TY  - THES
A1  - Wiedenmann, Jonas
T1  - Induced topological superconductivity in HgTe based nanostructures
T1  - Induzierte topologische Supraleitung in HgTe basierten Nanostrukturen
N2  - This thesis describes the studies of topological superconductivity, which is predicted to
emerge when pair correlations are induced into the surface states of 2D and 3D topolog-
ical insulators (TIs). In this regard, experiments have been designed to investigate the
theoretical ideas first pioneered by Fu and Kane that in such system Majorana bound
states occur at vortices or edges of the system [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 096407 (2008), Phys.
Rev. B 79, 161408 (2009)]. These states are of great interest as they constitute a new
quasiparticle which is its own antiparticle and can be used as building blocks for fault
tolerant topological quantum computing.
After an introduction in chapter 1, chapter 2 of the thesis lays the foundation for the
understanding of the field of topology in the context of condensed matter physics with a
focus on topological band insulators and topological superconductors. Starting from a
Chern insulator, the concepts of topological band theory and the bulk boundary corre-
spondence are explained. It is then shown that the low energy Hamiltonian of mercury
telluride (HgTe) quantum wells of an appropriate thickness can be written as two time
reversal symmetric copies of a Chern insulator. This leads to the quantum spin Hall effect.
In such a system, spin-polarized one dimensional conducting states form at the edges
of the material, while the bulk is insulating. This concept is extended to 3D topological
insulators with conducting 2D surface states. As a preliminary step to treating topological
superconductivity, a short review of the microscopic theory of superconductivity, i.e. the
theory of Bardeen, Cooper, and Shrieffer (BCS theory) is presented. The presence of
Majorana end modes in a one dimensional superconducting chain is explained using the
Kitaev model. Finally, topological band insulators and conventional superconductivity
are combined to effectively engineer p-wave superconductivity. One way to investigate
these states is by measuring the periodicity of the phase of the Josephson supercurrent
in a topological Josephson junction. The signature is a 4π-periodicity compared to the
2π-periodicity in conventional Josephson junctions. The proof of the presence of this
effect in HgTe based Josephson junction is the main goal of this thesis and is discussed in
chapters 3 to 6.
Chapter 3 describes in detail the transport of a 3D topological insulator based weak
link under radio-frequency radiation. The chapter starts with a review of the state of
research of (i) strained HgTe as 3D topological insulator and (ii) the progress of induc-
ing superconducting correlations into the topological surface states and the theoretical
predictions of 3D TI based Josephson junctions. Josephson junctions based on strained
HgTe are successfully fabricated. Before studying the ac driven Josephson junctions, the
dc transport of the devices is analysed. The critical current as a function of temperature
is measured and it is possible to determine the induced superconducting gap. Under
rf illumination Shapiro steps form in the current voltage characteristic. A missing first
step at low frequencies and low powers is found in our devices. This is a signature of
a 4π-periodic supercurrent. By studying the device in a wide parameter range - as a
147148 SUMMARY
function of frequency, power, device geometry and magnetic field - it is shown that the
results are in agreement with the presence of a single gapless Andreev doublet and several
conventional modes.
Chapter 4 gives results of the numerical modelling of the I −V dynamics in a Josephson
junction where both a 2π- and a 4π-periodic supercurrents are present. This is done in
the framework of an equivalent circuit representation, namely the resistively shunted
Josephson junction model (RSJ-model). The numerical modelling is in agreement with
the experimental results in chapter 3. First, the missing of odd Shapiro steps can be
understood by a small 4π-periodic supercurrent contribution and a large number of
modes which have a conventional 2π-periodicity. Second, the missing of odd Shapiro
steps occurs at low frequency and low rf power. Third, it is shown that stochastic processes
like Landau Zener tunnelling are most probably not responsible for the 4π contribution.
In a next step the periodicity of Josephson junctions based on quantum spin Hall
insulators using are investigated in chapter 5. A fabrication process of Josephson junctions
based on inverted HgTe quantum wells was successfully developed. In order to achieve a
good proximity effect the barrier material was removed and the superconductor deposited
without exposing the structure to air. In a next step a gate electrode was fabricated which
allows the chemical potential of the quantum well to be tuned. The measurement of the
diffraction pattern of the critical current Ic due to a magnetic field applied perpendicular
to the sample plane was conducted. In the vicinity to the expected quantum spin Hall
phase, the pattern resembles that of a superconducting quantum interference device
(SQUID). This shows that the current flows predominantly on the edges of the mesa.
