TY - THES A1 - Philipp, Michael Stephan Maria T1 - N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes as Ligands for p-Block Element Compounds T1 - N-Heterocyclische Carbene und Cyclische (Alkyl)(amino)carbene als Liganden für p-Block-Element-Verbindungen N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Synthese und Reaktivität neuer NHC- und cAAC-stabilisierter Lewis-Säure/Lewis-Base-Addukte von Verbindungen mit Elementen der Gruppen 14 und 15 beschrieben. N2 - This thesis reports on synthesis and reactivity of new NHC- and cAAC-stabilized Lewis-acid/Lewis-base adducts of group 14 and group 15 element compounds. KW - Lewis-Addukt KW - Heterocyclische Carbene <-N> KW - NHC KW - cAAC KW - p-Block Elements Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289295 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hock, Andreas T1 - NHC-stabilized Alanes and Gallanes T1 - NHC-stabilisierte Alane und Gallane N2 - This thesis describes the synthesis and reactivity of NHC-stabilized Lewis-acid/Lewis-base adducts of alanes and gallanes (NHC = Me2ImMe, iPr2Im, iPr2ImMe, Dipp2Im, Dipp2ImH). As this field of research has developed tremendously, especially in the last five years, the first chapter provides an overview of the current state of knowledge. The influence of electronegative π-donor-substituents on the stability of the NHC alane adducts is examined in chapter 2. For this purpose, the carbene stabilized alanes (NHC)∙AlH3 (NHC = iPr2Im, Dipp2Im) were reacted with secondary amines of different steric demand and with phenols. The π-donor substituents saturate the Lewis acidic aluminium center and coordination of a second NHC-ligand was not observed. The strongly electronegative N and O substituents increase the Lewis acidity of the aluminium atom, which leads to stronger Al-CNHC as well as Al-H bonds, which inhibits the insertion of the carbene into the Al-H bond. In Chapter 3 the development of the synthesis and reactivity of carbene-stabilized gallanes is presented. The synthesis of NHC gallane adducts (NHC)∙GaH3, (NHC)∙GaH2Cl and (NHC)∙GaHCl2 and their reactivity towards NHCs and cAACMe were investigated in detail. The reaction of the mono- and dichlorogallanes (NHC)∙GaH2Cl and (NHC)∙GaHCl2 (NHC = iPr2ImMe, Dipp2Im) with cAACMe led to insertion of the cAACMe with formation of chiral and achiral compounds depending on the sterically demand of the used NHC. Furthermore, the formation of bis-alkylgallanes was observed for the insertion of two equivalents of cAACMe with release of the NHC ligand. Chapter 4 describes investigations concerning the synthesis and reactivity of NHC-stabilized iodoalanes and iodogallanes, which are suitable for the formation of cationic aluminium and gallium dihydrides. The reaction of (NHC)∙EH2I (E = Al, Ga) stabilized by the sterically less demanding NHCs (NHC = Me2ImMe, iPr2Im, iPr2ImMe) with an additional equivalent of the NHC led to the formation of the cationic bis-NHC aluminium and gallium dihydrides [(NHC)2∙AlH2]+I- and [(NHC)2∙GaH2]+I-. Furthermore, the influence of the steric demand of the used NHC was investigated. The adduct (Dipp2Im)∙GaH2I was reacted with an additional equivalent of Dipp2Im. Due to the bulk of the NHC used, rearrangement of one of the NHC ligands from normal to abnormal coordination occurred and the cationic gallium dihydride [(Dipp2Im)∙GaH2(aDipp2Im)] was isolated. Chapter 5 of this thesis reports investigations concerning the reduction of cyclopentadienyl-substituted alanes and gallanes with singlet carbenes. NHC stabilized pentamethylcyclopentadienyl aluminium and gallium dihydrides (NHC)∙Cp*MH2 (E = Al, Ga) were prepared by the reaction of (AlH2Cp*)3 with the corresponding NHCs or by the salt elimination of (NHC)∙GaH2I with KCp*. The gallane adducts decompose at higher temperatures with reductive elimination of Cp*H and formation of Cp*GaI. . The reductive elimination is preferred for sterically demanding NHCs (Dipp2Im > iPr2ImMe > Me2ImMe). In addition, NHC ring expansion of the backbone saturated carbene Dipp2ImH was observed for the reaction of the NHC with (AlH2Cp*)3, which led to (RER-Dipp2ImHH2)AlCp*. Furthermore, the reactivity of