TY - JOUR A1 - Paelecke-Habermann, Yvonne A1 - Paelecke, Marko A1 - Mauth, Juliane A1 - Tschisgale, Juliane A1 - Lindenmeyer, Johannes A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - A comparison of implicit and explicit reward learning in low risk alcohol users versus people who binge drink and people with alcohol dependence JF - Addictive Behaviors Reports N2 - Chronic alcohol use leads to specific neurobiological alterations in the dopaminergic brain reward system, which probably are leading to a reward deficiency syndrome in alcohol dependence. The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of such hypothesized neurobiological alterations on the behavioral level, and more precisely on the implicit and explicit reward learning. Alcohol users were classified as dependent drinkers (using the DSM-IV criteria), binge drinkers (using criteria of the USA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) or low-risk drinkers (following recommendations of the Scientific board of trustees of the German Health Ministry). The final sample (n = 94) consisted of 36 low-risk alcohol users, 37 binge drinkers and 21 abstinent alcohol dependent patients. Participants were administered a probabilistic implicit reward learning task and an explicit reward- and punishment-based trial-and-error-learning task. Alcohol dependent patients showed a lower performance in implicit and explicit reward learning than low risk drinkers. Binge drinkers learned less than low-risk drinkers in the implicit learning task. The results support the assumption that binge drinking and alcohol dependence are related to a chronic reward deficit. Binge drinking accompanied by implicit reward learning deficits could increase the risk for the development of an alcohol dependence. KW - Alcohol dependence KW - Binge drinking KW - Low risk alcohol use KW - Implicit and explicit reward learning Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201406 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Citron, Francesca M. M. A1 - Abugaber, David A1 - Herbert, Cornelia T1 - Approach and Withdrawal Tendencies during Written Word Processing: Effects of Task, Emotional Valence, and Emotional Arousal JF - frontiers in Psychology N2 - The affective dimensions of emotional valence and emotional arousal affect processing of verbal and pictorial stimuli. Traditional emotional theories assume a linear relationship between these dimensions, with valence determining the direction of a behavior (approach vs. withdrawal) and arousal its intensity or strength. In contrast, according to the valence-arousal conflict theory, both dimensions are interactively related: positive valence and low arousal (PL) are associated with an implicit tendency to approach a stimulus, whereas negative valence and high arousal (NH) are associated with withdrawal. Hence, positive, high-arousal (PH) and negative, low-arousal (NL) stimuli elicit conflicting action tendencies. By extending previous research that used several tasks and methods, the present study investigated whether and how emotional valence and arousal affect subjective approach vs. withdrawal tendencies toward emotional words during two novel tasks. In Study 1, participants had to decide whether they would approach or withdraw from concepts expressed by written words. In Studies 2 and 3 participants had to respond to each word by pressing one of two keys labeled with an arrow pointing upward or downward. Across experiments, positive and negative words, high or low in arousal, were presented. In Study 1 (explicit task), in line with the valence-arousal conflict theory, PH and NL words were responded to more slowly than PL and NH words. In addition, participants decided to approach positive words more often than negative words. In Studies 2 and 3, participants responded faster to positive than negative words, irrespective of their level of arousal. Furthermore, positive words were significantly more often associated with “up” responses than negative words, thus supporting the existence of implicit associations between stimulus valence and response coding (positive is up and negative is down). Hence, in contexts in which participants' spontaneous responses are based on implicit associations between stimulus valence and response, there is no influence of arousal. In line with the valence-arousal conflict theory, arousal seems to affect participants' approach-withdrawal tendencies only when such tendencies are made explicit by the task, and a minimal degree of processing depth is required. KW - approach KW - withdrawal KW - valence KW - arousal KW - emotion KW - words KW - polarity effects Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165318 VL - 6 IS - 1935 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peperkorn, Henrik M. A1 - Diemer, Julia E. A1 - Alpers, Georg W. A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas T1 - Representation of Patients' Hand Modulates Fear Reactions of Patients with Spider Phobia in Virtual Reality JF - frontiers in Psychology N2 - Embodiment (i.e., the involvement of a bodily representation) is thought to be relevant in emotional experiences. Virtual reality (VR) is a capable means of activating phobic fear in patients. The representation of the patient’s body (e.g., the right hand) in VR enhances immersion and increases presence, but its effect on phobic fear is still unknown. We analyzed the influence of the presentation of the participant’s hand in VR on presence and fear responses in 32 women with spider phobia and 32 matched controls. Participants sat in front of a table with an acrylic glass container within reaching distance. During the experiment this setup was concealed by a head-mounted display (HMD). The VR scenario presented via HMD showed the same setup, i.e., a table with an acrylic glass container. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. In one group, fear responses were triggered by fear-relevant visual input in VR (virtual spider in the virtual acrylic glass container), while information about a real but unseen neutral control animal (living snake in the acrylic glass container) was given. The second group received fear-relevant information of the real but unseen situation (living spider in the acrylic glass container), but visual input was kept neutral VR (virtual snake in the virtual acrylic glass container). Participants were instructed to touch the acrylic glass container with their right hand in 20 consecutive trials. Visibility of the hand was varied randomly in a within-subjects design. We found for all participants that visibility of the participant’s hand increased presence independently of the fear trigger. However, in patients, the influence of the virtual hand on fear depended on the fear trigger. When fear was triggered perceptually, i.e., by a virtual spider, the virtual hand increased fear. When fear was triggered by information about a real spider, the virtual hand had no effect on fear. Our results shed light on the significance of different fear triggers (visual, conceptual) in interaction with body representations. KW - virtual reality KW - presence KW - immersion KW - perception KW - fear KW - specific phobia Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165307 VL - 7 IS - 268 ER - TY - THES A1 - Menne, Isabelle M. T1 - Facing Social Robots – Emotional Reactions towards Social Robots N2 - Ein Army Colonel empfindet Mitleid mit einem Roboter, der versuchsweise Landminen entschärft und deklariert den Test als inhuman (Garreau, 2007). Roboter bekommen militärische Beförderungen, Beerdigungen und Ehrenmedaillen (Garreau, 2007; Carpenter, 2013). Ein Schildkrötenroboter wird entwickelt, um Kindern beizubringen, Roboter gut zu behandeln (Ackermann, 2018). Der humanoide Roboter Sophia wurde erst kürzlich Saudi-Arabischer Staatsbürger und es gibt bereits Debatten, ob Roboter Rechte bekommen sollen (Delcker, 2018). Diese und ähnliche Entwicklungen zeigen schon jetzt die Bedeutsamkeit von Robotern und die emotionale Wirkung die diese auslösen. Dennoch scheinen sich diese emotionalen Reaktionen auf einer anderen Ebene abzuspielen, gemessen an Kommentaren in Internetforen. Dort ist oftmals die Rede davon, wieso jemand überhaupt emotional auf einen Roboter reagieren kann. Tatsächlich ist es, rein rational gesehen, schwierig zu erklären, warum Menschen mit einer leblosen (‚mindless‘) Maschine mitfühlen sollten. Und dennoch zeugen nicht nur oben genannte Berichte, sondern auch erste wissenschaftliche Studien (z.B. Rosenthal- von der Pütten et al., 2013) von dem emotionalen Einfluss den Roboter auf Menschen haben können. Trotz der Bedeutsamkeit der Erforschung emotionaler Reaktionen auf Roboter existieren bislang wenige wissenschaftliche Studien hierzu. Tatsächlich identifizierten Kappas, Krumhuber und Küster (2013) die systematische Analyse und Evaluation sozialer Reaktionen auf Roboter als eine der größten Herausforderungen der affektiven Mensch-Roboter Interaktion. Nach Scherer (2001; 2005) bestehen Emotionen aus der Koordination und Synchronisation verschiedener Komponenten, die miteinander verknüpft sind. Motorischer Ausdruck (Mimik), subjektives Erleben, Handlungstendenzen, physiologische und kognitive Komponenten gehören hierzu. Um eine Emotion vollständig zu erfassen, müssten all diese Komponenten gemessen werden, jedoch wurde eine solch umfassende Analyse bisher noch nie durchgeführt (Scherer, 2005). Hauptsächlich werden Fragebögen eingesetzt (vgl. Bethel & Murphy, 2010), die allerdings meist nur das subjektive Erleben abfragen. Bakeman und Gottman (1997) geben sogar an, dass nur etwa 8% der psychologischen Forschung auf Verhaltensdaten basiert, obwohl die Psychologie traditionell als das ‚Studium von Psyche und Verhalten‘ (American Psychological Association, 2018) definiert wird. Die Messung anderer Emotionskomponenten ist selten. Zudem sind Fragebögen mit einer Reihe von Nachteilen behaftet (Austin, Deary, Gibson, McGregor, Dent, 1998; Fan et al., 2006; Wilcox, 2011). Bethel und Murphy (2010) als auch Arkin und Moshkina (2015) plädieren für einen Multi-Methodenansatz um ein umfassenderes Verständnis von affektiven Prozessen in der Mensch-Roboter Interaktion zu erlangen. Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es daher, mithilfe eines Multi-Methodenansatzes verschiedene Komponenten von Emotionen (motorischer Ausdruck, subjektive Gefühlskomponente, Handlungstendenzen) zu erfassen und so zu einem vollständigeren und tiefgreifenderem Bild emotionaler Prozesse auf Roboter beizutragen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurden drei experimentelle Studien mit insgesamt 491 Teilnehmern durchgeführt. Mit unterschiedlichen Ebenen der „apparent reality“ (Frijda, 2007) sowie Macht / Kontrolle über die Situation (vgl. Scherer & Ellgring, 2007) wurde untersucht, inwiefern sich Intensität und Qualität emotionaler Reaktionen auf Roboter ändern und welche weiteren Faktoren (Aussehen des Roboters, emotionale Expressivität des Roboters, Behandlung des Roboters, Autoritätsstatus des Roboters) Einfluss ausüben. Experiment 1 basierte auf Videos, die verschiedene Arten von Robotern (tierähnlich, anthropomorph, maschinenartig), die entweder emotional expressiv waren oder nicht (an / aus) in verschiedenen Situationen (freundliche Behandlung des Roboters vs. Misshandlung) zeigten. Fragebögen über selbstberichtete Gefühle und die motorisch-expressive Komponente von Emotionen: Mimik (vgl. Scherer, 2005) wurden analysiert. Das Facial Action Coding System (Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, 2002), die umfassendste und am weitesten verbreitete Methode zur objektiven Untersuchung von Mimik, wurde hierfür verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Probanden Gesichtsausdrücke (Action Unit [AU] 12 und AUs, die mit positiven Emotionen assoziiert sind, sowie AU 4 und AUs, die mit negativen Emotionen assoziiert sind) sowie selbstberichtete Gefühle in Übereinstimmung mit der Valenz der in den Videos gezeigten Behandlung zeigten. Bei emotional expressiven Robotern konnten stärkere emotionale Reaktionen beobachtet werden als bei nicht-expressiven Robotern. Der tierähnliche Roboter Pleo erfuhr in der Misshandlungs-Bedingung am meisten Mitleid, Empathie, negative Gefühle und Traurigkeit, gefolgt vom anthropomorphen Roboter Reeti und am wenigsten für den maschinenartigen Roboter Roomba. Roomba wurde am meisten Antipathie zugeschrieben. Die Ergebnisse knüpfen an frühere Forschungen an (z.B. Krach et al., 2008; Menne & Schwab, 2018; Riek et al., 2009; Rosenthal-von der Pütten et al., 2013) und zeigen das Potenzial der Mimik für eine natürliche Mensch-Roboter Interaktion. Experiment 2 und Experiment 3 übertrugen die klassischen Experimente von Milgram (1963; 1974) zum Thema Gehorsam in den Kontext der Mensch-Roboter Interaktion. Die Gehorsamkeitsstudien von Milgram wurden als sehr geeignet erachtet, um das Ausmaß der Empathie gegenüber einem Roboter im Verhältnis zum Gehorsam gegenüber einem Roboter zu untersuchen. Experiment 2 unterschied sich von Experiment 3 in der Ebene der „apparent reality“ (Frijda, 2007): in Anlehnung an Milgram (1963) wurde eine rein text-basierte Studie (Experiment 2) einer live Mensch-Roboter Interaktion (Experiment 3) gegenübergestellt. Während die abhängigen Variablen von Experiment 2 aus den Selbstberichten emotionaler Gefühle sowie Einschätzungen des hypothetischen Verhaltens bestand, erfasste Experiment 3 subjektive Gefühle sowie reales Verhalten (Reaktionszeit: Dauer des Zögerns; Gehorsamkeitsrate; Anzahl der Proteste; Mimik) der Teilnehmer. Beide Experimente untersuchten den Einfluss der Faktoren „Autoritätsstatus“ (hoch / niedrig) des Roboters, der die Befehle erteilt (Nao) und die emotionale Expressivität (an / aus) des Roboters, der die Strafen erhält (Pleo). Die subjektiven Gefühle der Teilnehmer aus Experiment 2 unterschieden sich zwischen den Gruppen nicht. Darüber hinaus gaben nur wenige Teilnehmer (20.2%) an, dass sie den „Opfer“-Roboter definitiv bestrafen würden. Ein ähnliches Ergebnis fand auch Milgram (1963). Das reale Verhalten von Versuchsteilnehmern in Milgrams‘ Labor-Experiment unterschied sich jedoch von Einschätzungen hypothetischen Verhaltens von Teilnehmern, denen Milgram das Experiment nur beschrieben hatte. Ebenso lassen Kommentare von Teilnehmern aus Experiment 2 darauf schließen, dass das beschriebene Szenario möglicherweise als fiktiv eingestuft wurde und Einschätzungen von hypothetischem Verhalten daher kein realistisches Bild realen Verhaltens gegenüber Roboter in einer live Interaktion zeichnen können. Daher wurde ein weiteres Experiment (Experiment 3) mit einer Live Interaktion mit einem Roboter als Autoritätsfigur (hoher Autoritätsstatus vs. niedriger) und einem weiteren Roboter als „Opfer“ (emotional expressiv vs. nicht expressiv) durchgeführt. Es wurden Gruppenunterschiede in Fragebögen über emotionale Reaktionen gefunden. Dem emotional expressiven Roboter wurde mehr Empathie entgegengebracht und es wurde mehr Freude und weniger Antipathie berichtet als gegenüber einem nicht-expressiven Roboter. Außerdem konnten Gesichtsausdrücke beobachtet werden, die mit negativen Emotionen assoziiert sind während Probanden Nao’s Befehl ausführten und Pleo bestraften. Obwohl Probanden tendenziell länger zögerten, wenn sie einen emotional expressiven Roboter bestrafen sollten und der Befehl von einem Roboter mit niedrigem Autoritätsstatus kam, wurde dieser Unterschied nicht signifikant. Zudem waren alle bis auf einen Probanden gehorsam und bestraften Pleo, wie vom Nao Roboter befohlen. Dieses Ergebnis steht in starkem Gegensatz zu dem selbstberichteten hypothetischen Verhalten der Teilnehmer aus Experiment 2 und unterstützt die Annahme, dass die Einschätzungen von hypothetischem Verhalten in einem Mensch-Roboter-Gehorsamkeitsszenario nicht zuverlässig sind für echtes Verhalten in einer live Mensch-Roboter Interaktion. Situative Variablen, wie z.B. der Gehorsam gegenüber Autoritäten, sogar gegenüber einem Roboter, scheinen stärker zu sein als Empathie für einen Roboter. Dieser Befund knüpft an andere Studien an (z.B. Bartneck & Hu, 2008; Geiskkovitch et al., 2016; Menne, 2017; Slater et al., 2006), eröffnet neue Erkenntnisse zum Einfluss von Robotern, zeigt aber auch auf, dass die Wahl einer Methode um Empathie für einen Roboter zu evozieren eine nicht triviale Angelegenheit ist (vgl. Geiskkovitch et al., 2016; vgl. Milgram, 1965). Insgesamt stützen die Ergebnisse die Annahme, dass die emotionalen Reaktionen auf Roboter tiefgreifend sind und sich sowohl auf der subjektiven Ebene als auch in der motorischen Komponente zeigen. Menschen reagieren emotional auf einen Roboter, der emotional expressiv ist und eher weniger wie eine Maschine aussieht. Sie empfinden Empathie und negative Gefühle, wenn ein Roboter misshandelt wird und diese emotionalen Reaktionen spiegeln sich in der Mimik. Darüber hinaus unterscheiden sich die Einschätzungen von Menschen über ihr eigenes hypothetisches Verhalten von ihrem tatsächlichen Verhalten, weshalb videobasierte oder live Interaktionen zur Analyse realer Verhaltensreaktionen empfohlen wird. Die Ankunft sozialer Roboter in der Gesellschaft führt zu nie dagewesenen Fragen und diese Dissertation liefert einen ersten Schritt zum Verständnis dieser neuen Herausforderungen. N2 - An Army Colonel feels sorry for a robot that defuses landmines on a trial basis and declares the test inhumane (Garreau, 2007). Robots receive military promotions, funerals and medals of honor (Garreau, 2007; Carpenter, 2013). A turtle robot is being developed to teach children to treat robots well (Ackermann, 2018). The humanoid robot Sophia recently became a Saudi Arabian citizen and there are now debates whether robots should have rights (Delcker, 2018). These and similar developments already show the importance of robots and the emotional impact they have. Nevertheless, these emotional reactions seem to take place on a different level, judging by comments in internet forums alone: Most often, emotional reactions towards robots are questioned if not denied at all. In fact, from a purely rational point of view, it is difficult to explain why people should empathize with a mindless machine. However, not only the reports mentioned above but also first scientific studies (e.g. Rosenthal- von der Pütten et al., 2013) bear witness to the emotional influence of robots on humans. Despite the importance of researching emotional reactions towards robots, there are few scientific studies on this subject. In fact, Kappas, Krumhuber and Küster (2013) identified effective testing and evaluation of social reactions towards robots as one of the major challenges of affective Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). According to Scherer (2001; 2005), emotions consist of the coordination and synchronization of different components that are linked to each other. These include motor expression (facial expressions), subjective experience, action tendencies, physiological and cognitive components. To fully capture an emotion, all these components would have to be measured, but such a comprehensive analysis has never been performed (Scherer, 2005). Primarily, questionnaires are used (cf. Bethel & Murphy, 2010) but most of them only capture subjective experiences. Bakeman and Gottman (1997) even state that only about 8% of psychological research is based on behavioral data, although psychology is traditionally defined as the 'study of the mind and behavior' (American Psychological Association, 2018). The measurement of other emotional components is rare. In addition, questionnaires have a number of disadvantages (Austin, Deary, Gibson, McGregor, Dent, 1998; Fan et al., 2006; Wilcox, 2011). Bethel and Murphy (2010) as well as Arkin and Moshkina (2015) argue for a multi-method approach to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of affective processes in HRI. The main goal of this dissertation is therefore to use a multi-method approach to capture different components of emotions (motor expression, subjective feeling component, action tendencies) and thus contribute to a more complete and profound picture of emotional processes towards robots. To achieve this goal, three experimental studies were conducted with a total of 491 participants. With different levels of ‘apparent reality’ (Frijda, 2007) and power/control over the situation (cf. Scherer & Ellgring, 2007), the extent to which the intensity and quality of emotional responses to robots change were investigated as well as the influence of other factors (appearance of the robot, emotional expressivity of the robot, treatment of the robot, authority status of the robot). Experiment 1 was based on videos showing different types of robots (animal-like, anthropomorphic, machine-like) in different situations (friendly treatment of the robot vs. torture treatment) while being either emotionally expressive or not. Self-reports of feelings as well as the motoric-expressive component of emotion: facial expressions (cf. Scherer, 2005) were analyzed. The Facial Action Coding System (Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, 2002), the most comprehensive and most widely used method for objectively assessing facial expressions, was utilized for this purpose. Results showed that participants displayed facial expressions (Action Unit [AU] 12 and AUs associated with positive emotions as well as AU 4 and AUs associated with negative emotions) as well as self-reported feelings in line with the valence of the treatment shown in the videos. Stronger emotional reactions could be observed for emotionally expressive robots than non-expressive robots. Most pity, empathy, negative feelings and sadness were reported for the animal-like robot Pleo while watching it being tortured, followed by the anthropomorphic robot Reeti and least for the machine-like robot Roomba. Most antipathy was attributed to Roomba. The findings are in line with previous research (e.g., Krach et al., 2008; Menne & Schwab, 2018; Riek et al., 2009; Rosenthal-von der Pütten et al., 2013) and show facial expressions’ potential for a natural HRI. Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 transferred Milgram’s classic experiments (1963; 1974) on obedience into the context of HRI. Milgram’s obedience studies were deemed highly suitable to study the extent of empathy towards a robot in relation to obedience to a robot. Experiment 2 differed from Experiment 3 in the level of ‘apparent reality’ (Frijda, 2007): based on Milgram (1963), a purely text-based study (Experiment 2) was compared with a live HRI (Experiment 3). While the dependent variables of Experiment 2 consisted of self-reports of emotional feelings and assessments of hypothetical behavior, Experiment 3 measured subjective feelings and real behavior (reaction time: duration of hesitation; obedience rate; number of protests; facial expressions) of the participants. Both experiments examined the influence of the factors "authority status" (high / low) of the robot giving the orders (Nao) and the emotional expressivity (on / off) of the robot receiving the punishments (Pleo). The subjective feelings of the participants from Experiment 2 did not differ between the groups. In addition, only few participants (20.2%) stated that they would definitely punish the "victim" robot. Milgram (1963) found a similar result. However, the real behavior of participants in Milgram's laboratory experiment differed from the estimates of hypothetical behavior of participants to whom Milgram had only described the experiment. Similarly, comments from participants in Experiment 2 suggest that the scenario described may have been considered fictitious and that assessments of hypothetical behavior may not provide a realistic picture of real behavior towards robots in a live interaction. Therefore, another experiment (Experiment 3) was performed with a live interaction with a robot as authority figure (high authority status vs. low) and another robot as "victim" (emotional expressive vs. non-expressive). Group differences were found in questionnaires on emotional responses. More empathy was shown for the emotionally expressive robot and more joy and less antipathy was reported than for a non-expressive robot. In addition, facial expressions associated with negative emotions could be observed while subjects executed Nao's command and punished Pleo. Although subjects tended to hesitate longer when punishing an emotionally expressive robot and the order came from a robot with low authority status, this difference did not reach significance. Furthermore, all but one subject were obedient and punished Pleo as commanded by the Nao robot. This result stands in stark contrast to the self-reported hypothetical behavior of the participants from Experiment 2 and supports the assumption that the assessments of hypothetical behavior in a Human-Robot obedience scenario are not reliable for real behavior in a live HRI. Situational variables, such as obedience to authorities, even to a robot, seem to be stronger than empathy for a robot. This finding is in line with previous studies (e.g. Bartneck & Hu, 2008; Geiskkovitch et al., 2016; Menne, 2017; Slater et al., 2006), opens up new insights into the influence of robots, but also shows that the choice of a method to evoke empathy for a robot is not a trivial matter (cf. Geiskkovitch et al., 2016; cf. Milgram, 1965). Overall, the results support the assumption that emotional reactions to robots are profound and manifest both at the subjective level and in the motor component. Humans react emotionally to a robot that is emotionally expressive and looks less like a machine. They feel empathy and negative feelings when a robot is abused and these emotional reactions are reflected in facial expressions. In addition, people's assessments of their own hypothetical behavior differ from their actual behavior, which is why video-based or live interactions are recommended for analyzing real behavioral responses. The arrival of social robots in society leads to unprecedented questions and this dissertation provides a first step towards understanding these new challenges. N2 - Are there emotional reactions towards social robots? Could you love a robot? Or, put the other way round: Could you mistreat a robot, tear it apart and sell it? Media reports people honoring military robots with funerals, mourning the “death” of a robotic dog, and granting the humanoid robot Sophia citizenship. But how profound are these reactions? Three experiments take a closer look on emotional reactions towards social robots by investigating the subjective experience of people as well as the motor expressive level. Contexts of varying degrees of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) sketch a nuanced picture of emotions towards social robots that encompass conscious as well as unconscious reactions. The findings advance the understanding of affective experiences in HRI. It also turns the initial question into: Can emotional reactions towards social robots even be avoided? T2 - Im Angesicht sozialer Roboter - Emotionale Reaktionen angesichts sozialer Roboter KW - Roboter KW - social robot KW - emotion KW - FACS KW - Facial Action Coding System KW - facial expressions KW - emotional reaction KW - Human-Robot Interaction KW - HRI KW - obedience KW - empathy KW - Gefühl KW - Mimik KW - Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187131 SN - 978-3-95826-120-4 SN - 978-3-95826-121-1 N1 - Parallel erschienen als Druckausgabe in Würzburg University Press, 978-3-95826-120-4, 27,80 EUR. PB - Würzburg University Press CY - Würzburg ET - 1. Auflage ER - TY - THES A1 - Hörmann, Markus T1 - Analyzing and fostering students' self-regulated learning through the use of peripheral data in online learning environments T1 - Analyse und Förderung des selbstgesteuerten Lernens durch die Verwendung von peripheren Daten in Online-Lernumgebungen N2 - Learning with digital media has become a substantial part of formal and informal educational processes and is gaining more and more importance. Technological progress has brought overwhelming opportunities for learners, but challenges them at the same time. Learners have to regulate their learning process to a much greater extent than in traditional learning situations in which teachers support them through external regulation. This means that learners must plan their learning process themselves, apply appropriate learning strategies, monitor, control and evaluate it. These requirements are taken into account in various models of self-regulated learning (SRL). Although the roots of research on SRL go back to the 1980s, the measurement and adequate support of SRL in technology-enhanced learning environments is still not solved in a satisfactory way. An important obstacle are the data sources used to operationalize SRL processes. In order to support SRL in adaptive learning systems and to validate theoretical models, instruments are needed which meet the classical quality criteria and also fulfil additional requirements. Suitable data channels must be measurable "online", i.e., they must be available in real time during learning for analyses or the individual adaptation of interventions. Researchers no longer only have an interest in the final results of questionnaires or tasks, but also need to examine process data from interactions between learners and learning environments in order to advance the development of theories and interventions. In addition, data sources should not be obtrusive so that the learning process is not interrupted or disturbed. Measurements of physiological data, for example, require learners to wear measuring devices. Moreover, measurements should not be reactive. This means that other variables such as learning outcomes should not be influenced by the measurement. Different data sources that are already used to study and support SRL processes, such as protocols on thinking aloud, screen recording, eye tracking, log files, video observations or physiological sensors, meet these criteria to varying degrees. One data channel that has received little attention in research on educational psychology, but is non-obtrusive, non-reactive, objective and available online, is the detailed, timely high-resolution data on observable interactions of learners in online learning environments. This data channel is introduced in this thesis as "peripheral data". It records both the content of learning environments as context, and related actions of learners triggered by mouse and keyboard, as well as the reactions of learning environments, such as structural or content changes. Although the above criteria for the use of the data are met, it is unclear whether this data can be interpreted reliably and validly with regard to relevant variables and behavior. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to examine this data channel from the perspective of SRL and thus further close the existing research gap. One development project and four research projects were carried out and documented in this thesis. N2 - Lernen mit digitalen Medien ist ein substantieller Bestandteil formeller und informeller Bildungsprozesse geworden und gewinnt noch immer an Bedeutung. Technologischer Fortschritt hat überwältigende Möglichkeiten für Lernende geschaffen, stellt aber gleichzeitig auch große Anforderungen an sie. Lernende müssen ihren Lernprozess sehr viel stärker selbst regulieren als in traditionellen Lernsituationen, in denen Lehrende durch externe Regulation unterstützen. Das heißt, Lernende müssen ihren Lernprozess selbst planen, geeignete Lernstrategien anwenden, ihn überwachen, steuern und evaluieren. Diesen Anforderungen wird in verschiedenen Modellen des selbst-regulierten Lernens (SRL) Rechnung getragen. Obwohl die Wurzeln der Forschung zu SRL bis in die 1980er Jahren zurück reichen, ist die Messung und adäquate Unterstützung von SRL in technologie-gestützten Lernumgebungen noch immer nicht zufriedenstellend gelöst. Eine wichtige Hürde sind dabei die Datenquellen, die zur Operationalisierung von SRL-Prozessen herangezogen werden. Um SRL in adaptiven Lernsystemen zu unterstützen und theoretische Modelle zu validieren, werden Instrumente benötigt, die klassischen Gütekriterien genügen und darüber hinaus weitere Anforderungen erfüllen. Geeignete Datenkanäle müssen „online“ messbar sein, das heißt bereits während des Lernens in Echtzeit für Analysen oder die individuelle Anpassung von Interventionen zur Verfügung stehen. Forschende interessieren sich nicht mehr nur für die Endergebnisse von Fragebögen oder Aufgaben, sondern müssen auch Prozessdaten von Interaktionen zwischen Lernenden und Lernumgebungen untersuchen, um die Entwicklung von Theorien und Interventionen voranzutreiben. Zudem sollten Datenquellen nicht intrusiv sein, sodass der Lernprozess nicht unterbrochen oder gestört wird. Dies ist zum Beispiel bei Messungen physiologischer Daten der Fall, zu deren Erfassung die Lernenden Messgeräte tragen müssen. Außerdem sollten Messungen nicht reaktiv sein – andere Variablen (z.B. der Lernerfolg) sollten also nicht von der Messung beeinflusst werden. Unterschiedliche Datenquellen die zur Untersuchung und Unterstützung von SRL-Prozessen bereits verwendet werden, wie z.B. Protokolle über lautes Denken, Screen-Recording, Eye Tracking, Log-Files, Videobeobachtungen oder physiologische Sensoren erfüllen diese Kriterien in jeweils unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Ein Datenkanal, dem in der pädagogische-psychologischen Forschung bislang kaum Beachtung geschenkt wurde, der aber nicht-intrusiv, nicht-reaktiv, objektiv und online verfügbar ist, sind detaillierte, zeitlich hochauflösende Daten über die beobachtbare Interkation von Lernenden in online Lernumgebungen. Dieser Datenkanal wird in dieser Arbeit als „peripheral data“ eingeführt. Er zeichnet sowohl den Inhalt von Lernumgebungen als Kontext auf, als auch darauf bezogene Aktionen von Lernenden, ausgelöst durch Maus und Tastatur, sowie die Reaktionen der Lernumgebungen, wie etwa strukturelle oder inhaltliche Veränderungen. Zwar sind die oben genannten Kriterien zur Nutzung der Daten erfüllt, allerdings ist unklar, ob diese Daten auch reliabel und valide hinsichtlich relevanten Variablen und Verhaltens interpretiert werden können. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es daher, diesen Datenkanal aus Perspektive des SRL zu untersuchen und damit die bestehende Forschungslücke weiter zu schließen. Dafür wurden eine Entwicklungs- sowie vier Forschungsarbeiten durchgeführt und in dieser Arbeit dokumentiert. KW - Selbstgesteuertes Lernen KW - Computerunterstütztes Lernen KW - self-regulated learning KW - process analysis KW - online learning KW - mouse tracking KW - keyboard tracking KW - learning KW - selfregulated Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180097 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gressmann, Marcel A1 - Janczyk, Markus T1 - The (Un)Clear Effects of Invalid Retro-Cues JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Studies with the retro-cue paradigm have shown that validly cueing objects in visual working memory long after encoding can still benefit performance on subsequent change detection tasks. With regard to the effects of invalid cues, the literature is less clear. Some studies reported costs, others did not. We here revisit two recent studies that made interesting suggestions concerning invalid retro-cues: One study suggested that costs only occur for larger set sizes, and another study suggested that inclusion of invalid retro-cues diminishes the retro-cue benefit. New data from one experiment and a reanalysis of published data are provided to address these conclusions. The new data clearly show costs (and benefits) that were independent of set size, and the reanalysis suggests no influence of the inclusion of invalid retro-cues on the retro-cue benefit. Thus, previous interpretations may be taken with some caution at present. KW - visual working memory KW - retro-cue KW - attention KW - replication Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165296 VL - 7 IS - 244 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wunsch, Kathrin A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Henning, Anne A1 - Aschersleben, Gisa A1 - Weigelt, Matthias T1 - No Interrelation of Motor Planning and Executive Functions across Young Ages JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The present study examined the developmental trajectories of motor planning and executive functioning in children. To this end, we tested 217 participants with three motor tasks, measuring anticipatory planning abilities (i.e., the bar-transport-task, the sword-rotation-task and the grasp-height-task), and three cognitive tasks, measuring executive functions (i.e., the Tower-of-Hanoi-task, the Mosaic-task, and the D2-attention-endurance-task). Children were aged between 3 and 10 years and were separated into age groups by 1-year bins, resulting in a total of eight groups of children and an additional group of adults. Results suggested (1) a positive developmental trajectory for each of the sub-tests, with better task performance as children get older; (2) that the performance in the separate tasks was not correlated across participants in the different age groups; and (3) that there was no relationship between performance in the motor tasks and in the cognitive tasks used in the present study when controlling for age. These results suggest that both, motor planning and executive functions are rather heterogeneous domains of cognitive functioning with fewer interdependencies than often suggested. KW - anticipatory planning KW - end-state comfort effect KW - developmental disorders KW - child development KW - motor development Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165281 VL - 7 IS - 1031 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang A1 - Niklas, Frank T1 - Intelligence and verbal short-term memory/working memory: their interrelationships from childhood to young adulthood and their impact on academic achievement JF - Journal of Intelligence N2 - Although recent developmental studies exploring the predictive power of intelligence and working memory (WM) for educational achievement in children have provided evidence for the importance of both variables, findings concerning the relative impact of IQ and WM on achievement have been inconsistent. Whereas IQ has been identified as the major predictor variable in a few studies, results from several other developmental investigations suggest that WM may be the stronger predictor of academic achievement. In the present study, data from the Munich Longitudinal Study on the Genesis of Individual Competencies (LOGIC) were used to explore this issue further. The secondary data analysis included data from about 200 participants whose IQ and WM was first assessed at the age of six and repeatedly measured until the ages of 18 and 23. Measures of reading, spelling, and math were also repeatedly assessed for this age range. Both regression analyses based on observed variables and latent variable structural equation modeling (SEM) were carried out to explore whether the predictive power of IQ and WM would differ as a function of time point of measurement (i.e., early vs. late assessment). As a main result of various regression analyses, IQ and WM turned out to be reliable predictors of academic achievement, both in early and later developmental stages, when previous domain knowledge was not included as additional predictor. The latter variable accounted for most of the variance in more comprehensive regression models, reducing the impact of both IQ and WM considerably. Findings from SEM analyses basically confirmed this outcome, indicating IQ impacts on educational achievement in the early phase, and illustrating the strong additional impact of previous domain knowledge on achievement at later stages of development. KW - intelligence KW - short-term memory KW - working memory KW - academic achievement KW - domain knowledge KW - LOGIC study Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-198004 SN - 2079-3200 VL - 5 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kempert, Sebastian A1 - Götz, Regina A1 - Blatter, Kristine A1 - Tibken, Catharina A1 - Artelt, Cordula A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang A1 - Stanat, Petra T1 - Training Early Literacy Related Skills: To Which Degree Does a Musical Training Contribute to Phonological Awareness Development? JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Well-developed phonological awareness skills are a core prerequisite for early literacy development. Although effective phonological awareness training programs exist, children at risk often do not reach similar levels of phonological awareness after the intervention as children with normally developed skills. Based on theoretical considerations and first promising results the present study explores effects of an early musical training in combination with a conventional phonological training in children with weak phonological awareness skills. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design and measurements across a period of 2 years, we tested the effects of two interventions: a consecutive combination of a musical and a phonological training and a phonological training alone. The design made it possible to disentangle effects of the musical training alone as well the effects of its combination with the phonological training. The outcome measures of these groups were compared with the control group with multivariate analyses, controlling for a number of background variables. The sample included N = 424 German-speaking children aged 4–5 years at the beginning of the study. We found a positive relationship between musical abilities and phonological awareness. Yet, whereas the well-established phonological training produced the expected effects, adding a musical training did not contribute significantly to phonological awareness development. Training effects were partly dependent on the initial level of phonological awareness. Possible reasons for the lack of training effects in the musical part of the combination condition as well as practical implications for early literacy education are discussed. KW - phonological awareness KW - musical training KW - phonological training KW - preschool children KW - early literacy Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165272 VL - 7 IS - 1803 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lange, Bastian A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Social anxiety changes the way we move—A social approach-avoidance task in a virtual reality CAVE system JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Investigating approach-avoidance behavior regarding affective stimuli is important in broadening the understanding of one of the most common psychiatric disorders, social anxiety disorder. Many studies in this field rely on approach-avoidance tasks, which mainly assess hand movements, or interpersonal distance measures, which return inconsistent results and lack ecological validity. Therefore, the present study introduces a virtual reality task, looking at avoidance parameters (movement time and speed, distance to social stimulus, gaze behavior) during whole-body movements. These complex movements represent the most ecologically valid form of approach and avoidance behavior. These are at the core of complex and natural social behavior. With this newly developed task, the present study examined whether high socially anxious individuals differ in avoidance behavior when bypassing another person, here virtual humans with neutral and angry facial expressions. Results showed that virtual bystanders displaying angry facial expressions were generally avoided by all participants. In addition, high socially anxious participants generally displayed enhanced avoidance behavior towards virtual people, but no specifically exaggerated avoidance behavior towards virtual people with a negative facial expression. The newly developed virtual reality task proved to be an ecological valid tool for research on complex approach-avoidance behavior in social situations. The first results revealed that whole body approach-avoidance behavior relative to passive bystanders is modulated by their emotional facial expressions and that social anxiety generally amplifies such avoidance. KW - emotions KW - face KW - behavior KW - social anxiety disorder KW - anxiolytics KW - analysis of variance KW - virtual reality KW - questionnaires Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200528 VL - 14 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lenhard, Alexandra A1 - Lenhard, Wolfgang A1 - Gary, Sebastian T1 - Continuous norming of psychometric tests: A simulation study of parametric and semi-parametric approaches JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Continuous norming methods have seldom been subjected to scientific review. In this simulation study, we compared parametric with semi-parametric continuous norming methods in psychometric tests by constructing a fictitious population model within which a latent ability increases with age across seven age groups. We drew samples of different sizes (n = 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 500 and 1,000 per age group) and simulated the results of an easy, medium, and difficult test scale based on Item Response Theory (IRT). We subjected the resulting data to different continuous norming methods and compared the data fit under the different test conditions with a representative cross-validation dataset of n = 10,000 per age group. The most significant differences were found in suboptimal (i.e., too easy or too difficult) test scales and in ability levels that were far from the population mean. We discuss the results with regard to the selection of the appropriate modeling techniques in psychometric test construction, the required sample sizes, and the requirement to report appropriate quantitative and qualitative test quality criteria for continuous norming methods in test manuals. KW - statistical models KW - simulation and modeling KW - psychometrics KW - age groups KW - skewness KW - normal distribution KW - polynomials KW - statistical distributions Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200480 VL - 14 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gromer, Daniel A1 - Reinke, Max A1 - Christner, Isabel A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Causal interactive links between presence and fear in virtual reality height exposure JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Virtual reality plays an increasingly important role in research and therapy of pathological fear. However, the mechanisms how virtual environments elicit and modify fear responses are not yet fully understood. Presence, a psychological construct referring to the ‘sense of being there’ in a virtual environment, is widely assumed to crucially influence the strength of the elicited fear responses, however, causality is still under debate. The present study is the first that experimentally manipulated both variables to unravel the causal link between presence and fear responses. Height-fearful participants (N = 49) were immersed into a virtual height situation and a neutral control situation (fear manipulation) with either high versus low sensory realism (presence manipulation). Ratings of presence and verbal and physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) fear responses were recorded. Results revealed an effect of the fear manipulation on presence, i.e., higher presence ratings in the height situation compared to the neutral control situation, but no effect of the presence manipulation on fear responses. However, the presence ratings during the first exposure to the high quality neutral environment were predictive of later fear responses in the height situation. Our findings support the hypothesis that experiencing emotional responses in a virtual environment leads to a stronger feeling of being there, i.e., increase presence. In contrast, the effects of presence on fear seem to be more complex: on the one hand, increased presence due to the quality of the virtual environment did not influence fear; on the other hand, presence variability that likely stemmed from differences in user characteristics did predict later fear responses. These findings underscore the importance of user characteristics in the emergence of presence. KW - presence KW - fear KW - virtual reality KW - visual realism KW - acrophobia Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201855 VL - 10 IS - 141 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lugo, Zulay R. A1 - Quitadamo, Lucia R. A1 - Bianchi, Luigi A1 - Pellas, Fréderic A1 - Veser, Sandra A1 - Lesenfants, Damien A1 - Real, Ruben G. L. A1 - Herbert, Cornelia A1 - Guger, Christoph A1 - Kotchoubey, Boris A1 - Mattia, Donatella A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Laureys, Steven A1 - Noirhomme, Quentin T1 - Cognitive Processing in Non-Communicative Patients: What Can Event-Related Potentials Tell Us? JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Event-related potentials (ERP) have been proposed to improve the differential diagnosis of non-responsive patients. We investigated the potential of the P300 as a reliable marker of conscious processing in patients with locked-in syndrome (LIS). Eleven chronic LIS patients and 10 healthy subjects (HS) listened to a complex-tone auditory oddball paradigm, first in a passive condition (listen to the sounds) and then in an active condition (counting the deviant tones). Seven out of nine HS displayed a P300 waveform in the passive condition and all in the active condition. HS showed statistically significant changes in peak and area amplitude between conditions. Three out of seven LIS patients showed the P3 waveform in the passive condition and five of seven in the active condition. No changes in peak amplitude and only a significant difference at one electrode in area amplitude were observed in this group between conditions. We conclude that, in spite of keeping full consciousness and intact or nearly intact cortical functions, compared to HS, LIS patients present less reliable results when testing with ERP, specifically in the passive condition. We thus strongly recommend applying ERP paradigms in an active condition when evaluating consciousness in non-responsive patients. KW - P300 KW - event-related potentials KW - locked-in syndrome KW - vegetative state KW - unresponsive wakefulness syndrome KW - minimally conscious state Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165165 VL - 10 IS - 569 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Sijie A1 - Allison, Brendan Z. A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Cichocki, Andrzej A1 - Wang, Xingyu A1 - Jin, Jing T1 - Effects of Background Music on Objective and Subjective Performance Measures in an Auditory BCI JF - Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience N2 - Several studies have explored brain computer interface (BCI) systems based on auditory stimuli, which could help patients with visual impairments. Usability and user satisfaction are important considerations in any BCI. Although background music can influence emotion and performance in other task environments, and many users may wish to listen to music while using a BCI, auditory, and other BCIs are typically studied without background music. Some work has explored the possibility of using polyphonic music in auditory BCI systems. However, this approach requires users with good musical skills, and has not been explored in online experiments. Our hypothesis was that an auditory BCI with background music would be preferred by subjects over a similar BCI without background music, without any difference in BCI performance. We introduce a simple paradigm (which does not require musical skill) using percussion instrument sound stimuli and background music, and evaluated it in both offline and online experiments. The result showed that subjects preferred the auditory BCI with background music. Different performance measures did not reveal any significant performance effect when comparing background music vs. no background. Since the addition of background music does not impair BCI performance but is preferred by users, auditory (and perhaps other) BCIs should consider including it. Our study also indicates that auditory BCIs can be effective even if the auditory channel is simultaneously otherwise engaged. KW - brain computer interface KW - event-related potentials KW - auditory KW - music background KW - audio stimulus Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165101 VL - 10 IS - 105 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neueder, Dorothea A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Contextual fear conditioning and fear generalization in individuals with panic attacks JF - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - Context conditioning is characterized by unpredictable threat and its generalization may constitute risk factors for panic disorder (PD). Therefore, we examined differences between individuals with panic attacks (PA; N = 21) and healthy controls (HC, N = 22) in contextual learning and context generalization using a virtual reality (VR) paradigm. Successful context conditioning was indicated in both groups by higher arousal, anxiety and contingency ratings, and increased startle responses and skin conductance levels (SCLs) in an anxiety context (CTX+) where an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) occurred unpredictably vs. a safety context (CTX−). PA compared to HC exhibited increased differential responding to CTX+ vs. CTX− and overgeneralization of contextual anxiety on an evaluative verbal level, but not on a physiological level. We conclude that increased contextual conditioning and contextual generalization may constitute risk factors for PD or agoraphobia contributing to the characteristic avoidance of anxiety contexts and withdrawal to safety contexts and that evaluative cognitive process may play a major role. KW - contextual fear conditioning KW - anxiety generalization KW - startle response KW - panic disorder KW - virtual reality Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201318 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reicherts, Philipp A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Mösler, Camilla A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. T1 - Placebo manipulations reverse pain potentiation by unpleasant affective stimuli JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry N2 - According to the motivational priming hypothesis, unpleasant stimuli activate the motivational defense system, which in turn promotes congruent affective states such as negative emotions and pain. The question arises to what degree this bottom–up impact of emotions on pain is susceptible to a manipulation of top–down-driven expectations. To this end, we investigated whether verbal instructions implying pain potentiation vs. reduction (placebo or nocebo expectations)—later on confirmed by corresponding experiences (placebo or nocebo conditioning)—might alter behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of pain modulation by unpleasant pictures. We compared two groups, which underwent three experimental phases: first, participants were either instructed that watching unpleasant affective pictures would increase pain (nocebo group) or that watching unpleasant pictures would decrease pain (placebo group) relative to neutral pictures. During the following placebo/nocebo-conditioning phase, pictures were presented together with electrical pain stimuli of different intensities, reinforcing the instructions. In the subsequent test phase, all pictures were presented again combined with identical pain stimuli. Electroencephalogram was recorded in order to analyze neurophysiological responses of pain (somatosensory evoked potential) and picture processing [visually evoked late positive potential (LPP)], in addition to pain ratings. In the test phase, ratings of pain stimuli administered while watching unpleasant relative to neutral pictures were significantly higher in the nocebo group, thus confirming the motivational priming effect for pain perception. In the placebo group, this effect was reversed such that unpleasant compared with neutral pictures led to significantly lower pain ratings. Similarly, somatosensory evoked potentials were decreased during unpleasant compared with neutral pictures, in the placebo group only. LPPs of the placebo group failed to discriminate between unpleasant and neutral pictures, while the LPPs of the nocebo group showed a clear differentiation. We conclude that the placebo manipulation already affected the processing of the emotional stimuli and, in consequence, the processing of the pain stimuli. In summary, the study revealed that the modulation of pain by emotions, albeit a reliable and well-established finding, is further tuned by reinforced expectations—known to induce placebo/nocebo effects—which should be addressed in future research and considered in clinical applications. KW - placebo and nocebo effects KW - emotion processing KW - psychological pain modulation KW - late positive potential KW - somatosensory evoked potential Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201200 VL - 10 IS - 663 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hoffmann, Mareike T1 - Effector System Prioritization in Multitasking T1 - Effektorsystempriorisierung im Multitasking N2 - Multitasking, defined as performing more than one task at a time, typically yields performance decrements, for instance, in processing speed and accuracy. These performance costs are often distributed asymmetrically among the involved tasks. Under suitable conditions, this can be interpreted as a marker for prioritization of one task – the one that suffers less – over the other. One source of such task prioritization is based on the use of different effector systems (e.g., oculomotor system, vocal tract, limbs) and their characteristics. The present work explores such effector system-based task prioritization by examining to which extent associated effector systems determine which task is processed with higher priority in multitasking situations. Thus, three different paradigms are used, namely the simultaneous (stimulus) onset paradigm, the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm, and the task switching paradigm. These paradigms invoke situations in which two (in the present studies basic spatial decision) tasks are a) initiated at exactly the same time, b) initiated with a short varying temporal distance (but still temporally overlapping), or c) in which tasks alternate randomly (without temporal overlap). The results allow for three major conclusions: 1. The assumption of effector system-based task prioritization according to an ordinal pattern (oculomotor > pedal > vocal > manual, indicating decreasing prioritization) is supported by the observed data in the simultaneous onset paradigm. This data pattern cannot be explained by a rigid “first come, first served” task scheduling principle. 2. The data from the PRP paradigm confirmed the assumption of vocal-over-manual prioritization and showed that classic PRP effects (as a marker for task order-based prioritization) can be modulated by effector system characteristics. 3. The mere cognitive representation of task sets (that must be held active to switch between them) differing in effector systems without an actual temporal overlap in task processing, however, is not sufficient to elicit the same effector system prioritization phenomena observed for overlapping tasks. In summary, the insights obtained by the present work support the assumptions of parallel central task processing and resource sharing among tasks, as opposed to exclusively serial processing of central processing stages. Moreover, they indicate that effector systems are a crucial factor in multitasking and suggest an integration of corresponding weighting parameters in existing dual-task control frameworks. N2 - Das gleichzeitige Bearbeiten von mehreren Aufgaben (Multitasking) führt in der Regel zu schlechterer Performanz, zum Beispiel bezüglich Geschwindigkeit und Genauigkeit der Aufgabenausführung. Diese sogenannten Doppelaufgaben- (oder Multitasking-) Kosten sind oft asymmetrisch auf die involvierten Aufgaben verteilt. Dies kann unter bestimmten Gegebenheiten als Priorisierung von jenen Aufgaben, die mit geringeren Kosten assoziiert sind über jene, die stärker durch die Doppelaufgabensituation leiden, interpretiert werden. Eine Quelle für solch eine Aufgabenpriorisierung sind unterschiedliche Effektorsysteme (z.B. Blickbewegungsapparat, Extremitäten, Vokaltrakt), mit denen die Aufgaben jeweils ausgeführt werden sollen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht solche effektorsystembasierte Priorisierung, das heißt, inwiefern assoziierte Effektorsysteme determinieren, ob Aufgaben in Multitasking-Situationen priorisiert verarbeitet werden. Dazu wurden drei verschiedene experimentelle Paradigmen genutzt: a) das „Simultane Stimulus-Darbietungs-Paradigma“, b) das „Psychologische Refraktärperioden-Paradigma“ und c) das „Aufgabenwechsel-Paradigma“. Innerhalb dieser Paradigmen werden Reaktionen (Reaktionszeiten und Fehlerraten) gemessen und zwischen verschiedenen Effektorsystemen verglichen, die a) zum genau gleichen Zeitpunkt gestartet werden, b) mit einem kurzen, variierten zeitlichen Versatz gestartet werden, aber in ihrer Ausführung überlappen, oder c) zwischen denen in unvorhersehbarer Reihenfolge hin und her gewechselt werden soll. Entsprechend dieser drei Ansätze erlauben die Ergebnisse drei wichtige Schlussfolgerungen: 1. Unter simultanem Einsetzen der Aufgabenverarbeitung (und damit ohne extern suggerierte Reihenfolge) folgen Doppelaufgabenkontrollprozesse einem ordinalen Priorisierungsmuster auf Basis der mit den Aufgaben assoziierten Effektorsysteme in der Reihenfolge: okulomotorisch > pedal > vokal > manuell (im Sinne einer absteigenden Priorisierung). Dieses Muster ist nicht durch Bearbeitungsgeschwindigkeit im Sinne eines „wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst“-Prinzips erklärbar. 2. Eine Aufgabenpriorisierung, die auf einer externen Aufgabenreihenfolge basiert (gemessen im PRP-Effekt), kann durch die mit den Aufgaben assoziierten Effektorsysteme moduliert werden. 3. Systematische effektorsystembasierte Aufgabenpriorisierung ist nur dann konsistent zu beobachten, wenn Teile der Aufgabenverarbeitung zeitlich überlappen. Eine rein mentale Repräsentation einer Aufgabe, die in einem anderen Effektorsystem ausgeführt werden soll, reicht nicht dazu aus, um das oben beschriebene Priorisierungsmuster vollständig zu instanziieren. Alles in allem sprechen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit für parallele (und gegen ausschließlich serielle) Reaktionsauswahlprozesse und dafür, dass limitierte kognitive Ressourcen zwischen Aufgaben aufgeteilt werden. Außerdem zeigen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse den substantiellen Einfluss von Effektorsystemen auf Ressourcenzuweisungsprozesse in Mehrfachaufgabensituationen und legen nahe, entsprechende Gewichtungsparameter in bestehende Modelle zu Doppelaufgabenkontrolle zu integrieren. KW - Mehrfachtätigkeit KW - task prioritization KW - response modalities KW - cognitive control KW - Multitasking KW - Effektorsysteme Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201084 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Norbert A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Interaction of oculomotor and manual behavior: evidence from simulated driving in an approach–avoidance steering task JF - Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications N2 - Background While the coordination of oculomotor and manual behavior is essential for driving a car, surprisingly little is known about this interaction, especially in situations requiring a quick steering reaction. In the present study, we analyzed oculomotor gaze and manual steering behavior in approach and avoidance tasks. Three task blocks were implemented within a dynamic simulated driving environment requiring the driver either to steer away from/toward a visual stimulus or to switch between both tasks. Results Task blocks requiring task switches were associated with higher manual response times and increased error rates. Manual response times did not significantly differ depending on whether drivers had to steer away from vs toward a stimulus, whereas oculomotor response times and gaze pattern variability were increased when drivers had to steer away from a stimulus compared to steering toward a stimulus. Conclusion The increased manual response times and error rates in mixed tasks indicate performance costs associated with cognitive flexibility, while the increased oculomotor response times and gaze pattern variability indicate a parsimonious cross-modal action control strategy (avoiding stimulus fixation prior to steering away from it) for the avoidance scenario. Several discrepancies between these results and typical eye–hand interaction patterns in basic laboratory research suggest that the specific goals and complex perceptual affordances associated with driving a vehicle strongly shape cross-modal control of behavior. KW - steering KW - driving simulation KW - gaze control KW - visual orientation Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200419 VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Frings, Christian A1 - Moeller, Birte T1 - The Role of Congruency for Distractor-Response Binding: A Caveat JF - Advances in Cognitive Psychologe N2 - Responding in the presence of stimuli leads to an integration of stimulus features and response features into event fles, which can later be retrieved to assist action control. This integration mechanism is not limited to target stimuli, but can also include distractors (distractor-response binding). A recurring research question is which factors determine whether or not distractors are integrated. One suggested candidate factor is target-distractor congruency: Distractor-response binding effects were reported to be stronger for congruent than for incongruent target-distractor pairs. Here, we discuss a general problem with including the factor of congruency in typical analyses used to study distractor-based binding effects. Integrating this factor leads to a confound that may explain any differences between distractor-response binding effects of congruent and incongruent distractors with a simple congruency effect. Simulation data confrmed this argument. We propose to interpret previous data cautiously and discuss potential avenues to circumvent this problem in the future. KW - action control KW - distractor-response binding KW - congruency sequences KW - sequence analysis Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200265 VL - 15 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit A1 - Hoffmann, Sophie A1 - Salditt, Anne A1 - Bipp, Tanja A1 - Froboese, Ingo T1 - Moving to an “active” biophilic designed office workplace: a pilot study about the effects on sitting time and sitting habits of office-based workers JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Promising initial insights show that offices designed to permit physical activity (PA) may reduce workplace sitting time. Biophilic approaches are intended to introduce natural surroundings into the workplace, and preliminary data show positive effects on stress reduction and elevated productivity within the workplace. The primary aim of this pilot study was to analyze changes in workplace sitting time and self-reported habit strength concerning uninterrupted sitting and PA during work, when relocating from a traditional office setting to “active” biophilic-designed surroundings. The secondary aim was to assess possible changes in work-associated factors such as satisfaction with the office environment, work engagement, and work performance, among office staff. In a pre-post designed field study, we collected data through an online survey on health behavior at work. Twelve participants completed the survey before (one-month pre-relocation, T1) and twice after the office relocation (three months (T2) and seven months post-relocation (T3)). Standing time per day during office hours increased from T1 to T3 by about 40 min per day (p < 0.01). Other outcomes remained unaltered. The results suggest that changing office surroundings to an active-permissive biophilic design increased standing time during working hours. Future larger-scale controlled studies are warranted to investigate the influence of office design on sitting time and work-associated factors during working hours in depth. KW - desk-based KW - office-workers KW - standing KW - online survey KW - walking KW - work engagement KW - habit strength KW - work performance KW - office environment Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197371 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 16 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eder, Andreas B. A1 - Dignath, David T1 - Expected value of control and the motivational control of habitual action JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - A hallmark of habitual actions is that, once they are established, they become insensitive to changes in the values of action outcomes. In this article, we review empirical research that examined effects of posttraining changes in outcome values in outcome-selective Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks. This review suggests that cue-instigated action tendencies in these tasks are not affected by weak and/or incomplete revaluation procedures (e.g., selective satiety) and substantially disrupted by a strong and complete devaluation of reinforcers. In a second part, we discuss two alternative models of a motivational control of habitual action: a default-interventionist framework and expected value of control theory. It is argued that the default-interventionist framework cannot solve the problem of an infinite regress (i.e., what controls the controller?). In contrast, expected value of control can explain control of habitual actions with local computations and feedback loops without (implicit) references to control homunculi. It is argued that insensitivity to changes in action outcomes is not an intrinsic design feature of habits but, rather, a function of the cognitive system that controls habitual action tendencies. KW - habit KW - outcome devaluation KW - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer KW - default-interventionist framework KW - expected value of control KW - cognitive control Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-195703 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 10 IS - 1812 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rösler, Lara A1 - Rubo, Marius A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Artificial faces predict gaze allocation in complex dynamic scenes JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Both low-level physical saliency and social information, as presented by human heads or bodies, are known to drive gaze behavior in free-viewing tasks. Researchers have previously made use of a great variety of face stimuli, ranging from photographs of real humans to schematic faces, frequently without systematically differentiating between the two. In the current study, we used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) approach to investigate to what extent schematic artificial faces can predict gaze when they are presented alone or in competition with real human faces. Relative differences in predictive power became apparent, while GLMMs suggest substantial effects for real and artificial faces in all conditions. Artificial faces were accordingly less predictive than real human faces but still contributed significantly to gaze allocation. These results help to further our understanding of how social information guides gaze in complex naturalistic scenes. KW - social attention KW - faces KW - physical saliency KW - visual perception KW - naturalistic scenes KW - eye movements Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193024 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 10 IS - 2877 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rodríguez-Martín, Boris C. A1 - Meule, Adrian T1 - Food craving: new contributions on its assessment, moderators, and consequences T2 - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - No abstract available. KW - food KW - cravings KW - emotional eating KW - obesity KW - pregnancy KW - binge eating KW - food addiction Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190299 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 21 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matuz, Tamara A1 - Birbaumer, Niels A1 - Hautzinger, Martin A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Psychosocial adjustment to ALS: a longitudinal study JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - For the current study the Lazarian stress-coping theory and the appendant model of psychosocial adjustment to chronic illness and disabilities (Pakenham, 1999) has shaped the foundation for identifying determinants of adjustment to ALS. We aimed to investigate the evolution of psychosocial adjustment to ALS and to determine its long-term predictors. A longitudinal study design with four measurement time points was therefore, used to assess patients' quality of life, depression, and stress-coping model related aspects, such as illness characteristics, social support, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies during a period of 2 years. Regression analyses revealed that 55% of the variance of severity of depressive symptoms and 47% of the variance in quality of life at T2 was accounted for by all the T1 predictor variables taken together. On the level of individual contributions, protective buffering, and appraisal of own coping potential accounted for a significant percentage in the variance in severity of depressive symptoms, whereas problem management coping strategies explained variance in quality of life scores. Illness characteristics at T2 did not explain any variance of both adjustment outcomes. Overall, the pattern of the longitudinal results indicated stable depressive symptoms and quality of life indices reflecting a successful adjustment to the disease across four measurement time points during a period of about two years. Empirical evidence is provided for the predictive value of social support, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies, but not illness parameters such as severity and duration for adaptation to ALS. The current study contributes to a better conceptualization of adjustment, allowing us to provide evidence-based support beyond medical and physical intervention for people with ALS. KW - ALS KW - coping KW - depression KW - quality of life KW - longitudinal assessment Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190208 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 1197 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strack, Fritz A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Weyers, Peter T1 - Editorial: Emotion and Behavior JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - No abstract available. KW - emotions KW - behavior KW - approach KW - avoidance KW - impulsive behavior Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190177 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 7 IS - 313 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eder, Andreas B. A1 - Rothermund, Klaus A1 - Hommel, Bernhard T1 - Commentary: Contrasting motivational orientation and evaluative coding accounts: on the need to differentiate the effectors of approach/avoidance responses JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - A commentary on "Contrasting motivational orientation and evaluative coding accounts: on the need to differentiate the effectors of approach/avoidance responses" by Kozlik, J., Neumann, R., and Lozo, L. (2015). Front. Psychol. 6:563. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00563 KW - evaluative coding account KW - motivational systems KW - approach-avoidance KW - stimulus-response compatibility KW - Theory of Event Coding (TEC) Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190141 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 7 IS - 163 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ghafoor, Hina T1 - Coping with Psychosocial Stress: Examining the Roles of Emotional Intelligence and Coping Strategies in Germany and Pakistan T1 - Coping mit Psychosozialem Stress: Eine Untersuchung zur Rolle Emotionaler Intelligenz und Bewältigungsstrategien in Deutschland und Pakistan N2 - Maladaptive coping mechanisms influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of individuals facing acute and chronic stress. Trait emotional intelligence (EI) may provide a protective shield against the debilitating effects of maladaptive coping thus contributing to maintained HRQoL. Low trait EI, on the other hand, may predispose individuals to apply maladaptive coping, consequently resulting in lower HRQoL. The current research is comprised of two studies. Study 1 was designed to investigate the protective effects of trait EI and its utility for efficient coping in dealing with the stress caused by chronic heart failure (CHF) in a cross-cultural setting (Pakistan vs Germany). N = 200 CHF patients were recruited at cardiology institutes of Multan, Pakistan and Würzburg as well as Brandenburg, Germany. Path analysis confirmed the expected relation between low trait EI and low HRQoL and revealed that this association was mediated by maladaptive metacognitions and negative coping strategies in Pakistani but not German CHF patients. Interestingly, also the specific coping strategies were culture-specific. The Pakistani sample considered religious coping to be highly important, whereas the German sample was focused on adopting a healthy lifestyle such as doing exercise. These findings are in line with cultural characteristics suggesting that German CHF patients have an internal locus of control as compared to an external locus of control in Pakistani CHF patients. Finally, the findings from study 1 corroborate the culture-independent validity of the metacognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. In addition to low trait EI, high interoception accuracy (IA) may predispose individuals to interpret cardiac symptoms as threatening, thus leading to anxiety. To examine this proposition, Study 2 compared individuals with high vs low IA in dealing with a psychosocial stressor (public speaking) in an experimental lab study. In addition, a novel physiological intervention named transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (t-VNS) and cognitive reappraisal (CR) were applied during and after the anticipation of the speech in order to facilitate coping with stress. N= 99 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Results showed interesting descriptive results that only reached trend level. They suggested a tendency of high IA individuals to perceive the situation as more threatening as indicated by increased heart rate and reduced heart rate variability in the high-frequency spectrum as well as high subjective anxiety during anticipation of and actual performance of the speech. This suggests a potential vulnerability of high IA individuals for developing anxiety disorders, specifically social anxiety disorder, in case negative self-focused attention and negative evaluation is applied to the (more prominently perceived) increased cardiac responding during anticipation of and the actual presentation of the public speech. The study did not reveal any significant protective effects of t-VNS and CR. In summary, the current research suggested that low trait EI and high IA predicted worse psychological adjustment to chronic and acute distress. Low trait EI facilitated maladaptive metacognitive processes resulting in the use of negative coping strategies in Study 1; however, increased IA regarding cardioceptions predicted high physiological arousal in study 2. Finally, the German vs. the Pakistani culture greatly affected the preference for specific coping strategies. These findings have implications for caregivers to provide culture-specific treatments on the one hand. On the other hand, they highlight high IA as a possible vulnerability to be targeted for the prevention of (social) anxiety. N2 - Maladaptive Copingmechanismen beeinflussen die auf die Gesundheit bezogene Lebensqualität (HRQoL) von Individuen, die akutem oder chronischem Stress ausgesetzt sind. Emotionale Intelligenz (EI) im Sinne eines Persönlichkeitsmerkmals (Trait) könnte gegen schwächende Einflüsse maladaptiven Copings schützen und so zur Aufrechterhaltung einer hohen HRQoL beitragen. Andererseits könnte niedrige EI Personen dazu prädisponieren, dass sie maladaptives Coping anwenden, was wiederum eine niedrige HRQoL zur Folge hätte. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit umfasst zwei Studien. Studie 1 ist konzipiert, um schützende Einflüsse von Trait EI und deren Nutzen für wirkungsvolles Coping im Umgang mit Stress zu untersuchen, welcher durch chronische Herzinsuffizienz (CHF) verursacht wurde. Für diese kulturvergleichende Stude (Pakistan vs. Deutschland) wurden 200 Patienten mit CHF an kardiologischen Kliniken in Multan (Pakistan), sowie in Würzburg und Brandenburg (Deutschland) rekrutiert. Eine Pfadanalyse bestätigte den erwarteten Zusammenhang zwischen niedriger Trait EI und niedriger HRQoL. Bei Patienten aus Pakistan, nicht aber bei deutschen CHF Patienten, wurde diese Assoziation durch maladaptive Metakognitionen und schlechte Coping Strategien mediiert. Interessanterweise waren auch die spezifischen Coping Strategien stark kulturspezifisch. Die pakistanischen Probanden bewerteten religiöses Coping als sehr wichtig, wohingegen die deutschen Teilnehmer darauf bedacht waren, einen gesunden Lebensstil zu entwickeln, wie z.B. Sport zu treiben. Diese Befunde entsprechen kulturellen Charakteristika: Während deutsche CHF Patienten eher einen internen „Locus of Control“ haben (d.h. Patienten such die Ursache für Probleme eher bei sich selbst), ist für die pakistanische Kluter ein externer „Locus of Control“ typisch (d.h. Patienten schreiben eher den Umständen die Verantwortung für Probleme zu). Die Ergebnisse von Studie 1 untermauern auperdem kulturunabhängig die Validität des metakognitiven Models der generalisierten Angststörung. Neben zu niedriger Trait EI könnte eine hohe Genauigkeit der Wahrnehmung von Körpersignalen, d.h. Interozzeption (IA), Personen dafür prädisponieren, kardiale Symptome als bedrohlich zu interpretieren, was wiederum zu Angstzuständen führen kann. Um diese Hypothese zu prüfen, wurde in Studie 2 der Umgang von Personen mit hoher vs. niedriger IA mit einer psychosozialen Stresssituation (öffentliches Sprechen) in einem Laborexeriment verglichen. Zusätzlich wurde eine innovative, physiologische Intervention, die transkutane Vagus Nerv Stimulation (t-VNS), sowie kognitives Reappraisal (CR) während der Antizipation und der Durchführung der öffentlichen Rede durchgeführt, um den Umgang mit Stress zu verbessern. N=99 Freiwillige nahmen an der Studie teil. Einige Ergebnisse waren erreichten Trend Nivea, waren deskriptiv aber sehr interessant und wiesen konsistent in eine Richtung, die im Einklang mit einschlägigen Theorien steht. Demnach tendierten Personen mit hoher IA dazu, die Situation als bedrohlicher wahrzunehmen. Dies schlug sich in einem erhöhten Puls, reduzierter Herzfrequenzvariabilität im Hochfrequenzspektrum sowie hoher subjektive Angst während Erwartung und tatsächlichen Darbietung der Rede nieder. Dies deutet auf eine mögliche Vulnerabilität von Personen mit hoher IA hin, Angststörungen zu entwickeln, besonders eine soziale Angststörung. Falls Personen mit hoher IA und dementsprechend einer stärkeren Wahrnehmung der stärker auftretenden physiologischen Symptome während der Antizipation von sozialem Stress diese aufgrund von selbstfokussierter Aufmerksamkeit hypervigilant beobachten und negativ bewerten, könnte dies zu Vermeidung führen, die durch operante Verstärkung in soziale Angst münden könnte. Die Studie fand keine signifikanten protektiven Effekte von t-VNS und CR. Zusammenfassend legen die vorliegenden Studien nahe, dass niedrige Trait EI und hohe IA eine schlechte psychologische Anpassung an chronischen und akuten Stress voraussagen. Low Trait EI begünstigte maladaptive metakognitive Prozesse, die sich in Studie 1 in dem Gebrauch ungünstiger Coping Strategien zeigten. Weiterhin prädizierte in Studie 2 eine erhöhte IA in Bezug auf die Wahrnehmung der eigenen Herztätigkeit eine hohe physiologische Erregung. Schließlich beeinflusste die deutsche bzw. pakistanische Kultur stark die Wahl der spezifischen Bewältigungsstrategien. Diese Befunde unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit kulturspezifischer Anapssungen von Psychotherapie und Prävention. Weiterhin betonen sie die Rolle hoher IA als mögliche Vulnerabilität für (soziale) Ängstlichkeit, so dass hohe IA als Indikator für präventive Maßnahmen genutzt werden könnte um ein eventuelles Aufkeimen (soziale) Ängstlichkeit zu verhindern. KW - Psychosocial stress KW - Psychosozialer Stress KW - coping KW - trait emotional intelligence KW - cross-cultural differences KW - interoception KW - emotionale intelligenz KW - interkulturelle Unterschiede KW - stress reactivity KW - Deutschland KW - Pakistan KW - Stress KW - Bewältigung Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193519 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kaß, Christina T1 - Unnecessary Alarms in Driving: The Impact of Discrepancies between Human and Machine Situation Awareness on Drivers’ Perception and Behaviour T1 - Unnötige Warnungen beim Fahren: Der Einfluss von Diskrepanzen zwischen menschlichem und maschinellem Situationsbewusstsein auf Wahrnehmung und Verhalten N2 - Forward Collision Alarms (FCA) intend to signal hazardous traffic situations and the need for an immediate corrective driver response. However, data of naturalistic driving studies revealed that approximately the half of all alarms activated by conventional FCA systems represented unnecessary alarms. In these situations, the alarm activation was correct according to the implemented algorithm, whereas the alarms led to no or only minimal driver responses. Psychological research can make an important contribution to understand drivers’ needs when interacting with driver assistance systems. The overarching objective of this thesis was to gain a systematic understanding of psychological factors and processes that influence drivers’ perceived need for assistance in potential collision situations. To elucidate under which conditions drivers perceive alarms as unnecessary, a theoretical framework of drivers’ subjective alarm evaluation was developed. A further goal was to investigate the impact of unnecessary alarms on drivers’ responses and acceptance. Four driving simulator studies were carried out to examine the outlined research questions. In line with the hypotheses derived from the theoretical framework, the results suggest that drivers’ perceived need for assistance is determined by their retrospective subjective hazard perception. While predictions of conventional FCA systems are exclusively based on physical measurements resulting in a time to collision, human drivers additionally consider their own manoeuvre intentions and those attributed to other road users to anticipate the further course of a potentially critical situation. When drivers anticipate a dissolving outcome of a potential conflict, they perceive the situation as less hazardous than the system. Based on this discrepancy, the system would activate an alarm, while drivers’ perceived need for assistance is low. To sum up, the described factors and processes cause drivers to perceive certain alarms as unnecessary. Although drivers accept unnecessary alarms less than useful alarms, unnecessary alarms do not reduce their overall system acceptance. While unnecessary alarms cause moderate driver responses in the short term, the intensity of responses decrease with multiple exposures to unnecessary alarms. However, overall, effects of unnecessary alarms on drivers’ alarm responses and acceptance seem to be rather uncritical. This thesis provides insights into human factors that explain when FCAs are perceived as unnecessary. These factors might contribute to design FCA systems tailored to drivers’ needs. N2 - Kollisionswarnungen sollen Fahrer auf gefährliche Situationen aufmerksam machen und ihnen die Notwendigkeit einer sofortigen Reaktion signalisieren. Feldstudien zeigten jedoch, dass etwa die Hälfte aller Warnungen, die von herkömmlichen Kollisionswarnsystemen ausgegeben wurden, als unnötig einzustufen sind. Diese Warnungen wurden zwar auf Grundlage des implementierten Algorithmus korrekterweise aktiviert, allerdings führten sie zu keinen oder nur geringen Fahrerreaktionen. Psychologische Forschung kann einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis des tatsächlichen Assistenzbedarfs der Fahrer im Umgang mit Fahrerassistenzsystemen leisten. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte psychologische Faktoren und Prozesse, die Einfluss auf den wahrgenommenen Assistenzbedarf des Fahrers in potenziellen Kollisionssituationen haben. Um Bedingungen identifizieren zu können, unter denen Fahrer Warnungen als unnötig bewerten, wurde ein theoretisches Rahmenmodell entwickelt. Des Weiteren wurden die Auswirkungen unnötiger Warnungen auf die Reaktionen und die Akzeptanz der Fahrer untersucht. In diesem Rahmen wurden vier Fahrsimulatorstudien durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der wahrgenommene Assistenzbedarf der Fahrer durch ihre subjektive Gefahrenwahrnehmung vorhergesagt wird. Während das System den weiteren Verlauf einer potenziell gefährlichen Situation ausschließlich anhand physikalischer Messungen vorhersagt, berücksichtigen Fahrer zusätzlich ihre eigenen Manöverintentionen und Intentionen, die sie anderen Verkehrsteilnehmern zuschreiben. Wenn Fahrer vorhersagen können, dass sich der potenzielle Konflikt im weiteren Verlauf auflösen wird, bewerten sie die Situation ungefährlicher als das System. Eine solche Diskrepanz führt dazu, dass das System eine Warnung ausgibt, obwohl der Assistenzbedarf des Fahrers gering ist. Dadurch wird die Warnung als unnötig bewertet. Darüber hinaus ist die Akzeptanz für unnötige Warnungen geringer als für nützliche, wobei dies keine Auswirkungen auf die Gesamtakzeptanz eines Kollisionswarnsystems hat. Während Fahrer zunächst moderat auf unnötige Warnungen reagieren, wird die Intensität ihrer Reaktionen mit wiederholtem Erleben unnötiger Warnungen geringer. Insgesamt scheinen die Auswirkungen unnötiger Alarme auf die Alarmreaktionen und die Akzeptanz der Fahrer jedoch eher unkritisch zu sein. Die Ergebnisse erklären, durch welche menschlichen Faktoren Fahrer Kollisionswarnungen als unnötig wahrnehmen. Diese Faktoren können dazu beitragen, Warnungen an den tatsächlichen Assistenzbedarf der Fahrer anzupassen. KW - Fahrerassistenzsystem KW - Zusammenstoß KW - unnecessary alarm KW - anticipation KW - situation awareness KW - need for assistance KW - manoeuvre intention KW - Unnötige Warnung KW - Assistenzbedarf KW - Manöverintention KW - Warnung KW - Verkehrspsychologie KW - Antizipation KW - Situationsbewusstsein Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192520 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Foerster, Anna A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Reuss, Heiko A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Commentary: Feeling the Conflict: The Crucial Role of Conflict Experience in Adaptation JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - A commentary on: Feeling the Conflict: The Crucial Role of Conflict Experience in Adaptationby Desender, K., Van Opstal, F., and Van den Bussche, E. (2014). Psychol. Sci. 25, 675–683. doi:10.1177/0956797613511468 Conflict adaptation in masked priming has recently been proposed to rely not on successful conflictresolution but rather on conflict experience (Desender et al., 2014). We re-assessed this proposal ina direct replication and also tested a potential confound due toconflict strength. The data supported this alternative view, but also failed to replicate basic conflict adaptation effects of the original studydespite considerable power. KW - conflict adaptation KW - conflict experience KW - conflict strength KW - cognitive conflict KW - cognitive control Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190032 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 IS - 1405 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Madan, Christopher R. A1 - Bayer, Janine A1 - Gamer, Matthias A1 - Lonsdorf, Tina B. A1 - Sommer, Tobias T1 - Visual Complexity and Affect: Ratings Reflect More Than Meets the Eye JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Pictorial stimuli can vary on many dimensions, several aspects of which are captured by the term ‘visual complexity.’ Visual complexity can be described as, “a picture of a few objects, colors, or structures would be less complex than a very colorful picture of many objects that is composed of several components.” Prior studies have reported a relationship between affect and visual complexity, where complex pictures are rated as more pleasant and arousing. However, a relationship in the opposite direction, an effect of affect on visual complexity, is also possible; emotional arousal and valence are known to influence selective attention and visual processing. In a series of experiments, we found that ratings of visual complexity correlated with affective ratings, and independently also with computational measures of visual complexity. These computational measures did not correlate with affect, suggesting that complexity ratings are separately related to distinct factors. We investigated the relationship between affect and ratings of visual complexity, finding an ‘arousal-complexity bias’ to be a robust phenomenon. Moreover, we found this bias could be attenuated when explicitly indicated but did not correlate with inter-individual difference measures of affective processing, and was largely unrelated to cognitive and eyetracking measures. Taken together, the arousal-complexity bias seems to be caused by a relationship between arousal and visual processing as it has been described for the greater vividness of arousing pictures. The described arousal-complexity bias is also of relevance from an experimental perspective because visual complexity is often considered a variable to control for when using pictorial stimuli. KW - visual complexity KW - affect KW - arousal KW - valence KW - eyetracking KW - emotion Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190015 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 IS - 2368 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trafimow, David A1 - Amrhein, Valentin A1 - Areshenkoff, Corson N. A1 - Barrera-Causil, Carlos J. A1 - Beh, Eric J. A1 - Bilgiç, Yusuf K. A1 - Bono, Roser A1 - Bradley, Michael T. A1 - Briggs, William M. A1 - Cepeda-Freyre, Héctor A. A1 - Chaigneau, Sergio E. A1 - Ciocca, Daniel R. A1 - Correa, Juan C. A1 - Cousineau, Denis A1 - de Boer, Michiel R. A1 - Dhar, Subhra S. A1 - Dolgov, Igor A1 - Gómez-Benito, Juana A1 - Grendar, Marian A1 - Grice, James W. A1 - Guerrero-Gimenez, Martin E. A1 - Gutiérrez, Andrés A1 - Huedo-Medina, Tania B. A1 - Jaffe, Klaus A1 - Janyan, Armina A1 - Karimnezhad, Ali A1 - Korner-Nievergelt, Fränzi A1 - Kosugi, Koji A1 - Lachmair, Martin A1 - Ledesma, Rubén D. A1 - Limongi, Roberto A1 - Liuzza, Marco T. A1 - Lombardo, Rosaria A1 - Marks, Michael J. A1 - Meinlschmidt, Gunther A1 - Nalborczyk, Ladislas A1 - Nguyen, Hung T. A1 - Ospina, Raydonal A1 - Perezgonzalez, Jose D. A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Rahona, Juan J. A1 - Rodríguez-Medina, David A. A1 - Romão, Xavier A1 - Ruiz-Fernández, Susana A1 - Suarez, Isabel A1 - Tegethoff, Marion A1 - Tejo, Mauricio A1 - van de Schoot, Rens A1 - Vankov, Ivan I. A1 - Velasco-Forero, Santiago A1 - Wang, Tonghui A1 - Yamada, Yuki A1 - Zoppino, Felipe C. M. A1 - Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando T1 - Manipulating the Alpha Level Cannot Cure Significance Testing JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = 0.05 to p = 0.005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance testing altogether. There are alternatives that address study design and sample size much more directly than significance testing does; but none of the statistical tools should be taken as the new magic method giving clear-cut mechanical answers. Inference should not be based on single studies at all, but on cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. When evaluating the strength of the evidence, we should consider, for example, auxiliary assumptions, the strength of the experimental design, and implications for applications. To boil all this down to a binary decision based on a p-value threshold of 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, or anything else, is not acceptable. KW - statistical significance KW - null hypothesis testing KW - p-value KW - significance testing KW - decision making Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189973 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 IS - 699 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zürn, Michael A1 - Strack, Fritz T1 - When More Is Better – Consumption Priming Decreases Responders’ Rejections in the Ultimatum Game JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - During the past decades, economic theories of rational choice have been exposed to outcomes that were severe challenges to their claim of universal validity. For example, traditional theories cannot account for refusals to cooperate if cooperation would result in higher payoffs. A prominent illustration are responders’ rejections of positive but unequal payoffs in the Ultimatum Game. To accommodate this anomaly in a rational framework one needs to assume both a preference for higher payoffs and a preference for equal payoffs. The current set of studies shows that the relative weight of these preference components depends on external conditions and that consumption priming may decrease responders’ rejections of unequal payoffs. Specifically, we demonstrate that increasing the accessibility of consumption-related information accentuates the preference for higher payoffs. Furthermore, consumption priming increased responders’ reaction times for unequal payoffs which suggests an increased conflict between both preference components. While these results may also be integrated into existing social preference models, we try to identify some basic psychological processes underlying economic decision making. Going beyond the Ultimatum Game, we propose that a distinction between comparative and deductive evaluations may provide a more general framework to account for various anomalies in behavioral economics. KW - Ultimatum Game KW - comparison KW - consumption priming KW - evaluation KW - cognitive processes Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189989 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 IS - 2226 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolff, Hans-Georg A1 - Weikamp, Julia G. A1 - Batinic, Bernad T1 - Implicit Motives as Determinants of Networking Behaviors JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - In today’s world of work, networking behaviors are an important and viable strategy to enhance success in work and career domains. Concerning personality as an antecedent of networking behaviors, prior studies have exclusively relied on trait perspectives that focus on how people feel, think, and act. Adopting a motivational perspective on personality, we enlarge this focus and argue that beyond traits predominantly tapping social content, motives shed further light on instrumental aspects of networking – or why people network. We use McClelland’s implicit motives framework of need for power (nPow), need for achievement (nAch), and need for affiliation (nAff) to examine instrumental determinants of networking. Using a facet theoretical approach to networking behaviors, we predict differential relations of these three motives with facets of (1) internal vs. external networking and (2) building, maintaining, and using contacts. We conducted an online study, in which we temporally separate measures (N = 539 employed individuals) to examine our hypotheses. Using multivariate latent regression, we show that nAch is related to networking in general. In line with theoretical differences between networking facets, we find that nAff is positively related to building contacts, whereas nPow is positively related to using internal contacts. In sum, this study shows that networking is not only driven by social factors (i.e., nAff), but instead the achievement motive is the most important driver of networking behaviors. KW - networking KW - social capital KW - implicit motives KW - work behavior KW - social interaction KW - career self-management Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189954 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 IS - 411 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rubo, Marius T1 - Social Attention in the Laboratory, in Real Life and in Virtual Reality T1 - Soziale Aufmerksamkeit im Labor, in vivo und in virtueller Realität N2 - Social attention is a ubiquitous, but also enigmatic and sometimes elusive phenomenon. We direct our gaze at other human beings to see what they are doing and to guess their intentions, but we may also absorb social events en passant as they unfold in the corner of the eye. We use our gaze as a discrete communication channel, sometimes conveying pieces of information which would be difficult to explicate, but we may also find ourselves avoiding eye-contact with others in moments when self-disclosure is fear-laden. We experience our gaze as the most genuine expression of our will, but research also suggests considerable levels of predictability and automaticity in our gaze behavior. The phenomenon’s complexity has hindered researchers from developing a unified framework which can conclusively accommodate all of its aspects, or from even agreeing on the most promising research methodologies. The present work follows a multi-methods approach, taking on several aspects of the phenomenon from various directions. Participants in study 1 viewed dynamic social scenes on a computer screen. Here, low-level physical saliency (i.e. color, contrast, or motion) and human heads both attracted gaze to a similar extent, providing a comparison of two vastly different classes of gaze predictors in direct juxtaposition. In study 2, participants with varying degrees of social anxiety walked in a public train station while their eye movements were tracked. With increasing levels of social anxiety, participants showed a relative avoidance of gaze at near compared to distant people. When replicating the experiment in a laboratory situation with a matched participant group, social anxiety did not modulate gaze behavior, fueling the debate around appropriate experimental designs in the field. Study 3 employed virtual reality (VR) to investigate social gaze in a complex and immersive, but still highly controlled situation. In this situation, participants exhibited a gaze behavior which may be more typical for real-life compared to laboratory situations as they avoided gaze contact with a virtual conspecific unless she gazed at them. This study provided important insights into gaze behavior in virtual social situations, helping to better estimate the possible benefits of this new research approach. Throughout all three experiments, participants showed consistent inter-individual differences in their gaze behavior. However, the present work could not resolve if these differences are linked to psychologically meaningful traits or if they instead have an epiphenomenal character. N2 - Soziale Aufmerksamkeit ist ein allgegenwärtiges, aber auch ein rätselhaftes Phänomen, das mitunter schwierig zu fassen ist. Wir richten unseren Blick auf andere Menschen, um ihr Tun zu verfolgen und um ihre Absichten einzuschätzen, aber manchmal verfolgen wir soziale Ereignisse auch ganz beiläufig aus dem Augenwinkel heraus. Wir setzen unseren Blick als ein eigenes Kommunikationsmedium ein und übertragen mit ihm teilweise Botschaften, die nur schwer zu beschreiben sind, aber wir weichen mitunter dem Blickkontakt mit anderen auch aus, wenn wir Angst davor haben, zu viel von uns preiszugeben. Unser Blick stellt sich für uns als eine ureigene Äußerung unseres Willens dar, aber die Forschung hat auch gezeigt, dass unser Blickverhalten in beträchtlichem Maße vorhersehbar und automatisch abläuft. In der Vielschichtigkeit des Phänomens liegt für Forscher eine Hürde bei dem Versuch, alle seine Aspekte schlüssig in ein umfassendes Bezugssystem einzuordnen, oder sich auch nur auf die vielversprechendsten Forschungsmethoden zu einigen. Die vorliegende Arbeit verbindet den Einsatz unterschiedlicher Methoden, um sich mehreren Aspekten des Phänomens aus verschiedenen Blickrichtungen zu nähern. Die Versuchspersonen in Studie 1 sahen dynamische soziale Szenen, die ihnen auf einem Computerbildschirm dargeboten wurden. Hierbei wurde ihr Blick in ähnlichem Maße von physikalischer Salienz (z.B. Farbe, Kontrast oder Bewegung) angezogen wie von menschlichen Köpfen, wodurch zwei ganz unterschiedliche Gruppen von Prädiktoren für Blickverhalten in direkter Gegenüberstellung verglichen wurden. In Studie 2 bewegten sich Versuchspersonen mit unterschiedlich ausgeprägter sozialer Ängstlichkeit zu Fuß in einem öffentlichen Bahnhof, während ihre Augenbewegungen erfasst wurden. Mit zunehmender sozialer Ängstlichkeit neigten Versuchspersonen dazu, nahe Personen im Gegensatz entfernteren Personen im Verhältnis weniger anzuschauen. Als das Experiment mit einer gematchten Gruppe von Versuchspersonen in einer Laborsituation wiederholt wurde, zeigte sich kein Einfluss der sozialen Ängstlichkeit auf das Blickverhalten, was der Diskussion um angemessene experimentelle Designs in diesem Forschungsbereich einen weiteren Impuls verlieh. In Studie 3 wurde Virtuelle Realität (VR) eingesetzt, um das Blickverhalten in einer komplexen und immersiven, aber dennoch streng kontrollierten Umgebung zu untersuchen. In dieser Situation zeigten Probanden ein Blickverhalten, das eher dem in echten Situationen als dem im Labor entspricht, indem sie direkten Blickkontakt mit einer virtuellen Person mieden, so lange diese sie nicht anschaute. Durch diese Studie konnten wichtige Erkenntnisse über das Blickverhalten in sozialen virtuellen Situationen gewonnen werden, wodurch der mögliche Nutzen dieses neuen Forschungsansatzes besser beurteilt werden kann. In allen drei Experimenten zeigten Versuchspersonen konsistente inter-individuelle Unterschiede in ihrem Blickverhalten. Es konnte jedoch im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht geklärt werden, ob diese Unterschiede psychologisch bedeutsame Eigenschaften oder eher Epiphänomene darstellen. KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Soziale Wahrnehmung KW - social attention KW - eye-tracking KW - Psychologie KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - Soziale Aufmerksamkeit Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-188452 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Schwarz, Katharina A. A1 - Wirth, Robert A1 - Lindner, Isabel T1 - My Command, My Act: Observation Inflation in Face-To-Face Interactions JF - Advances in Cognitive Psychology N2 - When observing another agent performing simple actions, these actions are systematically remembered as one’s own after a brief period of time. Such observation inflation has been documented as a robust phenomenon in studies in which participants passively observed videotaped actions. Whether observation inflation also holds for direct, face-to-face interactions is an open question that we addressed in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants commanded the experimenter to carry out certain actions, and they indeed reported false memories of self-performance in a later memory test. The effect size of this inflation effect was similar to passive observation as confirmed by Experiment 2. These findings suggest that observation inflation might affect action memory in a broad range of real-world interactions. KW - observation inflation KW - memory bias KW - action observation KW - motor simulation Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170739 VL - 13 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rösler, Lara A1 - End, Albert A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Orienting towards social features in naturalistic scenes is reflexive JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Saliency-based models of visual attention postulate that, when a scene is freely viewed, attention is predominantly allocated to those elements that stand out in terms of their physical properties. However, eye-tracking studies have shown that saliency models fail to predict gaze behavior accurately when social information is included in an image. Notably, gaze pattern analyses revealed that depictions of human beings are heavily prioritized independent of their low-level physical saliency. What remains unknown, however, is whether the prioritization of such social features is a reflexive or a voluntary process. To investigate the early stages of social attention in more detail, participants viewed photographs of naturalistic scenes with and without social features (i.e., human heads or bodies) for 200 ms while their eye movements were being recorded. We observed significantly more first eye movements to regions containing social features than would be expected from a chance level distribution of saccades. Additionally, a generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed that the social content of a region better predicted first saccade direction than its saliency suggesting that social features partially override the impact of low-level physical saliency on gaze patterns. Given the brief image presentation time that precluded visual exploration, our results provide compelling evidence for a reflexive component in social attention. Moreover, the present study emphasizes the importance of considering social influences for a more coherent understanding of human attentional selection. KW - social features KW - visual attention KW - gaze patterns KW - reflexive component Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170586 VL - 12 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flechsenhar, Aleya Felicia A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Top-down influence on gaze patterns in the presence of social features JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Visual saliency maps reflecting locations that stand out from the background in terms of their low-level physical features have proven to be very useful for empirical research on attentional exploration and reliably predict gaze behavior. In the present study we tested these predictions for socially relevant stimuli occurring in naturalistic scenes using eye tracking. We hypothesized that social features (i.e. human faces or bodies) would be processed preferentially over non-social features (i.e. objects, animals) regardless of their low-level saliency. To challenge this notion, we included three tasks that deliberately addressed non-social attributes. In agreement with our hypothesis, social information, especially heads, was preferentially attended compared to highly salient image regions across all tasks. Social information was never required to solve a task but was regarded nevertheless. More so, after completing the task requirements, viewing behavior reverted back to that of free-viewing with heavy prioritization of social features. Additionally, initial eye movements reflecting potentially automatic shifts of attention, were predominantly directed towards heads irrespective of top-down task demands. On these grounds, we suggest that social stimuli may provide exclusive access to the priority map, enabling social attention to override reflexive and controlled attentional processes. Furthermore, our results challenge the generalizability of saliency-based attention models. KW - eye movements KW - social features KW - visual saliency KW - gaze KW - face KW - attention Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170468 VL - 12 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Lisa A1 - Körner, Anita A1 - Lindau, Berit A1 - Strack, Fritz A1 - Topolinski, Sascha T1 - Open-Minded Midwifes, Literate Butchers, and Greedy Hooligans - The Independent Contributions of Stereotype Valence and Consistency on Evaluative Judgments JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Do people evaluate an open-minded midwife less positively than a caring midwife? Both open-minded and caring are generally seen as positive attributes. However, consistency varies—the attribute caring is consistent with the midwife stereotype while open-minded is not. In general, both stimulus valence and consistency can influence evaluations. Six experiments investigated the respective influence of valence and consistency on evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. In an impression formation paradigm, valence and consistency of stereotypic information about target persons were manipulated orthogonally and spontaneous evaluations of these target persons were measured. Valence reliably influenced evaluations. However, for strongly valenced stereotypes, no effect of consistency was observed. Parameters possibly preventing the occurrence of consistency effects were ruled out, specifically, valence of inconsistent attributes, processing priority of category information, and impression formation instructions. However, consistency had subtle effects on evaluative judgments if the information about a target person was not strongly valenced and experimental conditions were optimal. Concluding, in principle, both stereotype valence and consistency can play a role in evaluative judgments of stereotypic target persons. However, the more subtle influence of consistency does not seem to substantially influence evaluations of stereotyped target persons. Implications for fluency research and stereotype disconfirmation are discussed. KW - stereotypes KW - consistency KW - evaluation KW - valence Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170222 VL - 8 IS - 1723 ER - TY - THES A1 - Götz, Felix Johannes T1 - Social Cueing of Numerical Magnitude : Observed Head Orientation Influences Number Processing T1 - Soziale Aufmerksamkeitslenkung von Zahlengröße : Beobachtete Kopforientierung beeinflusst mentale Zahlenverarbeitung N2 - In many parts of the modern world, numbers are used as tools to describe spatial relationships, be it heights, latitudes, or distances. However, this connection goes deeper as a myriad of studies showed that number representations are rooted in space (vertical, horizontal, and/or radial). For instance, numbers were shown to affect spatial perception and, conversely, perceptions or movements in space were shown to affect number estimations. This bidirectional link has already found didactic application in the classroom when children are taught the meaning of numbers. However, our knowledge about the cognitive (and neuropsychological) processes underlying the numerical magnitude operations is still very limited. Several authors indicated that the processing within peripersonal space (i.e. the space surrounding the body in reaching distance) and numerical magnitude operations are functionally equivalent. This assumption has several implications that the present work aims at describing. For instance, vision and visuospatial attention orienting play a prominent role for processing within peripersonal space. Indeed, both neuropsychological and behavioral studies also suggested a similar role of vision and visuospatial attention orienting for number processing. Moreover, social cognition research showed that movements, posture and gestures affect not only the representation of one's own peripersonal space, but also the visuospatial attention behavior of an observer. Against this background, the current work tests the specific implication of the functional equivalence assumption that the spatial attention response to an observed person’s posture should extend to the observer’s numerical magnitude operations. The empirical part of the present work tests the spatial attention response of observers to vertical head postures (with continuing eye contact to the observer) in both perceptual and numerical space. Two experimental series are presented that follow both steps from the observation of another person’s vertical head orientation (within his/her peripersonal space) to the observer’s attention orienting response (Experimental series A) as well as from there to the observer’s magnitude operations with numbers (Experimental Series B). Results show that the observation of a movement from a neutral to a vertical head orientation (Experiment 1) as well as the observation of the vertical head orientation alone (Experiment 3) shifted the observer’s spatial attention in correspondence with the direction information of the observed head (up vs. down). Movement from a vertical to a neutral end position, however, had no effect on the observer's spatial attention orienting response (Experiment 2). Furthermore, following down-tilted head posture (relative to up- or non-tilted head orientation), observers generated smaller numbers in a random number generation task (range 1- 9, Experiment 4), gave smaller estimates to numerical trivia questions (mostly multi-digit numbers, Experiment 5) and chose response keys less frequently in a free choice task that was associated with larger numerical magnitude in a intermixed numerical magnitude task. Experimental Series A served as groundwork for Experimental Series B, as it demonstrated that observing another person’s head orientation indeed triggered the expected directional attention orienting response in the observer. Based on this preliminary work, the results of Experimental Series B lend support to the assumption that numerical magnitude operations are grounded in visuospatial processing of peripersonal space. Thus, the present studies brought together numerical and social cognition as well as peripersonal space research. Moreover, the Empirical Part of the present work provides the basis for elaborating on the role of processing within peripersonal space in terms of Walsh’s (2003, 2013) Theory of Magnitude. In this context, a specification of the Theory of Magnitude was staked out in a processing model that stresses the pivotal role of spatial attention orienting. Implications for mental magnitude operations are discussed. Possible applications in the classroom and beyond are described. N2 - In vielen Teilen der modernen Welt werden Zahlen als Werkzeuge verwendet, um räumliche Zusammenhänge zu beschreiben - seien es Höhen, Breiten oder Entfernungen. Die Verbindung geht jedoch tiefer, denn eine Vielzahl von Studien hat gezeigt, dass Zahlen räumlich in der Vertikalen (bzw. Horizontalen) verankert sind. So können Zahlen die räumliche Wahrnehmung und umgekehrt Wahrnehmungen oder Bewegungen im Raum die Größe von Zahlenschätzungen beeinflussen. Diese Verbindung findet mittlerweile sogar didaktische Anwendung in der Vermittlung von Zahlenbedeutung bei Kindern. Allerdings wissen wir noch wenig über die kognitiven (und neuropsychologischen) Prozesse, die konkreten Zahlengrößenoperationen (d.h. Größer-Kleiner-Urteile, Addition, etc.) zugrunde liegen. Mehrere Autoren deuteten an, dass die Verarbeitung innerhalb des körpernahen Raumes (d.h. des Raumes in Handlungsreichweite) und das Operieren mit Zahlengrößen funktional äquivalent sind. Diese Annahme hat mehrere Implikationen, die die vorliegende Arbeit beschreiben möchte. So spielt die die visuell-sensorische Modalität eine hervorgehobene Rolle bei Verarbeitung wie Orientierung innerhalb des körpernahen Raumes. In der Tat legen neuropsychologische und behaviorale Studien eine ähnliche Rolle des Sehens und insbesondere der visuospatialen Orientierung auch für Zahlengrößenoperationen nahe. Darüber hinaus zeigte die soziale Kognitionsforschung, dass sich Bewegungen, Posen und Gesten nicht nur auf die Repräsentation des eigenen körpernahen Raumes, sondern auch auf das visuospatiale Orientierungsverhalten eines Beobachters auswirken. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die spezifische Implikation der funktionalen Äquivalenz getestet, dass sich die visuospatiale Orientierungsreaktion auf die Pose einer beobachteten Person auch auf die Zahlengrößenoperationen des Beobachters erstreckt. Der empirische Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit testet die räumliche Orientierungsreaktion von Beobachtern auf Kopfneigungen in der Vertikalen (bei Augenkontakt zum Beobachter) im wahrgenommenen ebenso wie numerischen Raum. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung werden zwei Experimentalreihen vorgestellt, die beide Teilschritte umfassen: Von der Beobachtung der vertikalen Kopfposition (trotz auf die Augen ausgerichteter Blickrichtung) einer anderen Person zur gerichteten Aufmerksamkeitsreaktion beim Beobachter (Experimentalreihe A); sowie von dieser Orientierungsreaktion auf die beobachtete Person zu Größenoperationen mit Zahlen beim Beobachter (Experimentalreihe B). Es zeigte sich, dass die Beobachtung einer Bewegung von einer neutralen Ausgangsposition zu einer vertikalen Kopfposition (Experiment 1) ebenso wie die einer vertikalen Kopfpose alleine (Experiment 3) die räumliche Aufmerksamkeit eines Beobachters in Übereinstimmung mit der beobachteten Kopforientierungsinformation (nach oben vs. unten) verschob. Eine Bewegung von einer vertikalen zu einer neutralen Endposition hingegen zeigte keinen Effekt auf die räumliche Orientierung des Beobachters (Experiment 2). Desweiteren generierten Beobachter bei nach unten geneigten Kopfposen (relativ zu nach oben bzw. nicht geneigten Kopfposen) kleinere Zahlen in einer Zufallszahlengenerierungsaufgabe (zwischen 1 und 9; Experiment 4), gaben kleinere Schätzungen auf numerische Allgemeinwissensfragen ab (überwiegend mehrstellige Zahlen; Experiment 5) und wählten in einem Doppelbelegungsparadigma weniger häufiger diejenige von zwei Antworttasten, die sie in einer alternierend zu bearbeitenden Größenaufgabe für größere Zahlen verwenden sollten. Die Ergebnisse der Experimentalreihe A zeigen, dass die Betrachtung der Kopforientierung einer anderen Person im Beobachter tatsächlich die erwartete gerichtete Aufmerksamkeitsreaktion auslöste. Basierend auf dieser Vorarbeit stützen die Ergebnisse der Experimentalreihe B die Annahme, dass Zahlengrößenoperationen in der visuospatialen Verarbeitung des körpernahen Raumes verankert sind. Damit brachten die vorliegenden Studien Forschung zu numerischer und sozialer Kognition ebenso sowie zur peripersonalen Raumverarbeitung zusammen. Darüber hinaus legt der empirische Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit die Grundlage, um eine mögliche Rolle von Verarbeitung innerhalb des peripersonalem Raumes im Kontext der Größentheorie von Walsh (2003, 2013) auszuarbeiten. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Größentheorie in einem handlungsbasierten Verarbeitungsmodell spezifiziert, das die zentrale Rolle der räumlichen Aufmerksamkeitsorientierung betont. Implikationen für die Forschung zur mentalen Verarbeitung von Größen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Klassenzimmer sowie darüber hinaus werden diskutiert. KW - Soziale Wahrnehmung KW - Raumwahrnehmung KW - Numerical Cognition KW - Social Cueing KW - Social Cognition KW - Spatial Cognition Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187161 ER - TY - THES A1 - Adel Abdelrehim Mohamed Soliman, Hadya T1 - Structural Equation Modeling of Factors Influencing EFL Reading comprehension: Comparative study between Egypt and Germany T1 - Strukturgleichungsmodellierung von Faktoren, die das EFL-Leseverständnis beeinflussen: Vergleichende Studie zwischen Ägypten und Deutschland N2 - In most foreign language learning contexts, there are only rare chance for contact with native speakers of the target language. In such a situation, reading plays an important role in language acquisition as well as in gaining cultural information about the target language and its speakers. Previous research indicated that reading in foreign language is a complex process, which is influenced by various linguistic, cognitive and affective factors. The aim of the present study was to test two structural models of the relationship between reading comprehension in native language (L1), English language (L2) reading motivation, metacognitive awareness of L2 reading strategies, and reading comprehension of English as a foreign language among the two samples. Furthermore, the current study aimed to examine the differences between Egyptian and German students in their perceived usage of reading strategies during reading English texts, as well as to explore the pattern of their motivation toward reading English texts. For this purpose, 401 students were recruited from Germany (n=200) and Egypt (n=201) to participate in the current study. In order to have information about metacognitive awareness of reading strategies, a self-report questionnaire (SORS) developed by Moktari and Sheory (2002) was used. While the L2 reading motivation variable, was measured by a reading motivation survey (L2RMQ) which was based on reviewed reading motivation research. In addition, two reading tests were administrated one to measure reading comprehension for native language (German/Arabic) and the other to measure English reading comprehension. To analyze the collected data, descriptive statistics and independent t-tests were performed. In addition, further analysis using structural equation modeling was applied to test the strength of relationships between the variables under study. The results from the current research revealed that L1 reading comprehension, whether in a German or Arabic language, had the strongest relationship with L2 reading comprehension. However, the relationship between L2 intrinsic reading motivation was not proven to be significant in either the German or Egyptian models. On the other hand, the relationship between L2 extrinsic reading motivation, metacognitive awareness of reading strategies, and L2 reading comprehension was only proven significant in the German sample. The discussion of these results along with their pedagogical implications for education and practice will be illustrated in the following study. N2 - In den meisten Kontexten des Fremdsprachenlernens gibt es nur selten eine Chance auf Kontakt mit Muttersprachlern der Zielsprache. In einer solchen Situation spielt das Lesen eine wichtige Rolle beim Spracherwerb sowie bei der Gewinnung kultureller Informationen über die Zielsprache und ihre Sprecher. Frühere Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass das Lesen in der Fremdsprache ein komplexer Prozess ist, der von verschiedenen linguistischen, kognitiven und affektiven Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, zwei Strukturmodelle der Beziehung zwischen Leseverständnis in der Muttersprache (L1), englischer Sprache (L2) Lesemotivation, metakognitivem Bewusstsein für L2-Lesestrategien und Leseverständnis von Englisch als Fremdsprache zwischen den beiden Stichproben zu testen. Zur Analyse der gesammelten Daten wurden deskriptive Statistiken und unabhängige t-Tests durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurde eine weitere Analyse mit Hilfe der Strukturgleichungsmodellierung durchgeführt, um die Stärke der Beziehungen zwischen den untersuchten Variablen zu testen. Die Ergebnisse der aktuellen Forschung zeigten, dass das L1-Leseverständnis, ob in deutscher oder arabischer Sprache, die stärkste Beziehung zum L2-Leseverständnis hatte. Der Zusammenhang zwischen L2 intrinsischer Lesemotivation wurde jedoch weder im deutschen noch im ägyptischen Modell nachgewiesen. Andererseits war der Zusammenhang zwischen L2 extrinsischer Lesemotivation, metakognitivem Bewusstsein für Lesestrategien und L2-Leseverständnis nur in der deutschen Stichprobe signifikant. Die Diskussion dieser Ergebnisse sowie ihre pädagogischen Implikationen für Bildung und Praxis werden in der folgenden Studie dargestellt. KW - L1 reading comprehension KW - metacognition KW - L2 reading motivation KW - L2 reading comprehension KW - Leseverstehen Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186957 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Genheimer, Hannah A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Asan, Esther A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Reinstatement of contextual conditioned anxiety in virtual reality and the effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Since exposure therapy for anxiety disorders incorporates extinction of contextual anxiety, relapses may be due to reinstatement processes. Animal research demonstrated more stable extinction memory and less anxiety relapse due to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). We report a valid human three-day context conditioning, extinction and return of anxiety protocol, which we used to examine effects of transcutaneous VNS (tVNS). Seventy-five healthy participants received electric stimuli (unconditioned stimuli, US) during acquisition (Day1) when guided through one virtual office (anxiety context, CTX+) but never in another (safety context, CTX−). During extinction (Day2), participants received tVNS, sham, or no stimulation and revisited both contexts without US delivery. On Day3, participants received three USs for reinstatement followed by a test phase. Successful acquisition, i.e. startle potentiation, lower valence, higher arousal, anxiety and contingency ratings in CTX+ versus CTX−, the disappearance of these effects during extinction, and successful reinstatement indicate validity of this paradigm. Interestingly, we found generalized reinstatement in startle responses and differential reinstatement in valence ratings. Altogether, our protocol serves as valid conditioning paradigm. Reinstatement effects indicate different anxiety networks underlying physiological versus verbal responses. However, tVNS did neither affect extinction nor reinstatement, which asks for validation and improvement of the stimulation protocol. KW - psychology KW - vagus nerve stimulation KW - contextual anxiety KW - fear conditioning KW - extinction Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169892 VL - 7 IS - 17886 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Platte, Petra T1 - Attentional bias toward high-calorie food-cues and trait motor impulsivity interactively predict weight gain JF - Health Psychology Open N2 - Strong bottom-up impulses and weak top-down control may interactively lead to overeating and, consequently, weight gain. In the present study, female university freshmen were tested at the start of the first semester and again at the start of the second semester. Attentional bias toward high- or low-calorie food-cues was assessed using a dot-probe paradigm and participants completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Attentional bias and motor impulsivity interactively predicted change in body mass index: motor impulsivity positively predicted weight gain only when participants showed an attentional bias toward high-calorie food-cues. Attentional and non-planning impulsivity were unrelated to weight change. Results support findings showing that weight gain is prospectively predicted by a combination of weak top-down control (i.e. high impulsivity) and strong bottom-up impulses (i.e. high automatic motivational drive toward high-calorie food stimuli). They also highlight the fact that only specific aspects of impulsivity are relevant in eating and weight regulation. KW - attentional bias KW - Barratt Impulsiveness Scale KW - body mass index KW - calorie content KW - dot probe KW - energy density KW - food-cues KW - impulsivity KW - prospective study KW - weight gain Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168504 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried A1 - Görs, Marijke T1 - Information integration of Kohlbergian thoughts about consensual sex JF - Universitas Psychologica N2 - The unification of two major approaches to moral judgment is the purpose of the present approach. Kohlberg's well-known stage theory assumes a sequence of discrete stages that underlie all moral judgment. Stage theory recognizes the problem of integrating considerations but gives no way to solve such integration, even with information from any one stage. And, of course, the stage concept denies any significant integration from different stages. Thus, research on moral judgment needs to study the integration problem which can be tested within Anderson's theory of information integration. The main purpose of the present study was to extend this unificationist approach to the issue of sexual morality. A novel task presents information from two very different stages. The results showed that in contrast to discreteness the stage informers were positively correlated in punishment judgments of both genders about consensual sex of juveniles. Furthermore, the subjects integrated considerations from those very different stages also in contrast to the hypothesis that only a single stage was operative at any time. KW - Information Integration Theory KW - Kohlberg KW - moral judgment KW - cognition development Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168487 VL - 15 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Acqualagna, Laura A1 - Botrel, Loic A1 - Vidaurre, Carmen A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Blankertz, Benjamin T1 - Large-Scale Assessment of a Fully Automatic Co-Adaptive Motor Imagery-Based Brain Computer Interface JF - PLoS ONE N2 - In the last years Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology has benefited from the development of sophisticated machine leaning methods that let the user operate the BCI after a few trials of calibration. One remarkable example is the recent development of co-adaptive techniques that proved to extend the use of BCIs also to people not able to achieve successful control with the standard BCI procedure. Especially for BCIs based on the modulation of the Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR) these improvements are essential, since a not negligible percentage of users is unable to operate SMR-BCIs efficiently. In this study we evaluated for the first time a fully automatic co-adaptive BCI system on a large scale. A pool of 168 participants naive to BCIs operated the co-adaptive SMR-BCI in one single session. Different psychological interventions were performed prior the BCI session in order to investigate how motor coordination training and relaxation could influence BCI performance. A neurophysiological indicator based on the Power Spectral Density (PSD) was extracted by the recording of few minutes of resting state brain activity and tested as predictor of BCI performances. Results show that high accuracies in operating the BCI could be reached by the majority of the participants before the end of the session. BCI performances could be significantly predicted by the neurophysiological indicator, consolidating the validity of the model previously developed. Anyway, we still found about 22% of users with performance significantly lower than the threshold of efficient BCI control at the end of the session. Being the inter-subject variability still the major problem of BCI technology, we pointed out crucial issues for those who did not achieve sufficient control. Finally, we propose valid developments to move a step forward to the applicability of the promising co-adaptive methods. KW - large-scale assessment KW - Brain Computer Interface KW - machine leaning KW - fully automatic KW - co-adaptive Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167230 VL - 11 IS - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Akakpo, Martin Gameli T1 - The influence of learner characteristics on interactions to seek and share information in e-learning: A media psychology perspective T1 - Der Einfluss von Lernendenmerkmale auf die Interaktionen zur Suche und zum Austausch von Informationen im E-Learning: Eine medienpsychologische Perspektive N2 - Research on the deployment and use of technology to assist learning has seen a significant rise over the last decades (Aparicio et al., 2017). The focus on course quality, technology, learning outcome and learner satisfaction in e-learning has led to insufficient attention by researchers to individual characteristics of learners (Cidral et al., 2017 ; Hsu et al., 2013). The current work aims to bridge this gap by investigating characteristics identified by previous works and backed by theory as influential individual differences in e-learning. These learner characteristics have been suggested as motivational factors (Edmunds et al., 2012) in decisions by learners to interact and exchange information (Luo et al., 2017). In this work e-learning is defined as interaction dependent information seeking and sharing enabled by technology. This is primarily approached from a media psychology perspective. The role of learner characteristics namely, beliefs about the source of knowledge (Schommer, 1990), learning styles (Felder & Silverman, 1988), need for affect (Maio & Esses, 2001), need for cognition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) and power distance (Hofstede, 1980) on interactions to seek and share information in e-learning are investigated. These investigations were shaped by theory and empirical lessons as briefly mentioned in the next paragraphs. Theoretical support for investigations is derived from the technology acceptance model(TAM) by psychologist Davis (1989) and the hyper-personal model by communication scientist Walther (1996). The TAM was used to describe the influence of learner characteristics on decisions to use e-learning systems (Stantchev et al., 2014). The hyper-personal model described why computer-mediated communication thrives in e-learning (Kaye et al., 2016) and how learners interpret messages exchanged online (Hansen et al., 2015). This theoretical framework was followed by empirical reviews which justified the use of interaction and information seeking-sharing as key components of e-learning as well as the selection of learner characteristics. The reviews provided suggestions for the measurement of variables (Kühl et al., 2014) and the investigation design (Dascalau et al., 2015). Investigations were designed and implemented through surveys and quasi experiments which were used for three preliminary studies and two main studies. Samples were selected from Germany and Ghana with same variables tested in both countries. Hypotheses were tested with interaction and information seeking-sharing as dependent variables while beliefs about the source of knowledge, learning styles, need for affect, need for cognition and power distance were independent variables. Firstly, using analyses of variance, the influence of beliefs about the source of knowledge on interaction choices of learners was supported. Secondly, the role of need for cognition on interaction choices of learners was supported by results from a logistic regression. Thirdly, results from multiple linear regressions backed the influence of need for cognition and power distance on information seeking-sharing behaviour of learners. Fourthly, the relationship between need for affect and need for cognition was supported. The findings may have implications for media psychology research, theories used in this work, research on e-learning, measurement of learner characteristics and the design of e-learning platforms. The findings suggest that, the beliefs learners have about the source of knowledge, their need for cognition and their power distance can influence decisions to interact and seek or share information. The outlook from reviews and findings in this work predicts more research on learner characteristics and a corresponding intensity in the use of e-learning by individuals. It is suggested that future studies investigate the relationship between learner autonomy and power distance. Studies on inter-cultural similarities amongst e-learners in different populations are also suggested. N2 - Forschungsbemühungen zur Bereitstellung und die Nutzung von Technologien zur Unterstützung des Lernens nahm in den letzten Jahrzehnten erheblich zu (Aparicio et al., 2017). Der Fokus auf Kursqualität, Technologie, Lernergebnisse und Zufriedenheit der Lernenden im E-Learning führte dazu, dass die Forschenden den individuellen Eigenschaften der Lernenden nicht genügend Aufmerksamkeit schenkten (Cidral et al., 2017; Hsu et al., 2013). Die vorliegende Arbeit ist bestrebt, diese Lücke zu schließen. Sie untersucht Lernendenmerkmale, die in früheren Arbeiten identifiziert und theoretisch als einflussreiche individuelle Unterschiede beim E-Learning unterstrichen wurden. Diese Eigenschaften des Lernenden wurden als Motivationsfaktoren (Edmunds et al., 2012) in Entscheidungen des Lernenden bei Interaktion mit und zum Austausch von Informationen vorgeschlagen (Luo et al., 2017). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird E-Learning definiert als Informationssuche und -austausch, der durch Technologie ermöglicht wird und auf Interaktionen basiert. Diese Ideen werden vor allem aus medienpsychologischer Sicht angegangen. Die Rolle der Merkmale des Lernenden, nämlich seine jeweiligen Überzeugungen über die Quelle des Wissens (Schommer, 1990), Lernstile (Felder & Silverman, 1988), Bedürfnis nach Zuwendung (Maio & Esses, 2001), Erkenntnisdrang (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) und Machtdistanz (Hofstede, 1980) werden bzgl. der Interaktionen, die zur Suche und zum Austausch von Informationen dienen, untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen berücksichtigen theoretische Annahmen und empirische Erkenntnisse, die hier kurz skizziert werden. Das ‚Technology Acceptance Model‘ (TAM) des Psychologen Davis (1989) und das ‚Hyper-Personal Model‘ des Kommunikationswissenschaftlers Walther (1996) liegen den durchgeführten Untersuchungen zugrunde. Mit dem TAM wurde der Einfluss der Eigenschaften eines Lernenden auf Entscheidungen zur Verwendung von E-Learning-Systemen erklärt (Stantchev et al., 2014). Das ‚Hyper-Personal Model‘ skizzierte Ursachen, warum computervermittelte Kommunikation im E-Learning gelingt (Kaye et al., 2016) und wie Lernende online ausgetauschte Nachrichten interpretieren (Hansen et al., 2015). Diesem theoretischen Rahmen folgend, werden empirische Arbeiten umrissen, die die Verwendung von Interaktion, zur Suche und zum Austausch von Informationen als Schlüsselkomponenten des E-Learning beschreiben sowie die Auswahl der zu untersuchenden Eigenschaften der Lernenden rechtfertigten. Aus diesen Arbeiten wurden Ideen für die Messung der Variablen (Kühl et al., 2014) und das Untersuchungsdesign (Dascalau et al., 2015) abgeleitet. Umfragen und Quasi-Experimente wurden hierzu durchgeführt. Diese Instrumente wurden für drei Vorstudien und zwei Hauptstudien verwendet. Probanden wurden aus Deutschland und Ghana ausgewählt, wobei in beiden Ländern die gleichen Variablen getestet wurden. Die Hypothesentestung berücksichtigte Interaktion und Informationssuche und -austausch als abhängige Variablen, während die Überzeugungen bzgl. der Quellen des Wissens, Lernstile, Bedürfnis nach Zuwendung, Erkenntnisdrang und Machtdistanz als unabhängige Variablen dienten. Durchgeführte Varianzanalysen (1.) belegen die Annahme, dass Überzeugungen über die Wissensquelle Einfluss auf die Interaktionswahl der Lernenden haben. Zudem konnte ein Effekt (2.) des Erkenntnisdrangs auf die Wahlentscheidung der Lernenden durch die Ergebnisse einer logistischen Regression unterstützt werden. Des Weiteren (3.) unterstützten die Ergebnisse mehrerer linearer Regressionen den Einfluss des Erkenntnisdrangs und der Machtdistanz auf das Verhalten der Lernenden bezüglich Informationssuche und -austausch. Schließlich (4.) wurde die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Bedürfnis nach Zuwendung und Erkenntnisdrang unterstützt. Die Ergebnisse sind relevant für die medienpsychologische Forschung, Theorien, die in dieser Arbeit verwendet werden, die Untersuchung von E-Learning, die Messung der Merkmale der Lernenden, sowie für die Gestaltung von E-Learning-Plattformen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Überzeugungen der Lernenden über die Wissensquelle, ihr Erkenntnisdrang (NfC) und ihre Machtdistanz, die Entscheidungen, wie sie interagieren und Informationen suchen oder sie auszutauschen, beeinflussen können. Schlußfolgerungen aus der erarbeiteten Theorie und Empirie sowie aus dieser Arbeit befürworten eine stärkere Erforschung der Eigenschaften der Lernenden. Es erscheint darüber hinaus ratsam, dass zukünftige Studien den Zusammenhang zwischen der Autonomie der Lernenden und der Machtdistanz untersuchen. Es werden außerdem weitere Studien zu interkulturellen Ähnlichkeiten zwischen E-Learning-Lernenden in verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen vorgeschlagen. KW - e-learning KW - Individualität KW - E-Learning KW - Media Psychology KW - Interactions KW - Information seeking and sharing KW - information sharing KW - learner characteristics Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-185934 ER - TY - THES A1 - Huestegge, Sujata Maya T1 - Cognitive mechanisms of voice processing T1 - Kognitive Verarbeitung von Stimminformation N2 - The present thesis addresses cognitive processing of voice information. Based on general theoretical concepts regarding mental processes it will differentiate between modular, abstract information processing approaches to cognition and interactive, embodied ideas of mental processing. These general concepts will then be transferred to the context of processing voice-related information in the context of parallel face-related processing streams. One central issue here is whether and to what extent cognitive voice processing can occur independently, that is, encapsulated from the simultaneous processing of visual person-related information (and vice versa). In Study 1 (Huestegge & Raettig, in press), participants are presented with audio-visual stimuli displaying faces uttering digits. Audiovisual gender congruency was manipulated: There were male and female faces, each uttering digits with either a male or female voice (all stimuli were AV- synchronized). Participants were asked to categorize the gender of either the face or the voice by pressing one of two keys in each trial. A central result was that audio-visual gender congruency affected performance: Incongruent stimuli were categorized slower and more error-prone, suggesting a strong cross-modal interaction of the underlying visual and auditory processing routes. Additionally, the effect of incongruent visual information on auditory classification was stronger than the effect of incongruent auditory information on visual categorization, suggesting visual dominance over auditory processing in the context of gender classification. A gender congruency effect was also present under high cognitive load. Study 2 (Huestegge, Raettig, & Huestegge, in press) utilized the same (gender-congruent and -incongruent) stimuli, but different tasks for the participants, namely categorizing the spoken digits (into odd/even or smaller/larger than 5). This should effectively direct attention away from gender information, which was no longer task-relevant. Nevertheless, congruency effects were still observed in this study. This suggests a relatively automatic processing of cross-modal gender information, which eventually affects basic speech-based information processing. Study 3 (Huestegge, subm.) focused on the ability of participants to match unfamiliar voices to (either static or dynamic) faces. One result was that participants were indeed able to match voices to faces. Moreover, there was no evidence for any performance increase when dynamic (vs. mere static) faces had to be matched to concurrent voices. The results support the idea that common person-related source information affects both vocal and facial features, and implicit corresponding knowledge appears to be used by participants to successfully complete face-voice matching. Taken together, the three studies (Huestegge, subm.; Huestegge & Raettig, in press; Huestegge et al., in press) provided information to further develop current theories of voice processing (in the context of face processing). On a general level, the results of all three studies are not in line with an abstract, modular view of cognition, but rather lend further support to interactive, embodied accounts of mental processing. N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation thematisiert die kognitive Verarbeitung von Stimminformation. Basierend auf allgemeinen theoretischen Vorstellungen zu mentalen Prozessen wird zunächst unterschieden in modulare, abstrakte Informationsverarbeitungsansätze und interaktive, verkörperte Vorstellungen kognitiver Prozesse. Diese allgemeinen Vorstellungen werden dann am Beispiel der Verarbeitung von Stimminformation im Kontext der parallel dazu ablaufenden Gesichterverarbeitung konkretisiert. Es geht also u.a. darum, inwiefern kognitive Stimmverarbeitung unbeeinflusst von der gleichzeitigen Verarbeitung von visueller Personeninformation ablaufen kann (und umgekehrt). In Studie 1 (Huestegge & Raettig, in press) werden Probanden audiovisuelle Stimuli dargeboten, bei denen Gesichter Ziffern aussprechen. Manipuliert wird die Geschlechtskongruenz der Stimuli: Es gibt männliche und weibliche Gesichter, die je entweder mit einer männlichen oder weiblichen Stimme synchronisiert wurden. Probanden sollen entweder nur auf die Stimme oder nur auf das visuelle Gesicht achten und jeweils das Geschlecht per Tastendruck kategorisieren. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass es für die Kategorisierungsleistung eine Rolle spielt, ob es sich um geschlechts-kongruente oder –inkongruente Stimuli handelt: Letztere wurden langsamer bzw. mit höherer Fehleranfälligkeit kategorisiert, was für eine starke cross-modale Interaktion der zugrundeliegenden visuellen und akustischen Verarbeitungsrouten spricht. Dabei wirkte sich inkongruente visuelle Information stärker auf die Stimmbeurteilung aus als inkongruente Stimminformation auf die visuelle Beurteilung, was auf eine Dominanz visueller gegenüber akustischer Informationsverarbeitung hindeutet. Unter starker kognitiver Belastung konnte ebenfalls ein Kongruenzeffekt nachgewiesen werden. In Studie 2 (Huestegge, Raettig, & Huestegge, in press) wurde dasselbe Stimulusmaterial verwendet, aber kategorisiert werden sollten nun die gesprochenen Ziffern (z.B. in gerade/ungerade oder größer/kleiner 5). Damit ist in der Instruktion die Aufmerksamkeit von der Geschlechtsdimension weggelenkt. Dennoch fanden sich auch hier Geschlechtskongruenzeffekte auf die Ziffernkategorisierung, was für eine relativ automatische Verarbeitung von cross-modaler Geschlechtsinformation spricht, die sich dann auch auf die Sprachverarbeitung auswirken kann. In Studie 3 (Huestegge, subm.) wurde die Fähigkeit von Probanden untersucht, von einer Stimme auf das zugehörige (statisch oder dynamisch) dargebotene Gesicht zu schließen. Dies gelang den Probanden in überzufälliger Weise. Weiterhin konnte keine Evidenz dafür gefunden werden, dass bewegte (dynamische) Gesichter besser den Stimmen zugeordnet werden konnten als statische Gesichter. Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass gemeinsame Quellinformation sich sowohl auf Stimme wie Gesichtsmerkmale auswirkt, und dass implizites Wissen hierüber von den Probanden genutzt wird, um Stimmen Gesichtern zuzuordnen. Insgesamt konnten die Ergebnisse der drei Studien (Huestegge, subm.; Huestegge & Raettig, in press; Huestegge et al., in press) dazu beitragen, bestehende Theorien der Stimm- und Gesichterverarbeitung entscheidend weiterzuentwickeln. Die Ergebnisse sind allgemein eher im Einklang mit einer stark interaktiven, verkörperten Sicht auf kognitive Prozesse, weniger mit einer modular-abstrakten Informationsverarbeitungsperspektive. KW - Stimme KW - Gesicht KW - Voice Processing KW - Stimmverarbeitung KW - Face Voice Matching KW - Informationsverarbeitung KW - Kognition Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186086 ER - TY - THES A1 - Flechsenhar, Aleya Felicia T1 - The Ubiquity of Social Attention – a Detailed Investigation of the Underlying Mechanisms T1 - Die Allgegenwärtigkeit Sozialer Aufmerksamkeit – eine Detaillierte Erforschung Zugrundeliegender Mechanismen N2 - This dissertation highlights various aspects of basic social attention by choosing versatile approaches to disentangle the precise mechanisms underlying the preference to focus on other human beings. The progressive examination of different social processes contrasted with aspects of previously adopted principles of general attention. Recent research investigating eye movements during free exploration revealed a clear and robust social bias, especially for the faces of depicted human beings in a naturalistic scene. However, free viewing implies a combination of mechanisms, namely automatic attention (bottom-up), goal-driven allocation (top-down), or contextual cues and inquires consideration of overt (open exploration using the eyes) as well as covert orienting (peripheral attention without eye movement). Within the scope of this dissertation, all of these aspects have been disentangled in three studies to provide a thorough investigation of different influences on social attention mechanisms. In the first study (section 2.1), we implemented top-down manipulations targeting non-social features in a social scene to test competing resources. Interestingly, attention towards social aspects prevailed, even though this was detrimental to completing the requirements. Furthermore, the tendency of this bias was evident for overall fixation patterns, as well as fixations occurring directly after stimulus onset, suggesting sustained as well as early preferential processing of social features. Although the introduction of tasks generally changes gaze patterns, our results imply only subtle variance when stimuli are social. Concluding, this experiment indicates that attention towards social aspects remains preferential even in light of top-down demands. The second study (section 2.2) comprised of two separate experiments, one in which we investigated reflexive covert attention and another in which we tested reflexive as well as sustained overt attention for images in which a human being was unilaterally located on either the left or right half of the scene. The first experiment consisted of a modified dot-probe paradigm, in which peripheral probes were presented either congruently on the side of the social aspect, or incongruently on the non-social side. This was based on the assumption that social features would act similar to cues in traditional spatial cueing paradigms, thereby facilitating reaction times for probes presented on the social half as opposed to the non-social half. Indeed, results reflected such congruency effect. The second experiment investigated these reflexive mechanisms by monitoring eye movements and specifying the location of saccades and fixations for short as well as long presentation times. Again, we found the majority of initial saccades to be congruently directed to the social side of the stimulus. Furthermore, we replicated findings for sustained attention processes with highest fixation densities for the head region of the displayed human being. The third study (section 2.3), tackled the other mechanism proposed in the attention dichotomy, the bottom-up influence. Specifically, we reduced the available contextual information of a scene by using a gaze-contingent display, in which only the currently fixated regions would be visible to the viewer, while the remaining image would remain masked. Thereby, participants had to voluntarily change their gaze in order to explore the stimulus. First, results revealed a replication of a social bias in free-viewing displays. Second, the preference to select social features was also evident in gaze-contingent displays. Third, we find higher recurrent gaze patterns for social images compared to non-social ones for both viewing modalities. Taken together, these findings imply a top-down driven preference for social features largely independent of contextual information. Importantly, for all experiments, we took saliency predictions of different computational algorithms into consideration to ensure that the observed social bias was not a result of high physical saliency within these areas. For our second experiment, we even reduced the stimulus set to those images, which yielded lower mean and peak saliency for the side of the stimulus containing the social information, while considering algorithms based on low-level features, as well as pre-trained high-level features incorporated in deep learning algorithms. Our experiments offer new insights into single attentional mechanisms with regard to static social naturalistic scenes and enable a further understanding of basic social processing, contrasting from that of non-social attention. The replicability and consistency of our findings across experiments speaks for a robust effect, attributing social attention an exceptional role within the general attention construct, not only behaviorally, but potentially also on a neuronal level and further allowing implications for clinical populations with impaired social functioning. N2 - Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten grundlegender sozialer Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse. Insbesondere werden durch vielseitige Herangehensweisen einzelne Mechanismen untersucht, die der bevorzugten Betrachtung von Menschen zugrunde liegen. Die progressive Untersuchung unterschiedlicher sozialer Vorgänge widerspricht einiger zuvor angenommener Grundlagen allgemeiner Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse. So zeigen beispielsweise Probanden bei freier Betrachtung naturalistischer Bilder eine klare Präferenz für abgebildete Menschen, v.a. deren Gesichter. Allerdings beinhaltet die freie Betrachtung eine Kombination aus mehreren Vorgängen, wie automatische (engl. bottom-up) und zielorientierte, willentliche Aufmerksamkeitslenkung (engl. top-down), als auch den Einfluss von Kontextzusammenhängen. Dies bedingt weiter die Berücksichtigung offener (engl. overt; Exploration mittels Augenbewegungen), als auch verdeckter Aufmerksamkeit (engl. covert; periphere Erkundung ohne Augenbewegungen). Im Rahmen der Dissertation werden alle genannten Aspekte anhand von drei Studien behandelt, wodurch eine sorgfältige Untersuchung verschiedener Einflüsse sozialer Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse erfolgt. In der ersten Studie (Abschnitt 2.1) wurden zielgerichtete Manipulationen in Form von Aufgabenstellungen vorgenommen, welche die Aufmerksamkeit innerhalb einer sozialen Szene spezifisch auf nicht-soziale Reize lenken sollten, um kompetitive Ressourcen von sozialer und zielgerichteter Aufmerksamkeit zu untersuchen. Interessanterweise überwog die Tendenz, soziale Aspekte zu betrachten, obwohl dies nachteilig für das Lösen der Aufgaben war. Diese Neigung erwies sich für die allgemeine Fixationsverteilung als auch für Fixationen, die unmittelbar nach Erscheinen der Stimuli auftraten. Dieser Befund impliziert, dass soziale Reize sowohl bei dauerhaften als auch frühen Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen bevorzugt werden. Obwohl es einen allgemeinen Konsens gibt, dass eine Implementierung von Aufgaben zu verändertem Blickverhalten führt, deuten unsere Ergebnisse lediglich auf subtile Abweichungen hin, wenn die Stimuli sozialer Natur sind. Abschließend indiziert dieses Experiment, dass auch mit steigender Bedeutung anderer top-down Modulationen bevorzugt soziale Aspekte betrachtet werden. Die zweite Studie (Abschnitt 2.2) bestand aus zwei separaten Experimenten, welche verdeckte und offene Aufmerksamkeit auf soziale Reize untersuchten. Hierfür wurden in beiden Studien dieselben Bilder verwendet, in denen ein Mensch unilateral, entweder auf der rechten oder linken Hälfte abgebildet war. Das erste Experiment bestand aus einer modifizierten Variante des Dot-Probe Paradigmas, bei dem periphere Zielreize entweder kongruent auf der Seite des sozialen Stimulus erschienen, oder inkongruent auf der nicht sozialen Seite präsentiert wurden. Diese Zuteilung basierte auf der Annahme, dass soziale Merkmale auf ähnliche Weise fungieren wie Hinweisreize in traditionellen Spatial-Cueing-Paradigmen, indem sie Reaktionszeiten auf Zielobjekte, die auf der sozialen Seite präsentiert werden, beschleunigen. Tatsächlich wiesen unsere Ergebnisse einen solchen Kongruenzeffekt auf. Das zweite Experiment überprüfte die reflexiven Vorgänge durch die Messung von Augenbewegungen mittels Spezifizierung der Sakkadenrichtung und Fixationsdichte für kurze als auch lange Präsentationszeiten. Wiederum stellte sich heraus, dass die Mehrzahl der initialen Sakkaden kongruent zum sozialen Reiz gerichtet waren. Darüber hinaus wurden die Ergebnisse für kontinuierliche Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse durch eine erhöhte Fixationsdichte auf Kopfregionen der abgebildeten Menschen repliziert. Die dritte Studie (Abschnitt 2.3) behandelte den umgekehrten Mechanismus der Aufmerksamkeitsdichotomie, nämlich den bottom-up Einfluss. Durch die Verwendung eines blickkongruenten Paradigmas, konnte der kontextuelle Informationsgehalt der Szenen so reduziert werden, dass nur noch der aktuell betrachtete Bereich sichtbar war, während der Rest des Bildes maskiert blieb. Somit mussten die Teilnehmer willentlich ihren Blick verändern, um die Szene zu erkunden. Erstens zeigten die Ergebnisse eine Replikation des sozialen Bias bei freier Betrachtung. Zweitens scheint die Präferenz, soziale Aspekte zu selektieren, in der blickkongruenten Darstellung bestehen zu bleiben. Drittens zeigte sich ein erhöhtes wiederkehrendes Blickmuster bei sozialen im Vergleich zu nicht sozialen Bildern für beide Betrachtungsmodalitäten. Zusammenfassend implizieren diese Ergebnisse eine zielgerichtete Präferenz für soziale Reize, welche größtenteils kontextunabhängig ist. Hervorzuheben ist auch, dass bei allen Experimenten Salienzprädiktoren verschiedener Algorithmen in Betracht gezogen wurden, um sicher zu stellen, dass die Tendenz soziale Reize zu bevorzugen nicht alleine durch hohe physikalische Salienz in diesen Bereichen bedingt wurde. Insbesondere für die zweite Studie (Abschnitt 2.2) wurden Algorithmen verwendet, die sowohl untergeordnete Merkmale als Prädiktoren integrierten als auch Deep Learning Algorithmen, welche vortrainierte, übergeordnete Merkmale definieren, um Vorhersagen zu treffen. So wurde das verwendete Stimulusmaterial reduziert, so dass nur Bilder mit niedriger mittlerer als auch maximaler Salienz auf der nicht-sozialen Seite analysiert wurden. Diese Experimente geben Aufschluss auf einzelne Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse bei der Betrachtung von statischen, sozialen, naturalistischen Szenen und ermöglichen ein tiefergehendes Verständnis für grundlegende soziale Verarbeitung, welche sich von nicht-sozialer Aufmerksamkeit abhebt. Die Replizierbarkeit und Konsistenz der Experimente implizieren einen robusten Effekt und suggerieren eine gesonderte Rolle der sozialen Aufmerksamkeit innerhalb des allgemeinen Aufmerksamkeitskonstrukts. Dies basiert nicht nur auf Verhaltensparametern, sondern potentiell auch auf neuronaler Ebene und enthält darüber hinaus auch Implikationen für klinische Populationen mit beeinträchtigten sozialen Funktionen. KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Soziale Wahrnehmung KW - Mechanisms of Social Attention Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-184528 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holtfrerich, Sarah K. C. A1 - Schwarz, Katharina A. A1 - Sprenger, Christian A1 - Reimers, Luise A1 - Diekhof, Esther K. T1 - Endogenous Testosterone and Exogenous Oxytocin Modulate Attentional Processing of Infant Faces JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Evidence indicates that hormones modulate the intensity of maternal care. Oxytocin is known for its positive influence on maternal behavior and its important role for childbirth. In contrast, testosterone promotes egocentric choices and reduces empathy. Further, testosterone decreases during parenthood which could be an adaptation to increased parental investment. The present study investigated the interaction between testosterone and oxytocin in attentional control and their influence on attention to baby schema in women. Higher endogenous testosterone was expected to decrease selective attention to child portraits in a face-in-the-crowd-paradigm, while oxytocin was expected to counteract this effect. As predicted, women with higher salivary testosterone were slower in orienting attention to infant targets in the context of adult distractors. Interestingly, reaction times to infant and adult stimuli decreased after oxytocin administration, but only in women with high endogenous testosterone. These results suggest that oxytocin may counteract the adverse effects of testosterone on a central aspect of social behavior and maternal caretaking. KW - maternal behavior KW - oxytocin KW - testosterone KW - attention KW - infant faces Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166783 VL - 11 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, C. A1 - Richter, J. A1 - Mahr, M. A1 - Gajewska, A. A1 - Schiele, M.A. A1 - Gehrmann, A. A1 - Schmidt, B. A1 - Lesch, K.-P. A1 - Lang, T. A1 - Helbig-Lang, S. A1 - Pauli, P. A1 - Kircher, T. A1 - Reif, A. A1 - Rief, W. A1 - Vossbeck-Elsebusch, A.N. A1 - Arolt, V. A1 - Wittchen, H.