This observation is taken as a proof of the presence of edge currents. By irradiating the
sample with rf, missing odd Shapiro steps up to step index n = 9 have been observed. This
evidences the presence of a 4π-periodic contribution to the supercurrent. The experiment
is repeated using a weak link based on a non-inverted HgTe quantum well. This material
is expected to be a normal band insulator without helical edge channels. In this device,
all the expected Shapiro steps are observed even at low frequencies and over the whole
gate voltage range. This shows that the observed phenomena are directly connected
to the topological band structure. Both features, namely the missing of odd Shapiro
steps and the SQUID like diffraction pattern, appear strongest towards the quantum spin
Hall regime, and thus provide evidence for induced topological superconductivity in the
helical edge states.
A more direct way to probe the periodicity of the Josephson supercurrent than using
Shapiro steps is the measurement of the emitted radiation of a weak link. This experiment
is presented in chapter 6. A conventional Josephson junction converts a dc bias V to
an ac current with a characteristic Josephson frequency fJ
= eV /h. In a topological
Josephson junction a frequency at half the Josephson frequency fJ /2 is expected. A
new measurement setup was developed in order to measure the emitted spectrum of a
single Josephson junction. With this setup the spectrum of a HgTe quantum well based
Josephson junction was measured and the emission at half the Josephson frequency fJ /2
was detected. In addition, fJ emission is also detected depending on the gate voltage and
detection frequency. The spectrum is again dominated by half the Josephson emission at
low voltages while the conventional emission is determines the spectrum at high voltages.
A non-inverted quantum well shows only conventional emission over the whole gateSUMMARY 149
voltage and frequency range. The linewidth of the detected frequencies gives a measure
on the lifetime of the bound states: From there, a coherence time of 0.3–4ns for the fJ /2
line has been deduced. This is generally shorter than for the fJ line (3–4ns).
The last part of the thesis, chapter 7, reports on the induced superconducting state
in a strained HgTe layer investigated by point-contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy.
For the experiment, a HgTe mesa was fabricated with a small constriction. The diameter
of the orifice was chosen to be smaller than the mean free path estimated from magne-
totransport measurements. Thus one gets a ballistic point-contact which allows energy
resolved spectroscopy. One part of the mesa is covered with a superconductor which
induces superconducting correlations into the surface states of the topological insulator.
This experiment therefore probes a single superconductor normal interface. In contrast to
the Josephson junctions studied previously, the geometry allows the acquisition of energy
resolved information of the induced superconducting state through the measurement
of the differential conductance dI/dV as a function of applied dc bias for various gate
voltages, temperatures and magnetic fields. An induced superconducting order parame-
ter of about 70µeV was extracted but also signatures of the niobium gap at the expected
value around Δ Nb
≈ 1.1meV have been found. Simulations using the theory developed by
Blonder, Tinkham and Klapwijk and an extended model taking the topological surface
states into account were used to fit the data. The simulations are in agreement with a
small barrier at the topological insulator-induced topological superconductor interface
and a high barrier at the Nb to topological insulator interface. To understand the full con-
ductance curve as a function of applied voltage, a non-equilibrium driven transformation
is suggested. The induced superconductivity is suppressed at a certain bias value due to
local electron population. In accordance with this suppression, the relevant scattering
regions change spatially as a function of applied bias.
To conclude, it is emphasized that the experiments conducted in this thesis found
clear signatures of induced topological superconductivity in HgTe based quantum well
and bulk devices and opens up the avenue to many experiments. It would be interesting
to apply the developed concepts to other topological matter-superconductor hybrid
systems. The direct spectroscopy and manipulation of the Andreev bound states using
circuit quantum electrodynamic techniques should be the next steps for HgTe based
samples. This was already achieved in superconducting atomic break junctions by the
group in Saclay [Science 2015, 349, 1199-1202 (2015)]. Another possible development
would be the on-chip detection of the emitted spectrum as a function of the phase φ
through the junction. In this connection, the topological junction needs to be shunted
by a parallel ancillary junction. Such a setup would allow the current phase relation
I(φ) directly and the lifetime of the bound states to be measured directly. By coupling
this system to a spectrometer, which can be another Josephson junction, the energy
dependence of the Andreev bound states E(φ) could be obtained. The experiments on
the Andreev reflection spectroscopy described in this thesis could easily be extended to
two dimensional topological insulators and to more complex geometries, like a phase
bias loop or a tunable barrier at the point-contact. This work might also be useful for
answering the question how and why Majorana bound states can be localized in quantum
spin Hall systems.
