TY - JOUR A1 - Geyer, Gerd A1 - Landing, Ed A1 - Meier, Stefan A1 - Höhn, Stefan T1 - Oldest known West Gondwanan graptolite: Ovetograptus? sp. (lower Agdzian/lowest Wuliuan; basal Middle Cambrian) of the Franconian Forest, Germany, and review of pre-Furongian graptolithoids JF - Paläontologische Zeitschrift N2 - The occurrence of a likely graptolite in lowest Wuliuan strata of the Franconian Forest almost certainly records the oldest known graptolithoid hemichordate in West Gondwana and possibly the oldest graptolite presently known. The fossil is a delicate, erect, apparently unbranched rhabdosome with narrow thecae tentatively assigned to the poorly known genus Ovetograptus of the Dithecodendridae. This report includes an overview of pre-Furongian graptolithoids with slight corrections on the stratigraphic position of earlier reported species. KW - Cambrian KW - Graptolithoidea KW - biostratigraphy KW - morphology KW - West Gondwana Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324099 SN - 0031-0220 VL - 97 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ioakeimidis, Fotis A1 - Ott, Christine A1 - Kozjak-Pavlovic, Vera A1 - Violitzi, Foteini A1 - Rinotas, Vagelis A1 - Makrinou, Eleni A1 - Eliopoulos, Elias A1 - Fasseas, Costas A1 - Kollias, George A1 - Douni, Eleni T1 - A Splicing Mutation in the Novel Mitochondrial Protein DNAJC11 Causes Motor Neuron Pathology Associated with Cristae Disorganization, and Lymphoid Abnormalities in Mice JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Mitochondrial structure and function is emerging as a major contributor to neuromuscular disease, highlighting the need for the complete elucidation of the underlying molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Following a forward genetics approach with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mediated random mutagenesis, we identified a novel mouse model of autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by a splice-site hypomorphic mutation in a novel gene of unknown function, DnaJC11. Recent findings have demonstrated that DNAJC11 protein co-immunoprecipitates with proteins of the mitochondrial contact site (MICOS) complex involved in the formation of mitochondrial cristae and cristae junctions. Homozygous mutant mice developed locomotion defects, muscle weakness, spasticity, limb tremor, leucopenia, thymic and splenic hypoplasia, general wasting and early lethality. Neuropathological analysis showed severe vacuolation of the motor neurons in the spinal cord, originating from dilatations of the endoplasmic reticulum and notably from mitochondria that had lost their proper inner membrane organization. The causal role of the identified mutation in DnaJC11 was verified in rescue experiments by overexpressing the human ortholog. The full length 63 kDa isoform of human DNAJC11 was shown to localize in the periphery of the mitochondrial outer membrane whereas putative additional isoforms displayed differential submitochondrial localization. Moreover, we showed that DNAJC11 is assembled in a high molecular weight complex, similarly to mitofilin and that downregulation of mitofilin or SAM50 affected the levels of DNAJC11 in HeLa cells. Our findings provide the first mouse mutant for a putative MICOS protein and establish a link between DNAJC11 and neuromuscular diseases. KW - dominant optic atrophy KW - amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis KW - nervous system KW - membrane organization KW - mitofilin KW - data-bank KW - model KW - biogenesis KW - morphology KW - reveals Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115581 VL - 9 IS - 8 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kleineidam, Christoph T1 - Sensory Ecology of Carbon Dioxide Perception in Leaf-cutting Ants T1 - Sensorische Ökologie der Kohlendioxid-Wahrnehmung bei Blattschneiderameisen N2 - The study examines the sensory ecology of CO2 perception in leaf-cutting ants. It begins with the ecological role of CO2 for leaf-cutting ants. Inside the subterranean nests of Atta vollenweideri large amounts of CO2 are produced by the ants and their symbiotic fungus. Measurements in field nest at different depths revealed that CO2 concentrations do not exceed 2 per cent in mature nests. These findings indicate effective ventilation even at depths of 2 m. Small colonies often face the situation of reduced ventilation when they close their nest openings as a measure against flooding. A simulation of this situation in the field as well as in the laboratory revealed increasing CO2 concentrations causing reduced colony respiration which ultimately might limit colony success. Wind-induced ventilation is the predominant ventilation mechanism of the nests of Atta vollenweideri, shown by an analysis of external wind and airflow in the channels. The mound architecture promotes nest ventilation. Outflow channels have their openings in the upper, central region and inflow channels had their openings in the lower, peripheral region of the nest mound. Air is sucked out through the central channels, followed by a delayed inflow of air through the peripheral channels. The findings support the idea that the nest ventilation mechanism used by Atta vollenweideri resembles the use of Bernoulli’s principle in Venturi Tubes and Viscous Entrainment. CO2 is important