TY - JOUR A1 - Wawra, Stephan A1 - Fesel, Philipp A1 - Widmer, Heidi A1 - Timm, Malte A1 - Seibel, Jürgen A1 - Leson, Lisa A1 - Kesseler, Leona A1 - Nostadt, Robin A1 - Hilbert, Magdalena A1 - Langen, Gregor A1 - Zuccaro, Alga T1 - The fungal-specific beta-glucan-binding lectin FGB1 alters cell-wall composition and suppresses glucan-triggered immunity in plants JF - Nature Communications N2 - β-glucans are well-known modulators of the immune system in mammals but little is known about β-glucan triggered immunity in planta. Here we show by isothermal titration calorimetry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that the FGB1 gene from the root endophyte Piriformospora indica encodes for a secreted fungal-specific β-glucan-binding lectin with dual function. This lectin has the potential to both alter fungal cell wall composition and properties, and to efficiently suppress β-glucan-triggered immunity in different plant hosts, such as Arabidopsis, barley and Nicotiana benthamiana. Our results hint at the existence of fungal effectors that deregulate innate sensing of β-glucan in plants. KW - Effectors in plant pathology KW - Fungal host response KW - Lectins Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165945 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spenst, Peter A1 - Young, Ryan M. A1 - Wasielewski, Michael R. A1 - Würthner, Frank T1 - Guest and solvent modulated photo-driven charge separation and triplet generation in a perylene bisimide cyclophane JF - Chemical Science N2 - Cofacial positioning of two perylene bisimide (PBI) chromophores at a distance of 6.5 angstrom in a cyclophane structure prohibits the otherwise common excimer formation and directs photoexcited singlet state relaxation towards intramolecular symmetry-breaking charge separation (τ\(_{CS}\) = 161 +/- 4 ps) in polar CH\(_2\)Cl\(_2\), which is thermodynamically favored with a Gibbs free energy of ΔG\(_{CS}\) = -0.32 eV. The charges then recombine slowly in τ\(_{CR}\) = 8.90 +/- 0.06 ns to form the PBI triplet excited state, which can be used subsequently to generate singlet oxygen in 27% quantum yield. This sequence of events is eliminated by dissolving the PBI cyclophane in non-polar toluene, where only excited singlet state decay occurs. In contrast, complexation of electron-rich aromatic hydrocarbons by the host PBI cyclophane followed by photoexcitation of PBI results in ultrafast electron transfer (<10 ps) from the guest to the PBI in CH\(_2\)Cl\(_2\). The rate constants for charge separation and recombination increase as the guest molecules become easier to oxidize, demonstrating that charge separation occurs close to the peak of the Marcus curve and the recombination lies far into the Marcus inverted region. KW - photoinduced electron transfer KW - Marcus inverted region KW - cyclic perylene bisimide KW - PBI cyclophane Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-191252 VL - 7 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walter, T. A1 - Collenburg, L. A1 - Japtok, L. A1 - Kleuser, B. A1 - Schneider-Schaulies, S. A1 - Müller, N. A1 - Becam, J. A1 - Schubert-Unkmeir, A. A1 - Kong, J. N. A1 - Bieberich, E. A1 - Seibel, J. T1 - Incorporation and visualization of azido-functionalized N-oleoyl serinol in Jurkat cells, mouse brain astrocytes, 3T3 fibroblasts and human brain microvascular endothelial cells JF - Chemical Communications N2 - The synthesis and biological evaluation of azido-N-oleoyl serinol is reported. It mimicks biofunctional lipid ceramides and has shown to be capable of click reactions for cell membrane imaging in Jurkat and human brain microvascular endothelial cells. KW - Ceramide KW - Apoptosis KW - Golgi KW - N-oleoyl serinol KW - Jurkat cells Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-191263 VL - 52 IS - 55 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gershberg, Jana A1 - Fennel, Franziska A1 - Rehm, Thomas H. A1 - Lochbrunner, Stefan A1 - Würthner, Frank T1 - Anti-cooperative supramolecular polymerization: a new K\(_2\)-K model applied to the self-assembly of perylene bisimide dye proceeding via well-defined hydrogen-bonded dimers JF - Chemical Science N2 - A perylene bisimide dye bearing amide functionalities at the imide positions derived from amino acid L-alanine and a dialkoxy-substituted benzyl amine self-assembles into tightly bound dimers by π-π-stacking and hydrogen bonding in chloroform. In less polar or unpolar solvents like toluene and methylcyclohexane, and in their mixtures, these dimers further self-assemble into extended oligomeric aggregates in an anti-cooperative process in which even numbered aggregates are highly favoured. The stepwise transition from dimers into oligomers can not be properly described by conventional K\(_2\)-K model, and thus a new K\(_2\)-K aggregation model has been developed, which interpretes the present anti-cooperative supramolecular polymerization more appropriately. The newly developed K\(_2\)-K model will be useful to describe self-assembly processes of a plethora of other π-conjugated molecules that are characterized by a favored dimer species. KW - π–π Stacking KW - nucleation elongation KW - upramolecular polymerization process KW - dimerization KW - K2–K model Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-191428 VL - 7 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kar, Haridas A1 - Gehrig, Dominik W. A1 - Allampally, Naveen Kumar A1 - Fernández, Gustavo A1 - Laquai, Frédéric A1 - Ghosh, Suhrit T1 - Cooperative supramolecular polymerization of an amine-substituted naphthalene-diimide and its impact on excited state photophysical properties JF - Chemical Science N2 - A donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type naphthalene-diimide (NDI-H) chromophore exhibits highly cooperative J-aggregation leading to nanotubular self-assembly and gelation in n-decane, as demonstrated by UV/Vis, FT-IR, photoluminescence and microscopy studies. Analysis of temperature-dependent UV/Vis spectra using the nucleation-elongation model and FT-IR data reveals the molecular origin of the cooperative nature of the self-assembly. The supramolecular polymerization is initiated by H-bonding up to a degree of polymerization similar to 20-25, which in a subsequent elongation step promotes J-aggregation in orthogonal direction leading to possibly a sheet-like structure that eventually produces nanotubes. Time-resolved fluorescence and absorption measurements demonstrate that such a tubular assembly enables very effective delocalization of excited states resulting in a remarkably