N2  - Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der experimentellen Untersuchung von
topologischer Supraleitung, die durch die Kombination von konventionellen Supraleitern mit 2D- und 3D- topologischen Isolatoren (TI) entsteht. Diesbezüglich wurden Experi- mente durchgeführt, die auf zwei bahnbrechenden Arbeiten von Fu und Kane [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 096407 (2008), Phys. Rev. B 79, 161408 (2009)] aufbauen. Diesen zufolge wird in supraleitenden topologischen Isolatoren ein neuartiges Quasiteilchen, ein sogenanntes Majorana-Fermion, vorhergesagt. Das große Interesse an diesem Teilchen beruht auf des- sen besonderen Eigenschaften. Es sind Fermionen mit halbzahligen Spin, jedoch besitzen sie keine Ladung und es ist gleichzeitig sein eigenes Antiteilchen. Darüber hinaus besitzt das Teilchen im Vergleich zu konventionellen Fermionen eine andere Austauschstatistik und zählt daher zu den sogenannten nicht-abelschen Anyonen. Aufgrund dieser Eigen- schaften wurde vorhergesagt, dass sie für weniger fehleranfällige Quantenbits als Bauteile für einen Quantencomputer verwendet werden können.
Nach einer Einleitung in Kapitel 1 folgt in Kapitel 2 eine Einführung in das Konzept von Topologie in der Festkörperphysik. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf zwei Materialklassen, topologischen Isolatoren und topologische Supraleiter. Zunächst wird ein Zweibandmo- dell, der Chern-Isolator, beschrieben, um das Konzept von topologischen Isolatoren und die Entstehung von Oberflächenzuständen darzulegen. Es ist möglich die Bandstruktur von Quecksilbertellurid- (HgTe-) Quantentrögen als zwei zeitumkehrinvariante Kopien des Chern-Isolators zu interpretieren, was zu einem 2D topologischen Isolator führt. Das Konzept von 2D-TIs wird auf drei Dimensionen erweitert. Eine Einführung in konventio- nelle Supraleitung und insbesondere die mikroskopische Theorie von Bardeen, Cooper und Schrieffer dient einem pädagogischen Zugang zur topologischen Supraleitung. Eine eindimensionale supraleitenden Kette, entwickelt von Alexei Kitaev, dient der Erklärung für die Entstehung von Majorana-Fermionen in p-Wellen Supraleitern. Es ist möglich diesen Zustand durch die Kombination von konventionellen Supraleitern und topologi- schen Isolatoren zu verwirklichen. In dieser Dissertation wird die erwartet topologische Supraleitung in einem sogenannten Josephson-Kontakt untersucht. Dabei wurde vorher- gesagt, dass in einem “topologischen Josephson-Kontakt”die Phase des Suprastromes eine 4π-Periodizität besitzt, während ein normaler Josephson-Kontakt 2π-periodisch ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist der experimentelle Nachweis der 4π-Periodizität des Suprastroms in Josephson-Kontakten, die auf HgTe-Bauelementen beruhen. Als Methodik eignet sich die Messung der Shapiro-Plateaus und der Emission des Josephson-Kontaktes an, die ausführlich in den Kapiteln 3 bis 6 werden.
In Kapitel 3 wird der Transport in Josephson-Kontakten, die auf dem dreidimensio- nalen topologischen Isolator HgTe beruhen unter Einfluss von Mikrowellenstrahlung detailliert ausgeführt. Dieser Teil beginnt mit einem Überblick über die Eigenschaften von HgTe als dreidimensionaler topologischer Isolator und zeigt insbesondere den Nachweis der Oberfächenleitung von relativistischen Elektronen auf. Des Weiteren wird der Stand der Forschung von Josephson-Kontakten auf diesem Materialsystem dargelegt. In solchen
Strukturen werden nämlich aufgrund von Majorana-Fermionen gebundene Andreev- Zustände erwartet, welche sich in der Mitte der supraleitenden Bandlücke (bei null Energie) kreuzen. Sie werden als “gapless Andreev Bound States”bezeichnet. Die Existenz dieser Zustände kann durch den Nachweis einer 4π-Periodizität der Phase des Supra- stroms bewiesen werden. Da die endliche Lebensdauer dieser Zustände “langsamen”dc- Messungen den Nachweis der Periodizität nicht erlauben, wird Strahlung im Gigahertz Frequenzbereich verwendet. Josephson-Kontakte aus 3D-HgTe-Heterostrukturen werden erfolgreich lithografiert. Zunächst werden die Strukturen mit dc-Messungen charakte- risiert und es wird gezeigt, dass der Suprastrom einen Josephson-Effekt aufweist. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des kritischen Stroms wird simuliert, wodurch die Bestimmung der Größe der induzierten supraleitenden Bandlücke ermöglicht wird. Durch Mikrowel- lenstrahlung entstehen Shapiro-Plateaus in der Strom-Spannungskennlinie I −V -Kurve. Der Spannungsabstand von zwei aufeinander folgenden Plateaus spiegelt die Periodizität des Josephsonstroms wider. Zu erwarten wäre, dass der Abstand in einem topologischen Josephson-Kontakt im Vergleich zu einem konventionellen Josephson-Kontakt doppelt so groß ist (oder anders formuliert: die ungeradzahligen Plateau-Indizes fehlen). In den Strom-Spannungskennlinien wird jedoch beobachtet, dass der erste erwartete Schritt ausbleibt. Alle höheren ungeradzahligen Schritte sind sichtbar. Durch die Untersuchung des Phänomens als Funktion von Mikrowellenfrequenz, Mikrowellenamplitude, Magnet- feldstärke und Probengeometrie wird argumentiert, dass die Ergebnisse der Experimente mit einem topologischen Andreev-Zustand und einer großen Zahl konventioneller Moden vereinbar sind.