in a second context besides microclimatic control. A laboratory experiment with Atta sexdens demonstrated that leaf-cutting ants are able to orientate in a CO2 gradient. Foragers chose places with higher CO2 concentration when returning to the nest. This effect was found in all homing foragers, but it was pronounced for workers carrying leaf fragments compared to workers without leaf fragments. The findings support the hypothesis that CO2 gradients are used as orientation cue inside the (dark) nest to find suited fungus chambers for unloading of the leaf fragments. After the importance of CO2 in the natural history of the ants has thus been demonstrated, the study identifies for the first time in Hymenoptera type and location of the sensory organ for CO2 perception. In Atta sexdens a single neuron associated with the sensilla ampullacea was found to respond to CO2. Since it is the only neuron of this sensillum, the sensillum characters can be assumed to be adapted for CO2 perception. A detailed description of the morphology and the ultrastructure allows a comparison with sensilla for CO2 perception found in other insects and provides more information about sensillum characters and their functional relevance. The CO2 receptor cells respond to increased CO2 with increased neural activity. The frequency of action potentials generated by the receptor cell shows a phasic-tonic time course during CO2 stimulation and a reduced activity after stimulation. Phasic response accomplished with a reduced activity after stimulation results in contrast enhancement and the ability to track fast fluctuations in CO2 concentration. The neurons have a working range of 0 to 10 per cent CO2 and thus are able to respond to the highest concentrations the ants might encounter in their natural environment. The most exciting finding concerning the receptor cells is that the CO2 neurons of the leaf-cutting ants do not adapt to continuous stimulation. This enables the ants to continuously monitor the actual CO2 concentration of their surroundings. Thus, the sensilla ampullacea provide the ants with the information necessary to orientate in a CO2 gradient (tracking of fluctuations) as well as with the necessary information for microclimatic control (measuring of absolute concentrations). N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der sensorischen Ökologie der CO2-Wahrnehmung bei Blattschneiderameisen. Im folgenden werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse stichpunktartig zusammengefaßt: Messungen in Freiland-Nestern von Atta vollenweideri ergaben selbst in Tiefen von zwei Metern Konzentrationen von weniger als 2 Prozent CO2, obwohl sowohl die Ameisen als auch ihr symbiontischer Pilz große Mengen an CO2 produzieren. Diese Tatsache weist auf eine effektive Belüftung der Nester hin. Kleine, wachsende Kolonien mit flachen Nesthügeln verhindern bei Regen ein Fluten ihrer Nester, indem sie die Eingänge verschließen. Dies führt zum Anstieg der CO2-Konzentration im Inneren der Nester. Eingeschränkte Belüftung der Nester führt zu reduzierter Atmung der Kolonie. Dies kann negative Auswirkungen auf das Wachstum der Kolonie haben. Die Architektur der Nesthügel unterstützt die passive, durch Wind induzierte Belüftung der Nester. Es lassen sich Abluft und Zuluft-Kanäle unterscheiden. Abluftkanäle haben ihre Öffnungen im zentralen, erhöhten Bereich der Nesthügel. Die Öffnungen der Zuluftkanäle liegen im peripheren, tiefer gelegenen Bereich der Nesthügel. Durch Wind wird verbrauchte Luft aus den Abluftkanälen gesaugt, frische Luft strömt verzögert durch die Zuluftkanäle ein. Die physikalischen Mechanismen sind vergleichbar dem Bernoulli Prinzip. CO2 wird von Atta sexdens Arbeiterinnen zur Orientierung genutzt. Arbeiterinnen, welche vom foragieren zu ihrem Nest zurückkehren, bevorzugen in einem Wahlversuch eine erhöhte CO2-Konzentration. Dieser Effekt ist bei Arbeiterinnen die Blattfragmente tragen stärker ausgeprägt. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Hypothese, daß CO2 beim Orientieren zu den Pilzgärten im dunklen Nest genutzt wird. Sensilla ampullacea auf den Antennen sind die Sinnesorgane der CO2-Perzeption. Eine einzige CO2-Rezeptorzelle innerviert das einwandige Sinneshaar. Das Sinneshaar befindet sich in einer Ampulle, die tief versenkt in der Antenne liegt und nur durch einen langen, dünnen Gang mit der Außenwelt in Verbindung steht. Die Rezeptorzellen zeigen ein phasisch-tonisches Antwortverhalten in dem Bereich von 0-10 Prozent CO2. Geringe und kurzzeitige Schwankungen der CO2-Konzentrationen können erkannt werden. Dies ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für eine Orientierung in einem CO2-Gradienten. Die CO2-Rezeptorzellen zeigen bei lang anhaltender Stimulation keine Adaptation. Ameisen können demnach kontinuierlich die absolute CO2-Konzentration in ihren Nestern messen. KW - Blattschneiderameisen KW - Wahrnehmung KW - Kohlendioxid KW - Arthropoda KW - Insecta KW - Formicidae KW - Atta sexdens KW - Atta vollenweideri KW - sensorische Ökologie KW - Kohlendioxid KW - Sensillum ampullaceum KW - Morphologie KW - Arthropoda KW - Insecta KW - Formicidae KW - Atta sexdens KW - Atta vollenweideri KW - sensory ecology KW - carbon dioxide KW - sensillum ampullaceum KW - morphology Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1562 ER -