prolonged excited state lifetime. KW - nanotube KW - supramolecular polymerization KW - NDI-H KW - UV/Vis spectroscopy KW - FT-IR spectroscopy KW - transient absorption KW - nucleation-elongation model Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-191459 VL - 7 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wächtler, Maria A1 - Kübel, Joachim A1 - Barthelmes, Kevin A1 - Winter, Andreas A1 - Schmiedel, Alexander A1 - Pascher, Torbjörn A1 - Lambert, Christoph A1 - Schubert, Ulrich S. A1 - Dietzek, Benjamin T1 - Energy transfer and formation of long-lived \(^3\)MLCT states in multimetallic complexes with extended highly conjugated bis-terpyridyl ligands JF - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics N2 - Multimetallic complexes with extended and highly conjugated bis-2,2':6',2''-terpyridyl bridging ligands, which present building blocks for coordination polymers, are investigated with respect to their ability to act as light-harvesting antennae. The investigated species combine Ru(II)- with Os(II)- and Fe(II)-terpyridyl chromophores, the latter acting as energy sinks. Due to the extended conjugated system the ligands are able to prolong the lifetime of the \(^3\)MLCT states compared to unsubstituted terpyridyl species by delocalization and energetic stabilization of the \(^3\)MLCT states. This concept is applied for the first time to Fe(II) terpyridyl species and results in an exceptionally long lifetime of 23 ps for the Fe(II) \(^3\)MLCT state. While partial energy (>80%) transfer is observed between the Ru(II) and Fe(II) centers with a time-constant of 15 ps, excitation energy is transferred completely from the Ru(II) to the Os(II) center within the first 200 fs after excitation. KW - polypyridyl complexes KW - bis-terpyridyl ligands KW - multimetallic complexes KW - metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) KW - RU-(II) complexes KW - Ru(II)–Fe(II)–Ru(II) complex Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-191041 VL - 18 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suliman, Salwa A1 - Sun, Yang A1 - Pedersen, Torbjorn O. A1 - Xue, Ying A1 - Nickel, Joachim A1 - Waag, Thilo A1 - Finne-Wistrand, Anna A1 - Steinmüller-Nethl, Doris A1 - Krueger, Anke A1 - Costea, Daniela E. A1 - Mustafa, Kamal T1 - In vivo host response and degradation of copolymer scaffolds functionalized with nanodiamonds and bone morphogenetic protein 2 JF - Advanced Healthcare Materials N2 - The aim is to evaluate the effect of modifying poly[(L-lactide)-co-(epsilon-caprolactone)] scaffolds (PLCL) with nanodiamonds (nDP) or with nDP+physisorbed BMP-2 (nDP+BMP-2) on in vivo host tissue response and degradation. The scaffolds are implanted subcutaneously in Balb/c mice and retrieved after 1, 8, and 27 weeks. Molecular weight analysis shows that modified scaffolds degrade faster than the unmodified. Gene analysis at week 1 shows highest expression of proinflammatory markers around nDP scaffolds; although the presence of inflammatory cells and foreign body giant cells is more prominent around the PLCL. Tissue regeneration markers are highly expressed in the nDP+BMP-2 scaffolds at week 8. A fibrous capsule is detectable by week 8, thinnest around nDP scaffolds and at week 27 thickest around PLCL scaffolds. mRNA levels of ALP, COL1 alpha 2, and ANGPT1 are signifi cantly upregulating in the nDP+BMP-2 scaffolds at week 1 with ectopic bone seen at week 8. Even when almost 90% of the scaffold is degraded at week 27, nDP are observable at implantation areas without adverse effects. In conclusion, modifying PLCL scaffolds with nDP does not aggravate the host response and physisorbed BMP-2 delivery attenuates infl ammation while lowering the dose of BMP-2 to a relatively safe and economical level. KW - inflammatory response KW - biocompatibility KW - BMP-2 delivery KW - inflammation KW - tissue engineering Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189764 VL - 5 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ortiz-Soto, Maria Elena A1 - Seibel, Jürgen T1 - Expression of Functional Human Sialyltransferases ST3Gal1 and ST6Gal1 in Escherichia coli JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Sialyltransferases (STs) are disulfide-containing, type II transmembrane glycoproteins that catalyze the transfer of sialic acid to proteins and lipids and participate in the synthesis of the core structure oligosaccharides of human milk. Sialic acids are found at the outermost position of glycostructures, playing a key role in health and disease. Sialylation is also essential for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs). Despite their importance, availability of sialyltransferases is limited due to the low levels of stable, soluble and active protein produced in bacterial expression systems, which hampers biochemical and structural studies on these enzymes and restricts biotechnological applications. We report the successful expression of active human sialyltransferases ST3Gal1 and ST6Gal1 in commercial Escherichia coli strains designed for production of disulfide-containing proteins. Fusion of hST3Gal1 with different solubility enhancers and substitution of exposed hydrophobic amino acids by negatively charged residues (supercharging-like approach) were performed to promote solubility and folding. Co-expression of sialyltransferases with the chaperon/foldases sulfhydryl oxidase, protein disulfide isomerase and disulfide isomerase C was explored to improve the formation of native disulfide bonds. Active sialyltransferases fused with maltose binding protein (MBP) were obtained in sufficient amounts for biochemical and structural studies when expressed under oxidative conditions and co-expression of folding factors increased the yields of active and properly folded sialyltransferases by 20%. Mutation of exposed hydrophobic amino acids increased recovery of active enzyme by 2.5-fold, yielding about 7 mg of purified protein per liter culture. Functionality of recombinant enzymes was evaluated in the synthesis of sialosides from the β-d-galactoside substrates lactose, N-acetyllactosamine and benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-α-d-galactopyranoside. KW - cytoplasm KW - recombinant proteins KW - solubility KW - disulfide bonds KW - enzymes KW - enzyme purification KW - enzyme structure KW - sialic acids Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-179807 VL - 11 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bialas, David A1 - Zitzler-Kunkel, André A1 - Kirchner, Eva A1 - Schmidt, David A1 - Würthner, Frank T1 - Structural and quantum chemical analysis of exciton coupling in homo- and heteroaggregate stacks of merocyanines JF - Nature Communications N2 - Exciton coupling is of fundamental importance and determines functional properties of organic dyes in (opto-)electronic and photovoltaic devices. Here we show that strong exciton coupling is not limited to the situation of equal chromophores as often assumed. Quadruple dye stacks were obtained from two bis(merocyanine) dyes with same or different chromophores, respectively, which dimerize in less-polar solvents resulting in the respective homo- and heteroaggregates. The structures of the quadruple dye stacks were assigned by NMR techniques and unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The heteroaggregate stack formed from the bis(merocyanine) bearing two different chromophores exhibits remarkably different ultraviolet/vis absorption bands compared with those of the homoaggregate of the bis(merocyanine) comprising two identical chromophores. Quantum chemical analysis based on an extension of Kasha’s exciton theory appropriately describes the absorption properties of both types of stacks revealing strong exciton coupling also between different chromophores within the heteroaggregate. KW - exciton coupling KW - merocyanines KW - quantum chemical analysis Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170200 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Harkin, David J. A1 - Broch, Katharina A1 - Schreck, Maximilian A1 - Ceyman, Harald A1 - Stoy, Andreas A1 - Yong, Chaw-Keong A1 - Nikolka, Mark A1 - McCulloch, Ian A1 - Stingelin, Natalie A1 - Lambert, Christoph A1 - Sirringhaus, Henning T1 - Decoupling charge transport and electroluminescence in a high mobility polymer semiconductor JF - Advanced Materials N2 - Fluorescence enhancement of a high-mobility polymer semiconductor is achieved via energy transfer to a higher fluorescence quantum yield squaraine dye molecule on 50 ps timescales. In organic light-emitting diodes, an order of magnitude enhancement of the external quantum efficiency is observed without reduction in the charge-carrier mobility resulting in radiances of up to 5 W str\(^{-1}\) m\(^{-2}\) at 800 nm. KW - Light-emitting diodes KW - Fiels-effect transistors KW - Energy transfer KW - Conjugated polymers KW - High performance KW - High efficiency KW - Perovskite KW - Amplification KW - Fluorescence KW - Emission Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187670 VL - 28 IS - 30 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Plötz, P.-A. A1 - Polyutov, S. P. A1 - Ivanov, S. D. A1 - Fennel, F. A1 - Wolter, S. A1 - Niehaus, T. A1 - Xie, Z. A1 - Lochbrunner, S. A1 - Würthner, Frank A1 - Kühn, O. T1 - Biphasic aggregation of a perylene bisimide dye identified by exciton-vibrational spectra JF - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics N2 - The quantum efficiency of light emission is a crucial parameter of supramolecular aggregates that can be tuned by the molecular design of the monomeric species. Here, we report on a strong variation of the fluorescence quantum yield due to different phases of aggregation for the case of a perylene bisimide dye. In particular, a change of the dominant aggregation character from H- to J-type within the first aggregation steps is found, explaining the observed dramatic change in quantum yield. This behaviour is rationalised by means of a systematic study of the intermolecular potential energy surfaces using the time-dependent density functional based tight-binding (TD-DFTB) method. This provides a correlation between structural changes and a coupling strength and supports the notion of H- type stacked dimers and J-type stack-slipped dimers. The exciton-vibrational level structure is modelled by means of an excitonic dimer model including two effective vibrational modes per monomer. Calculated absorption and fluorescence spectra are found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental ones, thus supporting the conclusion on the aggregation behaviour. KW - Potential-energy curves KW - Simulations KW - Molecular-dynamics KW - Systems KW - Fluorescence KW - Sracking KW - Pathway KW - Dimers KW - State Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187387 VL - 18 IS - 36 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suliman, Salwa A1 - Mustafa, Kamal A1 - Krueger, Anke A1 - Steinmüller-Nethl, Doris A1 - Finne-Wistrand, Anna A1 - Osdal, Tereza A1 - Hamza, Amani O. A1 - Sun, Yang A1 - Parajuli, Himalaya A1 - Waag, Thilo A1 - Nickel, Joachim A1 - Johannessen, Anne Christine A1 - McCormack, Emmet A1 - Costea, Daniela Elena T1 - Nanodiamond modified copolymer scaffolds affects tumour progression of early neoplastic oral keratinocytes JF - Biomaterials N2 - This study aimed to evaluate the tumorigenic potential of functionalising poly(LLA-co-CL) scaffolds. The copolymer scaffolds were functionalised with nanodiamonds (nDP) or with nDP and physisorbed BMP-2 (nDP-PHY) to enhance osteoinductivity. Culturing early neoplastic dysplastic keratinocytes (DOK\(^{Luc}\)) on nDP modified scaffolds reduced significantly their subsequent sphere formation ability and decreased significantly the cells' proliferation in the supra-basal layers of in vitro 3D oral neoplastic mucosa (3D-OT) when compared to DOK\(^{Luc}\) previously cultured on nDP-PHY scaffolds. Using an in vivo non-invasive environmentally-induced oral carcinogenesis model, nDP scaffolds were observed to reduce bioluminescence intensity of tumours formed by DOK\(^{Luc}\) + carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAF). nDP modification was also found to promote differentiation of DOK\(^{Luc}\) both in vitro in 3D-OT and in vivo in xenografts formed by DOKLuc alone. The nDP-PHY scaffold had the highest number of invasive tumours formed by DOK\(^{Luc}\) + CAF outside the scaffold area compared to the nDP and control scaffolds. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo results presented here demonstrate that nDP modified copolymer scaffolds are able to decrease the tumorigenic potential of DOK\(^{Luc}\), while confirming concerns for the therapeutic use of BMP-2 for reconstruction of bone defects in oral cancer patients due to its tumour promoting capabilities. KW - Bone morphogenetic protein-2 KW - Sinus floor augmentation KW - Marrow stromal cells KW - Growth; BMP-2 KW - Tumorigenicity KW - Biodegradable polymer scaffolds KW - Mandibular continuity defects KW - Squamous-cell carcinoma KW - In-vitro KW - Mesenchymal transition KW - BMP-2 KW - Bone tissue engineering KW - Biocompatibility KW - Microenvironment KW - Oral squamous cell carcinoma Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-188287 VL - 95 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ceyman, Harald A1 - Rosspeintner, Arnulf A1 - Schreck, Maximilian H. A1 - Mützel, Carina A1 - Stoy, Andreas A1 - Vauthey, Eric A1 - Lambert, Christoph T1 - Cooperative enhancement versus additivity of two-photon-absorption cross sections in linear and branched squaraine superchromophores JF - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics N2 - The linear and nonlinear optical properties of a series of oligomeric squaraine dyes were investigated by one-photon absorption spectroscopy (1PA) and two-photon absorption (2PA) induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The superchromophores are based on two indolenine squaraine dyes with transoid (SQA) and cisoid configuration (SQB). Using these monomers, linear dimers and trimers as well as star-shaped trimers and hexamers with benzene or triphenylamine cores were synthesised and investigated. The red-shifted and intensified 1PA spectra of all superchromophores could well be explained by exciton coupling theory. In the linear chromophore arrangements we also found superradiance of fluorescence but not in the branched systems. Furthermore, the 2PA showed enhanced cross sections for the linear oligomers but only additivity for the branched systems. This emphasizes that the enhancement of the 2PA cross section in the linear arrangements is probably caused by orbital interactions of higher excited configurations. KW - 2-photon absorption KW - Vibronic contributions KW - One-photon KW - Molecules KW - Intensity KW - Multibranched structures KW - Optical properties KW - Dyes KW - Chromophores KW - Design Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-188299 VL - 18 IS - 24 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seifert, Sabine A1 - Shoyama, Kazutaka A1 - Schmidt, David A1 - Würthner, Frank T1 - An electron-poor C\(_{64}\) nanographene by palladium-catalyzed cascade C-C bond formation: one-pot synthesis and single-crystal structure analysis JF - Angewandte Chemie-International Edition N2 - Herein, we report the one-pot synthesis of an electron-poor nanographene containing dicarboximide groups at the corners. We efficiently combined palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and dehydrohalogenation to synthesize an extended two-dimensional pi-scaffold of defined size in a single chemical operation starting from N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dibromo-1,8-naphthalimide and a tetrasubstituted pyrene boronic acid ester as readily accessible starting materials. The reaction of these precursors under the conditions commonly used for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling afforded a C\(_{64}\) nanographene through the formation of ten C-C bonds in a one-pot process. Single-crystal X-ray analysis unequivocally confirmed the structure of this unique extended aromatic molecule with a planar geometry. The optical and electrochemical properties of this largest ever synthesized planar electron-poor nanographene skeleton were also analyzed. KW - Graphene nanoribbons KW - Liquid-crystalline KW - dyes/pigments KW - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons KW - two-dimensional nanostructures KW - Aromatic-hydrocarbon KW - Carbon KW - Dyes KW - Functionalization KW - cascade reactions KW - nanographene Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-188889 VL - 55 IS - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Görl, Daniel A1 - Soberats, Bartolome A1 - Herbst, Stefanie A1 - Stepanenko, Vladimir A1 - Würthner, Frank T1 - Perylene bisimide hydrogels and lyotropic liquid crystals with temperature-responsive color change JF - Chemical Science N2 - The self-assembly of perylene bisimide (PBI) dyes bearing oligo ethylene glycol (OEG) units in water affords responsive functional nanostructures characterized by their lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Tuning of the LCST is realized by a supramolecular approach that relies on two structurally closely related PBI–OEG molecules. The two PBIs socially co-assemble in water and the resulting nanostructures exhibit a single LCST in between the transition temperatures of the aggregates formed by single components. This permits to precisely tune the transition from a hydrogel to a lyotropic liquid crystal state at temperatures between 26 and 51 °C by adjusting the molar fraction of the two PBIs. Owing to concomitant changes in PBI–PBI interactions this phase transition affords a pronounced color change with “fluorescence-on” response that can be utilized as a smart temperature sensory system. KW - perylene bisimide hydrogels Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162459 VL - 7 IS - 11 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schulze, Marcus T1 - Ruthenium Complexes as Water Oxidation Catalysts and Photosensitizers T1 - Rutheniumkomplexe als Wasseroxidationskatalysatoren und Photosensibilisatoren N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Aspekte der photokatalytischen Wasseroxidationsreaktion behandelt. Der erste Themenschwerpunkt der Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit einem supramolekularen Makrozyklus, der drei Rutheniummetallzentren enthält. Dieser neuartige Katalysator zeigt eine sehr hohe katalytische Aktivität und gewährt neue Einblicke in den Mechanismus der Wasseroxidationsreaktion. Des Weiteren wird auf die mit Licht interagierenden Komponenten der photokatalytischen Wasseroxidation eingegangen. Hierbei haben sich azabenz-anellierte Perylenderivate als vielseitige Farbstoffklasse herausgestellt. Die Kombination dieser Farbstoffe mit Metallkomplexen liefert metallorganische Verbindungen, die als Photosensibilisatoren eingesetzt werden können. N2 - The thesis discusses aspects of the photocatalytic water oxidation reaction. The first chapter deals with a supramolecular macrocycle which contains three ruthenium metal centers. This novel catalyst shows promising catalytic activity and provides insides into the mechanism of the water oxidation reaction. After this part, the focus lies on the light interacting components of the photocatalytic water oxidation. In this regard, the azabenz-annulated perylene derivatives appeared to be a promising dye class. The combination of these chromophores and metal complexes result in metal organic compounds, which have photosensitizer potential. KW - Farbstoff KW - Ruthenium KW - Fotokatalyse