Um die experimentellen Ergebnisse aus Kapitel 3 nachzuvollziehen, werden in Kapitel 4 die I −V -Kennlinie eines Josephson-Kontaktes mit einer linearen Kombination eines 2π- und eines 4π-periodischen Suprastroms unter Mikrowellenstrahlung numerisch simuliert. Dies erfolgt durch ein Netzwerkmodell, welches aus einem Josephson-Kontakt in Parallelschaltung zu einem ohmschen Widerstand besteht (RSJ-Modell). Die Ergebnisse aus Kapitel 3 können nur durch das Vorhandensein eines 4π-periodischem Suprastroms I4π eindeutig numerisch simuliert werden. Darüber hinaus wird herausgestellt, dass eine Kopplung des Systems an die 4π-periodische Komponente möglich ist, obwohl der Beitrag zum Gesamtstrom Ic sehr klein ist (I4π « Ic ).
Die Grundlage für die Experimente in Kapitel 5 bildet ein Josephson-Kontakt, der auf einem invertierten HgTe-Quantentrog basiert. Dieser besitzt helikale Randkanäle, welche mit Supraleitern topologisch geschützte Andreev-Zustände formen. Hierfür ist zuerst ein neuer Lithographieprozess zur Herstellung der Proben entwickelt worden. Da sich der HgTe-Quantentrog unter einer Hg0.3Cd0.7Te-Barriere befindet, muss diese für eine gute induzierte Supraleitung lokal entfernt und der Supraleiter aufgetragen werden, ohne das Vakuum zu brechen. Zur Variation der Ladungsträgerdichte im Josephson-Kontakt wird eine Feldeffektelektrode auf der Struktur platziert. Die Messung des Beugungsmusters des kritischen Stroms als Funktion des Magnetfeldes erlaubt es, die Stromverteilung in der Probe zu untersuchen. Das Beugungsmuster ähnelt dem eines supraleitenden Quanteninterferenzbauelement [engl. Superconducting Quantum Interference Device: (SQUID)] und zeigt, dass der Strom vorwiegend am Rand der Probe fließt. Durch die
Bestrahlung mit Mikrowellen werden fehlende ungeradzahlige Shapiro-Plateaus bis zum
Stufenindex n = 9 beobachtet. Dies verdeutlicht, dass der Strom eine 4π-periodischen
Beitrag aufweist. Das Experiment wird mit einem nicht-invertierten HgTe-Quantentrog wiederholt. Dieser ist nicht in der Quanten-Spin-Hall-Phase und zeigt über den gesamten Parameterbereich alle erwarteten Shapiro-Plateaus, was beweist, dass die Topologie der Probe eine wichtige Eigenschaft ist, um die 4π-Periodizität zu beobachten. Beide Effekte, das SQUID-Beugungsmuster und die verschwindenden ungeradzahligen Shapiro- Plateaus, sind in der Nähe der Quanten-Spin-Phase am sichtbarsten und können daher als Beweis für induzierte topologische Supraleitung in spinpolarisierten Randkanälen interpretiert werden.
