue Engineering von Gelenkknorpelgewebe bestätigen. ACPCs haben Vorteile gegenüber MSCs, vor allem, wenn sie in einem passenden Hydrogel wie Agarose kultiviert werden. Die Leis-tung der Zellen war stark von den verschiedenen Hydrogelen und der Umgebung beeinflusst, die diese den Zellen darboten. Die unterschiedliche chondrogene Leistung von ACPCs und MSCs in Agarose- und HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G)-Hydrogelen zeigte deutlich die übergeordnete Relevanz der Auswahl von passenden Hydrogelen für die verschiedenen Zelltypen, die im Tissue Engineering von Gelenkknorpel Verwendung finden. Hydrogele mit einem hohen Polymergehalt, wie das eingesetzte HA-SH/P(AGE-co-G)-Hydrogel, können die Verteilung der gebildeten ECM auf den perizellulären Bereich beschränken und sollten weiterentwickelt werden, um einen niedrigeren Polymergehalt und damit eine homogenere ECM-Verteilung durch die kultivierten Zellen zu erreichen. Der Einfluss von HA auf die chondrogene Gen-expression und auf die Balance zwischen Differenzierung und Erhaltung der Stemness in MSCs ließ sich aufzeigen. In Zukunft sollten weitere Studien die Signalfunktionen von HA und den Einfluss des 3D-Drucks in HA-basierten Hydrogelen genauer zu untersuchen. Zusammengenommen erweitern die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit das Wissen im Bereich des Tissue Engineerings von Gelenkknorpelgewebe, vor allem in Bezug auf eine rationale Kom-bination von Zelltypen und Hydrogel-Materialien, und eröffnen neue Ansätze zur Knorpel-regeneration. KW - Hyaliner Knorpel KW - Tissue Engineering KW - Hydrogel KW - Hypoxie KW - Mesenchymzelle KW - articular cartilage progenitor cells KW - Cartilage KW - Mesenchymal stem cell KW - Hyaluronsäure KW - Agarose KW - zonal Hydrogels KW - Bioprinting KW - Cartilage Tissue Engineering KW - Oxygen partial pressure KW - chondrogene Differenzierung Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251719 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Stefanie A1 - Ebner, Friederike A1 - Rosen, Kerstin A1 - Kniemeyer, Olaf A1 - Brakhage, Axel A. A1 - Löffler, Jürgen A1 - Seif, Michelle A1 - Springer, Jan A1 - Schlosser, Josephine A1 - Scharek‐Tedin, Lydia A1 - Scheffold, Alexander A1 - Bacher, Petra A1 - Kühl, Anja A. A1 - Rösler, Uwe A1 - Hartmann, Susanne T1 - The domestic pig as human‐relevant large animal model to study adaptive antifungal immune responses against airborne Aspergillus fumigatus JF - European Journal of Immunology N2 - Pulmonary mucosal immune response is critical for preventing opportunistic Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Although fungus‐specific CD4\(^{+}\) T cells in blood are described to reflect the actual host–pathogen interaction status, little is known about Aspergillus‐specific pulmonary T‐cell responses. Here, we exploit the domestic pig as human‐relevant large animal model and introduce antigen‐specific T‐cell enrichment in pigs to address Aspergillus‐specific T cells in the lung compared to peripheral blood. In healthy, environmentally Aspergillus‐exposed pigs, the fungus‐specific T cells are detectable in blood in similar frequencies as observed in healthy humans and exhibit a Th1 phenotype. Exposing pigs to 10\(^{6}\) cfu/m\(^{3}\) conidia induces a long‐lasting accumulation of Aspergillus‐specific Th1 cells locally in the lung and also systemically. Temporary immunosuppression during Aspergillus‐exposure showed a drastic reduction in the lung‐infiltrating antifungal T‐cell responses more than 2 weeks after abrogation of the suppressive treatment. This was reflected in blood, but to a much lesser extent. In conclusion, by using the human‐relevant large animal model the pig, this study highlights that the blood clearly reflects the mucosal fungal‐specific T‐cell reactivity in environmentally exposed as well as experimentally exposed healthy pigs. But, immunosuppression significantly impacts the mucosal site in contrast to the initial systemic immune response. KW - fungal aerosolization KW - porcine large animal model KW - pulmonary immune response KW - T cells KW - Aspergillus fumigatus Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216085 VL - 50 IS - 11 SP - 1712 EP - 1728 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Stefanie A1 - Abinzano, Florencia A1 - Mensinga, Anneloes A1 - Teßmar, Jörg A1 - Groll, Jürgen A1 - Malda, Jos A1 - Levato, Riccardo A1 - Blunk, Torsten T1 - Differential production of cartilage ECM in 3D agarose constructs by equine articular cartilage progenitor cells and mesenchymal stromal cells JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Identification of articular cartilage progenitor cells (ACPCs) has opened up new opportunities for cartilage repair. These cells may be used as alternatives for or in combination with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in cartilage engineering. However, their potential needs to be further investigated, since only a few studies have compared ACPCs and MSCs when cultured in hydrogels. Therefore, in this study, we compared chondrogenic differentiation of equine ACPCs and MSCs in agarose constructs as monocultures and as zonally layered co-cultures under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. ACPCs and MSCs exhibited distinctly differential production of the cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM). For ACPC constructs, markedly higher glycosaminoglycan (GAG) contents were determined by histological and quantitative biochemical evaluation, both in normoxia and hypoxia. Differential GAG production was also reflected in layered co-culture constructs. For both cell types, similar staining for type II collagen was detected. However, distinctly weaker staining for undesired type I collagen was observed in the ACPC constructs. For ACPCs, only very low alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a marker of terminal differentiation, was determined, in stark contrast to what was found for MSCs. This study underscores the potential of ACPCs as a promising cell source for cartilage engineering. KW - ACPC KW - chondroprogenitors KW - tissue engineering KW - MSC KW - agarose KW - hypoxia KW - ECM KW - co-culture KW - zonal KW - cartilage Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236180 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 21 IS - 19 ER -