KW - Photosensibilisator KW - Makrozyklus KW - macrocycle KW - Wasseroxidationsreaktion KW - water oxidation reation KW - Perylen-Farbstoffe KW - perylene dyes KW - Katalyse KW - Wasserspaltung Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142454 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gershberg, Jana T1 - Self-assembled Perylene Bisimide Dimers and their Interaction with Double-stranded DNA T1 - Selbst-assemblierte Perylenbisimid-Dimere und ihre Wechselwirkung mit DNA N2 - The self-assembly of molecules based on π-π-interactions and hydrogen bonding is of significant importance in nature. These processes enable the formation of complex supramolecular structures with diverse functions. For the transfer of the concepts from nature to artificial supramolecular structures, a basic understanding of those processes is needed. For this purpose, π-conjugated aromatic molecules with an easy synthetic access are suitable as their functionalities can be changed effortless. Perylene bisimide (PBIs) dyes are attractive candidates since they fulfill these requirements owing to their tendency to self-assemble in solution due to their large aromatic π-surfaces. Furthermore, the changes of the optical properties (for instance absorption, emission or circular dichroism) of PBI dyes, caused by their self-assembly, are easy to study experimentally. Structural variations of PBI dyes including additional non-covalent interactions, such as hydro-gen bonding, enable to direct their self-assembly process. Thus, the formation of interesting su-pramolecular structures of PBI dyes could be realized, although, often of undefined size. The aim of this thesis was to develop strategies to restrict the aggregate size of PBI dyes. Therefore, de-fined structural features of PBI molecules were combined and a variation of external influences such as solvent and concentration included. Furthermore, DNA was utilized as a template for the limitation of the aggregate size of PBI dyes. Chapters 1 and 2 provide general information and describe examples from literature which are necessary to understand the following experimental work. The first chapter is based on the inter-actions of various molecules with DNA. Therefore, DNA is considered as a supramolecular biom-acromolecule containing specific structural and functional features to interact with small mole-cules. Afterwards, the main interaction modes of small molecules with DNA such as electrostatic interaction, intercalation and groove binding with corresponding examples are discussed. Among all techniques applied to study the interaction of ligands with DNA, UV/Vis absorption, fluores-cence and circular dichroism spectroscopy were described in detail. At the end of this chapter, examples of already pre-associated systems showing interactions with DNA are presented. The second chapter is focused on the determination and mathematic evaluation of the self-assembly processes. The simplest models such as monomer-dimer and isodesmic model are de-scribed and supplemented by examples. Furthermore, the simplest modification of the isodesmic model, the K2-K model, is presented. Additionally, experimental problems, which may arise dur-ing the investigations of the self-assembly processes, are addressed. For the description of the entire self-assembly process, a sufficiently large concentration range and an appropriate measure-ment method that is sensitive in this concentration range is necessary. Furthermore, the full transi-tion from the monomeric to the aggregated species has to be spectroscopically ascertainable. This enables an accurate mathematic evaluation of the self-assembly process and provides meaningful binding constants. The self-assembly pathway can be controlled by the variation of solvent, con-centration or temperature. However, this pathway can also be directed by a rational design of the molecular structure of the considered system. For example, a specific interplay of π-π-interactions and hydrogen bonding may promote isodesmic as well as cooperative growth into large struc-tures. The main focus of this thesis is to develop strategies to control the aggregate size of PBI dyes (Chapter 3). For this purpose, a PBI scaffold was designed which contains hydrogen bonding amide functions at the imide positions derived from the amino acid L-alanine and solubilizing side groups in the periphery (Figure 81). The variations of the residues R/R’ range from didodecylox-yphenyl, didodecylphenyl, dioligo(ethylene glycol)phenyl to branched and linear alkyl chains. The most extensive study of the aggregation behavior was performed for the PBI dye 5. Concen-tration-dependent 1H NMR and UV/Vis absorption measurements clearly revealed the formation of dimers in chloroform. Further investigations by means of 2D NMR, VPO and ITC confirmed the exclusive presence of dimer aggregates of PBI 5 in the investigated concentration range. Mo-lecular modelling studies, supported by NMR and FT-IR experiments, provided structural reasons for the absence of further growth into larger aggregates. The specific combination of π-π interac-tions and hydrogen bonds between the NH groups of the amide groups and the carbonyl oxygen atoms of the PBI core are decisive for the formation of the discrete dimer stack (see Figure 82). The investigations of the aggregation behavior of PBIs 6-9 were less extensive but consistent with the results obtained for PBI 5. However, the determined binding constants vary over a considera-ble range of 1.1 x 102 M-1 (PBI 8) to 1.4 x 104 M-1 (PBI 5). These differences could be attributed to structural variations of the dyes. The electron-rich phenyl substituent promoted the aggregation tendency of PBIs 5-7 compared with 8 and 9 that carry only alkyl side chains. Thus, the π-π in-teractions of bay-unsubstituted PBI cores in combination with hydrogen bonding of the amide functions control the formation of discrete dimers of these PBI dyes. The variation of conditions, such as solvent, change the aggregation behavior of PBI dyes. In the solvents toluene and/or methylcyclohexane, anti-cooperative growth into larger aggregates of PBI 5 was observed (Chapter 4). The important feature of this self-assembly process is the absence of isosbestic points over the whole concentration range in the UV/Vis absorption measurements. The preference for the dimeric species of PBI 5 remained in both solvents as well as in mixtures of them, but upon increasing the concentration these dimers self-assemble into larger aggregates. An important feature of the self-assembly