-U. A1 - Hamm, A.O. A1 - Deckert, J. A1 - Domschke, K. T1 - MAOA gene hypomethylation in panic disorder-reversibility of an epigenetic risk pattern by psychotherapy JF - Translational Psychiatry N2 - Epigenetic signatures such as methylation of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene have been found to be altered in panic disorder (PD). Hypothesizing temporal plasticity of epigenetic processes as a mechanism of successful fear extinction, the present psychotherapy-epigenetic study for we believe the first time investigated MAOA methylation changes during the course of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in PD. MAOA methylation was compared between N=28 female Caucasian PD patients (discovery sample) and N=28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls via direct sequencing of sodium bisulfite-treated DNA extracted from blood cells. MAOA methylation was furthermore analyzed at baseline (T0) and after a 6-week CBT (T1) in the discovery sample parallelized by a waiting time in healthy controls, as well as in an independent sample of female PD patients (N=20). Patients exhibited lower MAOA methylation than healthy controls (P<0.001), and baseline PD severity correlated negatively with MAOA methylation (P=0.01). In the discovery sample, MAOA methylation increased up to the level of healthy controls along with CBT response (number of panic attacks; T0-T1: +3.37±2.17%), while non-responders further decreased in methylation (-2.00±1.28%; P=0.001). In the replication sample, increases in MAOA methylation correlated with agoraphobic symptom reduction after CBT (P=0.02-0.03). The present results support previous evidence for MAOA hypomethylation as a PD risk marker and suggest reversibility of MAOA hypomethylation as a potential epigenetic correlate of response to CBT. The emerging notion of epigenetic signatures as a mechanism of action of psychotherapeutic interventions may promote epigenetic patterns as biomarkers of lasting extinction effects. KW - Adult KW - Case-Control Studies KW - Cognitive Therapy KW - DNA Methylation KW - Epigenesis KW - Genetic KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Monoamine Oxidase/genetics KW - Panic Disorder/genetics KW - Panic Disorder/therapy KW - Sequence Analysis KW - DNA Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164422 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stoeckel, M. Cornelia A1 - Esser, Roland W. A1 - Gamer, Matthias A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - von Leupoldt, Andreas T1 - Brain Responses during the Anticipation of Dyspnea JF - Neural Plasticity N2 - Dyspnea is common in many cardiorespiratory diseases. Already the anticipation of this aversive symptom elicits fear in many patients resulting in unfavorable health behaviors such as activity avoidance and sedentary lifestyle. This study investigated brain mechanisms underlying these anticipatory processes. We induced dyspnea using resistive-load breathing in healthy subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Blocks of severe and mild dyspnea alternated, each preceded by anticipation periods. Severe dyspnea activated a network of sensorimotor, cerebellar, and limbic areas. The left insular, parietal opercular, and cerebellar cortices showed increased activation already during dyspnea anticipation. Left insular and parietal opercular cortex showed increased connectivity with right insular and anterior cingulate cortex when severe dyspnea was anticipated, while the cerebellum showed increased connectivity with the amygdala. Notably, insular activation during dyspnea perception was positively correlated with midbrain activation during anticipation. Moreover, anticipatory fear was positively correlated with anticipatory activation in right insular and anterior cingulate cortex. The results demonstrate that dyspnea anticipation activates brain areas involved in dyspnea perception. The involvement of emotion-related areas such as insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala during dyspnea anticipation most likely reflects anticipatory fear and might underlie the development of unfavorable health behaviors in patients suffering from dyspnea. KW - brain response KW - dyspnea KW - cardiorespiratory disease KW - anticipation Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166238 VL - 2016 IS - 6434987 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suchotzki, Kristina A1 - Kakavand, Aileen A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Validity of the reaction time concealed information test in a prison sample JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry N2 - Detecting whether a suspect possesses incriminating (e.g., crime-related) information can provide valuable decision aids in court. To this means, the Concealed Information Test (CIT) has been developed and is currently applied on a regular basis in Japan. But whereas research has revealed a high validity of the CIT in student and normal populations, research investigating its validity in forensic samples in scarce. This applies even more to the reaction time-based CIT (RT-CIT), where no such research is available so far. The current study tested the application of the RT-CIT for an imaginary mock crime scenario both in a sample of prisoners (n = 27) and a matched control group (n = 25). Results revealed a high validity of the RT-CIT for discriminating between crime-related and crime-unrelated information, visible in medium to very high effect sizes for error rates and reaction times. Interestingly, in accordance with theories that criminal offenders may have worse response inhibition capacities and that response inhibition plays a crucial role in the RT-CIT, CIT-effects in the error rates were even elevated in the prisoners compared to the control group. No support for this hypothesis could, however, be found in reaction time CIT-effects. Also, performance in a standard Stroop task, that was conducted to measure executive functioning, did not differ between both groups and no correlation was found between Stroop task performance and performance in the RT-CIT. Despite frequently raised concerns that the RT-CIT may not be applicable in non-student and forensic populations, our results thereby do suggest that such a use may be possible and that effects seem to be quite large. Future research should build up on these findings by increasing the realism of the crime and interrogation situation and by further investigating the replicability and the theoretical substantiation of increased effects in non-student and forensic samples. KW - concealed information test KW - deception KW - lying KW - reaction times KW - inmates KW - forensic sample Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177714 VL - 9 IS - 745 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grossheinrich, Nicola A1 - Firk, Christine A1 - Schulte-Rüther, Martin A1 - von Leupoldt, Andreas A1 - Konrad, Kerstin A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Looking while unhappy: a mood-congruent attention bias toward sad adult faces in children JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - A negative mood-congruent attention bias has been consistently observed, for example, in clinical studies on major depression. This bias is assumed to be dysfunctional in that it supports maintaining a sad mood, whereas a potentially adaptive role has largely been neglected. Previous experiments involving sad mood induction techniques found a negative mood-congruent attention bias specifically for young individuals, explained by an adaptive need for information transfer in the service of mood regulation. In the present study we investigated the attentional bias in typically developing children (aged 6–12 years) when happy and sad moods were induced. Crucially, we manipulated the age (adult vs. child) of the displayed pairs of facial expressions depicting sadness, anger, fear and happiness. The results indicate that sad children indeed exhibited a mood specific attention bias toward sad facial expressions. Additionally, this bias was more pronounced for adult faces. Results are discussed in the context of an information gain which should be stronger when looking at adult faces due to their more expansive life experience. These findings bear implications for both research methods and future interventions. KW - eye tracking KW - emotion regulation KW - mood induction KW - attention bias KW - major depression KW - adaptive role Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177688 VL - 9 IS - 2577 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Nagowski, Natalie A1 - Mussel, Patrick A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - Altruistic punishment is connected to trait anger, not trait altruism, if compensation is available JF - Heliyon N2 - Altruistic punishment and altruistic compensation are important concepts that are used to investigate altruism. However, altruistic punishment has been found to be correlated with anger. We were interested whether altruistic punishment and altruistic compensation are both driven by trait altruism and trait anger or whether the influence of those two traits is more specific to one of the behavioral options. We found that if the participants were able to apply altruistic compensation and altruistic punishment together in one paradigm, trait anger only predicts altruistic punishment and trait altruism only predicts altruistic compensation. Interestingly, these relations are disguised in classical altruistic punishment and altruistic compensation paradigms where participants can either only punish or compensate. Hence altruistic punishment and altruistic compensation paradigms should be merged together if one is interested in trait altruism without the confounding influence of trait anger. KW - psychology KW - altruism KW - altruistic punishment KW - altruistic compensation KW - anger Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177669 VL - 4 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Schwarz, Katharina A. T1 - Should we pre-date the beginning of scientific psychology to 1787? JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - No abstract available. KW - psychology KW - history Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177641 VL - 9 IS - 2481 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krishna, Anand A1 - Peter, Sebastian M. T1 - Questionable research practices in student final theses – prevalence, attitudes, and the role of the supervisor’s perceived attitudes JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Although questionable research practices (QRPs) and p-hacking have received attention in recent years, little research has focused on their prevalence and acceptance in students. Students are the researchers of the future and will represent the field in the future. Therefore, they should not be learning to use and accept QRPs, which would reduce their ability to produce and evaluate meaningful research. 207 psychology students and fresh graduates provided self-report data on the prevalence and predictors of QRPs. Attitudes towards QRPs, belief that significant results constitute better science or lead to better grades, motivation, and stress levels were predictors. Furthermore, we assessed perceived supervisor attitudes towards QRPs as an important predictive factor. The results were in line with estimates of QRP prevalence from academia. The best predictor of QRP use was students’ QRP attitudes. Perceived supervisor attitudes exerted both a direct and indirect effect via student attitudes. Motivation to write a good thesis was a protective factor, whereas stress had no effect. Students in this sample did not subscribe to beliefs that significant results were better for science or their grades. Such beliefs further did not impact QRP attitudes or use in this sample. Finally, students engaged in more QRPs pertaining to reporting and analysis than those pertaining to study design. We conclude that supervisors have an important function in shaping students’ attitudes towards QRPs and can improve their research practices by motivating them well. Furthermore, this research provides some impetus towards identifying predictors of QRP use in academia. KW - supervisors KW - psychology KW - human learning KW - learning KW - careers KW - scientists KW - psychometrics KW - psychologists Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177296 VL - 13 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reuss, Heiko A1 - Pohl, Carsten A1 - Kiesel, Andrea A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Follow the sign! Top-down contingent attentional capture of masked arrow cues JF - Advances in Cognitive Psychology N2 - Arrow cues and other overlearned spatial symbols automatically orient attention according to their spatial meaning. This renders them similar to exogenous cues that occur at stimulus location. Exogenous cues trigger shifts of attention even when they are presented subliminally. Here, we investigate to what extent the mechanisms underlying the orienting of attention by exogenous cues and by arrow cues are comparable by analyzing the effects of visible and masked arrow cues on attention. In Experiment 1, we presented arrow cues with overall 50% validity. Visible cues, but not masked cues, lead to shifts of attention. In Experiment 2, the arrow cues had an overall validity of 80%. Now both visible and masked arrows lead to shifts of attention. This is in line with findings that subliminal exogenous cues capture attention only in a top-down contingent manner, that is, when the cues fit the observer’s intentions. KW - Attention KW - arrow cues KW - spatial cuing KW - masked priming KW - contingent capture Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140030 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbert, Cornelia A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Dogs Cannot Bark: Event-Related Brain Responses to True and False Negated Statements as Indicators of Higher-Order Conscious Processing JF - PLoS ONE N2 - The present study investigated event-related brain potentials elicited by true and false negated statements to evaluate if discrimination of the truth value of negated information relies on conscious processing and requires higher-order cognitive processing in healthy subjects across different levels of stimulus complexity. The stimulus material consisted of true and false negated sentences (sentence level) and prime-target expressions (word level). Stimuli were presented acoustically and no overt behavioral response of the participants was required. Event-related brain potentials to target words preceded by true and false negated expressions were analyzed both within group and at the single subject level. Across the different processing conditions (word pairs and sentences), target words elicited a frontal negativity and a late positivity in the time window from 600-1000 msec post target word onset. Amplitudes of both brain potentials varied as a function of the truth value of the negated expressions. Results were confirmed at the single-subject level. In sum, our results support recent suggestions according to which evaluation of the truth value of a negated expression is a time-and cognitively demanding process that cannot be solved automatically, and thus requires conscious processing. Our paradigm provides insight into higher-order processing related to language comprehension and reasoning in healthy subjects. Future studies are needed to evaluate if our paradigm also proves sensitive for the detection of consciousness in non-responsive patients. KW - Locked-in syndrome KW - Vegetative state KW - Own-name KW - Language comprehension KW - Sentence comprehension KW - Text information KW - Time-course KW - Verification KW - Potentials KW - Activation Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135165 VL - 6 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Crutzen, Rik A1 - Göritz, Anja S. T1 - Does social desirability compromise self-reports of physical activity in web-based research? JF - International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity N2 - Background: This study investigated the relation between social desirability and self-reported physical activity in web-based research. Findings: A longitudinal study (N = 5,495, 54% women) was conducted on a representative sample of the Dutch population using the Marlowe-Crowne Scale as social desirability measure and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Social desirability was not associated with self-reported physical activity (in MET-minutes/week), nor with its sub-behaviors (i.e., walking, moderate-intensity activity, vigorous-intensity activity, and sedentary behavior). Socio-demographics (i.e., age, sex, income, and education) did not moderate the effect of social desirability on self-reported physical activity and its sub-behaviors. Conclusions: This study does not throw doubt on the usefulness of the Internet as a medium to collect self-reports on physical activity. KW - Question format KW - Internet KW - Physical Activity KW - Sedentary Behavior KW - Social Desirability KW - International Physical Activity Questionnaire KW - Total Physical Activity Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135156 VL - 8 IS - 31 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suchotzki, Kristina A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Alcohol facilitates detection of concealed identity information JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a well-validated means to detect whether someone possesses certain (e.g., crime-relevant) information. The current study investigated whether alcohol intoxication during CIT administration influences reaction time (RT) CIT-effects. Two opposing predictions can be made. First, by decreasing attention to critical information, alcohol intoxication could diminish CIT-effects. Second, by hampering the inhibition of truthful responses, alcohol intoxication could increase CIT-effects. A correlational field design was employed. Participants (n = 42) were recruited and tested at a bar, where alcohol consumption was voluntary and incidental. Participants completed a CIT, in which they were instructed to hide knowledge of their true identity. BAC was estimated via breath alcohol ratio. Results revealed that higher BAC levels were correlated with higher CIT-effects. Our results demonstrate that robust CIT effects can be obtained even when testing conditions differ from typical laboratory settings and strengthen the idea that response inhibition contributes to the RT-CIT effect. KW - drug regulation KW - human behaviour KW - alcohol KW - Concealed Information Test KW - reaction time Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176662 VL - 8 IS - 7825 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bilalic, Merim A1 - Kiesel, Andrea A1 - Pohl, Carsten A1 - Erb, Michael A1 - Grodd, Wolfgang T1 - It Takes Two–Skilled Recognition of Objects Engages Lateral Areas in Both Hemispheres JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Our object recognition abilities, a direct product of our experience with objects, are fine-tuned to perfection. Left temporal and lateral areas along the dorsal, action related stream, as well as left infero-temporal areas along the ventral, object related stream are engaged in object recognition. Here we show that expertise modulates the activity of dorsal areas in the recognition of man-made objects with clearly specified functions. Expert chess players were faster than chess novices in identifying chess objects and their functional relations. Experts’ advantage was domain-specific as there were no differences between groups in a control task featuring geometrical shapes. The pattern of eye movements supported the notion that experts’ extensive knowledge about domain objects and their functions enabled superior recognition even when experts were not directly fixating the objects of interest. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) related exclusively the areas along the dorsal stream to chess specific object recognition. Besides the commonly involved left temporal and parietal lateral brain areas, we found that only in experts homologous areas on the right hemisphere were also engaged in chess specific object recognition. Based on these results, we discuss whether skilled object recognition does not only involve a more efficient version of the processes found in non-skilled recognition, but also qualitatively different cognitive processes which engage additional brain areas KW - Expert chess players KW - Anterior inferotemporal cortex KW - Deliberate practice KW - Neural basis KW - Function knowledge KW - Parietal cortex KW - Macaque monkey KW - Temporal areas KW - Memory KW - Task Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176935 VL - 6 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Weller, Lisa T1 - How to not act? Cognitive foundations of intentional nonactions T1 - Wie handelt man nicht? - Kognitive Grundlagen von intentionalen Nichthandlungen N2 - Human actions are generally not determined by external stimuli, but by internal goals and by the urge to evoke desired effects in the environment. To reach these effects, humans typically have to act. But at times, deciding not to act can be better suited or even the only way to reach a desired effect. What mental processes are involved when people decide not to act to reach certain effects? From the outside it may seem that nothing remarkable is happening, because no action can be observed. However, I present three studies which disclose the cognitive processes that control nonactions. The present experiments address situations where people intentionally decide to omit certain actions in order to produce a predictable effect in the environment. These experiments are based on the ideomotor hypothesis, which suggests that bidirectional associations can be formed between actions and the resulting effects. Because of these associations, anticipating the effects can in turn activate the respective action. The results of the present experiments show that associations can be formed between nonactions (i.e., the intentional decision not to act) and the resulting effects. Due to these associations, perceiving the nonaction effects encourages not acting (Exp. 1–3). What is more, planning a nonaction seems to come with an activation of the effects that inevitably follow the nonaction (Exp. 4–5). These results suggest that the ideomotor hypothesis can be expanded to nonactions and that nonactions are cognitively represented in terms of their sensory effects. Furthermore, nonaction effects can elicit a sense of agency (Exp. 6–8). That is, even though people refrain from acting, the resulting nonaction effects are perceived as self-produced effects. In a nutshell, these findings demonstrate that intentional nonactions include specific mechanisms and processes, which are involved, for instance, in effect anticipation and the sense of agency. This means that, while it may seem that nothing remarkable is happening when people decide not to act, complex processes run on the inside, which are also involved in intentional actions. N2 - Menschliches Verhalten ist im Allgemeinen nicht reizbestimmt, sondern zielgerichtet und hat die Absicht gewünschte Effekte in der Umwelt hervorzurufen. Häufig müssen Menschen eine Handlung ausführen, um diese Effekte zu erreichen. Manche Effekte können allerdings besser oder sogar nur dann erreicht werden, wenn man sich entscheidet nicht zu handeln. Welche mentalen Prozesse finden aber statt, wenn Menschen sich entscheiden nicht zu handeln? Oberflächlich betrachtet scheint es als würde nichts weiter Bemerkenswertes ablaufen, da keine Handlung zu beobachten ist. In drei Experimentalreihen zeige ich aber die kognitiven Prozesse auf, die das Nichthandeln kontrollieren. In den vorliegenden Experimenten werden Situationen untersucht, in denen sich Menschen entscheiden nicht zu handeln, um vorhersehbare Effekte zu erzeugen. Die Experimente basieren auf der ideomotorischen Hypothese, die annimmt, dass bidirektionale Assoziationen zwischen Handlungen und den resultierenden Effekten gebildet werden können. Dadurch kann eine Vorstellung der Effekte wiederum die verbundene Handlung hervorrufen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Assoziationen auch zwischen Nichthandlungen und den daraus resultierenden Effekten gebildet werden können. Diese Assoziationen führen dazu, dass die Wahrnehmung der Effekte selbst die Nichthandlung hervorrufen kann (Exp. 1–3). Außerdem scheint die Planung einer Nichthandlung automatisch eine Vorstellung der assoziierten Effekte zu aktivieren (Exp. 4–5). Diese Befunde legen nahe, dass die ideomotorische Hypothese auch auf Nichthandlungen übertragen werden kann und dass Nichthandlungen kognitiv durch die Effekte, die sie hervorrufen, repräsentiert sind. Darüber hinaus scheinen Menschen ein Verursachungsgefühl (“Sense of Agency”) für die Effekte ihrer Nichthandlungen zu haben (Exp. 6–8). Das bedeutet, dass die resultierenden Effekte (obwohl nicht gehandelt wurde) wie selbsterzeugte Effekte wahrgenommen werden können. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Experimente, dass intentionale Nichthandlungen von spezifischen Mechanismen und Prozessen begleitet werden, die z.B. bei der Effektantizipation und dem Sense of Agency involviert sind. Obwohl es also von außen so scheint, als würde nichts Bemerkenswertes passieren, wenn Menschen intentional nicht handeln, laufen im Inneren komplexe Prozesse ab wie beim intentionalen Handeln. KW - Intention KW - Kognition KW - Ideomotor Theory KW - Sense of Agency KW - Intentional Nonaction KW - Ideomotorik KW - Intentionale Nichthandlung KW - Aktionsforschung KW - Experimentelle Psychologie Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176678 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roth, Jenny A1 - Steffens, Melanie C. A1 - Vignoles, Vivian L. T1 - Group membership, group change, and intergroup attitudes: a recategorization model based on cognitive consistency principles JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The present article introduces a model based on cognitive consistency principles to predict how new identities become integrated into the self-concept, with consequences for intergroup attitudes. The model specifies four concepts (self-concept, stereotypes, identification, and group compatibility) as associative connections. The model builds on two cognitive principles, balance-congruity and imbalance-dissonance, to predict identification with social groups that people currently belong to, belonged to in the past, or newly belong to. More precisely, the model suggests that the relative strength of self-group associations (i.e., identification) depends in part on the (in)compatibility of the different social groups. Combining insights into cognitive representation of knowledge, intergroup bias, and explicit/implicit attitude change, we further derive predictions for intergroup attitudes. We suggest that intergroup attitudes alter depending on the relative associative strength between the social groups and the self, which in turn is determined by the (in)compatibility between social groups. This model unifies existing models on the integration of social identities into the self-concept by suggesting that basic cognitive mechanisms play an important role in facilitating or hindering identity integration and thus contribute to reducing or increasing intergroup bias. KW - cognitive balance KW - cognitive dissonance KW - group change KW - identity integration KW - intergroup bias KW - social identification KW - recategorization KW - prejudice Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175569 VL - 9 IS - 479 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Glotzbach, Evelyn A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Gschwendtner, Kathrin A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Herrmann, Martin J T1 - Prefrontal Brain Activation During Emotional Processing: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study (fNIRS) JF - The Open Neuroimaging Journal N2 - The limbic system and especially the amygdala have been identified as key structures in emotion induction and regulation. Recently research has additionally focused on the influence of prefrontal areas on emotion processing in the limbic system and the amygdala. Results from fMRI studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved not only in emotion induction but also in emotion regulation. However, studies using fNIRS only report prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction. So far it lacks the attempt to compare emotion induction and emotion regulation with regard to prefrontal activation measured with fNIRS, to exclude the possibility that the reported prefrontal brain activation in fNIRS studies are mainly caused by automatic emotion regulation processes. Therefore this work tried to distinguish emotion induction from regulation via fNIRS of the prefrontal cortex. 20 healthy women viewed neutral pictures as a baseline condition, fearful pictures as induction condition and reappraised fearful pictures as regulation condition in randomized order. As predicted, the view-fearful condition led to higher arousal ratings than the view-neutral condition with the reappraise-fearful condition in between. For the fNIRS results the induction condition showed an activation of the bilateral PFC compared to the baseline condition (viewing neutral). The regulation condition showed an activation only of the left PFC compared to the baseline condition, although the direct comparison between induction and regulation condition revealed no significant difference in brain activation. Therefore our study underscores the results of previous fNIRS studies showing prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction and rejects the hypothesis that this prefrontal brain activation might only be a result of automatic emotion regulation processes. KW - fNIRS KW - Emotional processing KW - emotional regulation Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-141714 VL - 5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wandtner, Bernhard T1 - Non-driving related tasks in highly automated driving - Effects of task characteristics and drivers' self-regulation on take-over performance T1 - Fahrfremde Tätigkeiten beim hochautomatisierten Fahren - Einfluss des Aufgabentyps und der Selbstregulation auf die Übernahmeleistung N2 - The rise of automated driving will fundamentally change our mobility in the near future. This thesis specifically considers the stage of so called highly automated driving (Level 3, SAE International, 2014). At this level, a system carries out vehicle guidance in specific application areas, e.g. on highway roads. The driver can temporarily suspend from monitoring the driving task and might use the time by engaging in so called non-driving related tasks (NDR-tasks). However, the driver is still in charge to resume vehicle control when prompted by the system. This new role of the driver has to be critically examined from a human factors perspective. The main aim of this thesis was to systematically investigate the impact of different NDR-tasks on driver behavior and take-over performance. Wickens’ (2008) architecture of multiple resource theory was chosen as theoretical framework, with the building blocks of multiplicity (task interference due to resource overlap), mental workload (task demands), and aspects of executive control or self-regulation. Specific adaptations and extensions of the theory were discussed to account for the context of NDR-task interactions in highly automated driving. Overall four driving simulator studies were carried out to investigate the role of these theoretical components. Study 1 showed that drivers focused NDR-task engagement on sections of highly automated compared to manual driving. In addition, drivers avoided task engagement prior to predictable take-over situations. These results indicate that self-regulatory behavior, as reported for manual driving, also takes place in the context of highly automated driving. Study 2 specifically addressed the impact of NDR-tasks’ stimulus and response modalities on take-over performance. Results showed that particularly visual-manual tasks with high motoric load (including the need to get rid of a handheld object) had detrimental effects. However, drivers seemed to be aware of task specific distraction in take-over situations and strictly canceled visual-manual tasks compared to a low impairing auditory-vocal task. Study 3 revealed that also the mental demand of NDR-tasks should be considered for drivers’ take-over performance. Finally, different human-machine-interfaces were developed and evaluated in Simulator Study 4. Concepts including an explicit pre-alert (“notification”) clearly supported drivers’ self-regulation and achieved high usability and acceptance ratings. Overall, this thesis indicates that the architecture of multiple resource theory provides a useful framework for research in this field. Practical implications arise regarding the potential legal regulation of NDR-tasks as well as the design of elaborated human-machine-interfaces. N2 - In den nächsten Jahren wird die Fahrzeugautomatisierung stufenweise immer weiter zunehmen. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit steht das Hochautomatisierte Fahren (HAF), bei dem ein System in definierten Anwendungsbereichen, z.B. auf Autobahnen, die Fahraufgabe vollständig übernehmen kann (Level 3; SAE International, 2014). Der Fahrer muss das Verkehrsgeschehen nicht mehr überwachen, jedoch bereit sein, nach Aufforderung durch das System die Fahraufgabe wieder zu übernehmen. Bisherige Forschung legt nahe, dass Fahrer die freigewordene Zeit oftmals zur Beschäftigung mit sog. fahrfremden Tätigkeiten (FFTs) nutzen werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Herausforderungen, die diese neue Rolle des Fahrers mit sich bringt. Der Fokus liegt auf dem Einfluss unterschiedlicher FFTs auf die Übernahmeleistung und der Frage, inwieweit Fahrer den Umgang mit FFTs an die situativen Bedingungen anpassen. Die Theorie der multiplen Ressourcen (Wickens, 2008) wurde dabei als Rahmenmodell gewählt und für den spezifischen Anwendungsfall von HAF-Systemen ausgelegt. In vier Fahrsimulatorstudien wurden die unterschiedlichen Komponenten der Theorie untersucht. Studie 1 beschäftigte sich mit dem Aspekt der Ressourcenallokation (Selbstregulation). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Fahrer die Beschäftigung mit einer prototypischen FFT an die Verfügbarkeit des HAF-Systems anpassten. Die Tätigkeit wurde bevorzugt im HAF und nicht im manuellen Fahrbetrieb durchgeführt und vor Übernahmesituationen wurden weniger Aufgaben neu begonnen. Studie 2 betrachtete den Aspekt der Interferenz zwischen FFT und Fahraufgabe. Die Modalitäten einer FFT wurden dazu systematisch variiert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass insbesondere visuell-manuelle Tätigkeiten mit hoher motorischer Beanspruchung (z.B. ein in der Hand gehaltenes Tablet) die Übernahme erschwerten. Fahrer schienen sich der Ablenkung bewusst zu sein und brachen diese Art von Aufgaben bei der Übernahme eher ab. Studie 3 ergab Hinweise, dass neben den Aufgabenmodalitäten auch kognitive Beanspruchung die Übernahmeleistung beeinträchtigen kann. Studie 4 beschäftigte sich mit der Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle (HMI) für HAF-Systeme. Die Ergebnisse ergaben, dass eine explizite Vorankündigung von Übernahmesituationen die Selbstregulation des Fahrers unterstützen kann. Die Arbeit zeigt die Eignung der multiplen Ressourcentheorie als Rahmenmodell für Forschung im Bereich HAF. Praktische Implikationen ergeben sich für mögliche gesetzliche Regelungen über erlaubte Tätigkeiten beim HAF, genauso wie konkrete HMI-Gestaltungsempfehlungen. KW - Autonomes Fahrzeug KW - Fahrerverhalten KW - automated driving KW - human-automation interaction KW - driver behavior KW - driver distraction KW - Automatisiertes Fahren KW - Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion KW - Fahrerablenkung KW - Automation KW - Verkehrspsychologie KW - Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173956 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miralles, Felip A1 - Vargiu, Eloisa A1 - Dauwalder, Stefan A1 - Solà, Marc A1 - Müller-Putz, Gernot A1 - Wriessnegger, Selina C. A1 - Pinegger, Andreas A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Halder, Sebastian A1 - Käthner, Ivo A1 - Martin, Suzanne A1 - Daly, Jean A1 - Armstrong, Elaine A1 - Guger, Christoph A1 - Hintermüller, Christoph A1 - Lowish, Hannah T1 - Brain computer interface on track to home. JF - The Scientific World Journal N2 - The novel BackHome system offers individuals with disabilities a range of useful services available via brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), to help restore their independence. This is the time such technology is ready to be deployed in the real world, that is, at the target end users’ home. This has been achieved by the development of practical electrodes, easy to use software, and delivering telemonitoring and home support capabilities which have been conceived, implemented, and tested within a user-centred design approach. The final BackHome system is the result of a 3-year long process involving extensive user engagement to maximize effectiveness, reliability, robustness, and ease of use of a home based BCI system. The system is comprised of ergonomic and hassle-free BCI equipment; one-click software services for Smart Home control, cognitive stimulation, and web browsing; and remote telemonitoring and home support tools to enable independent home use for nonexpert caregivers and users. BackHome aims to successfully bring BCIs to the home of people with limited mobility to restore their independence and ultimately improve their quality of life. KW - brain computer interface KW - disability KW - limited mobility KW - independence Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149575 VL - 2015 IS - 623896 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Appetitive vs. aversive conditioning in humans JF - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) becomes associated with a biologically salient event (unconditioned stimulus, US), which might be pain (aversive conditioning) or food (appetitive conditioning). After a few associations, the CS is able to initiate either defensive or consummatory responses, respectively. Contrary to aversive conditioning, appetitive conditioning is rarely investigated in humans, although its importance for normal and pathological behaviors (e.g., obesity, addiction) is undeniable. The present study intents to translate animal findings on appetitive conditioning to humans using food as an US. Thirty-three participants were investigated between 8 and 10 am without breakfast in order to assure that they felt hungry. During two acquisition phases, one geometrical shape (avCS+) predicted an aversive US (painful electric shock), another shape (appCS+) predicted an appetitive US (chocolate or salty pretzel according to the participants' preference), and a third shape (CS) predicted neither US. In a extinction phase, these three shapes plus a novel shape (NEW) were presented again without US delivery. Valence and arousal ratings as well as startle and skin conductance (SCR) responses were collected as learning indices. We found successful aversive and appetitive conditioning. On the one hand, the avCS+ was rated as more negative and more arousing than the CS and induced startle potentiation and enhanced SCR. On the other hand, the appCS+ was rated more positive than the CS and induced startle attenuation and larger SCR. In summary, we successfully confirmed animal findings in (hungry) humans by demonstrating appetitive learning and normal aversive learning. KW - extinction KW - attention KW - classical conditioning KW - skin conductance response KW - punishment KW - startle reflex KW - reward KW - fear KW - startle KW - model Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148614 VL - 9 IS - 128 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Käthner, Ivo A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Halder, Sebastian T1 - Rapid P300 brain-computer interface communication with a head-mounted display JF - Frontiers in Neuroscience N2 - Visual ERP (P300) based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow for fast and reliable spelling and are intended as a muscle-independent communication channel for people with severe paralysis. However, they require the presentation of visual stimuli in the field of view of the user. A head-mounted display could allow convenient presentation of visual stimuli in situations, where mounting a conventional monitor might be difficult or not feasible (e.g., at a patient's bedside). To explore if similar accuracies can be achieved with a virtual reality (VR) headset compared to a conventional flat screen monitor, we conducted an experiment with 18 healthy participants. We also evaluated it with a person in the locked-in state (LIS) to verify that usage of the headset is possible for a severely paralyzed person. Healthy participants performed online spelling with three different display methods. In one condition a 5 x 5 letter matrix was presented on a conventional 22 inch TFT monitor. Two configurations of the VR headset were tested. In the first (glasses A), the same 5 x 5 matrix filled the field of view of the user. In the second (glasses B), single letters of the matrix filled the field of view of the user. The participant in the LIS tested the VR headset on three different occasions (glasses A condition only). For healthy participants, average online spelling accuracies were 94% (15.5 bits/min) using three flash sequences for spelling with the monitor and glasses A and 96% (16.2 bits/min) with