TY - JOUR A1 - Schütz, Burkhard A1 - Jurastow, Innokentij A1 - Bader, Sandra A1 - Ringer, Cornelia A1 - Engelhardt, Jakob von A1 - Chubanov, Vladimir A1 - Gudermann, Thomas A1 - Diener, Martin A1 - Kummer, Wolfgang A1 - Krasteva-Christ, Gabriela A1 - Weihe, Eberhard T1 - Chemical coding and chemosensory properties of cholinergic brush cells in the mouse gastrointestinal and biliary tract JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - The mouse gastro-intestinal and biliary tract mucosal epithelia harbor choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive brush cells with taste cell-like traits. With the aid of two transgenic mouse lines that express green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the ChAT promoter (EGFP\(^{ChAT}\)) and by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry we found that EGFP\(^{ChAT}\) cells were clustered in the epithelium lining the gastric groove. EGFP\(^{ChAT}\) cells were numerous in the gall bladder and bile duct, and found scattered as solitary cells along the small and large intestine. While all EGFP\(^{ChAT}\) cells were also ChAT-positive, expression of the high-affinity choline transporter (ChT1) was never detected. Except for the proximal colon, EGFP\(^{ChAT}\) cells also lacked detectable expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). EGFP\(^{ChAT}\) cells were found to be separate from enteroendocrine cells, however they were all immunoreactive for cytokeratin 18 (CK18), transient receptor potential melastatin-like subtype 5 channel (TRPM5), and for cyclooxygenases 1 (COX1) and 2 (COX2). The ex vivo stimulation of colonic EGFP\(^{ChAT}\) cells with the bitter substance denatonium resulted in a strong increase in intracellular calcium, while in other epithelial cells such an increase was significantly weaker and also timely delayed. Subsequent stimulation with cycloheximide was ineffective in both cell populations. Given their chemical coding and chemosensory properties, EGFP\(^{ChAT}\) brush cells thus may have integrative functions and participate in induction of protective reflexes and inflammatory events by utilizing ACh and prostaglandins for paracrine signaling. KW - vesicular acetylcholine transporter KW - nonneuronal acetylcholine KW - nervous system KW - functional characterization KW - cholinergic KW - taste receptor cells KW - enteroendocrine cells KW - gene locus KW - tuft cells KW - transgenic mice KW - expression KW - brush cell KW - ChAT KW - VAChT KW - ChT1 KW - intestine KW - gall bladder KW - bile duct Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143550 VL - 6 IS - 87 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lv, Xiaoqun A1 - Zhang, Lingyun A1 - Zhu, Yanyan A1 - Said, Harun M. A1 - Shi, Jimin A1 - Xu, Guoxiong T1 - Regulative effect of Nampt on tumor progression and cell viability in human colorectal cancer JF - Journal of Cancer N2 - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer disease. Here we examined Nampt expression in patients with CRC and the effect of Nampt on cell viability in CRC cells. Nampt protein was overexpressed in colorectal adenoma as well as colorectal carcinoma. The immunoreactive staining of Nampt was negative in the adjacent normal colorectal tissue, weak in colorectal adenoma, and strong in colorectal carcinoma, which may represent tumor progression. Further evaluation of clinical data showed that Nampt expression was not correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics of CRC. Additionally, our in vitro studies demonstrated that Nampt promotes CRC cell viability, whereas the Nampt inhibitor FK866 suppressed CRC cell viability, which was in concordance with the previous studies in other cancer cells. Treatment with Nampt-siRNA reduced the Nampt protein expression resulting in the inhibition of the cell viability of HCT116 and Caco2. Thus, the involvement of Nampt in cell growth indicates that Nampt may play an important role in colorectal tumorigenesis. As a consequence, our results suggest that Nampt may be considered as a progression marker of colorectal tumor and a potentially therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC. KW - nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase KW - signaling pathways KW - gastric cancer KW - overexpression KW - cell proliferation KW - tumor biomarker KW - adenocarcinoma KW - Nampt KW - visfatin KW - PBEF KW - breast cancer KW - prognostic value KW - visfatin levels KW - inhibitor KW - expression KW - adipocytokines Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144516 VL - 6 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Shen, Yingjia A1 - Maurus, Katja A1 - Walter, Ron A1 - Tomlinson, Chad A1 - Wilson, Richard K. A1 - Postlethwait, John A1 - Warren, Wesley C. T1 - Whole body melanoma transcriptome response in medaka JF - PLoS ONE N2 - The incidence of malignant melanoma continues to increase each year with poor prognosis for survival in many