process is the preferred formation of even-numbered aggregates compared to the odd-numbered ones (see Figure 83). Although, the conventional K2-K model provides plausible binding constants, it is not capable to describe the aggregation behavior adequately, since it considers a continuous size distribution. The gradual aggregation process over dimers, tetramers, hexamers, etc. was therefore analyzed with a newly developed K2-K model for anti-cooperative supramolecular polymerization. By the global analysis of the UV/Vis absorption spectra a very good agreement between the experimental and simulated spectra, which were based on the new K2-K model, was obtained. Furthermore, the calculated UV/Vis absorption spectra of a dimer and an aggregate highlighted the most important structural differences. The absorption spectrum of the dimer still has a pronounced vibronic structure which gets lost in the spectrum of the aggregate. In another part of this work, a series of water soluble PBI dyes were described which contain similar PBI scaffolds as PBIs 5-8 (Chapter 5). These PBI dyes self-assemble into similar dimer aggregates in water due to their positively charged side chains causing electrostatic repulsion be-tween the molecules (see Figure 84). Here, however, the self-assembly behavior has not been studied thoroughly in water due to the similarities of already reported PBI dyes. Instead, the focus here is on the characterization of the interactions of these dyes with DNA/RNA. The comprehensive studies using thermal denaturation experiments showed the high stability of these PBI/polynucleotide complexes. The spermine-functionalized PBI dyes having six positive charges showed strong interactions with DNA/RNA which was expressed in a signif-icant increase of the melting temperatures of DNA/RNA (ΔTm values between 7 and > 35 ° C). The dioxa analogues containing only two positive charges had lower enhancement of the melting temperature of DNA/RNA (ΔTm values between 3 and 30 ° C). A similar trend has been observed in the fluorimetric titrations. The spermine-functionalized PBI dyes showed high binding con-stants (log Ks = 9.2 - 9.8), independently of the used polynucleotides. In contrast, the dioxa ana-logues displayed smaller binding constants (log Ks = 6.5 - 7.9) without any correlation between binding affinity and binding strength of the PBI dyes and the applied polynucleotides. The CD-spectroscopic measurements revealed significant differences in the binding properties of the dyes with DNA/RNA. They were dependent on the steric hindrance of the amino acid residues at the imide position and their configuration on one side and the grooves properties of ds-DNA/RNA on the other side. The spectroscopic results confirmed the formation of excitonically coupled PBI dimers in the minor groove of ds-DNA and the major groove of ds-RNA. Depending on the se-quence, the grooves of the polynucleotides provide different amount of space for embedding molecules. The guanine amino groups protrude into the minor groove of the polynucleotide poly(dG-dC)2 increasing the steric hindrance, which is not the case for poly(dA-dT)2. Molecular modeling studies showed that the PBI dimers penetrate deeper into the groove of poly(dA-dT)2 due to the absence of the steric hindrance, in comparison to the groove of poly(dG-dC)2 (see Figure 85). N2 - Die Selbstassemblierung von Molekülen, die auf π-π-Wechselwirkungen und Wasenstoffbrücken-bindungen basiert, ist von entscheidender Bedeutung in der Natur. Selbstassemblierungsprozesse ermöglichen den Aufbau von komplexen supramolekularen Strukturen mit vielfältigen Funktio-nen. Um Konzepte aus der Natur für künstliche supramolekulare Systeme nutzen zu können, müs-sen die wesentlichen Abläufe der Selbstassemblierungsprozesse verstanden werden. Dazu eignen sich π-konjugierte aromatische Moleküle, die einen relativ einfachen synthetischen Zugang bieten und vielfältig funktionalisiert werden können. Perylenbisimid-Farbstoffe (PBI) stellen für diesen Zweck eine attraktive Substanzklasse dar, da sie aufgrund von großen aromatischen π-Flächen zur Selbstassemblierung tendieren. Zusätzlich können durch die Selbstassemblierung einhergehenden Änderungen der optischen Eigenschaften (beispielsweise Absorption, Emission oder Circulardich-roismus) von PBI-Farbstoffen einfach experimentell studiert werden. Die vielen strukturellen Va-riationsmöglichkeiten von PBI-Farbstoffen erlauben das Einbeziehen von weiteren nichtkovalen-ten Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Molekülen, beispielsweise Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen, sodass der Selbstassemblierungsprozess dirigiert werden kann. Mit diesem Ansatz gelang es bis-her interessante supramolekulare Strukturen von PBI-Farbstoffen aufzubauen, allerdings waren diese oft von undefinierter Größe. Daher war das Ziel dieser Arbeit die Entwicklung von Kon-zepten um die Aggregatgröße von PBI-Farbstoffen zu begrenzen. Hierzu wurden definierte Strukturmerkmale von PBI Molekülen kombiniert, der äußere Einfluss wie Lösungsmittel und Konzentration variiert und DNA als Templat für die größenlimitierte Aggregatstruktur der PBI-Farbstoffe eingesetzt. Die Kapitel 1 und 2 geben allgemeine Informationen und diskutieren Beispiele aus der Literatur, die nötig sind, um die nachfolgend diskutierten experimentellen Arbeiten zu verstehen. Das erste Kapitel diskutiert die Wechselwirkungen verschiedener Molekülen mit DNA. Hierbei wird DNA als ein supramolekulares Biomakromolekül betrachtet und seine spezifischen strukturellen und funktionalen Eigenschaften beschrieben, die für die Interaktionen mit kleinen Molekülen aus-schlaggebend sind. Die wichtigsten Interaktionsformen wie elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen mit dem Phosphatrückgrat, Interkalation durch π-π-Wechselwirkungen mit den Basenpaaren und Furchenbindung durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen und van der Waals-Wechselwirkungen werden anhand ausgewählter Beispiele diskutiert. Von der Vielzahl möglicher Techniken, die angewendet werden, um Wechselwirkungen zwischen Liganden und DNA zu untersuchen, wer-den UV/Vis-, Fluoreszenz- und Circulardichroismus-Spektroskopie in Detail erläutert. Am Ende des Kapitels werden Beispiele von Wechselwirkungen von bereits prä-assoziierten supramolekula-ren Systemen mit DNA vorgestellt. Das zweite Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit der Bestimmung und mathematischen Beschreibung von Selbstassemblierungsprozessen. Die einfachsten Modelle, wie das Monomer-Dimer und das iso-desmische