glasses B. In one session, the participant in the LIS reached an online spelling accuracy of 100% (10 bits/min) using the glasses A condition. We also demonstrated that spelling with one flash sequence is possible with the VR headset for healthy users (mean: 32.1 bits/min, maximum reached by one user: 71.89 bits/min at 100% accuracy). We conclude that the VR headset allows for rapid P300 BCI communication in healthy users and may be a suitable display option for severely paralyzed persons. KW - speller performance KW - face perception KW - stimulus KW - rapid BCI KW - locked-in state KW - P300 KW - head-mounted display KW - brain-computer interface Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148520 VL - 9 IS - 207 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Lingdan A1 - Winkler, Markus H. A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Li, Yonghui A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Emotion regulation in heavy smokers: experiential, expressive and physiological consequences of cognitive reappraisal JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Emotion regulation dysfunctions are assumed to contribute to the development of tobacco addiction and relapses among smokers attempting to quit. To further examine this hypothesis, the present study compared heavy smokers with non-smokers (NS) in a reappraisal task. Specifically, we investigated whether non-deprived smokers (NDS) and deprived smokers (DS) differ from non-smokers in cognitive emotion regulation and whether there is an association between the outcome of emotion regulation and the cigarette craving. Sixty-five participants (23 non-smokers, 22 NDS, and 20 DS) were instructed to down-regulate emotions by reappraising negative or positive pictorial scenarios. Self-ratings of valence, arousal, and cigarette craving as well as facial electromyography and electroencephalograph activities were measured. Ratings, facial electromyography, and electroencephalograph data indicated that both NDS and DS performed comparably to nonsmokers in regulating emotional responses via reappraisal, irrespective of the valence of pictorial stimuli. Interestingly, changes in cigarette craving were positively associated with regulation of emotional arousal irrespective of emotional valence. These results suggest that heavy smokers are capable to regulate emotion via deliberate reappraisal and smokers' cigarette craving is associated with emotional arousal rather than emotional valence. This study provides preliminary support for the therapeutic use of reappraisal to replace maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies in nicotine addicts. KW - negative affect KW - regulation strategies KW - positive emotions KW - craving KW - late positive potential KW - nicotine addiction KW - smoking KW - emotion regulation KW - reappraisal KW - facial electromyography KW - brain reactivity KW - down regulation KW - unpleasant pictures KW - anxiety sensitivity KW - facial expressions KW - cigarette smokers KW - smoking motives Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145225 VL - 6 IS - 1555 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Halder, Sebastian A1 - Takano, Kouji A1 - Ora, Hiroki A1 - Onishi, Akinari A1 - Utsumi, Kota A1 - Kansaku, Kenji T1 - An Evaluation of Training with an Auditory P300 Brain-Computer Interface for the Japanese Hiragana Syllabary JF - Frontiers in Neuroscience N2 - Gaze-independent brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a possible communication channel for persons with paralysis. We investigated if it is possible to use auditory stimuli to create a BCI for the Japanese Hiragana syllabary, which has 46 Hiragana characters. Additionally, we investigated if training has an effect on accuracy despite the high amount of different stimuli involved. Able-bodied participants (N = 6) were asked to select 25 syllables (out of fifty possible choices) using a two step procedure: First the consonant (ten choices) and then the vowel (five choices). This was repeated on 3 separate days. Additionally, a person with spinal cord injury (SCI) participated in the experiment. Four out of six healthy participants reached Hiragana syllable accuracies above 70% and the information transfer rate increased from 1.7 bits/min in the first session to 3.2 bits/min in the third session. The accuracy of the participant with SCI increased from 12% (0.2 bits/min) to 56% (2 bits/min) in session three. Reliable selections from a 10 × 5 matrix using auditory stimuli were possible and performance is increased by training. We were able to show that auditory P300 BCIs can be used for communication with up to fifty symbols. This enables the use of the technology of auditory P300 BCIs with a variety of applications. KW - gaze independence KW - assistive technology KW - electroencephalography KW - event-related potentials KW - P300 KW - auditory stimulation KW - brain-computer interface Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165465 VL - 10 IS - 446 ER - TY - THES A1 - Botrel, Loic T1 - Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on sensorimotor rhythms - Evaluating practical interventions to improve their performance and reduce BCI inefficiency T1 - Gehirn-Computer Schnittstellen (BCIs) basierend auf sensomotorischen Rhythmen - Evaluation praktischer Interventionen zur Verbesserung ihrer Leistung und Reduktion von BCI Ineffizienz N2 - Brain computer interfaces based on sensorimotor rhythms modulation (SMR-BCIs) allow people to emit commands to an interface by imagining right hand, left hand or feet movements. The neurophysiological activation associated with those specific mental imageries can be measured by electroencephalography and detected by machine learning algorithms. Improvements for SMR-BCI accuracy in the last 30 years seem to have reached a limit. The currrent main issue with SMR-BCIs is that between 15% to 30% cannot use the BCI, called the "BCI inefficiency" issue. Alternatively to hardware and software improvements, investigating the individual characteristics of the BCI users has became an interesting approach to overcome BCI inefficiency. In this dissertation, I reviewed existing literature concerning the individual sources of variation in SMR-BCI accuracy and identified generic individual characteristics. In the empirical investigation, attention and motor dexterity predictors for SMR-BCI performance were implemented into a trainings that would manipulate those predictors and lead to higher SMR-BCI accuracy. Those predictors were identified by Hammer et al. (2012) as the ability to concentrate (associated with relaxation levels) and "mean error duration" in a two-hand visuo-motor coordination task (VMC). Prior to a SMR-BCI session, a total of n=154 participants in two locations took part of 23 min sessions of either Jacobson’s Progressive Muscle Relaxation session (PMR), a VMC session, or a control group (CG). No effect of PMR or VMC manipulation was found, but the manipulation checks did not consistently confirm whether PMR had an effect of relaxation levels and VMC on "mean error duration". In this first study, correlations between relaxation levels or "mean error duration" and accuracy were found but not in both locations. A second study, involving n=39 participants intensified the training in four sessions on four consecutive days or either PMR, VMC or CG. The effect or manipulation was assessed for in terms of a causal relationship by using a PRE-POST study design. The manipulation checks of this second study validated the positive effect of training on both relaxation and "mean error duration". But the manipulation did not yield a specific effect on BCI accuracy. The predictors were not found again, displaying the instability of relaxation levels and "mean error duration" in being associated with BCI performance. An effect of time on BCI accuracy was found, and a correlation between State Mindfulness Scale and accuracy were reported. Results indicated that a short training of PMR or VMC were insufficient in increasing SMR-BCI accuracy. This study contrasted with studies succeeding in increasing SMR-BCI accuracy Tan et al. (2009, 2014), by the shortness of its training and the relaxation training that did not include mindfulness. It also contrasted by its manipulation checks and its comprehensive experimental approach that attempted to replicate existing predictors or correlates for SMR-BCI accuracy. The prediction of BCI accuracy by individual characteristics is receiving increased attention, but requires replication studies and a comprehensive approach, to contribute to the growing base of evidence of predictors for SMR-BCI accuracy. While short PMR and VMC trainings could not yield an effect on BCI performance, mindfulness meditation training might be beneficial for SMR-BCI accuracy. Moreover, it could be implemented for people in the locked-in-syndrome, allowing to reach the end-users that are the most in need for improvements in BCI performance. N2 - Les interfaces cerveau-ordinateur (angl. brain-computer interfaces, BCIs) basées sur les rythmes sensorimoteurs (angl. sensorimotor rhythms, SMR) permettent d’émettre des commandes par l’imagination de mouvements des mains ou des jambes. Dans le cas des BCIs non-invasifs, les manifestations neurophysiologiques liées á l’imagination motrice peuvent être mesurées par électroencephalographie (EEG) á la surface du cuir chevelu, puis détectées á l’aide d’algorithmes d’apprentissage. Après 30 années de progrès dans l’implémentation des BCI basées sur les SMR, il devient de plus en plus difficile d’obtenir un gain significatif de performance, alors qu’il est estimé qu’entre 15% et 30 % des utilisateurs ne peuvent pas utiliser une BCI basée sur les SMR. On parle d’inefficacité de la BCI (angl. BCI inefficiency). Une alternative aux avancées matérielles et logicielles réside dans l’investigation de caractéristiques propres à l’utilisateur. Dans ce travail de thèse, j’ai d’abord procédé à une revue de littérature sur les sources individuelles de variation de la performance SMR-BCIs, sous la forme de caractéristiques psychologiques, neurologiques et neuroanatomiques propres à l’utilisateur. Pour l’étude empirique, je me suis basé sur deux prédicteurs – l’attention et la dextérite motrice – que j’ai expérimentalement manipulés par des protocoles d’intervention. Ces deux prédicteurs ont été identifiés par Hammer et al. (2012) en tant que capacité à se concentrer (ability to concentrate) et durée moyenne d’erreur dans une tâche de coordination visuo-motrice (mean error duration in a visuomotor coordination task, VMC). La première étude comprend N=154 participants recrutés dans deux villes allemandes (Würzburg et Berlin). Avant de procéder à une session de BCI basée sur les SMR, les participants ont été aléatoirement répartis en trois groupes d’intervention d’une durée de 23 minutes. Le groupe PMR a pris part à une session de relaxation musculaire progressive de Jacobson, censée relaxer le participant ; le groupe VMC a pris part a une session de coordination visuo-motrice des deux mains, censé augmenter la dextérité motrice ; le groupe controle CG ayant eu pour tâche de lire un texte. Les résultats, analysés indépendemment pour chaque lieu de mesure, indiquent que l’entraînement PMR ou VMC n’ont pas provoqué d’amélioration significative de la performance BCI. L’effet des interventions sur leurs variables témoins respectives (PMR sur le niveau subjectif de relaxation ; VMC sur la durée moyenne d’erreur) sont inéquivoques. Il n’est donc pas possible d’interpréter l’absence d’effet d’entraînement sur la performance BCI. Les corrélations entre les variables témoins et la performance BCI répliquent les deux prédicteurs à l’origine de l’étude, mais ces résultats sont restreints à l’un des deux lieux de mesure. La seconde étude a été menée sur N=39 participants pour lesquels la durée d’entraînement (soit PMR, VMC ou CG) a été prolongée sur quatre sessions étalées sur quatre jours successifs. Cette seconde étude a été conçue selon un modèle pré-test post-test permettant de réduire la sensibilité aux variations inter-individuelles de la performance, ainsi que de tester la présence d’une relation causale entre entraînement et performance BCI. Les variables témoins – relaxation et durée d’erreur VMC– ont evolué de maniere positive validant les entraînements. Cependant, les entraînements PMR et VMC n’ont eu aucun effet positif sur la performance BCI basée sur les SMR. Les prédicteurs n’ont donc pas de nouveau été répliqués, démontrant l’instabilité des niveaux de relaxation et la performance VMC dans leur association avec la performance BCI. L’effet de temps sur la performance BCI, constaté dans de nombreuses études a été répliqué. De manière plus inattendue, une correlation entre l’échelle d’attention consciente (state mindfulness scale, SMS) et la performance BCI a été révélée. Globalement, Les résultats de ces deux études empiriques indiquent que de courts entraînements PMR ou VMC ont été insuffisants pour améliorer la performance BCI. Ces études contrastent donc avec les précédentes études qui au contraîre ont montré un effect positif d’un entraînement en relaxation Tan et al. (2009, 2014), notamment marqués par leur durée s’étalant sur plusieurs mois ainsi que leur forme de relaxations basées sur la méditation de pleine conscience (angl. Mindfulness). Mes deux études se démarquent cependant par la présence de tests de manipulation, l’approche expérimentale basée sur l’implémentation du potentiel des prédicteurs et corrélats de la performance BCI. La prédiction de performance SMR-BCI par des caractérisiques individuelles reçevant une attention croissante ces dernières années, il est nécessaire pour contribuer efficacement au domaine des sources de variation des BCI, d’opter pour une approche expériementale englobant les résultats existants, notamment par l’effort de réplication, et de comparaison d’études. En conclusion, Alors que de courts entraînements PMR et VMC n’ont pas eu d’effets sur la performance BCI basée sur les SMR, la piste de l’entraînement de méditation pleine conscience présente un potentiel qu’il est nécessaire de confirmer. De plus, il pourraît être mis en place pour des patients paralysés moteur (angl. locked-in syndrome, LIS), permettant de fait d’atteîndre la population pouvant le plus profiter des améliorations de la performance BCI. N2 - Gehirn-Computer Schnittstellen (engl. brain-computer interfaces, BCIs), basierend auf der Modulation sensomotorischer Rhythmen (SMR), erlauben Menschen, Befehle an eine Schnittstelle zu übermitteln, beispielsweise durch die Vorstellung von Bewegungen der Hände oder der Füße. Die neurophysiologische Aktivität, die mit den Bewegungsvorstellungen assoziiert ist, kann mittels Elektroenzephalographie gemessen und durch Algorithmen aus dem Bereich des maschinellen Lernens detektiert werden. Die Fortschritte in Bezug auf SMR-BCIs, die es in den letzten 30 Jahren gab, scheinen an eine Grenze zu stoßen. Das Hauptproblem liegt darin, dass 15 bis 30% der Nutzer keine Kontrolle über SMR-BCIs erlangen. Dieses Phänomen wird als „BCI Ineffizienz“ bezeichnet. Neben Verbesserungen der Hard- und Software ist die Untersuchung individueller Charakteristika der BCI Nutzer ein vielversprechender Ansatz, um die BCI Ineffizienz zu überwinden. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation habe ich zunächst durch eine Literaturstudie zu den Ursachen der Variation der SMR-BCI Genauigkeiten individuelle Charakteristika identifiziert. In der experimentellen Untersuchung wurden Aufmerksamkeit und Feinmotorik als Prädiktoren für die Leistung mit einem SMR-BCI in ein Trainingsparadigma aufgenommen, das zum Ziel hatte, die SMR-BCI Genauigkeiten zu verbessern. Diese Prädiktoren wurden von Hammer et al. (2012) als die Konzentrationsfähigkeit (assoziiert mit Entspannungsniveau) und „mittlere Fehlerdauer“ in einer beidhändigen visuomotorischen Koordinationsaufgabe (engl. two-hand visuo-motor coordination task, VMC) identifiziert. In der ersten Studie der vorliegenden Dissertation nahmen insgesamt n=154 Studienteilnehmer an zwei verschiedenen Standorten teil. Im Vorfeld einer SMR-BCI Sitzung nahmen diese entweder an einer 23-minütigen Sitzung mit Progressiver Muskelrelaxation nach Jacobson (PMR), einer Sitzung mit VMC oder einer Kontrollgruppe (KG) teil. Es zeigten sich keine Effekte auf die Genauigkeiten des SMRBCI als Folge der Versuchsbedingung (VMC, PMR oder KG). Jedoch konnte auch durch Manipulationschecks nicht konsistent bestätigt werden, dass PMR eine Auswirkung auf das Entspannungsniveau und VMC auf die „mittlere Fehlerdauer“ hatte. In dieser ersten Studie konnten Korrelationen zwischen dem Entspannungsniveau oder „mittlerer Fehlerdauer“ und der Genauigkeit mit dem SMR-BCI aufgedeckt werden, jedoch nicht an beiden Standorten. In der zweiten Studie dieser Dissertation mit n=39 Teilnehmern wurde das Training durch die Steigerung auf vier Sitzungen intensiviert, die an vier aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen entweder mit PMR, VMC oder KG durchgeführt wurden. Der Effekt dieser Manipulation auf SMRBCI Genauigkeiten wurde mittels eines Pretest-Posttest-Studiendesigns untersucht. Die Manipulationschecks validierten den positiven Effekt des Trainings sowohl für Entspannung als auch die „mittlere Fehlerdauer“. Es gab jedoch keine spezifische Wirkung des Trainings auf die BCI Genauigkeiten. Entspannungsniveau und „mittlere Fehlerdauer“ konnten nicht als zuverlässige Prädiktoren für SMR-BCI Leistung bestätigt werden. Es gab einen Effekt der Zeit auf die BCI Genauigkeit und eine Korrelation zwischen der State Mindfulness Scale und der Genauigkeit. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass ein kurzes PMR oder VMC Training nicht ausreichten, um SMR-BCI Genauigkeiten zu steigern. Diese Studie steht im Widerspruch zu Studien von Tan et al. (2009, 2014), die erfolgreich die SMR-BCI Genauigkeit steigern konnten, unterscheidet sich von diesen jedoch auch durch die kürzere Trainingsdauer und dem Fehlen von Achtsamkeitskomponenten beim Entspannungstraining. Weitere Unterschiede liegen in dem verwendeten Manipulationscheck und dem umfassenden experimentellen Ansatz der aktuellen Studie mit dem Ziel, zuvor ermittelte Prädiktoren oder Korrelate von SMR-BCI Genauigkeit zu replizieren. Die Vorhersage von BCI Genauigkeit durch individuelle Charakteristika erhält steigende wissenschaftliche Aufmerksamkeit, bedarf aber Replikationsstudien und eines umfassenden Ansatzes, um die Beweislage hinsichtlich Prädiktoren für SMR-BCI Genauigkeit zu verbessern. Während für kurze PMR und VMC Trainings kein Effekt auf die SMR-BCI Genauigkeit aufgedeckt werden konnte, könnte sich achtsamkeitsbasiertes Meditationstraining als vorteilhaft für die Leistung mit einem SMR-BCI erweisen. Darüber hinaus könnte es auch für Personen mit Locked-In-Syndrom implementiert werden, um so diejenigen Endnutzer zu erreichen, die am meisten von Verbesserungen der BCI Leistung profitieren würden. KW - Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle KW - Locked-in-Syndrom KW - Intervention KW - Sensorimotor Rhythms KW - visuomotor coordination KW - predictor analysis KW - Psychologie KW - Progressive Relaxation Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168110 ER - TY - THES A1 - von der Mühlen, Sarah T1 - Fostering Students’ Epistemic Competences when Dealing with Scientific Literature T1 - Die Förderung epistemischer Kompetenzen von Studierenden im Umgang mit wissenschaftlicher Literatur N2 - The abilities to comprehend and critically evaluate scientific texts and the various arguments stated in these texts are an important aspect of scientific literacy, but these competences are usually not formally taught to students. Previous research indicates that, although undergraduate students evaluate the claims and evidence they find in scientific documents to some extent, these evaluations usually fail to meet normative standards. In addition, students’ use of source information for evaluation is often insufficient. The rise of the internet and the increased accessibility of information have yielded some additional challenges that highlight the importance of adequate training and instruction.The aim of the present work was to further examine introductory students’ competences to systematically and heuristically evaluate scientific information, to identify relevant strategies that are involved in a successful evaluation, and to use this knowledge to design appropriate interventions for fostering epistemic competences in university students.To this end, a number of computer-based studies, including both quantitative and qualitative data as well as experimental designs, were developed. The first two studies were designed to specify educational needs and to reveal helpful processing strategies that are required in different tasks and situations. Two expert-novice comparisons were developed, whereby the performance of German students of psychology (novices) was compared to the performance of scientists from the domain of psychology (experts) in a number of different tasks, such as systematic plausibility evaluations of informal arguments (Study 1) or heuristic evaluations of the credibility of multiple scientific documents (Study 2). A think-aloud procedure was used to identify specific strategies that were applied in both groups during task completion, and that possibly mediated performance differences between students and scientists. In addition, relationships between different strategies and between strategy use and relevant conceptual knowledge was examined. Based on the results of the expert-novice comparisons, an intervention study, consisting of two training experiments, was constructed to foster some competences that proved to be particularly deficient in the comparisons (Study 3). Study 1 examined introductory students’ abilities to accurately judge the plausibility of informal arguments according to normative standards, to recognise common argumentation fallacies, and to identify different structural components of arguments. The results from Study 1 indicate that many students, compared to scientists, lack relevant knowledge about the structure of arguments, and that normatively accurate evaluations of their plausibility seem to be challenging in this group. Often, common argumentation fallacies were not identified correctly. Importantly, these deficits were partly mediated by differences in strategy use: It was especially difficult for students to pay sufficient attention to the relationship between argument components when forming their judgements. Moreover, they frequently relied on their intuition or opinion as a criterion for evaluation, whereas scientists predominantly determined quality of arguments based on their internal consistency. In addition to students’ evaluation of the plausibility of informal arguments, Study 2 examined introductory students’ competences to evaluate the credibility of multiple scientific texts, and to use source characteristics for evaluation. The results show that students struggled not only to judge the plausibility of arguments correctly, but also to heuristically judge the credibility of science texts, and these deficits were fully mediated by their insufficient use of source information. In contrast, scientists were able to apply different strategies in a flexible manner. When the conditions for evaluation did not allow systematic processing (i.e. time limit), they primarily used source characteristics for their evaluations. However, when systematic evaluations were possible (i.e. no time limit), they used more sophisticated normative criteria for their evaluations, such as paying attention to the internal consistency of arguments (cf. Study 1). Results also showed that students, in contrast to experts, lacked relevant knowledge about different publication types, and this was related to their ability to correctly determine document credibility. The results from the expert-novice comparisons also suggest that the competences assessed in both tasks might develop as a result of a more fundamental form of scientific literacy and discipline expertise. Performances in all tasks were positively related. On the basis of these results, two training experiments were developed that aimed at fostering university students’ competences to understand and evaluate informal arguments (Study 3). Experiment 1 describes an intervention approach in which students were familiarised with the formal structure of arguments based on Toulmin’s (1958) argumentation model. The performance of the experimental group to identify the structural components of this model was compared to the performance of a control group in which speed reading skills were practiced, using a pre-post-follow-up design. Results show that the training was successful for improving the comprehension of more complex arguments and relational aspects between key components in the posttest, compared to the control group. Moreover, an interaction effect was found with study performance. High achieving students with above average grades profited the most from the training intervention. Experiment 2 showed that training in plausibility, normative criteria of argument evaluation, and argumentation fallacies improved students’ abilities to evaluate the plausibility of arguments and, in addition, their competences to recognise structural components of arguments, compared to a speed-reading control group. These results have important implications for education and practice, which will be discussed in detail in this dissertation. N2 - Die Fähigkeit, wissenschaftliche Texte und die darin enthaltenen Argumente zu verstehen und kritisch zu beurteilen, ist ein zentraler Aspekt wissenschaftlicher Grundbildung, wird jedoch in der Schule kaum vermittelt. Obwohl Studierende die Behauptungen und Befunde, denen sie in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur begegnen, zu einem gewissen Grad kritisch bewerten, zeigen verschiedene Forschungsergebnisse, dass sie dies nicht in ausreichendem Maße tun und diese Evaluationen oft nicht den normativen Standards entsprechen. Darüber hinaus nutzen Studierende Quellenmerkmale nur unzureichend zur Beurteilung. Die Entstehung des Internets und die damit verbundene zunehmende Verfügbarkeit von Informationen stellen uns zudem vor einige wichtige Herausforderungen im Umgang mit diversen Informationsquellen und unterstreichen die Relevanz entsprechender Trainings und Förderungsprogramme. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Kompetenzen beginnender Studierender, wissenschaftliche Informationen heuristisch und systematisch zu bewerten sowie wesentliche Strategien, die für eine erfolgreiche Beurteilung wissenschaftlicher Informationen benötigt werden, weiter zu erforschen und auf dieser Grundlage Interventionen zu entwickeln, um diese Kompetenzen bei Universitätsstudierenden gezielt zu fördern. Dazu wurden mehrere computergestützte Studien entwickelt, die sowohl qualitative, als auch quantitative Daten, sowie experimentelle Untersuchungsdesigns beinhalten. Die ersten beiden Studien wurden konzipiert, um Förderbedarf gezielt zu ermitteln und Verarbeitungsstrategien zu identifizieren, die in verschiedenen Aufgaben und unter verschiedenen Bedingungen hilfreich sind. Dazu wurden zunächst zwei Experten-Novizen-Vergleiche entwickelt, in denen die Leistungen von deutschen Psychologiestudierenden (Noviz(inn)en) in einer Reihe unterschiedlicher Aufgaben, z.B. bei der systematischen Bewertung der Plausibilität informeller Argumente (Studie 1) oder der heuristischen Bewertung der Glaubwürdigkeit multipler wissenschaftlicher Texte (Studie 2), mit den Leistungen von Wissenschaftler(inn)en aus dem Bereich der Psychologie (Expert(inn)en) verglichen wurden. Die Verwendung von Protokollen lauten Denkens diente dazu, die während der Aufgabenbearbeitung verwendeten Strategien, die die Leistungsunterschiede zwischen Studierenden und Wissenschaftler(inn)en möglicherweise mediieren, in beiden Gruppen genau zu erfassen. Darüber hinaus wurde untersucht, inwiefern unterschiedliche Strategien und die Nutzung bestimmter Strategien sowie relevantes konzeptuelles Wissen zusammenhängen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Experten-Novizen-Vergleiche wurde anschließend eine Interventionsstudie, bestehend aus zwei Trainingsexperimenten, entwickelt, um einige Kompetenzen, die sich in den Vergleichen als besonders defizitär erwiesen hatten, gezielt zu fördern (Studie 3). In Studie 1 wurde untersucht, inwiefern beginnende Studierende in der Lage sind, die Plausibilität informeller Argumente normativ angemessen zu beurteilen und gängige Argumentationsfehler zu erkennen, sowie verschiedene strukturelle Bestandteile von Argumenten zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse der Studie 1 legen nahe, dass es vielen Studierenden im Vergleich zu Wissenschaftler(inne)n an relevantem Wissen über die Struktur von Argumenten fehlt und die angemessene Bewertung ihrer Plausibilität für viele von ihnen eine große Herausforderung darstellt. Gängige Argumentationsfehler wurden häufig nicht richtig erkannt. Diese Leistungsunterschiede wurden teilweise durch eine unterschiedliche Strategienutzung mediiert: Studierende zeigten große Schwierigkeit darin, Beziehungen zwischen Argumentbestandteilen ausreichend Beachtung zu schenken. Darüber hinaus verließen sie sich bei der Beurteilung häufig auf ihre Intuition oder Meinung zum Textinhalt, während Wissenschaftler(innen) die Qualität der Argumente in erster Linie auf der Grundlage ihrer internen Konsistenz beurteilten. Neben Plausibilitätsbeurteilungen informeller Argumente untersuchte Studie 2 die Kompetenz beginnender Studierender, die Glaubwürdigkeit multipler wissenschaftlicher Texte angemessen zu beurteilen und dabei auch Quellenmerkmale zur Beurteilung heranzuziehen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es Studierenden nicht nur schwerfiel, die Plausibilität von Argumenten angemessen zu beurteilen, sondern auch die Glaubwürdigkeit wissenschaftlicher Texte heuristisch zu bewerten. Die Defizite auf Studierendenseite wurden dabei vollständig durch eine unzureichende Nutzung von Quellenmerkmalen mediiert. Wissenschaftler(innen) waren dagegen in der Lage, Strategien zur Beurteilung flexibel zu nutzen. Wenn eine systematische Verarbeitung nicht möglich war (Zeitlimit), griffen sie vor allem auf Quellenmerkmale zurück. Wenn eine systematische Verarbeitung jedoch möglich war (kein Zeitlimit), nutzten sie komplexere normative Kriterien zur Beurteilung, wie etwa die Bewertung der internen Konsistenz der Argumente (Vgl. Studie 1). Die Ergebnisse zeigen außerdem, dass es Studierenden an relevantem Wissen über verschiedene Publikationsarten fehlte und diese Schwierigkeiten waren korreliert mit der Fähigkeit, die Glaubwürdigkeit von Texten angemessen zu beurteilen. Die Befunde der Experten-Novizen-Vergleiche liefern zudem Hinweise darauf, dass sich die in den unterschiedlichen Aufgaben erfassten Kompetenzen auf der Basis einer allgemeineren Form der wissenschaftlichen Grundbildung und disziplinären Expertise entwickeln könnten. Die Leistungen in unterschiedlichen Aufgaben waren positiv korreliert. Auf der Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wurden zwei Trainingsexperimente entwickelt, um die Kompetenzen Studierender in Bezug auf das Verständnis und die kompetente Bewertung informeller Argumente, gezielt zu fördern (Studie 3). Experiment 1 beschreibt einen möglichen Interventionsansatz, um Studierende, basierend auf Toulmins (1958) Argumentationsmodell, besser mit der Struktur von Argumenten vertraut zu machen. Die Leistungen der Versuchsgruppe, verschiedene Argumentbestandteile dieses Modells korrekt zu identifizieren, wurden dabei in einem Prä-Post-Follow-up Design mit den Leistungen einer Kontrollgruppe verglichen, in der die Fähigkeit des schnellen Lesens trainiert wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Training vor allem für das Verständnis komplexer und weniger typischer Argumente hilfreich war und Elemente, die die Beziehung zwischen verschiedenen Bestandteilen deutlich machten, im Posttest besser verstanden wurden als in einer Kontrollgruppe. Darüber hinaus konnte ein Interaktionseffekt mit der Studienleistung gezeigt werden. Besonders „gute“ Studierende mit hohen Durchschnittsnoten konnten am meisten von diesem Training profitieren. Die Ergebnisse von Experiment 2 zeigten, dass ein Training, in dem das Konzept der Plausibilität, normative Kriterien der Argumentbewertung, sowie Argumentationsfehler vermittelt wurden, die Kompetenzen Studierender, die Plausibilität informeller Argumente normativ angemessen zu beurteilen, im Vergleich mit einer Kontrollgruppe, deutlich verbessern konnte. Die Ergebnisse der genannten Studien liefern wichtige Implikationen für die wissenschaftliche Praxis an den Hochschulen, welche in dieser Arbeit ausführlich diskutiert werden. KW - Textverstehen KW - Wissenschaftliche Literatur KW - Epistemic Competences KW - Higher Education KW - Student KW - Förderung KW - Epistemische Kompetenzen KW - Kompetenzen im Hochschulsektor Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167343 N1 - Prof. Dr. Tobias Richter supervised this dissertation. Two of the studies reported have been published in international journals, the third study was submitted (see references below). References: von der Mühlen, S., Richter, T., Schmid, S. & Berthold, K. (2017). How to Improve Argumentation Comprehension in University Students: Experimental Tests of Two Training Approaches. Manuskript zur Publikation eingereicht. von der Mühlen, S., Richter, T., Schmid, S., Berthold, K. & Schmidt, E. M. (2016). The use of source-related strategies in evaluating multiple psychology texts: A student-scientist comparison. Reading and Writing, 8, 1677–1698. von der Mühlen, S., Richter, T., Schmid, S., Schmidt, E. M. & Berthold, K. (2016). Judging the plausibility of arguments in scientific texts: A student-scientist comparison. Thinking & Reasoning, 22, 221–246. ER - TY - THES A1 - Krishna, Anand T1 - Regulatory Focus Theory and Information Processing - A Series of Exploratory Studies T1 - Die Theorie des regulatorischen Fokus im Zusammenhang mit Informationsverarbeitung - eine Reihe explorativer Studien N2 - Regulatory focus (RF) theory (Higgins, 1997) states that individuals follow different strategic concerns when focusing on gains (promotion) rather than losses (prevention). Applying the Reflective-Impulsive Model (RIM, Strack & Deutsch, 2004), this dissertation investigates RF’s influence on basic information processing, specifically semantic processing (Study 1), semantic (Study 2) and affective (Study 3) associative priming, and basic reflective operations (Studies 4-7). Study 1 showed no effect of RF on pre-activation of RF-related semantic concepts in a lexical decision task (LDT). Study 2 indicated that primes fitting a promotion focus improve performance in a LDT for chronically promotion-focused individuals, but not chronically prevention-focused individuals. However, the latter performed better when targets fit their focus. Stronger affect and arousal after processing valent words fitting an RF may explain this pattern. Study 3 showed some evidence for stronger priming effects for negative primes in a bona-fide pipeline task (Fazio et al., 1995) for chronically prevention-focused participants, while also providing evidence that situational prevention focus insulates individuals from misattributing the valence of simple primes. Studies 4-7 showed that a strong chronic prevention focus leads to greater negation effects for valent primes in an Affect Misattribution Procedure (Payne et al., 2005), especially when it fits the situation. Furthermore, Study 6 showed that these effects result from stronger weighting of negated valence rather than greater ease in negation. Study 7 showed that the increased negation effect is independent of time pressure. Broad implications are discussed, including how RF effects on basic processing may explain higher-order RF effects. N2 - Die Theorie des regulatorischen Fokus (RF; Higgins, 1997) besagt, dass Individuen sich an unterschiedlichen strategischen Überlegungen orientieren, wenn sie sich auf Gewinne (Annäherung) statt Verluste (Vermeidung) konzentrieren. Unter Anwendung des Reflexiv-Impulsiven Modells (RIM; Strack & Deutsch, 2004) untersucht diese Dissertation den Einfluss des RF auf grundlegende Informationsverarbeitung, insbesondere semantische Verarbeitung (Studie 1), semantische (Studie 2) und affektive (Studie 3) assoziative Bahnung, und grundlegende reflexive Operationen (Studien 4-7). Studie 1 zeigte keinen Effekt des RF auf Präaktivierung von RF-relevanten Konzepten in einer lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgabe (LEA). Studie 2 deutete darauf hin, dass Bahnungsreize, die zu einem Annäherungsfokus passen, die Leistung in einer LEA bei Individuen mit starkem chronischen Annäherungsfokus, aber nicht bei Individuen mit starkem chronischen Vermeidungsfokus verbessern. Letztere schnitten jedoch besser ab, wenn die Zielreize zu ihrem Fokus passten. Stärkerer Affekt und Anregung nach der Verabeitung valenter Wörter, die zu einem RF passen, könnten dieses Muster erklären. Studie 3 brachte etwas Evidenz dafür, dass negative Bahnungsreize in einer Bona-Fide-Pipeline-Aufgabe (Fazio u.a., 1995) bei Individuen mit chronischem Vermeidungsfokus stärkere Bahnungseffekte produzieren. Gleichzeitig lieferte Studie 3 Belege, dass ein situationaler Vermeidungsfokus davor abschirmt, die Valenz von einfachen Bahnungsreizen fehlzuattribuieren. Studien 4-7 zeigten, dass ein starker chronischer Vermeidungsfokus zu stärkeren Negationseffekten in einer Affekt-Misattributionsprozedur (Payne u.a., 2005) führt, vor allem, wenn er zur Situation passt. Darüber hinaus zeigte Studie 6, dass diese Effekte auf eine stärkere Wertung von negierter Valenz und nicht auf erleichterte Negation zurückzuführen sind. Studie 7 zeigte, dass die Verstärkung der Negation unabhängig von Zeitdruck ist. Breite Implikationen werden diskutiert, unter anderem wie RF-Effekte bei der grundlegenden Informationsverarbeitung RF-Effekte auf höheren Ebenen erklären können. KW - Motivation KW - Sozialpsychologie KW - Informationsverarbeitung KW - Semantic cognition KW - Propositional processing KW - Regulatory focus KW - Semantische Verarbeitung KW - Propositionale Verarbeitung KW - Regulatorischer Fokus KW - Motivationspsychologie KW - Experiment / Sozialpsychologie Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163365 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Diemer, Julia A1 - Alpers, Georg W. A1 - Peperkorn, Henrik M. A1 - Shiban, Youssef A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas T1 - The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Virtual reality (VR) has made its way into mainstream psychological research in the last two decades. This technology, with its unique ability to simulate complex, real situations and contexts, offers researchers unprecedented opportunities to investigate human behavior in well controlled designs in the laboratory. One important application of VR is the investigation of pathological processes in mental disorders, especially anxiety disorders. Research on the processes underlying threat perception, fear, and exposure therapy has shed light on more general aspects of the relation between perception and emotion. Being by its nature virtual, i.e., simulation of reality, VR strongly relies on the adequate selection of specific perceptual cues to activate emotions. Emotional experiences in turn are related to presence, another important concept in VR, which describes the user's sense of being in a VR environment. This paper summarizes current research into perception of fear cues, emotion, and presence, aiming at the identification of the most relevant aspects of emotional experience in VR and their mutual relations. A special focus lies on a series of recent experiments designed to test the relative contribution of perception and conceptual information on fear in VR. This strand of research capitalizes on the dissociation between perception (bottom up input) and conceptual information (top-down input) that is possible in VR. Further, we review the factors that have so far been recognized to influence presence, with emotions (e.g., fear) being the most relevant in the context of clinical psychology. Recent research has highlighted the mutual influence of presence and fear in VR, but has also traced the limits of our current understanding of this relationship. In this paper, the crucial role of perception on eliciting emotional reactions is highlighted, and the role of arousal as a basic dimension of emotional experience is discussed. An interoceptive attribution model of presence is suggested as a first step toward an integrative framework for emotion research in VR. Gaps in the current literature and future directions are outlined. KW - exposure therapy KW - flight phobics KW - environments KW - virtual reality KW - anxiety KW - presence KW - emotion KW - fear KW - perception KW - anxiety disorders KW - presence questionnaire KW - public speaking KW - spider phobia KW - social phobia KW - immersion Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144200 VL - 6 IS - 26 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wannagat, Wienke Charlotte T1 - Cognitive Processes of Discourse Comprehension in Children and Adults - Comparisons between Written, Auditory, and Audiovisual Modes of Presentation - T1 - Kognitive Prozesse beim Textverstehen bei Kindern und Erwachsenen - Vergleiche zwischen schriftlicher, auditiver und audiovisueller Darbietung - N2 - In drei Studien wurde untersucht, wie sich