TY - JOUR A1 - Graf, Marlene A1 - Lettenmaier, Ludwig A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Hagge, Jonas T1 - Saproxylic beetles trace deadwood and differentiate between deadwood niches before their arrival on potential hosts JF - Insect Conservation and Diversity N2 - Deadwood provides a variety of habitats for saproxylic beetles. Whereas the understanding of the drivers promoting saproxylic beetle diversity has improved, the process of deadwood colonisation and beetle's potential to trace resources is poorly understood. However, the mechanisms facilitating deadwood detection by saproxylic beetles appears to be essential for survival, as deadwood is usually scattered in time and space. To investigate whether saproxylic beetles distinguish before their arrival on potential hosts between alive trees and deadwood (lying, stumps, standing), deadwood arrangement (aggregated, distributed) and different heights on standing resources (bottom = 0.5 m, middle = 4–5 m, top = 7.30–11.60 m), we sampled saproxylic beetles with sticky traps in a deadwood experiment. We found on average 67% higher abundance, 100% higher species numbers and 50–130% higher species diversity of colonising saproxylic beetles consistently for all deadwood types compared to alive trees with a distinct community composition on lying deadwood compared to the other resource types. Aggregated deadwood arrangement, which is associated with higher sun‐exposure, had a positive effect on species richness. The abundance, species number and diversity, was significantly higher for standing deadwood and alive trees at the bottom section of tree trunks. In contrast to living trees, however, the vertical position had an additional effect on the community composition on standing deadwood. Our results indicate that saproxylic beetles are attracted to potential deadwood habitats and actively select specific trunk sections before arriving on potential hosts. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of sun‐exposed resources for species richness in saproxylic beetles. KW - deadwood KW - experiment KW - host discrimination KW - host selection KW - microclimate KW - saproxylic beetles KW - vertical stratification Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262507 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 48 EP - 60 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - König, Sebastian A1 - Krauss, Jochen A1 - Keller, Alexander A1 - Bofinger, Lukas A1 - Steffan‐Dewenter, Ingolf T1 - Phylogenetic relatedness of food plants reveals highest insect herbivore specialization at intermediate temperatures along a broad climatic gradient JF - Global Change Biology N2 - The composition and richness of herbivore and plant assemblages change along climatic gradients, but knowledge about associated shifts in specialization is scarce and lacks controlling for the abundance and phylogeny of interaction partners. Thus, we aimed to test whether the specialization of phytophagous insects in insect‐plant interaction networks decreases toward cold habitats as predicted by the ‘altitude niche‐breadth hypothesis’ to forecast possible consequences of interaction rewiring under climate change. We used a non‐invasive, standardized metabarcoding approach to reconstruct dietary relationships of Orthoptera species as a major insect herbivore taxon along a broad temperature gradient (~12°C) in Southern Germany. Based on Orthoptera surveys, feeding observations, collection of fecal pellets from >3,000 individuals of 54 species, and parallel vegetation surveys on 41 grassland sites, we quantified plant resource availability and its use by herbivores. Herbivore assemblages were richer in species and individuals at sites with high summer temperatures, while plant richness peaked at intermediate temperatures. Corresponding interaction networks were most specialized in warm habitats. Considering phylogenetic relationships of plant resources, however, the specialization pattern was not linear but peaked at intermediate temperatures, mediated by herbivores feeding on a narrow range of phylogenetically related resources. Our study provides empirical evidence of resource specialization of insect herbivores along a climatic gradient, demonstrating that resource phylogeny, availability, and temperature interactively shape the specialization of herbivore assemblages. Instead of low specialization levels only in cold, harsh habitats, our results suggest increased generalist feeding due to intraspecific changes and compositional differences at both ends of the microclimatic gradient. We conclude that this nonlinear change of phylogeny‐based resource specialization questions predictions derived from the ‘altitude‐niche breadth hypothesis’ and highlights the currently limited understanding of how plant‐herbivore interactions will change under future climatic conditions. KW - Alps KW - diet breadth KW - distance‐based specialization index KW - herbivores KW - interaction networks KW - metabarcoding KW - microclimate KW - Orthoptera KW - plant richness KW - temperature gradient Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276441 