relapse cases. To reverse this trend, whole body response measures are needed to discover collaborative paths to primary and secondary malignancy. Several species of fish provide excellent melanoma models because fish and human melanocytes both appear in the epidermis, and fish and human pigment cell tumors share conserved gene expression signatures. For the first time, we have examined the whole body transcriptome response to invasive melanoma as a prelude to using transcriptome profiling to screen for drugs in a medaka (Oryzias latipes) model. We generated RNA-seq data from whole body RNA isolates for controls and melanoma fish. After testing for differential expression, 396 genes had significantly different expression (adjusted p-value <0.02) in the whole body transcriptome between melanoma and control fish; 379 of these genes were matched to human orthologs with 233 having annotated human gene symbols and 14 matched genes that contain putative deleterious variants in human melanoma at varying levels of recurrence. A detailed canonical pathway evaluation for significant enrichment showed the top scoring pathway to be antigen presentation but also included the expected melanocyte development and pigmentation signaling pathway. Results revealed a profound down-regulation of genes involved in the immune response, especially the innate immune system. We hypothesize that the developing melanoma actively suppresses the immune system responses of the body in reacting to the invasive malignancy, and that this mal-adaptive response contributes to disease progression, a result that suggests our whole-body transcriptomic approach merits further use. In these findings, we also observed novel genes not yet identified in human melanoma expression studies and uncovered known and new candidate drug targets for further testing in this malignant melanoma medaka model. KW - metastatic melanoma KW - expression KW - fish KW - cancer KW - stage III KW - melanogenesis KW - genome cells KW - gene KW - contributes Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144714 VL - 10 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - García-Martínez, Jorge A1 - Brunk, Michael A1 - Avalos, Javier A1 - Terpitz, Ulrich T1 - The CarO rhodopsin of the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi is a light-driven proton pump that retards spore germination JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Rhodopsins are membrane-embedded photoreceptors found in all major taxonomic kingdoms using retinal as their chromophore. They play well-known functions in different biological systems, but their roles in fungi remain unknown. The filamentous fungus Fusarium fujikuroi contains two putative rhodopsins, CarO and OpsA. The gene carO is light-regulated, and the predicted polypeptide contains all conserved residues required for proton pumping. We aimed to elucidate the expression and cellular location of the fungal rhodopsin CarO, its presumed proton-pumping activity and the possible effect of such function on F. fujikuroi growth. In electrophysiology experiments we confirmed that CarO is a green-light driven proton pump. Visualization of fluorescent CarO-YFP expressed in F. fujikuroi under control of its native promoter revealed higher accumulation in spores (conidia) produced by light-exposed mycelia. Germination analyses of conidia from carO\(^{-}\) mutant and carO\(^{+}\) control strains showed a faster development of light-exposed carO-germlings. In conclusion, CarO is an active proton pump, abundant in light-formed conidia, whose activity slows down early hyphal development under light. Interestingly, CarO-related rhodopsins are typically found in plant-associated fungi, where green light dominates the phyllosphere. Our data provide the first reliable clue on a possible biological role of a fungal rhodopsin. KW - microbial rhodopsins KW - intracellular pH KW - membrane proteins KW - mutants KW - virulence KW - channelrhodopsin-2 KW - growth KW - gene KW - expression KW - bacteriorhodopsin Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149049 VL - 5 IS - 7798 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Girschick, Hermann A1 - Wolf, Christine A1 - Morbach, Henner A1 - Hertzberg, Christoph A1 - Lee-Kirsch, Min Ae T1 - Severe immune dysregulation with neurological impairment and minor bone changes in a child with spondyloenchondrodysplasia due to two novel mutations in the ACP5 gene JF - Pediatric Rheumatology N2 - Spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) is a rare skeletal dysplasia, characterized by metaphyseal lesions, neurological impairment and immune dysregulation associated with lupus-like features. SPENCD is caused by biallelic mutations in the ACP5 gene encoding tartrate-resistant phosphatase. We report on a child, who presented with spasticity, multisystem inflammation, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency with minimal metaphyseal changes