unterschiedliche Darbietungsformate (schriftlich, auditiv, audiovisuell (auditiv + Bilder) auf das Verständnis semantisch identischer Inhalte auswirken. Dabei interessierte insbesondere der Entwicklungsverlauf von der ersten Klasse bis zum Erwachsenenalter. Dass sich Bilder förderlich auf die Verständnisleistung auswirken können, gilt als gut untersucht (z.B. Carney & Levin, 2002). Anders als viele bisherige Studien erfassen wir Textverstehen mit impliziten Maßen, die differenziertere Rückschlüsse auf die, gängigen Theorien zufolge, zugrundeliegenden Prozesse zulassen: Textverstehen geht mit der Konstruktion von drei Ebenen mentaler Repräsentationen einher (vgl. Kintsch, 1998). Weiterhin bedeutet erfolgreiches Textverstehen, eine auf lokaler und globaler Ebene kohärente mentale Repräsentation zu konstruieren (z.B. Schnotz & Dutke, 2004). Mit einem Satz-Rekognitionstest (vgl. Schmalhofer & Glavanov, 1986) untersuchten wir, ob sich das Gedächtnis für die Textoberfläche, die Textbasis und das Situationsmodell bei 103 8- und 10-Jährigen zwischen schriftlicher, auditiver und audiovisueller (Studie 1) und bei 106 7-, 9- und 11-Jährigen zwischen auditiver und audiovisueller Darbietung narrativer Texte (Studie 2) unterscheidet. Weiterhin (Studie 3) untersuchten wir mit 155 9- und 11-Jährigen, inwieweit sich die Fähigkeit der Inferenzbildung zur Herstellung lokaler und globaler Kohärenz zwischen schriftlicher, auditiver und audiovisueller Darbietung unterscheidet. Als Indikator dienten die Reaktionszeiten auf Wörter, die mit einem über (global)- oder untergeordneten (lokal) Protagonistenziel assoziiert sind. Insgesamt zeigte sich, dass Schüler bis zu einem Alter von 11 Jahren nicht nur die Textoberfläche besser erinnern, sondern auch besser in der Lage sind ein Situationsmodell zu konstruieren, wenn einem Text Bilder beigefügt sind. Dies zeigte sich sowohl im Vergleich mit auditiver als auch mit schriftlicher Darbietung. Bei Erwachsenen zeigte sich kein Effekt der Darbietungsform. Sowohl 9- als auch 11-Jährigen gelingt außerdem die Herstellung globaler Kohärenz bei audiovisueller Darbietung besser als bei auditiver. Die schriftliche Darbietung zeigte sich im Vergleich zur auditiven sowohl im Hinblick auf lokale als auch auf globale Kohärenz überlegen. N2 - In three studies, we investigated, if and how different modes of presentation - written, auditory, audiovisual (auditory combined with pictures) - affect comprehension of semantically identical materials. Children, beginning from the age of 7, and adults were included into the studies. A vast amount of studies have shown that pictures can facilitate text comprehension (e.g. Carney & Levin, 2002). Other than the majority of these previous studies, we assessed text comprehension with methods that we assume to allow more differentiated insights into the cognitive processes that - according to current theories - underlie text comprehension. Text comprehension involves at least three levels of mental representations (see Kintsch, 1998). Moreover, text comprehension means constructing a locally and globally coherent mental representation of the text content. Using a sentence recognition task (see Schmalhofer & Glavanov, 1986), we examined whether the memory of the text surface, the text base, and the situation model differs between written, auditory, and audiovisual text presentation in a sample of 103 8- and 10-year-olds and adults (Study I), and between auditory and audiovisual text presentation in a sample of 106 7-, 9-, and 11-year-olds (Study II). Furthermore, we examined with 155 9- and 11-year-olds, whether the ability to draw inferences to establish local and global coherence differs between written, auditory, and audiovisual text presentation. These inferences were indicated by reaction times to words associated with a protagonist's super- (global) or subordinate (local) goal. Overall, the results of these three studies taken together, indicate that children up to age 11 do not only have better memory of not only the text surface, but also of the situation model when pictures are added to an auditory text. This effect became apparent in comparison with both auditory and written texts. For the adults, in contrast, we did not find an effect of the presentation mode. Furthermore, both 9- and 11-year-olds were better at establishing global coherence at audiovisual compared to auditory text presentation. Written presentation turned out to be superior to auditory presentation in terms of both local and global coherence. KW - Textverstehen KW - text comprehension KW - picture comprehension KW - mental representation KW - coherence KW - children Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162515 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Topolinski, Sascha A1 - Strack, Fritz T1 - Corrugator activity confirms immediate negative affect in surprise JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The emotion of surprise entails a complex of immediate responses, such as cognitive interruption, attention allocation to, and more systematic processing of the surprising stimulus. All these processes serve the ultimate function to increase processing depth and thus cognitively master the surprising stimulus. The present account introduces phasic negative affect as the underlying mechanism responsible for this switch in operating mode. Surprising stimuli are schema discrepant and thus entail cognitive disfluency, which elicits immediate negative affect. This affect in turn works like a phasic cognitive tuning switching the current processing mode from more automatic and heuristic to more systematic and reflective processing. Directly testing the initial elicitation of negative affect by surprising events, the present experiment presented high and low surprising neutral trivia statements to N = 28 participants while assessing their spontaneous facial expressions via facial electromyography. High compared to low surprising trivia elicited higher corrugator activity, indicative of negative affect and mental effort, while leaving zygomaticus (positive affect) and frontalis (cultural surprise expression) activity unaffected. Future research shall investigate the mediating role of negative affect in eliciting surprise-related outcomes. KW - phasic affective modulation KW - processing fluency KW - intuition KW - surprise KW - EMG KW - elevator EMG activity KW - facial expressions KW - semantic coherence KW - emotion KW - judgments KW - attention KW - memory KW - affect KW - expectancy Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144068 VL - 6 IS - 134 ER - TY - THES A1 - Alvarez Loeblich, Paul Sebastian T1 - Not Here, Not Now!
 – Situational Appropriateness, Negative Affect and the Experience of (Remote) Embarrassment. A Process Model. T1 - Nicht hier, nicht jetzt! – Situationelle Angemessenheit, negativer Affekt und die Erfahrung von (Fern-) Peinlichkeit. Ein Prozessmodell. N2 - Fremdschämen or Fremdscham, a negative emotion which arises while observing someone behave inappropriately, comes to fame after the turn of the millennium in german speaking countries. There, they name it literally „other‘s shame“ and it becomes obvious that this emotion happens most commonly while watching TV: reality shows, talent shows and bad comedies. The word even makes it to the dictionaries starting 2009, as its use increases unstoppably in everyday language, starting to get used in more and more situations, seemingly as a synonym of embarrassing or shameful. Still, a look in the emotional research on the subject returns exactly zero results as of 2011, leaving open the question as of what this emotion might be, and what it is not. The present wort aims at explaining not only the phenomenon of Fremdschämen, but also the Emotion behind it - Embarrassment -, at a process level. N2 - Bisher blieb die wahrscheinlich universelle Emotion Peinlichkeit unzureichend erforscht. Grundsätzlich beschränkt sich die Forschung zum Thema auf heuristische Erklärungsansätze und die Empirie auf lustige Methoden, diese Emotion zu erzeugen. Die Prozesse hinter der Entstehung der Emotion sind bis dato weitestgehend vernachlässigt worden und haben kaum Berücksichtigung in der Forschung gefunden. Zudem gerieten in den letzten Jahren die meisten existierenden Erklärungsansätze unter Druck, als die ersten Fragen zum Thema Fremdscham bzw. Fremdschämen in einen wissenschaftlichen Rahmen gestellt wurden. Denn die offensichtliche phänomenologische Ähnlichkeit von Peinlichkeit und Fremdschämen kann von keinem der bisherigen Erklärungsansätze widerspruchsfrei durchleuchtet werden. Dies liegt unter anderen Dingen auch darin begründet, dass selbst die Emotion Peinlichkeit kaum auf Prozessebene erforscht wurde. In dieser Arbeit wird daher ein neues Verständnis der Emotion Peinlichkeit angestrebt. Eines, bei dem Fremdscham Berücksichtigung findet und das dieses Phänomen ohne Denkakrobatik befriedigend erklären kann. Ein Prozessmodell für die Entstehung von Peinlichkeit, das ebenso Fremdscham miteinschließt, wird vorgestellt. KW - Sozialpsychologie KW - Peinlichkeit KW - Zwei-Prozess-Modell KW - Affekt KW - Fremdschämen KW - Fremdscham Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161354 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schroeder, Philipp A. A1 - Pfister, Roland T1 - Arbitrary numbers counter fair decisions: trails of markedness in card distribution JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Converging evidence from controlled experiments suggests that the mere processing of a number and its attributes such as value or parity might affect free choice decisions between different actions. For example the spatial numerical associations of response codes (SNARC) effect indicates the magnitude of a digit to be associated with a spatial representation and might therefore affect spatial response choices (i.e., decisions between a "left" and a "right" option). At the same time, other (linguistic) features of a number such as parity are embedded into space and might likewise prime left or right responses through feature words [odd or even, respectively; markedness association of response codes (MARC) effect]. In this experiment we aimed at documenting such influences in a natural setting. We therefore assessed number space and parity space association effects by exposing participants to a fair distribution task in a card playing scenario. Participants drew cards, read out loud their number values, and announced their response choice, i.e., dealing it to a left vs. right player, indicated by Playmobil characters. Not only did participants prefer to deal more cards to the right player, the card's digits also affected response choices and led to a slightly but systematically unfair distribution, supported by a regular SNARC effect and counteracted by a reversed MARC effect. The experiment demonstrates the impact of SNARC- and MARC-like biases in free choice behavior through verbal and visual numerical information processing even in a setting with high external validity. KW - SNARC KW - right-oriented bias KW - space KW - habits KW - and justice for all KW - magnitude KW - line KW - SNARC effect KW - MARC effect KW - spatial numerical associations KW - mental representation KW - classification KW - asymmetry KW - embodied cognition KW - numerical cognition KW - linguistic markedness KW - free choice Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143481 VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schindler, Julia A1 - Richter, Tobias A1 - Eyßer, Carolin T1 - Mood moderates the effect of self-generation during learning JF - Frontline Learning Research N2 - Generating information, compared to reading, improves learning and enhances long-term retention of the learned content. This so-called generation effect has been demonstrated repeatedly for recall and recognition of single words. However, before adopting generating as a learning strategy in educational contexts, conditions moderating the effect need to be identified. This study investigated the impact of positive and negative mood states on the generation effect with short expository texts. According to the dual-force framework (Fiedler, Nickel, Asbeck, & Pagel, 2003), positive mood should facilitate generation by enhancing creative knowledge-based top-down processing (assimilation). Negative mood, however, should facilitate learning in the read-condition by enhancing critical stimulus-driven bottom-up processing (accommodation). In contrast to our expectations, we found no general generation effect but an overall learning advantage of read compared to generated texts. However, a significant interaction of learning condition and mood indicates that learners in a better mood recall generated texts better than learners in a more negative mood, whereas no mood effect was found when the texts were read. The results of the present study partially support the predictions of the dual-force framework and are discussed in the context of recent theoretical approaches to the generation effect. KW - mood states KW - generation effect KW - learning with expository texts Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159282 VL - 5 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit A1 - Bipp, Tanja A1 - Bucksch, Jens A1 - Froboese, Ingo T1 - Who uses height-adjustable desks? - Sociodemographic, health-related, and psycho-social variables of regular users JF - International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity N2 - Background: Sit-to-stand height-adjustable desks (HAD) may promote workplace standing, as long as workers use them on a regular basis. The aim of this study was to investigate (i) how common HAD in German desk-based workers are, and how frequently HADs are used, (ii) to identify sociodemographic, health-related, and psycho-social variables of workday sitting including having a HAD, and (iii) to analyse sociodemographic, health-related, and psycho-social variables of users and non-users of HADs. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 680 participants (51.9% men; 41.0 ± 13.1 years) in a desk-based occupation was interviewed by telephone about their occupational sitting and standing proportions, having and usage of a HAD, and answered questions concerning psycho-social variables of occupational sitting. The proportion of workday sitting was calculated for participants having an HAD (n = 108) and not-having an HAD (n = 573), as well as for regular users of HAD (n = 54), and irregular/non-users of HAD (n = 54). Linear regressions were conducted to calculate associations between socio-demographic, health-related, psychosocial variables and having/not having an HAD, and the proportion of workday sitting. Logistic regressions were executed to examine the association of mentioned variables and participants’ usage of HADs. Results: Sixteen percent report that they have an HAD, and 50% of these report regular use of HAD. Having an HAD is not a correlate of the proportion of workday sitting. Further analysis restricted to participants having available a HAD highlights that only the ‘perceived advantages of sitting less’ was significantly associated with HAD use in the fully adjusted model (OR 1.75 [1.09; 2.81], p < 0.05). Conclusions: The present findings indicate that accompanying behavioral action while providing an HAD is promising to increase the regular usage of HAD. Hence, future research needs to address the specificity of behavioral actions in order to enhance regular HAD use, and needs to give more fundamental insights into these associations. KW - cross-sectional KW - office-workers KW - desk-based KW - height-adjustable desk KW - occupational sitting and physical activity questionnaire KW - sitting time KW - correlates KW - natural approach Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157888 VL - 14 IS - 26 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ritz, Thomas A1 - Enlow, Michelle Bosquet A1 - Schulz, Stefan M. A1 - Kitts, Robert A1 - Staudenmayer, John A1 - Wright, Rosalind J. T1 - Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia as an Index of Vagal Activity during Stress in Infants: Respiratory Influences and Their Control JF - PLoS One N2 - Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is related to cardiac vagal outflow and the respiratory pattern. Prior infant studies have not systematically examined respiration rate and tidal volume influences on infant RSA or the extent to which infants' breathing is too fast to extract a valid RSA. We therefore monitored cardiac activity, respiration, and physical activity in 23 six-month old infants during a standardized laboratory stressor protocol. On average, 12.6% (range 0-58.2%) of analyzed breaths were too short for RSA extraction. Higher respiration rate was associated with lower RSA amplitude in most infants, and lower tidal volume was associated with lower RSA amplitude in some infants. RSA amplitude corrected for respiration rate and tidal volume influences showed theoretically expected strong reductions during stress, whereas performance of uncorrected RSA was less consistent. We conclude that stress-induced changes of peak-valley RSA and effects of variations in breathing patterns on RSA can be determined for a representative percentage of infant breaths. As expected, breathing substantially affects infant RSA and needs to be considered in studies of infant psychophysiology. KW - responses KW - heart-rate-variability KW - pulmonary gas-exchange KW - still-face KW - baroreflex mechanism KW - period variability KW - preterm infants KW - waking states KW - reactivity KW - attention Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135396 VL - 7 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Ulrich, Natalie A1 - Mussel, Patrick A1 - Carlo, Gustavo A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - Measuring prosocial tendencies in Germany: sources of validity and reliablity of the revised prosocial tendency measure JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The prosocial tendencies measure (PTM; Carlo and Randall, 2002) is a widely used measurement for prosocial tendencies in English speaking participants. This instrument distinguishes between six different types of prosocial tendencies that partly share some common basis, but also can be opposed to each other. To examine these constructs in Germany, a study with 1067 participants was conducted. The study investigated the structure of this German version of the PTM-R via exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlations with similar constructs in subsamples as well as via measurement invariance test concerning the original English version. The German translation showed a similar factor structure to the English version in exploratory factor analysis and in confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement invariance was found between the English and German language versions of the PTM and support for the proposed six-factor structure (altruistic, anonymous, compliant, dire, emotional and public prosocial behavior) was also found in confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, the expected interrelations of these factors of prosocial behavior tendencies were obtained. Finally, correlations of the prosocial behavior tendencies with validating constructs and behaviors were found. Thus, the findings stress the importance of seeing prosocial behavior not as a single dimension construct, but as a factored construct which now can also be assessed in German speaking participants. KW - measurement invariance KW - prosocial tendency measure KW - prosocial behavior KW - altruism KW - validation KW - German translation Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159351 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Bettina A1 - Richter, Tobias A1 - Karageorgos, Panagiotis A1 - Krawietz, Sabine A1 - Ennemoser, Marco T1 - Effects of a syllable-based reading intervention in poor-reading fourth graders JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - In transparent orthographies, persistent reading fluency difficulties are a major cause of poor reading skills in primary school. The purpose of the present study was to investigate effects of a syllable-based reading intervention on word reading fluency and reading comprehension among German-speaking poor readers in Grade 4. The 16-session intervention was based on analyzing the syllabic structure of words to strengthen the mental representations of syllables and words that consist of these syllables. The training materials were designed using the 500 most frequent syllables typically read by fourth graders. The 75 poor readers were randomly allocated to the treatment or the control group. Results indicate a significant and strong effect on the fluency of recognizing single words, whereas text-level reading comprehension was not significantly improved by the training. The specific treatment effect provides evidence that a short syllable-based approach works even in older poor readers at the end of primary school. KW - word reading fluency KW - syllable-based intervention KW - older poor readers KW - primary school KW - reading comprehension Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158841 VL - 8 IS - 1635 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Münchow, Hannes A1 - Mengelkamp, Christoph A1 - Bannert, Maria T1 - The better you feel the better you learn: do warm colours and rounded shapes enhance learning outcome in multimedia learning? JF - Education Research International N2 - The aim of the present study was to examine whether fostering positive activating affect during multimedia learning enhances learning outcome. University students were randomly assigned to either a multimedia learning environment designed to induce positive activating affect through the use of “warm” colours and rounded shapes () or an affectively neutral environment that used achromatic colours and sharp edges (). Participants learned about the topic of functional neuroanatomy for 20 minutes and had to answer several questions for comprehension and transfer afterwards. Affective states as well as achievement goal orientations were investigated before and after the learning phase using questionnaires. The results show that participants in the affectively positive environment were superior in comprehension as well as transfer when initial affect was strong. Preexperimental positive affect was therefore a predictor of comprehension and a moderator for transfer. Goal orientations did not influence these effects. The findings support the idea that positive affect, induced through the design of the particular multimedia learning environment, can facilitate performance if initial affective states are taken into account. KW - shape KW - learning outcome KW - multimedia learning KW - colour Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158566 VL - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steinborn, Michael B. A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Phone conversation while processing information: chronometric analysis of load effects in everyday-media multitasking JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - This is a pilot study that examined the effect of cell-phone conversation on cognition using a continuous multitasking paradigm. Current theorizing argues that phone conversation affects behavior (e.g., driving) by interfering at a level of cognitive processes (not peripheral activity) and by implying an attentional-failure account. Within the framework of an intermittent spare–utilized capacity threading model, we examined the effect of aspects of (secondary-task) phone conversation on (primary-task) continuous arithmetic performance, asking whether phone use makes components of automatic and controlled information-processing (i.e., easy vs. hard mental arithmetic) run more slowly, or alternatively, makes processing run less reliably albeit with the same processing speed. The results can be summarized as follows: While neither expecting a text message nor expecting an impending phone call had any detrimental effects on performance, active phone conversation was clearly detrimental to primary-task performance. Crucially, the decrement imposed by secondary-task (conversation) was not due to a constant slowdown but is better be characterized by an occasional breakdown of information processing, which differentially affected automatic and controlled components of primary-task processing. In conclusion, these findings support the notion that phone conversation makes individuals not constantly slower but more vulnerable to commit attention failure, and in this way, hampers stability of (primary-task) information processing. KW - effort KW - vigilance KW - sustained attention KW - cell phone conversation KW - variability Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158253 VL - 8 IS - 896 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pieczykolan, Aleks A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Cross-modal Action Complexity: Action- and Rule-related Memory Retrieval in Dual-response Control JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Normally, we do not act within a single effector system only, but rather coordinate actions across several output modules (cross-modal action). Such cross-modal action demands can vary substantially with respect to their complexity in terms of the number of task-relevant response combinations and to-be-retrieved stimulus-response (S-R) mapping rules. In the present study, we study the impact of these two types of cross-modal action complexity on dual-response costs (i.e., performance differences between single- and dual-action demands). In Experiment 1, we combined a manual and an oculomotor task, each involving four response alternatives. Crucially, one (unconstrained) condition involved all 16 possible combinations of response alternatives, whereas a constrained condition involved only a subset of possible response combinations. The results revealed that preparing for a larger number of response combinations yielded a significant, but moderate increase in dual-response costs. In Experiment 2, we utilized one common lateralized auditory (e.g., left) stimulus to trigger incompatible response compounds (e.g., left saccade and right key press or vice versa). While one condition only involved one set of task-relevant S-R rules, another condition involved two sets of task-relevant rules (coded by stimulus type: noise/tone), while the number of task-relevant response combinations was the same in both conditions. Here, an increase in the number of to-be-retrieved S-R rules was associated with a substantial increase in dual-response costs that were also modulated on a trial-by-trial basis when switching between rules. Taken together, the results shed further light on the dependency of cross-modal action control on both action- and rule-related memory retrieval processes. KW - task rules KW - cross-modal action KW - dual tasks KW - dual-response costs KW - oculomotor control Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157794 VL - 8 IS - 529 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Käthner, Ivo A1 - Halder, Sebastian A1 - Hintermüller, Christoph A1 - Espinosa, Arnau A1 - Guger, Christoph A1 - Miralles, Felip A1 - Vargiu, Eloisa A1 - Dauwalder, Stefan A1 - Rafael-Palou, Xavier A1 - Solà, Marc A1 - Daly, Jean M. A1 - Armstrong, Elaine A1 - Martin, Suzanne A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - A Multifunctional Brain-Computer Interface Intended for Home Use: An Evaluation with Healthy Participants and Potential End Users with Dry and Gel-Based Electrodes JF - Frontiers in Neuroscience N2 - Current brain-computer interface (BCIs) software is often tailored to the needs of scientists and technicians and therefore complex to allow for versatile use. To facilitate home use of BCIs a multifunctional P300 BCI with a graphical user interface intended for non-expert set-up and control was designed and implemented. The system includes applications for spelling, web access, entertainment, artistic expression and environmental control. In addition to new software, it also includes new hardware for the recording of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The EEG system consists of a small and wireless amplifier attached to a cap that can be equipped with gel-based or dry contact electrodes. The system was systematically evaluated with a healthy sample, and targeted end users of BCI technology, i.e., people with a varying degree of motor impairment tested the BCI in a series of individual case studies. Usability was assessed in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. Feedback of users was gathered with structured questionnaires. Two groups of healthy participants completed an experimental protocol with the gel-based and the dry contact electrodes (N = 10 each). The results demonstrated that all healthy participants gained control over the system and achieved satisfactory to high accuracies with both gel-based and dry electrodes (average error rates of 6 and 13%). Average satisfaction ratings were high, but certain aspects of the system such as the wearing comfort of the dry electrodes and design of the cap, and speed (in both groups) were criticized by some participants. Six potential end users tested the system during supervised sessions. The achieved accuracies varied greatly from no control to high control with accuracies comparable to that of healthy volunteers. Satisfaction ratings of the two end-users that gained control of the system were lower as compared to healthy participants. The advantages and disadvantages of the BCI and its applications are discussed and suggestions are presented for improvements to pave the way for user friendly BCIs intended to be used as assistive technology by persons with severe paralysis. KW - end-user evaluation KW - brain-computer interface KW - EEG KW - practical electrodes KW - assistive technology Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157925 VL - 11 IS - 286 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erlbeck, Helena A1 - Mochty, Ursula A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Real, Ruben G. L. T1 - Circadian course of the P300 ERP in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - implications for brain-computer interfaces (BCI) JF - BMC Neurology N2 - Background: Accidents or neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can lead to progressing, extensive, and complete paralysis leaving patients aware but unable to communicate (locked-in state). Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) based on electroencephalography represent an important approach to establish communication with these patients. The most common BCI for communication rely on the P300, a positive deflection arising in response to rare events. To foster broader application of BCIs for restoring lost function, also for end-users with impaired vision, we explored whether there were specific time windows during the day in which a P300 driven BCI should be preferably applied. Methods: The present study investigated the influence of time of the day and modality (visual vs. auditory) on P300 amplitude and latency. A sample of 14 patients (end-users) with ALS and 14 healthy age matched volunteers participated in the study and P300 event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded at four different times (10, 12 am, 2, & 4 pm) during the day. Results: Results indicated no differences in P300 amplitudes or latencies between groups (ALS patients v. healthy participants) or time of measurement. In the auditory condition, latencies were shorter and amplitudes smaller as compared to the visual condition. Conclusion: Our findings suggest applicability of EEG/BCI sessions in patients with ALS throughout normal waking hours. Future studies using actual BCI systems are needed to generalize these findings with regard to BCI effectiveness/efficiency and other times of day. KW - brain computer interface KW - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis KW - ALS KW - P300 KW - auditory KW - visual KW - BCI Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157423 VL - 17 IS - 3 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wirth, Robert T1 - Consequences of bending and breaking the rules T1 - Konsequenzen von Regelbrüchen N2 - Social life is organized around rules and norms. The present experiments investigate the cognitive architecture of rule violations. To do so, a setting with arbitrary rules that had to be followed or broken was developed, and breaking these rules did not have any negative consequences. Removed from any social influences that might further encourage or hinder the rule breaker, results suggest that simply labeling a behavior as a rule violation comes with specific costs: They are more difficult to plan and come with specific behavioral markers during execution. In essence, rule violations resemble rule negations, but they also trigger additional processes. The question of what makes rule violations more difficult than rule inversions is the major focus of the remaining experiments. These experiments revealed negative affective consequences of rule violation and rule inversions alike, while rule violations additionally prime authority-related concepts, thus sensitizing towards authority related stimuli. Next, the question how these burdens of non-conformity can be mitigated was investigated, and the influence of having executed the behavior in question frequently and recently was tested in both negations and rule violations. The burdens of non-conformity can best be reduced by a combination of having violated/negated a rule very frequently and very recently. Transfer from another task, however, could not be identified. To conclude, a model that accounts for the data that is currently presented is proposed. As a variant of a task switching model, it describes the cognitive processes that were investigated and highlights unique processing steps that rule violations seem to require. N2 - Soziales Miteinander ist durch Regeln und Normen organisiert. Die hier beschriebenen Experimente untersuchen die kognitive Architektur von absichtsvollen Regelverstößen. Dazu wurde ein Setting entwickelt, in dem Regeln befolgt oder gebrochen werden mussten, und das Brechen dieser Regeln keine negativen Konsequenzen nach sich zog. Selbst ohne soziale Unterstützung, die das Brechen von Regeln leichter oder schwerer machen könnte, fanden wir, dass allein das Bezeichnen eines Verhaltens als Regelverletzung spezifische Kosten erzeugte: Die Planung dieses Verhaltens ist deutlich erschwert, und die Ausführung zeigt spezifische Verhaltensmuster. Regelverletzungen ähneln hierbei im weitesten Sinne Negationen, aber beinhalten zusätzliche Komponenten. Die Frage wie genau sich die kognitive Kontrolle regelwidriger Verhaltensweisen von der Verarbeitung von Negationen unterscheidet, steht im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit. Die folgenden Experimente zeigen darüber hinaus neben negativen affektiven Konsequenzen, die sowohl Regelbrüche als auch Negationen vorweisen, insbesondere eine direkte Bahnung autoritätsbezogener Konzepte, die eine spezifische Begleiterscheinung absichtsvoller Regelverstöße darstellt. Als nächstes wurde getestet, wie die kognitiven Kosten von Regelverletzungen durch kürzliche oder häufige Ausführung gemindert werden können. Hier zeigte sich, dass die Kombination aus beiden Faktoren die größte Reduktion kognitiver Kosten des Regelverstoßes erbrachte. Ein Transfer von kognitiver Kontrolle von einer anderen Aufgabe konnte jedoch nicht beobachtet werden. Ein Modell, das die hier dargestellten empirischen Ergebnisse vereint, wird abschließend diskutiert. Als Variation eines Modells zum Aufgabenwechsel erklärt es die kognitiven Prozesse, die einer Regelverletzung unterliegen und zeigt Verarbeitungsschritte auf, die für Regelverletzungen spezifisch sind KW - rule violations KW - Soziale Norm KW - Regelverstoß Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155075 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kozlik, Julia A1 - Neumann, Roland A1 - Lozo, Ljubica T1 - Contrasting motivational orientation and evaluative coding accounts: on the need to differentiate the effectors of approach/avoidance responses JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Several emotion theorists suggest that valenced stimuli automatically trigger motivational orientations and thereby facilitate corresponding behavior. Positive stimuli were thought to activate approach motivational circuits which in turn primed approach-related behavioral tendencies whereas negative stimuli were supposed to activate avoidance motivational circuits so that avoidance-related behavioral tendencies were primed (motivational orientation account). However, recent research suggests that typically observed affective stimulus response compatibility phenomena might be entirely explained in terms of theories accounting for mechanisms of general action control instead of assuming motivational orientations to mediate the effects (evaluative coding account). In what follows, we explore to what extent this notion is applicable. We present literature suggesting that evaluative coding mechanisms indeed influence a wide variety of affective stimulus response compatibility phenomena. However, the evaluative coding account does not seem to be sufficient to explain affective S-R compatibility effects. Instead, several studies provide clear evidence in favor of the motivational orientation account that seems to operate independently of evaluative coding mechanisms. Implications for theoretical developments and future research designs are discussed. KW - emotional facial expressions KW - cerebral asymmetry KW - compatibility KW - perception KW - affective S-R compatibility KW - approach-avoidance behavior KW - automatic evaluation KW - arm flexion KW - stimuli KW - determinants KW - information KW - emotional responses KW - approach and avoidance KW - facial muscle contractions KW - theory of event coding Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143192 VL - 6 IS - 563 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Topolinski, Sascha A1 - Zürn, Michael A1 - Schneider, Iris K. T1 - What's in and what's out in branding? A novel articulation effect for brand names JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The present approach exploits the biomechanical connection between articulation and ingestion-related mouth movements to introduce a novel psychological principle of brand name design. We constructed brand names for diverse products with consonantal stricture spots either from the front to the rear of the mouth, thus inwards (e.g., BODIKA), or from the rear to the front, thus outwards (e.g., KODIBA). These muscle dynamics resemble the oral kinematics during either ingestion (inwards), which feels positive, or expectoration (outwards), which feels negative. In 7 experiments (total N = 1261), participants liked products with inward names more than products with outward names (Experiment 1), reported higher purchase intentions (Experiment 2), and higher willingness-to-pay (Experiments 3a-3c, 4, 5), with the price gain amounting to 4-13% of the average estimated product value. These effects occurred across English and German language, under silent reading, for both edible and non-edible products, and even in the presence of a much stronger price determinant, namely fair-trade production (Experiment 5). KW - phonetic symbolism KW - moderating role KW - judgements KW - behavior KW - phonation KW - branding KW - articulation KW - sound symbolism KW - embodiment KW - phasic affective modulation KW - processing fluency KW - semantic coherence KW - affective consequences KW - consumers KW - intuition Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143036 VL - 6 IS - 585 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scherer, Reinhold A1 - Faller, Josef A1 - Friedrich, Elisabeth V. C. A1 - Opisso, Eloy A1 - Costa, Ursula A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Müller-Putz, Gernot R. T1 - Individually Adapted Imagery Improves Brain-Computer Interface Performance in End-Users with Disability JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) translate oscillatory electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns into action. Different mental activities modulate spontaneous EEG rhythms in various ways. Non-stationarity and inherent variability of EEG signals, however, make reliable recognition of modulated EEG patterns challenging. Able-bodied individuals who use a BCI for the first time achieve - on average - binary classification performance of about 75%. Performance in users with central nervous system (CNS) tissue damage is typically lower. User training generally enhances reliability of EEG pattern generation and thus also robustness of pattern recognition. In this study, we investigated the impact of mental tasks on binary classification performance in BCI users with central nervous system (CNS) tissue damage such as persons with stroke or spinal cord injury (SCI). Motor imagery (MI), that is the kinesthetic imagination of movement (e.g. squeezing a rubber ball with the right hand), is the "gold standard" and mainly used to modulate EEG patterns. Based on our recent results in able-bodied users, we hypothesized that pair- wise combination of "brain-teaser" (e.g. mental subtraction and mental word association) and "dynamic imagery" (e. g. hand and feet MI) tasks significantly increases classification performance of induced EEG patterns in the selected end-user group. Within- day (How stable is the classification within a day?) and between-day (How well does a model trained on day one perform on unseen data of day two?) analysis of variability of mental task pair classification in nine individuals confirmed the hypothesis. We found that the use of the classical MI task pair hand vs. feed leads to significantly lower classification accuracy - in average up to 15% less - in most users with stroke or SCI. User-specific selection of task pairs was again essential to enhance performance. We expect that the gained evidence will significantly contribute to make imagery-based BCI technology become accessible to a larger population of users including individuals with special needs due to CNS damage. KW - single-trial EEG classification KW - motor imagery technology KW - spatial filters movement KW - communication systems KW - BCI Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143021 VL - 10 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cheetham, Marcus A1 - Wu, Lingdan A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Jancke, Lutz T1 - Arousal, valence, and the uncanny valley: psychophysiological and self-report findings JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The main prediction of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis (UVH) is that observation of humanlike characters that are difficult to distinguish from the human counterpart will evoke a state of negative affect. Well-established electrophysiological [late positive potential (LPP) and facial electromyography (EMG)] and self-report [Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)] indices of valence and arousal, i.e., the primary orthogonal dimensions of affective experience, were used to test this prediction by examining affective experience in response to categorically ambiguous compared with unambiguous avatar and human faces (N = 30). LPP and EMG provided direct psychophysiological indices of affective state during passive observation and the SAM provided self-reported indices of affective state during explicit cognitive evaluation of static facial stimuli. The faces were drawn from well-controlled morph continua representing the UVH' dimension of human likeness (DHL). The results provide no support for the notion that category ambiguity along the DHL is specifically associated with enhanced experience of negative affect. On the contrary, the LPP and SAM-based measures of arousal and valence indicated a general increase in negative affective state (i.e., enhanced arousal and negative valence) with greater morph distance from the human end of the DHL. A second sample (N = 30) produced the same finding, using an ad hoc self-rating scale of feelings of familiarity, i.e., an oft-used measure of affective experience along the UVH' familiarity dimension. In conclusion, this multi-method approach using well-validated psychophysiological and self-rating indices of arousal and valence rejects for passive observation and for explicit affective evaluation of static faces the main prediction of the UVH. KW - emotional facial expressions KW - event-related potentials KW - electromyographic activity KW - startle reflex KW - arousal KW - unpleasant pictures KW - brain potentials KW - mere exposure KW - circumplex model KW - face recognition KW - neural response KW - valence KW - uncanny valley hypothesis KW - familiarity KW - EMG KW - EEG KW - LPP Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151519 VL - 6 IS - 981 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seibt, Beate A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Likowski, Katja U. A1 - Weyers, Peter T1 - Facial mimicry in its social setting JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - In interpersonal encounters, individuals often exhibit changes in their own facial expressions in response to emotional expressions of another person. Such changes are often called facial mimicry. While this tendency first appeared to be an automatic tendency of the perceiver to show the same emotional expression as the sender, evidence is now accumulating that situation, person, and relationship jointly determine whether and for which emotions such congruent facial behavior is shown. We review the evidence regarding the moderating influence of such factors on facial mimicry with a focus on understanding the meaning of facial responses to emotional expressions in a particular constellation. From this, we derive recommendations for a research agenda with a stronger focus on the most common forms of encounters, actual interactions with known others, and on assessing potential mediators of facial mimicry. We conclude that facial mimicry is modulated by many factors: attention deployment and sensitivity, detection of valence, emotional feelings, and social motivations. We posit that these are the more proximal causes of changes in facial mimicry due to changes in its social setting. KW - cultural differences KW - political leaders KW - mimicry KW - cooperation KW - self-focused attention KW - emotional empathy KW - nonconscious mimicry KW - expressive displays KW - gender differences KW - speech anxiety KW - behavior KW - responses KW - facial expression KW - EMG KW - competition KW - mood Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151415 VL - 6 IS - 1122 ER - TY - THES A1 - Flohr, Elena Leonie Ruth T1 - The Scents of Interpersonality - On the Influence of Smells on the Evaluation and Processing of Social Stimuli T1 - Die Düfte der Zwischenmenschlichkeit - Über den Einfluss von Gerüchen auf die Bewertung und Verarbeitung von sozialen Reizen N2 - In daily life, olfactory stimuli are potential generators of affective states, but also have a strong influence on social interaction. Pleasant odors have been shown to increase perceived attractiveness and pro-social behavior, whereas unpleasant body odors are often associated with negative personality traits. Since both pleasant odors and positive affective state facilitate pro-social behavior, it is conceivable that the influence of the odors on social interaction is mediated by the induced affective state elicited by the odor itself. The present thesis aims at exploring the impact of hedonic, i.e., pleasant or unpleasant, odors on the processing and evaluation of social stimuli as assessed by verbal, physiological, and behavioral indices. First, I investigate the effects of initially neutral odors which gained threatening value through an aversive conditioning procedure on social stimuli (Study 1). Second, I study the influence of naturally hedonic odors on social interaction. Third, this thesis aims at disentangling differences in the effects of an odor attributed to either a social interaction partner or the environment where the social encounter takes place (Study 2, 3, and 4). In the first study, a context conditioning procedure was applied, during which one out of two long-lasting neutral odors was paired with an unpredictable aversive unconditioned stimulus (US, i.e., white noise). This odor (CTX+) thereby gained threatening value, while another odor (CTX-) remained unpaired and therefore signaled safety. During a test session, facial stimuli were presented within both conditioned olfactory contexts. Results indicate that autonomic arousal was increased to faces when presented in the threatening odor context. Additionally, participants rated facial stimuli as more aversive when presented in the threatening odor as compared to the safety odor, indicating that faces acquire hedonic value from the odor they were presented in. Strikingly, angry facial expressions received additional processing resources when presented within a threatening olfactory context, as reflected on verbal reports and electrodermal activity (EDA). This latter finding suggests that threat-related stimuli, here angry faces, are preferentially processed within an olfactory context where a threat might happen. Considering that the hedonic value of an odor may be quite subjective, I conducted a pilot study in order to identify odors with pleasant vs. unpleasant properties for most participants. Seven odors (four pleasant and three unpleasant) were rated with respect to their valence (pleasant vs. unpleasant), arousal (arousing vs. calm), and intensity. Additionally, EDA was measured. Two pleasant (Citral and Eucalyptol) and two unpleasant (“Animalis” and Isobutyraldehyde) odors were chosen from the original seven. The unpleasant odors were rated as more negative, arousing, and intense than the positive ones, but no differences were found regarding EDA. These four odors were subsequently used in a virtual reality (VR) paradigm with two odor attribution groups. Participants of the social attribution group (n = 59) were always passively guided into the same room (an office) towards one out of two virtual agents who were either paired with the pleasant or the unpleasant odor. Participants of the contextual attribution group (n = 58) were guided into one out of two rooms which were either paired with the pleasant or the unpleasant odor and where they always met the same agent. For both groups, the agents smiled, frowned or remained with a neutral facial expression. This design allowed evaluating the influence of odor valence as a within-subjects factor and the influence of odor attribution as a between-subjects factor. Unpleasant odors facilitated the processing of social cues as reflected by increased verbal and physiological arousal as well as reduced active approach behavior. Specific influence of odor valence on emotional facial expressions was found for ratings, EDA, and facial mimicry, with the unpleasant odor causing a levelling effect on the differences between facial expressions. The social attribution group exhibited larger differences between odors than the contextual group with respect to some variables (i.e., ratings and EDA), but not to others (i.e., electrocortical potentials – ERPs – and approach behavior). In sum, unpleasant in comparison to pleasant odors diminished emotional responses during social interaction, while an additional enhancing effect of the social attribution was observed on some variables. Interestingly, the awareness that an interaction partner would smell (pleasantly or unpleasantly) boosted the emotional reactivity towards them. In Study 3, I adapted the VR paradigm to a within-subjects design, meaning that the different attribution conditions were now manipulated block-wise. Instead of an approach task, participants had to move away from the virtual agent (withdrawal task). Results on the ratings were replicated from Study 2. Specifically, the difference between pleasant and unpleasant odors on valence, arousal, and sympathy ratings was larger in the social as compared to the contextual attribution condition. No effects of odor or attribution were found on EDA, whereas heart rate (HR) showed a stronger acceleration to pleasant odors while participants were passively guided towards the agent. Instead of an approach task, I focused on withdrawal behavior in this study. Interestingly, independently of the attribution condition, participants spent more time withdrawing from virtual agents, when an unpleasant odor was presented. In sum, I demonstrated that the attribution of the odors to the social agent itself had an enhancing effect on their influence on social interaction. In the fourth and last study, I applied a similar within-subjects protocol as in Study 3 with an additional Ultimatum Game task as a measure of social interaction. Overall findings replicated the results of Study 3 with respect to HR and EDA. Strikingly, participants offered less money to virtual agents in the bad smelling room than in the good smelling room. In contrast to Study 3, no effects of odor attribution were found in Study 4. In sum, again I demonstrated that unpleasant odor may lessen social interaction not only when the interaction partner smells badly, but also in more complex interaction situations. In conclusion, I demonstrated that hedonic odors in general influence social interaction. Thus, pleasant odors seem to facilitate, while unpleasant odors seem to reduce interpersonal exchanges. Therefore, the present thesis extends the body of literature on the influence of odors on the processing of social stimuli. Although I found a direct influence of odors on social preferences as well as on the physiological and behavioral responses to social stimuli, I did not disentangle impact of odor per se from the impact of the affective state. Interestingly, odor attribution might play an additional role as mediator of social interactions such as odor effects in social interactions might be boosted when the smell is attributed to an individual. However, the results in this regard were less straightforward, and therefore further investigations are needed. Future research should also take into account gender or other inter-individual differences like social anxiety. N2 - Im täglichen Leben dienen Gerüche als starke Auslöser von emotionalen Zuständen, doch üben sie auch einen starken Einfluss auf soziale Interaktion aus. Angenehme Gerüche sollten die Attraktivität von Gesichtern und prosoziales Verhalten verstärken, während unangenehme Körpergerüche oft mit negativen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften assoziiert werden. Dieser Zusammenhang zeigt sich auch auf physiologischen und Verhaltensmaßen. Während angenehme Gerüche prosoziales Verhalten verstärken, kann derselbe Effekt auch durch einen positiven affektiven Zustand erreicht werden. Der Einfluss von Gerüchen auf soziale Interaktion könnte daher auch durch den affektiven Zustand der Versuchspersonen vermittelt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, den Einfluss von hedonischen Gerüchen auf soziale Interaktion, wie er sich auf verschiedenen verbalen, physiologischen und Verhaltensvariablen abbilden lässt, darzustellen. Auf der einen Seite wurde der Einfluss von ursprünglich neutralen Gerüchen untersucht, die in einer Kontextkonditionierung bedrohliche Bedeutung erhielten (Studie 1). Auf der anderen Seite sollte der Einfluss eines Geruchs, der direkt von einem sozialen Interaktionspartner ausgeht, von dem eines eher kontextuellen Geruchs getrennt werden, der auf den Raum attribuiert wurde, in dem die soziale Interaktion stattfand (Studien 2, 3 und 4). In der ersten Studie wurde auf einen von zwei ursprünglich neutralen Gerüchen eine Kontextkonditionierungsprozedur angewandt. Dieser Geruch erhielt somit durch die Paarung mit einem aversiven unvorhersehbaren unkonditionierten Stimulus (US) bedrohliche Bedeutung, während der andere Geruch niemals mit einem unkonditionierten Stimulus gepaart wurde und dadurch Sicherheit signalisierte. In der Testphase wurden Gesichter entweder innerhalb des bedrohlichen Geruchs oder des Sicherheitsgeruchs präsentiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass im Anschluss daran der bedrohliche Geruch die elektrokortikalen Potenziale (EKPs) auf Gesichter verstärkt, die in diesem Geruchskontext präsentiert werden. Zudem war das autonome Arousal während der Präsentation der Gesichsstimuli in diesem Kontext erhöht. Subjektive Ratings unterstützen zusätzlich die Annahme, dass die bedrohliche Bedeutung des Kontexts, in dem Gesichter präsentiert werden, auf diese übergeht. Zusätzlich zu diesem generellen Effekt konnte auf den subjektiven Ratings wie auch auf der elektrodermalen Aktivität (EDA) ein spezifischer Einfluss des olfaktorischen Kontexts auf die Verarbeitung von Gesichtern gezeigt werden. Ärgerliche Gesichter zogen dabei zusätzliche Verarbeitungsressourcen auf sich, wenn sie innerhalb eines bedrohlichen olfaktorischen Kontexts präsentiert wurden, wie sich auf der EDA und den verbalen Ratings zeigte. Zusammengefasst legen die letzteren Ergebnisse nahe, dass bedrohliche Reize (hier ärgerliche Gesichter) bevorzugt verarbeitet werden, wenn sie in einem ebenfalls bedrohlichen Kontext präsentiert werden. Um für die anschließenden Studien Gerüche zu identifizieren, die von den meisten Versuchspersonen als angenehm bzw. unangenehm bewertet werden, wurde vor der zweiten Studie eine Pilotstudie durchgeführt. Sieben Gerüche (vier angenehme und drei unangenehme) wurden bezüglich Valenz, Arousal und Intensität evaluiert. Zusätzlich wurde die EDA aufgezeichnet. Aus den ursprünglichen sieben Gerüchen wurden zwei angenehme (Citral und Eukalyptol) und zwei unangenehme („Animalis“ und Isobutanal) ausgewählt. Die unangenehmen Gerüche wurden als unangenehmer, aufregender und intensiver bewertet als die angenehmen, wohingegen in der EDA keine Unterschiede gefunden wurden. Studie 2 wandte die ausgewählten Gerüche in einem Experiment in virtueller Realität an. Um eine soziale und eine kontextuelle Attribution der Gerüche abzubilden, erhob ich zwei Attributions-gruppen. Versuchspersonen der sozialen Attributionsgruppe (n = 59) wurden passiv immer in denselben Raum geführt, in dem sie auf einen von zwei virtuellen Agenten trafen. Jeder dieser Agenten wurden mit entweder dem angenehmen oder dem unangenehmen Geruch gepaart. Probanden der kontextuellen Attributionsgruppe (n = 58) wurden jeweils passiv in einen von zwei Räumen geführt, der entweder mit dem angenehmen oder dem unangenehmen Geruch gepaart wurde. In diesen Räumen trafen sie immer auf denselben virtuellen Agenten. So war es möglich, den Einfluss der Geruchshedonik als Innersubjektfaktor und den Einfluss der Geruchsattribution als Zwischensubjektfaktor darzustellen. Der unangenehme Geruch erzeugte eine verstärkte Verarbeitung sozialer Reize, was sich in erhöhtem physiologischen Arousal, in subjektiven Ratings und vermindertem aktiven Annäherungsverhalten zeigte. Ein spezifischer Einfluss auf emotionale Gesichtsausdrücke war außerdem auf den subjektiven Ratings, EDA und der fazialen Mimikry zu beobachten. Hierbei zeigte sich ein abflachender Effekt auf den Unterschied zwischen den Gesichtsausdrücken, wenn der unangenehme Geruch präsentiert wurde. In der sozialen Attributionsgruppe fanden sich auf manchen Variablen stärkere Effekte als in der kontextuellen Attributionsgruppe (wie den Ratings und der EDA), aber auf anderen Variablen nicht (wie den EKPs und dem Annäherungsverhalten). Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass unangenehme Gerüche im Vergleich zu angenehmen emotionale Reaktionen auf soziale Interaktion vermindern. Ein zusätzlicher verstärkender Effekt durch die soziale Attribution der Gerüche war auf einigen Variablen zu beobachten. Interessanterweise scheint das Wissen darüber, dass ein Interaktionspartner riechen könnte, die emotionale Reaktion auf ihn zu verstärken. Für die dritte Studie passte ich das Paradigma für ein Innersubjektdesign an, wobei nun die beiden Attributionsbedingungen blockweise manipuliert wurden. Die Resultate der Ratings replizierten die aus Studie 2. Außerdem zeigten sich stärkere Effekte der Geruchsvalenz in der sozialen Attributionsbedingung auf allen Ratings. In der EDA wurden keine Effekte gefunden, aber in der Herzrate zeigte sich eine verstärkte Verarbeitung der angenehmen Gerüche während der passiven Annäherung an den Agenten. Statt des Annäherungsverhaltens wurde in dieser Studie das Rückzugsverhalten gemessen. Die Versuchspersonen verbrachten mehr Zeit damit, von einem Agenten zurückzuweichen, wenn ein unangenehmer Geruch präsentiert wurde. In Summe konnte ich zeigen, dass die Attribution der Gerüche auf den sozialen Agenten einen verstärkenden Effekt auf den Einfluss der Gerüche auf die soziale Interaktion hat. In der letzten Studie wurde dasselbe Protokoll wie in Studie 3 mit einer zusätzlichen Ultimatumspielaufgabe durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse aus Studie 3 wurden bezüglich der Herzrate und der EDA repliziert. Außerdem boten die Versuchspersonen dem Agenten im Kontext eines unangenehmen Geruchs weniger Geld an als im Kontext eines angenehmen. In Studie 4 wurde kein Effekt für die Attribution des Geruchs gefunden. Zusammenfassend wurde gezeigt dass unangenehme Gerüche einen reduzierenden Effekt auf soziale Interaktion auch in komplexeren interaktiven Situationen ausüben. Zusammenfassend zeigte ich, dass Gerüche soziale Interaktion beeinflussen. Angenehme Gerüche scheinen soziale Interaktionen zu vereinfachen, während unangenehme Gerüche sie erschweren. Damit erweitert die vorliegende Arbeit bereits bestehende Forschung über den Einfluss von Gerüchen auf die Verarbeitung sozialer Stimuli. Obwohl ich einen direkten Einfluss von Gerüchen auf soziale Präferenzen sowie auf die physiologischen und behavioralen Reaktionen auf soziale Stimuli fand, konnte ich den Einfluss von Gerüchen per se nicht von dem Einfluss des affektiven Zustandes abgrenzen. Interessanterweise scheint die Attribution von Gerüchen einen zusätzlichen Faktor als Mediator von sozialen Interaktionen darzustellen, so dass der Effekt der Gerüche verstärkt wird, wenn er mit einem Individuum assoziiert ist. Nichtsdestotrotz waren die diesbezüglichen Effekte weniger klar und mehr Forschung auf diesem Gebiet könnte diese Unklarheit auflösen. Zukünftige Forschung sollte auch den Faktor Geschlecht nicht außer Acht lassen sowie andere inter-individuelle Unterschiede wie soziale Ängstlichkeit. KW - smell KW - social cognition KW - smells KW - social stimuli KW - social interaction Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153352 ER - TY - THES A1 - Beinicke, Andrea T1 - Career Construction Across the Life Span: Career Choice and Career Development T1 - Karrierekonstruktion über die Lebensspanne: Karriereentscheidung und Karriereentwicklung N2 - This dissertation contributes to deepen our understanding of constructs that play a key role in individuals’ vocational career construction. In this regard, many previous studies have focused exclusively on a specific phase of an individual’s career. Yet, modern societies require continuous investments in one’s career to adapt to changing Environments throughout the life span. Consequently, this dissertation takes a broad approach to capture a wide spectrum of career construction processes. According to Super’s (1990) developmental stage framework, individuals have to manage vocational developmental tasks corresponding to each of the developmental life stages in order to be career mature across the life span. As the two stages exploration and maintenance set the stage for individuals’ future career pathways, they are especially important in individuals’ vocational career construction. Therefore, both of them are addressed in this dissertation. By answering open research questions relevant to career choice in early career stages and to career development in later career stages, this dissertation contributes to the overarching goal of shedding more light on constructs relevant to individuals’ vocational career construction processes across the life span. Beyond the results presented within each study’s horizon, this dissertation aimed at offering practical guidance to career counselors, trainees, and training and development (T&D) professionals. Career counselors and T&D professionals are involved in guiding vocational career construction processes of individuals across the life span. Thus, on the one hand, this dissertation supports career counselors’ work so that they can help deliberating individuals make optimal and effective career choices. On the other hand, this dissertation facilitates T&D professionals’ work so that they can effectively design and evaluate e‐learning and classroom trainings in corporate educational settings. Identifying individuals’ vocational interests combined with cognitive abilities through adequate test measures and maximizing success of learning and success of transfer through fostering evidence‐based transfer support actions will help individuals adapt quickly to the changing nature of work environments in the 21st century and to continue to successfully construct careers across the life span. N2 - Diese Promotion trägt dazu bei, unser Verständnis jener Konstrukte zu vertiefen, die eine entscheidende Rolle bei der beruflichen Karriereplanung von Individuen spielen. Viele bisherige Studien haben sich in dieser Hinsicht ausschließlich auf eine spezielle Karrierephase konzentriert. Jedoch verlangt die moderne Gesellschaft, dass Individuen kontinuierlich in ihre Karriere investieren, um sich über die Lebensspanne hinweg an die ständig verändernden Umweltbedingungen anpassen zu können. Demzufolge wählt diese Promotion einen umfassenden Ansatz mit dem Ziel, ein breiteres Spektrum an Prozessen der Karriereplanung zu erfassen. Laut des Entwicklungsstufenkonzepts über die Lebensspanne von Super (1990) müssen Individuen in jeder der Entwicklungsstufen berufliche Entwicklungsaufgaben meistern, um der Karriere ‐ über die Lebensspanne ‐ gewachsen zu sein. Da die beiden Stufen Exploration und Erhaltung zukünftige Karrierewege bahnen, sind diese bei der beruflichen Karriereplanung von Individuen besonders wichtig und stehen deshalb im Fokus dieser Promotion. Durch die Beantwortung offener Forschungsfragen, die sowohl für die Berufswahl in frühen Karrierestufen als auch für die Karriereentwicklung in späteren Karrierestufen relevant sind, trägt diese Promotion zu dem übergeordneten Ziel bei, Konstrukte zu beleuchten, die für den Prozess der individuellen Karriereplanung über die Lebensspanne bedeutsam sind. Neben den Ergebnissen, die im Rahmen der Studien präsentiert wurden, beabsichtigt diese Promotion Karriereberatern, Lernenden und Personalentwicklern praktische Hilfestellungen zu geben. Karriereberater und Personalentwickler sind an der Lenkung von Prozessen der beruflichen Karriereplanung über die Lebensspanne beteiligt. Deshalb versucht diese Promotion einerseits die Arbeit von Karriereberatern zu unterstützen, damit sie unentschlossenen Individuen dabei helfen können, optimale und effektive Karriereentscheidungen zu treffen. Andererseits versucht diese Promotion Personalentwicklern Unterstützung zu bieten, damit sie Umgebungen für E‐Learning und Präsenztrainings im Unternehmen effektiv gestalten und bewerten können. Die Identifikation individueller beruflicher Interessen zusammen mit kognitiven Fähigkeiten mittels adäquater Testverfahren und die Maximierung des Lern‐ und Transfererfolgs mittels Implementierung evidenzbasierter transferförderlicher Maßnahmen sollen dabei helfen, sich schnell an die Veränderungen der Arbeitsumgebungen des 21. Jahrhunderts anzupassen, und eine erfolgreiche Karriere über die Lebensspanne zu durchlaufen. KW - Karriere KW - Beruf KW - career construction KW - vocational interests KW - training evaluation KW - Erwachsener KW - Psychologie KW - career choice KW - career development Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117447 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gruss, L. Forest A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Schweinberger, Stefan R. A1 - Keil, Andreas T1 - Face-evoked steady-state visual potentials: effects of presentation rate and face inversion JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Face processing can be explored using electrophysiological methods. Research with event-related potentials has demonstrated the so-called face inversion effect, in which the N170 component is enhanced in amplitude and latency to inverted, compared to upright, faces. The present study explored the extent to which repetitive lower-level visual cortical engagement, reflected in flicker steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs), shows similar amplitude enhancement to face inversion. We also asked if inversion-related ssVEP modulation would be dependent on the stimulation rate at which upright and inverted faces were flickered. To this end, multiple tagging frequencies were used (5, 10, 15, and 20 Hz) across two studies (n=21, n=18). Results showed that amplitude enhancement of the ssVEP for inverted faces was found solely at higher stimulation frequencies (15 and 20 Hz). By contrast, lower frequency ssVEPs did not show this inversion effect. These findings suggest that stimulation frequency affects the sensitivity of ssVEPs to face inversion. KW - N170 KW - upside-down faces KW - selective attention KW - spatial attention KW - cortex KW - perception KW - recognition KW - brain KW - FMRI KW - area Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134399 VL - 6 IS - 316 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jin, Jing A1 - Allison, Brendan Z. A1 - Kaufmann, Tobias A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Zhang, Yu A1 - Wang, Xingyu A1 - Cichocki, Andrzej T1 - The Changing Face of P300 BCIs: A Comparison of Stimulus Changes in a P300 BCI Involving Faces, Emotion, and Movement JF - PLoS One N2 - Background: One of the most common types of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is called a P300 BCI, since it relies on the P300 and other event-related potentials (ERPs). In the canonical P300 BCI approach, items on a monitor flash briefly to elicit the necessary ERPs. Very recent work has shown that this approach may yield lower performance than alternate paradigms in which the items do not flash but instead change in other ways, such as moving, changing colour or changing to characters overlaid with faces. Methodology/Principal Findings: The present study sought to extend this research direction by parametrically comparing different ways to change items in a P300 BCI. Healthy subjects used a P300 BCI across six different conditions. Three conditions were similar to our prior work, providing the first direct comparison of characters flashing, moving, and changing to faces. Three new conditions also explored facial motion and emotional expression. The six conditions were compared across objective measures such as classification accuracy and bit rate as well as subjective measures such as perceived difficulty. In line with recent studies, our results indicated that the character flash condition resulted in the lowest accuracy and bit rate. All four face conditions (mean accuracy >91%) yielded significantly better performance than the flash condition (mean accuracy = 75%). Conclusions/Significance: Objective results reaffirmed that the face paradigm is superior to the canonical flash approach that has dominated P300 BCIs for over 20 years. The subjective reports indicated that the conditions that yielded better performance were not considered especially burdensome. Therefore, although further work is needed to identify which face paradigm is best, it is clear that the canonical flash approach should be replaced with a face paradigm when aiming at increasing bit rate. However, the face paradigm has to be further explored with practical applications particularly with locked-in patients. KW - ERPS KW - communication KW - TO-target interval KW - visual-evoked potentials KW - brain-computer-interface KW - recognition KW - amplitude KW - paradigm KW - systems Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134173 VL - 7 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleih, Sonja C. A1 - Gottschalt, Lea A1 - Teichlein, Eva A1 - Weilbach, Franz X. T1 - Toward a P300 Based Brain-Computer Interface for Aphasia Rehabilitation after Stroke: Presentation of Theoretical Considerations and a Pilot Feasibility Study JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - People with post-stroke motor aphasia know what they would like to say but cannot express it through motor pathways due to disruption of cortical circuits. We present a theoretical background for our hypothesized connection between attention and aphasia rehabilitation and suggest why in this context, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) use might be beneficial for patients diagnosed with aphasia. Not only could BCI technology provide a communication tool, it might support neuronal plasticity by activating language circuits and thereby boost aphasia recovery. However, stroke may lead to heterogeneous symptoms that might hinder BCI use, which is why the feasibility of this approach needs to be investigated first. In this pilot study, we included five participants diagnosed with post-stroke aphasia. Four participants were initially unable to use the visual P300 speller paradigm. By adjusting the paradigm to their needs, participants could successfully learn to use the speller for communication with accuracies up to 100%. We describe necessary adjustments to the paradigm and present future steps to investigate further this approach. KW - brain-computer interface (BCI) KW - aphasia KW - stroke rehabilitation KW - P300 speller KW - user-centered design KW - Broca KW - training Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147929 VL - 10 IS - 547 ER - TY - THES A1 - Will, Sebastian T1 - Development of a presence model for driving simulators based on speed perception in a motorcycle riding simulator T1 - Entwicklung eines Präsenzmodells für Fahrsimulatoren basierend auf der Geschwindigkeitswahrnehmung in einem Motorradfahrsimulator N2 - Driving simulators are powerful research tools. Countless simulator studies have contributed to traffic safety over the last decades. Constant improvements in simulator technology call for a measureable scale to assess driving simulators with regard to their utility in human factors research. A promising psychological construct to do so is presence. It is commonly defined as the feeling of being located in a remote or virtual environment that seems to be real. Another aspect of presence describes the ability to act there successfully. The main aim of this thesis is to develop a presence model dedicated to the application in driving simulators. Established models have been combined and extended in order to gain a comprehensive model of presence that allows understanding its emergence and deriving recommendations on how to design or improve driving simulators. The five studies presented in this thesis investigate specific postulated model components and their interactions. All studies deal with motorcycling or a motorcycle riding simulator as exemplary field of application. The first study used a speed estimation task to investigate the contribution of different sensory cues to presence. While visualization plays a particularly important role, further improvements could be achieved by adding more consistent sensory stimuli to the virtual environment. Auditory, proprioceptive and vestibular cues have been subject to investigation. In the second study, the speed production method was applied. It confirmed the positive contribution of action to presence as predicted by psychocybernetic models. The third study dealt with the effect of training on presence. Hence, no positive effect was observed. The fourth study aimed at replicating previous findings on sensory fidelity and diversity in a more complex riding situation than only longitudinal vehicle control. The riders had to cross an unexpectedly appearing deep pit with the virtual motorcycle. The contribution of more consistent sensory stimulation on presence was successfully shown in this scenario, too. The final study was a real riding experiment that delivered reference values for the speed estimation capabilities of motorcycle riders. Besides higher variations in the simulator data, the general speed estimation performance was on a comparable level. Different measures, such as subjective ratings, behavioral responses, performance, and physiological reactions, have been applied as presence indicators. These studies’ findings deliver evidence for the meaningful application of the proposed presence model in driving simulator settings. The results suggest that presence can be interpreted as a quality measure for perception in virtual environments. In line with psychocybernetic models, taking action, which is seen as controlling perception, enhances this quality even further. Describing the psychological construct of presence in a theoretical framework that takes the diversity of perception and action in driving simulator settings into account closes a gap in traffic psychological research. N2 - Fahrsimulatoren sind leistungsfähige Forschungsinstrumente. Seit einigen Jahrzehnten konnte mit unzähligen Simulatorstudien zur Verkehrssicherheit beigetragen werden. Stetige Weiterentwicklungen der Simulatortechnologie machen einen Maßstab erforderlich, der es erlaubt, Fahrsimulatoren hinsichtlich ihrer Nützlichkeit für verkehrspsychologische Fragestellungen zu bewerten. Ein vielversprechendes in der Psychologie verwendetes Konstrukt ist Präsenz. Für gewöhnlich wird Präsenz als das Gefühl definiert, sich in einer entfernten bzw. virtuellen Umwelt zu befinden, die als real wahrgenommen wird. Ein weiterer Aspekt von Präsenz beschreibt die Fähigkeit in dieser Welt erfolgreich zu handeln. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein Präsenzmodell für die Anwendung im Fahrsimulatorbereich zu entwickeln. Dafür werden bereits etablierte Präsenzmodelle aufgegriffen, kombiniert und um bestimmte Komponenten erweitert. Dies zielt darauf ab ein umfassendes Präsenzmodell zu etablieren, welches einerseits einen Erklärungsansatz zur Entstehung von Präsenz liefert und andererseits erlaubt, Gestaltungsempfehlungen für Fahrsimulatoren abzuleiten. Die fünf Experimente dieser Arbeit untersuchen spezifische Modellkomponenten und deren Zusammenspiel. Alle Studien befassen sich mit dem Motorradfahren bzw. einem Motorradfahrsimulator als exemplarisches Anwendungsfeld. Die erste Studie verwendete ein Schätzverfahren für Geschwindigkeiten, um den Beitrag verschiedener Sinnesreize zu Präsenz zu untersuchen. Während der Visualisierung eine besondere Rolle zukommt, konnte die Präsenz durch die Hinzunahme weiterer sensorischer Stimuli in der virtuellen Welt noch gesteigert werden. Dabei wurden auditive, propriozeptive und vestibuläre Reize betrachtet. In der zweiten Studie wurde die Geschwindigkeitswahrnehmung mit Hilfe des Herstellungsverfahrens untersucht. Wie durch psychokybernetische Modelle vorhergesagt, hat sich die positive Auswirkung aktiven Handelns in der virtuellen Welt auf Präsenz bestätigt. Die dritte Studie befasste sich mit den Auswirkungen von Training auf Präsenz. Hier konnte jedoch kein positiver Zusammenhang festgestellt werden. Die vierte Studie zielte darauf ab, im Vorfeld gewonnene Erkenntnisse zur Vielfalt sensorischer Reize zu replizieren. Anstelle reiner Fahrzeuglängsregulation galt es, eine komplexere Fahrsituation zu bewältigen. Die Probanden mussten dabei mit ihrem virtuellen Motorrad einen unerwartet auftretenden tiefen Graben durchqueren. Der Beitrag vielfältiger sensorischer Stimulation auf Präsenz konnte auch in diesem Szenario erfolgreich gezeigt werden. Bei der letzten Studie handelte es sich um eine Realfahruntersuchung, die Referenzwerte zur Einordnung der Geschwindigkeitswahrnehmung im Motorradfahrsimulator lieferte. Außer höheren Schwankungen der Schätzwerte im Fahrsimulator bewegte sich die Güte der Schätzungen im Mittel auf einem vergleichbaren Niveau. Zur Messung von Präsenz wurden Befragungsdaten, Verhaltensmaße, Leistung und physiologische Reaktionen als Indikatoren herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse der Studien belegen die sinnvolle Anwendbarkeit des vorgeschlagenen Präsenzmodells in der Fahrsimulation. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, dass Präsenz als ein Gütemaß für Wahrnehmung in virtuellen Welten interpretiert werden kann. Psychokybernetischen Modellen folgend kann diese Qualität durch Handeln, welches als Kontrolle der Wahrnehmung gesehen wird, noch weiter gesteigert werden. Durch die Integration des psychologischen Präsenzkonstrukts in ein Rahmenmodell, welches der Vielfalt von Wahrnehmung und Handlung in Fahrsimulatoren Rechnung trägt, konnte eine Lücke in der verkehrspsychologischen Forschung geschlossen werden. KW - Fahrsimulator KW - Geschwindigkeitswahrnehmung KW - presence KW - motorcycle simulator KW - driving simulator KW - speed perception KW - Präsenzerleben KW - Immersion KW - Telepräsenz Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149748 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huestegge, Lynn A1 - Böckler, Anne T1 - Out of the corner of the driver's eye: Peripheral processing of hazards in static traffic scenes JF - Journal of Vision N2 - Effective gaze control in traffic, based on peripheral visual information, is important to avoid hazards. Whereas previous hazard perception research mainly focused on skill-component development (e.g., orientation and hazard processing), little is known about the role and dynamics of peripheral vision in hazard perception. We analyzed eye movement data from a study in which participants scanned static traffic scenes including medium-level versus dangerous hazards and focused on characteristics of fixations prior to entering the hazard region. We found that initial saccade amplitudes into the hazard region were substantially longer for dangerous (vs. medium-level) hazards, irrespective of participants' driving expertise. An analysis of the temporal dynamics of this hazard-level dependent saccade targeting distance effect revealed that peripheral hazard-level processing occurred around 200–400 ms during the course of the fixation prior to entering the hazard region. An additional psychophysical hazard detection experiment, in which hazard eccentricity was manipulated, revealed better detection for dangerous (vs. medium-level) hazards in both central and peripheral vision. Furthermore, we observed a significant perceptual decline from center to periphery for medium (but not for highly) dangerous hazards. Overall, the results suggest that hazard processing is remarkably effective in peripheral vision and utilized to guide the eyes toward potential hazards. KW - traffic KW - hazard perception KW - visual orientation KW - eye movements KW - peripheral vision Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147726 VL - 16 IS - 11 ER -