the adducts (NHC)∙Cp*EH2 (E = Al, Ga) towards cAACMe was investigated. The reaction of the alane adducts stabilized by the sterically more demanding NHCs iPr2ImMe and Dipp2Im afforded the exceptionally stable insertion product (cAACMeH)Cp*AlH V-10 with liberation of the NHC. The reaction of the gallium hydrides (NHC)∙Cp*GaH2 with cAACMe led to the reductive elimination of cAACMeH2 and formation of Cp*GaI. A variety of neutral and cationic carbene-stabilized alanes and gallanes are presented in this work. The introduction of electronegative π-donor substituents (Cl-, I-, OR-, NR2-) and the investigations on the thermal stability of these compounds led to the conclusion that the stability of alanes and gallanes increased significantly by such a substitution. Investigations on the reactivity of the NHC adducts towards cAACMe resulted in various insertion products of the carbene into the Al-H or Ga-H bonds and the first cAACMe stabilized dichlorogallane was isolated. Furthermore, a first proof was provided that carbenes can be used specifically for the (formal) reduction of group 13 hydrides of the higher homologues. Thus, the synthesis of Cp*GaI from the reaction of (NHC)∙Cp*GaH2 with cAACMe was developed. In the future, this reaction pathway could be of interest for the preparation of other low-valent compounds of aluminium and gallium. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese und Reaktivität NHC stabilisierter Lewis-Säuren/Lewis-Basen Addukte von Alanen und Galanen. Da sich dieses Forschungsgebiet insbesondere in den letzten fünf Jahren rasant entwickelt hat, wird im ersten Kapitel dieser Arbeit eine Übersicht über den gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand gegeben. Nachdem in vorangegangenen Arbeiten in der Gruppe gezeigt werden konnte, dass NHC-substituierte Alane (NHC)∙AlH3 eine begrenzte Stabilität bezüglich einer möglichen Eliminierung von Dihydroaminal NHC-H2 bzw. der Ringerweiterung oder Ringöffnung des NHC-Liganden aufweisen, wird in Kapitel 2 der Arbeit der Einfluss elektronegativer π-Donor-Substituenten am Aluminium auf die Stabilität der dargestellten NHC-Alan-Addukte untersucht. Dazu wurden die Carben stabilisierten Alane (NHC)∙AlH3 (NHC = iPr2Im, Dipp2Im) mit sekundären Aminen unterschiedlichen sterischen Anspruchs und Phenolen umgesetzt. Die π-Donor Substituenten sättigen das Lewis-saure Aluminiumzentrum ab, sodass eine Koordination eines zweiten NHC-Liganden nicht möglich ist. Ferner erhöhen die stark elektronegativen N- und O-Substituenten die Lewis-Acidität des Aluminiumatoms, das zu stärkeren Al-CNHC, aber auch Al-H-Bindungen führt und vermutlich deshalb die Insertion des Carbens in diese Bindung erschwert ist. Kapitel 3 beschreibt die Entwicklung der Synthese von Carben-stabilisierten Gallanen und Untersuchungen zu deren Reaktivität. Es wurde die Darstellung der NHC-Gallan-Addukte und ihre Reaktivität gegenüber NHCs und cAACMe im Detail untersucht. Durch die Substitution der Hydrid-Substituenten durch Chloride konnte mit zunehmendem Chlorierungsgrad eine erhöhte Stabilität der Addukte festgestellt werden. Die Reaktion von cAACMe mit den NHC-stabilisierten Gallanen führt zur Insertion des cAACMe in die Ga-H-Bindung unter Ausbildung chiraler und achiraler Insertionsprodukten, sowie der zweifachen Insertion von cAACMe unter Abspaltung des NHC-Liganden und Bildung von Bisalkylgallanen. Kapitel 4 beschreibt Untersuchungen zur Synthese und Reaktivität Carben-stabilisierter Iodtriele, welche zur Darstellung kationischer Aluminium- und Galliumdihydride geeignet sind. Die Reaktion der NHC-Iodotriele (NHC)∙EH2I (E = Al, Ga), welche durch weniger sterisch anspruchsvollen NHCs stabilisiert werden, mit einem zusätzlichen Äquivalent des entsprechenden NHCs führt zur Bildung der kationischen bis-NHC-Aluminium- und Galliumdihydride [(NHC)∙MH2]+I. Um den Einfluss des sterischen Anspruchs des NHCs zu untersuchen, wurde das Addukt (Dipp2Im)∙GaH2I mit einem zusätzlichen Äquivalent Dipp2Im umgesetzt. Aufgrund der Sterik der verwendeten Carbene führte dies zur Umlagerung eines NHCs von normaler zu abnormaler Koordination unter Bildung von [(Dipp2Im)∙GaH2(aDipp2Im)]I. Im fünften