Modell, werden beschrieben und mit Beispielen ergänzt. Des Weiteren wird die ein-fachste Modifikation des isodesmischen Modells, das K2-K Modell vorgestellt. Anschließend wird auf experimentelle Probleme eingegangen, die bei der Untersuchung von Selbstassemblie-rungsprozessen auftreten können. Um den Assemblierungsprozess vollständig beschreiben zu können, wird ein ausreichend großer Konzentrationsbereich und eine entsprechende Messtechnik, die für diesen Konzentrationsbereich empfindlich genug ist, benötigt. Des Weiteren sollte der vollständige Übergang vom Monomer zum assemblierten System spektroskopisch erfassbar sein. Dies ermöglicht eine akkurate mathematische Auswertung des Selbstassemblierungsprozesses und liefert sinnvolle Bindungskonstanten. Der Selbstassemblierungspfad kann oft durch Variation des Lösungsmittels, Konzentration und Temperatur kontrolliert werden. Darüber hinaus besteht die Möglichkeit, den Selbstassemblierungspfad mit Hilfe eines spezifischen Designs der molekularen Struktur von dem untersuchten System zu dirigieren. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein beson-deres Zusammenspiel von π-π-Wechselwirkungen und Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen sowohl zum isodesmischen als auch kooperativen Wachstum von großen Strukturen führen kann. Der Hauptfokus dieser Arbeit liegt in der Entwicklung von Strategien für die Kontrolle der Aggregatgröße von PBI Farbstoffen. (Kapitel 3). Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurde ein PBI Gerüst entworfen, das Amidfunktionen in den Imidpositionen für die Ausbildung von Wasser-stoffbrückenbindungen enthält, die von der Aminosäure L-Alanin abgeleitet wurden. Zusätzlich wurden in der Peripherie des Farbstoffgerüsts jeweils löslichkeitsfördernde Seitengruppen R/R‘ wie Didodecyloxyphenyl, Didodecylphenyl, Dioligo(ethyleneglykol)phenyl sowie verzweigte oder lineare Alkylketten eingeführt (siehe Abbildung 81). Der PBI-Farbstoff 5 wurde ausführlich im Hinblick auf sein Aggregationsverhalten untersucht. Konzentrationsabhängige 1H NMR- und UV/Vis Absorptionsmessungen haben klar gezeigt, dass im Lösungsmittel Chloroform dimere Strukturen ausgebildet werden. Begleitende Untersuchungen (2D NMR, VPO und ITC) bestätigten die ausschließliche Präsenz von Dimeren von 5 im experimentell zugänglichen Konzentrationsbereich. Molekulare Modellie-rungs-Studien, die durch NMR und FT-IR Untersuchungen unterstützt werden, illustrieren sehr gut die Ursachen für das Ausbleiben einer weiteren Aggregation zu größeren Strukturen. Die be-sondere Kombination aus den π-π-Wechselwirkungen und den Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen den NH-Gruppen der Amidfunktionen und den Carbonylsauerstoffen des PBI-Kerns sind demzufolge entscheidend für die Bildung des diskreten Dimer-Stapels (siehe Abbildung 82). Die Untersuchungen zum Aggregationsverhalten der PBI-Farbstoffe 6-9 waren weniger ausführ-lich, stehen aber im Einklang mit den für PBI 5 gefundenen Ergebnissen. Die ermittelten Bin-dungskonstanten variieren jedoch über einen beachtlichen Bereich von 1.1 x 102 M-1 (PBI 8) bis 1.4 x 104 M-1 (PBI 5). Diese Unterschiede konnten auf strukturelle Variationen der Farbstoffe zurückgeführt werden. Der elektronenreiche Phenylsubstituent förderte die Assemblierungsten-denz von PBIs 5-7 im Vergleich zu 8 und 9, die nur Alkylseitenkennten tragen. Die π-π-Wechselwirkungen der in den Buchpositionen unsubstituierten PBI-Kerne in Kombination mit wasserstoffbrückenbildenden Amidfunktionen steuern somit die Ausbildung diskreter Dimere dieser PBI-Farbstoffe. Durch die Variation der Bedingungen, beispielsweise des Lösungsmittels, ändert sich das Aggre-gationsverhalten der PBI-Farbstoffe. In den Lösungsmitteln Toluol und/oder Methylcyclohexan wurde für das PBI 5 anti-kooperatives Wachstum zu größeren Aggregaten beobachtet (Kapitel 4). Das entscheidende Merkmal dieses Selbstassemblierungsprozesses ist das Fehlen von isosbesti-schen Punkten über den kompletten Konzentrationsbereich in den UV/Vis Absorptionsmessun-gen. Die Bevorzugung der dimeren Struktur von PBI 5 blieb in beiden Lösungsmitteln bzw. de-ren Mischungen erhalten, allerdings assemblierten diese Dimere durch den Anstieg der Konzent-ration in größere Aggregate. Ein wichtiger Schritt im Selbstassemblierungsprozesses ist die bevor-zugte Bildung von geradzahligen Aggregaten gegenüber den ungeradzahligen Aggregaten (siehe Abbildung 83). Das konventionelle K2-K Modell liefert zwar plausible Bindungskonstanten, kann dieses Aggre-gationsverhalten aber nur ungenügend beschreiben, da hier von kontinuierlicher Größenverteilung ausgegangen wird. Der schrittweise Aggregationsprozess über Dimere, Tetramere, Hexamere usw. wurde daher im Folgenden mit einem neu entwickelten K2-K-Modell für anti-kooperatives supra-molekulares Wachstum analysiert. Durch die globale Analyse von UV/Vis Absorptionsspektren konnte eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den experimentellen und den auf das neue K2-K Modell basierenden, simulierten Spektren erhalten werden. Des Weiteren zeigten berechnete UV/Vis Absorptionsspektren eines Dimer- und Aggregatspektrums die wichtigsten strukturellen Unterschiede. Das Absorptionsspektrum des Dimers weist immer noch eine ausgeprägte vibroni-sche Struktur auf, welche im Spektrum des Aggregats verloren geht. In einem weiteren Teil dieser Arbeit wird eine Serie von wasserlöslichen PBI-Farbstoffen be-schrieben, die ein ähnliches durch Aminosäuren funktionalisiertes PBI-Gerüst wie PBIs 5-8 auf-weisen (Kapitel 5). Aufgrund der positiv geladenen Seitenketten, die für die elektrostatische Ab-stoßung zwischen den Molekülen sorgen, aggregieren diese Farbstoffe in Wasser zu ähnlichen Dimerstrukturen (siehe Abbildung 84). Hier wurde allerdings das Selbstassemblierungsverhalten in Wasser aufgrund der strukturellen Ähnlichkeit zu bereits publizierten PBI-Farbstoffen nicht eingehend untersucht. Stattdessen lag der Fokus hier auf der Charakterisierung der Wechselwirkungen dieser Farbstoffe mit DNA/RNA. Die umfassenden Studien mit Hilfe von thermischen Denaturierungsstudien zeigten eine hohe Stabilität der PBI/Polynukleotid-Komplexe. Die Spermin-funktionalisierten PBI-Farbstoffe, welche sechs positive Ladungen aufweisen, zeigten starke Wechselwirkungen mit DNA/RNA, was sich durch deutliche Schmelzpunkterhöhung der DNA/RNA (ΔTm-Werte zwischen 7 und > 35 °C) äußerte. Die analogen Dioxa-Verbindungen mit nur zwei positiven La-dungen wiesen geringere Schmelztemperaturerhöhungen der jeweiligen DNA/RNA (ΔTm-Werte zwischen 3 und 30 °C) auf. Dieser Trend wurde