due to compound heterozygosity for two novel ACP5 mutations. These findings extend the phenotypic spectrum of SPENCD and indicate that ACP5 mutations can cause severe immune dysregulation and neurological impairment even in the absence of metaphyseal dysplasia. KW - resistant acid phosphatase KW - expression KW - systemic lupus erythematosus KW - cerebral calcification KW - deficiency KW - autoimmunity KW - dysplasia KW - trap KW - spondyloenchondrodysplasia KW - ACP5 KW - immunodeficiency KW - type I interferonopathy Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149990 VL - 13 IS - 37 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinhold, A. K. A1 - Batti, L. A1 - Bilbao, D. A1 - Buness, A. A1 - Rittner, H. L. A1 - Heppenstall, P. A. T1 - Differential Transcriptional Profiling of Damaged and Intact Adjacent Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons in Neuropathic Pain JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Neuropathic pain, caused by a lesion in the somatosensory system, is a severely impairing mostly chronic disease. While its underlying molecular mechanisms are not thoroughly understood, neuroimmune interactions as well as changes in the pain pathway such as sensitization of nociceptors have been implicated. It has been shown that not only are different cell types involved in generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain, like neurons, immune and glial cells, but, also, intact adjacent neurons are relevant to the process. Here, we describe an experimental approach to discriminate damaged from intact adjacent neurons in the same dorsal root ganglion (DRG) using differential fluorescent neuronal labelling and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Two fluorescent tracers, Fluoroemerald (FE) and 1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), were used, whose properties allow us to distinguish between damaged and intact neurons. Subsequent sorting permitted transcriptional analysis of both groups. Results and qPCR validation show a strong regulation in damaged neurons versus contralateral controls as well as a moderate regulation in adjacent neurons. Data for damaged neurons reveal an mRNA expression pattern consistent with established upregulated genes like galanin, which supports our approach. Moreover, novel genes were found strongly regulated such as corticotropinreleasing hormone (CRH), providing novel targets for further research. Differential fluorescent neuronal labelling and sorting allows for a clear distinction between primarily damaged neuropathic neurons and "bystanders," thereby facilitating a more detailed understanding of their respective roles in neuropathic processes in the DRG. KW - peripheral nerve injury KW - sensory neurons KW - rat KW - involvement KW - mechanisms KW - receptors KW - inhibition KW - expression KW - sciatic nerve KW - inflammatory pain Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143290 VL - 10 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wille, Michael A1 - Schümann, Antje A1 - Wree, Andreas A1 - Kreutzer, Michael A1 - Glocker, Michael O. A1 - Mutzbauer, Grit A1 - Schmitt, Oliver T1 - The Proteome Profiles of the Cerebellum of Juvenile, Adult and Aged Rats-An Ontogenetic Study JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - In this study, we searched for proteins that change their expression in the cerebellum (Ce) of rats during ontogenesis. This study focuses on the question of whether specific proteins exist which are differentially expressed with regard to postnatal stages of development. A better characterization of the microenvironment and its development may result from these study findings. A differential two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis of the samples revealed that the number of proteins of the functional classes differed depending on the developmental stages. Especially members of the functional classes of biosynthesis, regulatory proteins, chaperones and structural proteins show the highest differential expression within the analyzed stages of development. Therefore, members of these functional protein groups seem to be involved in the development and differentiation of the Ce within the analyzed development stages. In this study, changes in the expression of proteins in the Ce at different postnatal developmental stages (postnatal days (P) 7, 90, and 637) could be observed. At the same time, an identification of proteins which are involved in cell migration and differentiation was possible. Especially proteins involved in processes of the biosynthesis and regulation, the dynamic organization of the cytoskeleton as well as chaperones showed a high amount of differentially expressed proteins between the analyzed dates. KW - messenger RNA KW - brain KW - cerebellum KW - development KW - proteomics KW - rat KW - proteins KW - adenosine kinase KW - coated vesicles KW - phosphatase 2A KW - expression KW - neuronal differentiation KW - human brain KW - hnRNP K KW - postnatal development KW - binding Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151347 VL - 16 SP - 21454 EP - 21485 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weider, Matthias A1 - Wegener, Amélie A1 - Schmitt, Christian A1 - Küspert, Melanie A1 - Hillgärtner, Simone A1 - Bösl, Michael R. A1 - Hermans-Borgmeyer, Irm A1 - Nait-Oumesmar, Brahim A1 - Wegner, Michael T1 - Elevated in vivo levels of a single transcription factor directly convert satellite glia into oligodendrocyte-like cells JF - PLoS Genetics N2 - Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system and ensure rapid saltatory conduction. Shortage or loss of these cells leads to severe malfunctions as observed in human leukodystrophies and multiple sclerosis, and their replenishment by reprogramming or cell conversion strategies is an important research aim. Using a transgenic approach we increased levels of the transcription factor Sox10 throughout the mouse embryo and thereby prompted Fabp7-positive glial cells in dorsal root ganglia of the peripheral nervous system to convert into cells with oligodendrocyte characteristics including myelin gene expression. These rarely studied and poorly characterized satellite glia did not go through a classic oligodendrocyte precursor cell stage. Instead, Sox10 directly induced key elements of the regulatory network of differentiating oligodendrocytes, including Olig2, Olig1, Nkx2.2 and Myrf. An upstream enhancer mediated the direct induction of the Olig2 gene. Unlike Sox10, Olig2 was not capable of generating oligodendrocyte-like cells in dorsal root ganglia. Our findings provide proof-of-concept that Sox10 can convert conducive cells into oligodendrocyte-like cells in vivo and delineates options for future therapeutic strategies. KW - peripheral nervous system KW - Hirschsprung disease KW - spinal-cord KW - boundary cap KW - differentiation KW - stem cells KW - factor Sox10 KW - mouse model KW - expression KW - Olig2 Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144123 VL - 11 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konrad, Franziska M. A1 - Bury, Annette A1 - Schick, Martin A. A1 - Ngamsri, Kristian-Christos A1 - Reutershan, Jörg T1 - The Unrecognized Effects of Phosphodiesterase 4 on Epithelial Cells in Pulmonary Inflammation JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Acute pulmonary inflammation is characterized by migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) into the different compartments of the lung, passing an endothelial and epithelial barrier. Recent studies showed evidence that phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4-inhibitors stabilized endothelial cells. PDE4B and PDE4D subtypes play a pivotal role in inflammation, whereas blocking PDE4D is suspected to cause gastrointestinal side effects. We thought to investigate the particular role of the PDE4-inhibitors roflumilast and rolipram on lung epithelium. Acute pulmonary inflammation was induced by inhalation of LPS. PDE4-inhibitors were administered i.p. or nebulized after inflammation. The impact of PDE4-inhibitors on PMN migration was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Microvascular permeability, cytokine levels, and PDE4B and PDE4D expression were analyzed. In vivo, both PDE4-inhibitors decreased transendothelial and transepithelial migration even when administered after inflammation, whereas roflumilast showed a superior effect compared to rolipram on the epithelium. Both inhibitors decreased TNF\(\alpha\), IL6, and CXCL2/3. CXCL1, the strong PMN chemoattractant secreted by the epithelium, was significantly more reduced by roflumilast. In vitro assays with human epithelium also emphasized the pivotal role of roflumilast on the epithelium. Additionally, LPS-induced stress fibers, an essential requirement for a direct migration of PMNs into the alveolar space, were predominantly reduced by roflumilast. Expression of PDE4B and PDE4D were both increased in the lungs by LPS, PDE4-inhibitors decreased mainly PDE4B. The topical administration of PDE4-inhibitors was also effective in curbing down PMN migration, further highlighting the clinical potential of these compounds. In pulmonary epithelial cells, both subtypes were found coexistent around the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In these epithelial cells, LPS increased PDE4B and, to a lesser extend, PDE4D, whereas the effect of the inhibitors was prominent on the PDE4B subtype. In conclusion, we determined the pivotal role of the PDE4-inhibitor roflumilast on lung epithelium and emphasized its main effect on PDE4B in hyperinflammation. KW - acute lung injury KW - PDE4-inhibitor roflumilast KW - GRO alpha KW - expression KW - 4D KW - respiratory distress syndrome KW - mice KW - infiltration KW - rolipram KW - disease Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143203 VL - 10 IS - 4 ER -