Kapitel der Arbeit werden Untersuchungen zur Reduktion Cp*-substituierter Triele mit Carbenen beschrieben. Die Darstellung NHC-stabilisierter Cp* -Alane- und Gallane (NHC)∙Cp*MH2 (M = Al, Ga) erfolgte durch die direkte Umsetzung von (AlH2Cp*)3 mit den entsprechenden NHCs, bzw. durch Salzeliminierung ausgehend von (NHC)∙GaH2I mit KCp*. Die Gallan-Addukte zersetzen sich bei höheren Temperaturen unter reduktiver Eliminierung von Cp*H und Bildung von Cp*GaI. Die reduktive Eliminierung findet bevorzugt für sterisch anspruchsvolle NHCs statt. Darüber hinaus wurde eine NHC Ringerweiterungsreaktion des im Rückgrat gesättigten Carbens Dipp2ImH bei der Reaktion mit (AlH2Cp*)3 unter Ausbildung von (RER-Dipp2ImHH2)AlCp*. Darüber hinaus wurde die Reaktivität der Addukte (NHC)∙Cp*EH2 (E = Al. Ga) gegenüber cAACMe untersucht. Die Reaktion der durch die sterisch anspruchsvolleren NHCs iPr2ImMe und Dipp2Im stabilisierten Addukte mit cAACMe führte zur Bildung des außergewöhnlich stabilen Insertionsproduktes (cAACMeH)Cp*AlH unter Abspaltung des NHC-Liganden. Die Reaktion der Galliumhydride (NHC)∙Cp*GaH2 mit cAACMe führte stattdessen direkt zur reduktiven Eliminierung von cAACMeH2 unter Ausbildung von Cp*GaI.Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden neutrale und kationische Carben-stabilisierte Alane und Gallane eingehend untersucht. Durch das Einführen elektronegativer π-Donor-Substituenten und Untersuchungen zur thermischen Belastbarkeit dieser Verbindungen wurde nachgewiesen, dass sich die Stabilität der Alane bzw. Gallane durch eine derartige Substitution deutlich erhöht. Untersuchungen zur Reaktivität der NHC-Addukte gegenüber cAACMe brachte diverse Insertionsprodukte des Carbens in Al-H bzw. Ga-H-Bindungen hervor. Ferner konnte das erste cAACMe-stabilisierte Dichlorogalliumhydrid dargestellt werden. Darüber hinaus wurde ein erster Nachweis erbracht, dass Carbene gezielt zur (formalen) Reduktion von Hydriden der höheren Homologen der Gruppe 13 verwendet werden können. So wurde die Synthese von Cp*GaI aus der Reaktion von (NHC)∙Cp*GaH2 mit cAACMe entwickelt. In Zukunft könnte dieser Reaktionspfad zur Darstellung niedervalenter Verbindungen der Triele Aluminium und Gallium von Interesse sein. KW - Aluminiumhydridderivate KW - Gallium KW - Heterocyclische Carbene <-N> KW - Aluminium KW - Carbene Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212525 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tian, Yaming T1 - Selective C-X and C-H Borylation by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Nickel(0) Complex T1 - Selektive C-X und C-H Borylierung mittels N-Heterozyklischer Carben Nickel(0) Komplexe N2 - Organoboron compounds are important building blocks in organic synthesis, materials science, and drug discovery. The development of practical and convenient ways to synthesize boronate esters attracted significant interest. Photoinduced borylations originated with stoichiometric reactions of arenes and alkanes with well-defined metal-boryl complexes. Now photoredox-initiated borylations, catalyzed either by transition-metal or organic photocatalysts, and photochemical borylations with high efficiency have become a burgeoning area of research. In this chapter, we summarize research in the field of photocatalytic C-X borylation, especially emphasizing recent developments and trends, based on transition-metal catalysis, metal-free organocatalysis and direct photochemical activation. We focus on reaction mechanisms involving single electron transfer (SET), triplet energy transfer (TET), and other radical processes. We developed a highly selective photocatalytic C-F borylation method that employs a rhodium biphenyl complex as a triplet sensitizer and the nickel catalyst [Ni(IMes)2] (IMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene) for the C-F bond activation and defluoroborylation process. This tandem catalyst system operates with visible (400 nm) light and achieves borylation of a wide range of fluoroarenes with B2pin2 at room temperature in excellent yields and with high selectivity. Direct irradiation of the intermediary C-F bond oxidative addition product trans-[NiF(ArF)(IMes)2] leads to