Eine Messmethode zur direkten Bestimmung der Periodizität des Suprastromes, an- ders als die Verwendung von Shapiro-Plateaus, ist die Messung der Josephson-Emission, was in Kapitel 6 beschrieben wird. Ein topologischer Josephson-Kontakt emittiert Strah- lung bei der halben Josephsonfrequenz f J /2 aufgrund der 4π-Periodizität des Joseph- sonstromes. Hierfür wird ein neuer experimenteller Aufbau entwickelt, um das kleine Emissionssignal eines einzelnen Josephson-Kontaktes zu verstärken. Dieser neue Aufbau erlaubt es, das Spektrum eines invertierten HgTe-Quantentrog zu messen und eine Emis- sion bei f J /2 zu detektieren. Je nach Ladungsträgerdichte und Detektionfrequenz wird auch gewöhnliche Emission bei f J im Spektrum beobachtet. Generell dominiert aber bei niedriger Spannung die f J /2-Emission und bei höheren Spannungen die f J . Da Spannung und ac-Frequenz durch die zweite Josephson-Gleichung proportional zueinander lässt sich das Verhalten mit den Ergebnissen der Shapiro-Plateau-Messungen vereinbaren. Darüber hinaus ist aus der Linienbreite der Emissionssignale eine Lebensdauer für die ABS in der Größenordnung von 0.3 − 4 ns für die f J /2-Emission und 3 − 4 ns für die f J - Emission abgeschätzt worden. Ein nicht-invertierter Quantentrog zeigt im Vergleich zum invertierten nur gewöhnliche Emission bei f J über den gesamten zugänglichen Frequenz- und Ladungsträgerbereich.
Im letzten Teil der Arbeit, in Kapitel 7, wird die in den 3D-topologischen Isolator HgTe induzierte Supraleitung mit Hilfe von Andreev-Punktkontaktspektroskopie unter- sucht. Hierfür wird eine HgTe-Struktur mit einer Verengung fabriziert, deren Durchmesser kleiner als die mittlere freie Weglänge der topologischen Oberflächenzustände ist und somit eine energieabhängige Spektroskopie des Zustandes erlaubt. Auf einer Seite der Verengung werden supraleitende Paarkorrelationen durch einen gewöhnlichen Supralei- ter Niob induziert. Diese Struktur ermöglicht daher die Untersuchung der Grenzfläche zwischen einem Supraleiter und einem Normalleiter (topologischer Isolator). Durch die Messung der differentiellen Leitfähigkeit d I /dV als Funktion der dc-Spannung ist es möglich die Energieabhängigkeit der Supraleitung zu untersuchen. Eine induzierte supraleitenden Bandlücke von 70 µeV wird gefunden. Die Leitfähigkeit zeigt Signatu- ren einer weiteren supraleitende Bandlücke des konventionellen Supraleiters Niob von
∆Nb ≈ 1.1 meV. Die Leitfähigkeit wird zum einen mit der Theorie von Blonder, Tinkham und Klapwijk modelliert und zum anderen mit einem erweiterten Modell, welches die 2D Oberflächenzustände des topologischen Isolators berücksichtigt simuliert. Für die Grenzfläche topologischer Isolator mit topologischem Supraleiter wird eine hohe Trans- missionswahrscheinlichkeit (niedrige Barriere) festgestellt, während an der Grenzfläche zwischen dem konventionellen Supraleiter und dem topologischen Isolator eine hohe
Barriere in Übereinstimmung mit dem Modell war. Der Transportmechanismus wird
durch eine Unterdrückung der induzierten Supraleitung durch eine Nichtgleichgewichts-
verteilung der Zustände als Funktion der Spannung erklärt.
Die vorliegende Dissertation konnte klare Signaturen von induzierter topologischer Supraleitung in Josephson-Kontakten auf Basis von HgTe-Quantentrögen und Volumen- material aufzeigen. Sie kann auch als Ausgangspunkt für eine große Anzahl von weiter- führenden Experimenten dienen. Die hier entwickelte Technik und auch Theorie kann auf andere topologische Zustände in Verbindung mit Supraleitern angewandt werden. Ein weiteres Experiment für HgTe-Strukturen ließe sich beispielsweise mit Hilfe von su- praleitenden Resonatoren die Spektroskopie und Manipulation der mikroskopischen topologischen Andreev-Zustände durchführen. Diese Technik wurde schon erfolgreich von Janvier et al . auf mechanisch kontrollierten supraleitenden Bruchkontakten ange- wandt [Science 2015, 349, 1199-1202 (2015)]. Eine alternative Technik zur Spektroskopie der Andreev Zustände benötigt konventionelle Josephson-Kontakte in Kombination mit topologischen Kontakten. Die konventionellen Kontakte erlauben die Kontrolle der supra- leitenden Phase und dienen als Spektrometer. Die Andreev-Punktkontaktspektroskopie kann auf zweidimensionale topologische Isolatoren erweitert werden. Auch kann ei- ne supraleitende Schleife, welche die Kontrolle über die Phase und eine veränderbare Barriere ermöglicht, neue Einblicke in die Transportmechanismen geben. Solche Un- tersuchungen bieten Ansatzpunkte für die Lokalisierung von Majorana-Zuständen in
Quanten-Spin-Hall-Systemen.