VL - 28 IS - 13 SP - 4027 EP - 4040 ER - TY - THES A1 - Obermaier, Elisabeth T1 - Coexistence and resource use in space and time in a West African tortoise beetle community N2 - Tropical rain forests and coral reefs are usually regarded as the epitome of complexity and diversity. The mechanisms, however, that allow so many species to coexist continuously, still need to be unraveled. Earlier equilibrium models explain community organization with a strict niche separation and specialization of the single species, achieved mainly by interspecific competition and consecutive resource partitioning. Recent non-equilibrium or stochastic models see stochastic factors ("intermediate disturbances") as more important. Such systems are characterized by broad niche overlaps and an unpredictable species composition. Mechanisms of coexistence are most interesting where species interactions are strongest and species packing is highest. This is the case within a functional group or guild where species use similar resources. In this project a community of seven closely related leaf beetle species (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) was investigated which coexist on a common host plant system (fam. Convovulaceae) in a tropical moist savanna (Ivory Coast, Comoé-Nationalpark). A broad overlap in the seasonal phenology of the leaf beetle species stood in contrast to a distinct spatial niche differentiation. The beetle community could be separated in a savanna-group (host plant: Ipomoea) and in a river side group (host plant: Merremia). According to a correspondence analysis the five species at the river side, using a common host plant, Merremia hederacea, proved to be predictable in their species composition. They showed a small scale niche differentiation along the light gradient (microhabitats). Laboratory studies confirmed differences in the tolerance towards high temperatures (up to 50°C in the field). Physiological trade-offs between phenology, microclimate and food quality seem best to describe patterns of resource use of the beetle species. Further a phylogeny based on mt-DNA sequencing of the beetle community was compared to its ecological resource use and the evolution of host plant use was reconstructed N2 - Tropische Regenwälder und Korallenriffe werden gewöhnlich als die Zentren von Komplexität und Diversität betrachtet. Die Mechanismen hingegen, die so vielen Arten die Koexistenz erlauben, sind noch weitgehend unbekannt. Herkömmliche Gleichgewichtsmodelle erklären die Organisation von Gemeinschaften mit einer strengen Nischentrennung und Spezialisierung der einzelnen Arten, welche hauptsächlich durch interspezifische Konkurrenz und nachfolgende Ressourcenaufteilung zustande kommt. Neue Nichtgleichgewichts- oder stochastische Modelle sehen stochastische Faktoren ("mittlere Störungen") als wichtiger an. Solche Systeme sind durch breiten Nischenüberlappungen und eine unvorhersehbare Artenzusammensetzung charakterisiert. Mechanismen der Koexistenz sind dort am interessantesten, wo Arten-Interaktionen am stärksten und "Artenpackung" am höchsten ist. Dies ist innerhalb einer funktionalen Gruppe oder Gilde der Fall, wo Arten ähnliche Ressourcen nutzen. In diesem Projekt wurde eine Gemeinschaft von sieben eng verwandten Blattkäfern untersucht (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae), welche auf einem gemeinsamen Wirtspflanzensystem (Fam. Convolulaceae) in einer tropischen Feuchtsavanne koexistieren (Elfenbeinküste, Comoé-Nationalpark). Einer breiten Überlappung in der jahreszeitlichen Phänologie der Blattkäferarten stand eine ausgeprägte räumliche Nischendifferenzierung gegenüber. Die Käfergemeinschaft konnte in eine Savannengruppe (Wirtspflanze: Ipomoea) und in eine Flußufergruppe (Wirtspflanze: Merremia) aufgeteilt werden. Die fünf Arten am Flußufer, welche eine gemeinsame Wirtspflanzenart, Merremia hederacea, nutzten, erwiesen sich in einer Korrespondenzanalyse in ihrer Artenzusammensetzung als vorhersagbar und nach dem Beschattungsgrad (Mikrohabitat) als kleinräumig eingenischt. Laborstudien bestätigten Unterschiede in der Toleranz gegenüber hohen Temperaturen (Temperaturmaxima im Freiland bis zu 50°C). Physiologische Trade-offs zwischen Phänologie, Mikroklima und Nahrungsqualität scheinen die Ressourcennutzungsmuster der Arten im Freiland am Besten zu beschreiben. Weiterhin wurde eine Phylogenie der Käfergemeinschaft aufgrund von mtDNA-Sequenzierung mit ihrer ökologischen Ressourcennutzung verglichen und die Evolution der Wirtspflanzennutzung rekonstruiert. T2 - Koexistenz und räumlich-zeitliche Ressourcennutzung in einer westafrikanischen Schildkäfergemeinschaft KW - Westafrika KW - Schildkäfer KW - Windengewächse KW - Synökologie KW - Chrysomelidae KW - Cassidinae KW - Koexistenz KW - Nahrungsqualität KW - natürliche Feinde KW - Mikroklima KW - Mikrohabitat KW - molekulare Phylogenie KW - Phänologie KW - Cassidinae KW - Chrysomelidae KW - coexistence KW - natural enemies KW - microclimate KW - microhabitat KW - molecular phylogeny KW - phenology KW - plant quality KW - tropics Y1 - 2000 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1815 ER -