fast decomposition when B2pin2 is present. This destructive pathway can be bypassed by indirect excitation of the triplet states of the nickel(II) complex via the photoexcited rhodium biphenyl complex. Mechanistic studies suggest that the exceptionally long-lived triplet excited state of the Rh biphenyl complex used as the photosensitizer allows for efficient triplet energy transfer to trans-[NiF(ArF)(IMes)2], which leads to dissociation of one of the NHC ligands. This contrasts with the majority of current photocatalytic transformations, which employ transition metals as excited state single electron transfer agents. We have previously reported that C(arene)-F bond activation with [Ni(IMes)2] is facile at room temperature, but that the transmetalation step with B2pin2 is associated with a high energy barrier. Thus, this triplet energy transfer ultimately leads to a greatly enhanced rate constant for the transmetalation step and thus for the whole borylation process. While addition of a fluoride source such as CsF enhances the yield, it is not absolutely required. We attribute this yield-enhancing effect to (i) formation of an anionic adduct of B2pin2, i.e. FB2pin2-, as an efficient, much more nucleophilic {Bpin-} transfer reagent for the borylation/transmetalation process, and/or (ii) trapping of the Lewis acidic side product FBpin by formation of [F2Bpin]- to avoid the formation of a significant amount of NHC-FBpin and consequently of decomposition of {Ni(NHC)2} species in the reaction mixture. We reported a highly selective and general photo-induced C-Cl borylation protocol that employs [Ni(IMes)2] (IMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazoline-2-ylidene) for the radical borylation of chloroarenes. This photo-induced system operates with visible light (400 nm) and achieves borylation of a wide range of chloroarenes with B2pin2 at room temperature in excellent yields and with high selectivity, thereby demonstrating its broad utility and functional group tolerance. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the borylation reactions proceed via a radical process. EPR studies demonstrate that [Ni(IMes)2] undergoes very fast chlorine atom abstraction from aryl chlorides to give [NiI(IMes)2Cl] and aryl radicals. Control experiments indicate that light promotes the reaction of [NiI(IMes)2Cl] with aryl chlorides generating additional aryl radicals and [NiII(IMes)2Cl2]. The aryl radicals react with an anionic sp2-sp3 diborane [B2pin2(OMe)]- formed from B2pin2 and KOMe to yield the corresponding borylation product and the [Bpin(OMe)]•- radical anion, which reduces [NiII(IMes)2Cl2] under irradiation to regenerate [NiI(IMes)2Cl] and [Ni(IMes)2] for the next catalytic cycle. A highly efficient and general protocol for traceless, directed C3-selective C-H borylation of indoles with [Ni(IMes)2] as the catalyst was achieved. Activation and borylation of N-H bonds by [Ni(IMes)2] is essential to install a Bpin moiety at the N-position as a traceless directing group, which enables the C3-selective borylation of C-H bonds. The N-Bpin group which is formed is easily converted in situ back to an N-H group by the oxidiative addition product of [Ni(IMes)2] and in situ-generated HBpin. The catalytic reactions are operationally simple, allowing borylation of of a variety of substituted indoles with B2pin2 in excellent yields and with high selectivity. The C-H borylation can be followed by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of the C-borylated indoles in an overall two-step, one-pot process providing an efficient method for synthesizing C3-functionalized heteroarenes. N2 - Es wurden effiziente und allgemeine Methoden für die selektive C-B-Verknüpfung mittels [Ni(IMes)2]-katalysierter Borylierungen von Arylfluoriden, Arylchloriden und substituierten Indolen entwickelt, welches alles leicht verfügbare Substrate sind. ... KW - Organoboron Compounds KW - N-Heterocyclic Carbene KW - Borylation KW - Photocatalysis KW - C-F KW - C-Cl KW - C-H KW - Nickel KW - Rhodium KW - Borylierung KW - Heterocyclische Carbene <-N> KW - Nickelkomplexe Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213004 ER -