KW  - Quecksilbertellurid
KW  - Supraleitung
KW  - Topologischer Isolator
KW  - topological insulators
KW  - Majorana bound state
KW  - topological superconductor
KW  - HgTe
KW  - Josephson junction
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162782
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Ponce Garcia, Irene Paola
T1  - Strategies for optimizing dynamic MRI
T1  - Strategien zur Optimierung der dynamischen MR Bildgebung
N2  - In Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), acquisition of dynamic data may be highly complex due to rapid changes occurred in the object to be imaged. For clinical diagnostic, dynamic MR images require both high spatial and temporal resolution. The speed in the acquisition is a crucial factor to capture optimally dynamics of the objects to obtain accurate diagnosis. In the 90’s, partially parallel MRI (pMRI) has been introduced to shorten scan times reducing the amount of acquired data. These approaches use multi-receiver coil arrays to acquire independently and simultaneously the data.
Reduction in the amount of acquired data results in images with aliasing artifacts. Dedicated methods as such Sensitivity Encoding (SENSE) and Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA) were the basis of a series of algorithms in pMRI. 
Nevertheless, pMRI methods require extra spatial or temporal information in order to optimally reconstruct the data. This information is typically obtained by an extra scan or embedded in the accelerated acquisition applying a variable density acquisition scheme.
In this work, we were able to reduce or totally eliminate the acquisition of the training data for kt-SENSE and kt-PCA algorithms obtaining accurate reconstructions with high temporal fidelity.
For dynamic data acquired in an interleaved fashion, the temporal average of accelerated data can generate an artifact-free image used to estimate the coil sensitivity maps avoiding the need of extra acquisitions. However, this temporal average contains errors from aliased components, which may lead to signal nulls along the spectra of reconstructions when methods like kt-SENSE are applied. The use of a GRAPPA filter applied to the temporal average reduces these errors and subsequently may reduce the null components in the reconstructed data. In this thesis the effect of using temporal averages from radial data was investigated. Non-periodic artifacts performed by undersampling radial data allow a more accurate estimation of the true temporal average and thereby avoiding undesirable temporal filtering in the reconstructed images. kt-SENSE exploits not only spatial coil sensitivity variations but also makes use of spatio-temporal correlations in order to separate the aliased signals. Spatio-temporal correlations in kt-SENSE are learnt using a training data set, which consists of several central k-space lines acquired in a separate scan. The scan of these extra lines results in longer acquisition times even for low resolution images. It was demonstrate that limited spatial resolution of training data set may lead to temporal filtering effects (or temporal blurring) in the reconstructed data.
In this thesis, the auto-calibration for kt-SENSE was proposed and its feasibility was tested in order to completely eliminate the acquisition of training data. The application of a prior TSENSE reconstruction produces the training data set for the kt-SENSE algorithm. These training data have full spatial resolution. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the proposed auto-calibrating method reduces significantly temporal filtering in the reconstructed images compared to conventional kt-SENSE reconstructions employing low resolution training images. However, the performance of auto-calibrating kt-SENSE is affected by the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of the first pass reconstructions that propagates to the final reconstructions.
Another dedicated method used in dynamic MRI applications is kt-PCA, that was first proposed for the reconstruction of MR cardiac data. In this thesis, kt-PCA was employed for the generation of spatially resolved M0, T1 and T2 maps from a single accelerated IRTrueFISP or IR-Snapshot FLASH measurement. In contrast to cardiac dynamic data, MR relaxometry experiments exhibit signal at all temporal frequencies, which makes their reconstruction more challenging. However, since relaxometry measurements can be represented by only few parameters, the use of few principal components (PC) in the kt-PCA algorithm can significantly simplify the reconstruction. Furthermore, it was found that due to high redundancy in relaxometry data, PCA can efficiently extract the required information from just a single line of training data.
It has been demonstrated in this thesis that auto-calibrating kt-SENSE is able to obtain high temporal fidelity dynamic cardiac reconstructions from moderate accelerated data avoiding the extra acquisition of training data. Additionally, kt-PCA has been proved to be a suitable method for the reconstruction of highly accelerated MR relaxometry data.
Furthermore, a single central training line is necessary to obtain accurate reconstructions. Both reconstruction methods are promising for the optimization of training data acquisition and seem to be feasible for several clinical applications.