auch in den fluorimetrischen Titrationsstudien beobachtet. Die Spermin-funktionalisierten PBI-Farbstoffe zeigten hohe Bindungskostanten (log Ks = 9.2 – 9.8), unabhängig von den verwendeten Polynukleotiden. Im Gegensatz dazu wie-sen die Dioxa-Analoge kleinere Bindungskonstanten (log Ks = 6.5 – 7.9) auf, wobei kein Zusam-menhang zwischen Bindungsaffinität und Bindungsstärke zwischen den PBI-Molekülen und den verwendeten Polynukleotiden hergestellt werden konnte. Die CD-spektroskopischen Messungen verdeutlichten die signifikanten Unterschiede in den Bindungseigenschaften der Farbstoffe mit DNA/RNA. Entscheidend waren die sterische Hinderung der Aminosäurereste in den Imidposi-tion und deren Konfiguration auf der einen Seite und die Furcheneigenschaften von ds-DNA/RNA auf der anderen Seite. Die spektroskopischen Ergebnisse belegten die Bildung von exzitonisch gekoppelten PBI-Dimeren in der kleinen Furche von ds-DNA und der großen Furche von ds-RNA. Die Furchen der Polynukleotide bieten unterschiedlich viel Raum für das Einbetten von Molekülen, was von der jeweiligen Sequenz abhängt. Die Guanin-Aminogruppen ragen in die kleine Furche des Polynukleotids poly(dG-dC)2, wodurch die sterische Hinderung im Vergleich mit dem Polynukleotid poly(dA-dT)2 zunimmt. Molekulare Modellierungsstudien belegten, dass die PBI-Dimere tiefer in die Furche von poly(dA-dT)2, als in die Furche von poly(dG-dC)2 einge-schlossen werden, was auf die eben genannte sterische Hinderung zurückgeführt werden kann (siehe Abbildung 85). KW - Perylentetracarbonsäurederivate KW - Perylene bisimide KW - Aggregat KW - Dimer-Konfiguration KW - DNS KW - aggregation KW - dimer KW - DNA Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136725 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ceymann, Harald T1 - Synthesis and Optical Spectroscopic Properties of Squaraine Superchromophores T1 - Synthese und Optisch Spektroskopische Eigenschaften von Squarain Superchromophoren N2 - In this work the successful synthesis, the linear and nonlinear spectroscopic properties as well as the electrochemical behaviour of some linear and star-shaped squaraine superchromophores that are based on indolenine derivatives were presented. The attempt to synthesise similar chromophores which contained only benzothiazole squaraines failed unfortunately. However, one trimer that contained mixed benzothiazole indolenine squaraines could be synthesised and investigated as well. The linear spectroscopic properties, like red-shift and broadening of the absorption, of all superchromophores could be explained by exciton coupling theory. The heterochromophores (SQA)2(SQB)-N, (SQA)(SQB)2-N and (SQA)(SQB)-NH displayed additional to the typical squaraine fluorescence from the lowest excited state some properties that could be assigned to localised states. While the chromophores with N-core showed very small emission quantum yields, the chromophores with the other cores and the linear oligomers display an enhancement compared to the monomers. Transient absorption spectroscopy experiments of the star-shaped superchromophores showed, that their formally degenerated S1 states are split due to a deviation of the ideal C3 symmetry. This is also the reason for the observation of an absorption band for the highest exciton state, which is derived from the S1-state of the monomers, as its transition-dipole moment would be zero in the symmetrical case. The linear oligomers and the star-shaped superchromophores with a benzene or triarylamine core showed at least additive, sometimes even weak cooperative, behaviour in the two-photon absorption experiments. Additional to higher two-photon absorption cross sections the chromophores showed a pronounced broadening of the nonlinear absorption, due to symmetry breaking and a higher density of states. Unfortunately it was not possible to solve the problem of the equilibrium of the cisoid and the transoid structure of donor substituted azulene squaraines, due to either instability of the squaraines or steric hindrance. N2 - Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese von einigen linearen und stern-förmigen Squarain Superchromophoren die auf Indol Derivaten basieren. Außerdem werden sowohl deren lineare und nicht lineare spektroskopische Eigenschaften als auch ihr elektrochemisches Verhalten präsentiert. Der Versuch ähnliche Farbstoffe mit Benzothiazol Derivaten zu synthetisieren schlug leider fehl. Allerdings konnte ein stern-förmiges Trimer hergestellt und untersucht werden, dessen Äste aus einem gemischten Indol-Benzothiazol Squarain bestehen. Die linearen spektroskopischen Eigenschaften, wie Rotverschiebung und die Verbreiterung der Absorption, aller Superchromophore konnten mit Hilfe der Exzitonen-Kopplungs Theorie erklärt werden. Die Heterochromophore (SQA)2(SQB)-N, (SQA)(SQB)2-N und (SQA)(SQB)-NH zeigten zusätzlich zu der typischen Squarain Fluoreszenz aus dem niedrigsten angeregten Zustand einige Besonderheiten die lokalisierten Zuständen zugeordnet werden konnten. Während die Farbstoffe mit einem Stickstoffkern lediglich geringe Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten zeigen, zeigen die anderen Superchromophore im Vergleich mit den monomeren Squarainen teilweise erheblich größere Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten. Transiente Absorptionsspektroskopie Messungen der stern-förmigen Farbstoffe legen nahe, dass deren formell degenerierte S1 Zustände wegen einer Abweichung von der C3-Symmetrie aufspalten. Durch diese Abweichung bekommt auch der Übergang vom Grundzustand zum höchsten exzitonischen Zustand, der sich aus den S1-Zuständen der Monomere ableiten lässt, ein merkliches Übergangsdipolmoment und kann daher in den linearen Absorptionsspektren beobachtet werden. Die linearen Oligomere und die stern-förmigen Superchromophore die einen Benzol oder Triarylamin Kern haben zeigten mindestens additives, manchmal auch verstärkendes Verhalten in der Zweiphotonenabsorption. Zusätzlich zu den größeren molekularen Zweiphotonenabsorptions-Querschnitten sind auf Grund von Symmetriebrüchen und einer hohen Dichte von Zuständen die nicht linearen Absorptionsbanden merklich verbreitert. Im Falle der Donor substituierten Azulen-Squaraine, war es nicht möglich wegen sterischen Gründen oder unstabilen Zwischenprodukten in der Synthese, das Gleichgewicht der cisoiden und der transoiden Struktur so zu verschieben das in Lösung nur noch eine der beiden Strukturen beobachtet wird. KW - Squaraine KW - Squaraine KW - Chromophor Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136850 ER -