N2  - Dynamische Bildgebung mithilfe der Magnetresonanztomographie stellt eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Für klinische Anwendungen benötigt man Bilder mit hoher räumlicher und bei schnellen Bewegungen auch zeitlicher Auflösung. Technologische Fortschritte in den letzten Jahrzehnten konnten MRT-Experimente erheblich beschleunigen. Ein wichtiger Beitrag lieferte die parallele Bildgebung (pMRT), die durch die Entwicklung von Spulenarrays für den Empfang des MR-Signals ermöglicht wurde. In paralleler Bildgebung wird nur ein Teil der eigentlich benötigten Daten aufgenommen. Diese Unterabtastung des k-Raum führt zu Bildern mit Aliasing-Artefakten. Verschiedenste Algorithmen wurden entwickelt, um mittels der zusätzlichen räumlichen Informationen der Spulenarrays anschließend Bilder zu rekonstruieren. Heute spielen Sensitivity Encoding (SENSE) und Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA) eine große und bilden eine Grundlage für eine Vielzahl anderer Algorithmen.
Einen Großteil aller pMRT Methoden erfordern für optimale Ergebnisse zusätzliche räumliche
oder zeitliche Informationen zur Kalibrierung. Diese Kalibrations- oder Trainingsdaten werden in der Regel durch einen zusätzlichen Scan erzeugt oder in die beschleunigte Messung eingebettet aufgenommen. Das ist eine unerwünschte Verlängerung der Messzeit die Folge.
In dieser Arbeit konnten wir kt-SENSE und kt-PCA Rekonstruktionen dynamischer MRT Daten mit hoher zeitlicher Genauigkeit erzielen bei gleichzeitiger Reduktion bzw. sogar Beseitigung der benötigten Menge an Trainingsdaten.
Um die in beiden Methoden benötigten Spulensensitivitäten zu berechnen, kann bei bestimmten Abtastschemata mit dem Mittelwert der dynamischen Daten ein weitgehend Artefakt-freies Bild erzeugt werden. Dieser zeitliche Mittelwert enthält jedoch kleine Fehler, die durch die Anwendung von Methoden wie kt-SENSE zu Signalauslöschungen im Spektrum der rekonstruierten Daten führen können. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anwendung eines GRAPPA Filter auf den zeitlichen Mittelwert die Fehler in den Spulensensitivitäten reduziert und die Rekonstruktion von Daten aller Frequenzen ermöglicht. Eine weitere aufgezeigte Möglichkeit ist die Verwendung einer radialen Akquisition, die dank der inkohärenten Aliasing-Artefakte ebenfalls zu einer erheblich genaueren Abschätzung des zeitlichen Mittelwerts führt. Dies verhindert zeitliche Ungenauigkeiten in den rekonstruierten Bildern.
Zusätzliche zu Spulensensitivitäten verwenden Rekonstruktionsmethoden wie kt-SENSE Vorkenntnisse über räumlich-zeitliche Korrelationen, um Artefakte zu entfernen. Informationen darüber werden gewöhnlich aus voll aufgenommenen Trainingsdaten mit geringer Auflösung extrahiert. Die separate Akquisitions dieser Trainingsdaten verursacht eine unerwünschte Verlängerung der Messzeit. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass die niedrige Auflösung der Trainingsdaten zu zeitlichen Filterungseffekten in den rekonstruierten Daten führen kann. Um dies zu verhindern und um die zusätzliche Aufnahme von Trainingsdaten zu vermeiden, wurde eine Autokalibrierung für kt-SENSE vorgeschlagen und untersucht. Hierbei werden die benötigten Trainingsdaten in einem ersten Schritt durch eine TSENSE Rekonstruktion aus den unterabgetasteten Daten selbst erzeugt. Dank der vollen Auflösung dieser Trainingsdaten kann das Auftreten eines zeitlichen Filters verhindert werden. Die Leistung der Auto-kalibration wird lediglich durch einen Einfluss des SNRs der TSENSE Trainingsdaten auf die finalen Rekonstruktionen beeinträchtigt.
Ein weiteres Verfahren für die dynamische MRT ist kt-PCA, das zunächst für die Rekonstruktion von MR-Herzdaten vorgeschlagen wurde. In dieser Arbeit wurde kt-PCA für die neurologische MR Relaxometrie verwendet. Hierbei konnten aus beschleunigten IRTrueFISP und IR-Snapshot-FLASH Messungen genaue M0, T1 und T2 Karten gewonnen werden. Im Gegensatz zur Herzbildgebung weisen MR Relaxometrie Datensätze Signal auf alles zeitlichen Frequenzen auf, was ihre Rekonstruktion mit konventionellen Methoden erschwert. Andererseits können die zeitlichen Signalverläufe mit einigen wenigen Parametern dargestellt werden und die Rekonstruktion mittels kt-PCA vereinfacht sich erheblich aufgrund der geringen Anzahl benötigter Hauptkomponenten (PC). Weiter wurde gezeigt, dass aufgrund der hohen Redundanz ein Trainingsdatensatz bestehend aus einer einzigen Zeile ausreicht, um alle relevanten Informationen zu erhalten.
In dieser Thesis wurde demonstriert, dass mit dem Ansatz einer auto-kalibrierten kt-SENSE Rekonstruktion Bilder mit hoher zeitlicher Genauigkeit aus beschleunigten Datensätzen des Herzens gewonnen werden können. Dies vermeidet die gewöhnlich benötigte zusätzliche Aufnahme von Trainingsdaten. Weiterhin hat sich kt-PCA als geeignetes Verfahren zur Rekonstruktion hochbeschleunigter MR Relaxometrie Datensätze erwiesen. In diesem Fall war ein Trainingsdatensatz bestehend aus einer einzelnen Zeile ausreichend für Ergebnisse mit hoher Genauigkeit.
KW  - Kernspintomografie
KW  - Dynamische Messung
KW  - Magnetic resonance
KW  - Magnetische Resonanz
KW  - Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging
KW  - Dynamische MR Bildgebung
KW  - DNMR-Spektroskopie
KW  - Bildgebendes Verfahren
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162622
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Aulbach, Julian
T1  - Gold-Induced Atomic Wires on Terraced Silicon Surfaces: Formation and Interactions of Silicon Spin Chains
T1  - Goldinduzierte Nanodrähte auf gestuften Silizium Oberflächen: Ausbildung und Wechselwirkung von Siliziumspinketten
N2  - Atomic nanowires formed by self-assembled growth on semiconducting surfaces represent a feasible physical realization of quasi-1D electron systems and can be used to study fascinating 1D quantum phenomena. The system in the focus of this thesis, Si(553)-Au, is generated by Au adsorption onto a stepped silicon surface.  It features two different chain types, interspersed with each other: A Au chain on the terrace, and a honeycomb chain of graphitic silicon located at the step edge. The silicon atoms at the exposed edges of the latter are predicted to be spin-polarized and charge-ordered [1], leading to an ordered array of local magnetic moments referred to as ``spin chains''.

The present thesis puts this spin chain proposal to an experimental test.  
A detailed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) scrutiny reveals a distinct unoccupied density of states (DOS) feature localized at every third Si step-edge atom, which aligns perfectly with the density functional theory (DFT) prediction.
This finding provides strong evidence for the formation of spin chains at the Si(553)-Au step edges, and simultaneously rules out the interpretation of previous studies which attributed the x3 step-edge superstructure to a Peierls instability. 
To study the formation of spin chains in further detail, an additional member of the so-called Si(hhk)-Au family -- Si(775)-Au -- is analyzed.
Based on DFT modeling (performed by S.C. Erwin, Naval Research Laboratory, USA) and detailed STM and STS experiments, a new structure model for this surface is developed, and the absence of spin chains at the Si(775)-Au step edges is demonstrated.

The different step-edge charge distributions of all known Si(hhk)-Au surfaces are traced back to an electron transfer between the terrace and the step edge. Accordingly, an unintentional structure defect should create a localized spin at the Si(775)-Au step edge. This prediction is verified experimentally, and suggest that surface chemistry can be used to create and destroy Si spin chains.

Having clarified why spin chains form on some Si(hhk)-Au surfaces but not on others, various interaction effects of the Si(553)-Au spin chains are inspected. 
A collaborative analysis by SPA-LEED (M. Horn-von Hoegen group, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany), DFT (S.C. Erwin), and STM reveals strong lateral coupling between adjacent spin chains, bearing interesting implications for their magnetic ordering. The centered geometry uncovered leads to magnetic frustration, and may stabilize a 2D quantum spin liquid.    

Moreover, a complex interplay between neighboring Au and Si chains is detected. 
Specifically, the interaction is found effectively ``one-way'', i.e., the Si step edges respond to the Au chains but not vice versa.
This unidirectional effect breaks the parity of the Si chains, and creates two different configurations of step edges with opposite directionality.

In addition to the static properties of the Si(553)-Au surface mentioned above, the occurrence of solitons in both wire types is witnessed in real space by means of high-resolution STM imaging. The solitons are found to interact with one another such that both move in a coupled fashion along the chains. Likewise, STM experiments as a function of the tunneling current suggest an excitation of solitons along the step edge by the STM tunneling tip.
Solitons are also found to play an essential role in the temperature-dependent behavior of the Si(553)-Au step edges.  
It is an accepted fact that the distinct x3 superstructure of the Si(553)-Au step edges vanishes upon heating to room temperature. As a first step in exploring this transition in detail over a large temperature range, a previously undetected, occupied electronic state associated with the localized step-edge spins is identified by means of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). 
A tracking of this state as a function of temperature reveals an order-disorder-type transition. Complementary STM experiments attribute the origin of this transition to local, thermally activated spin site hops, which correspond to soliton-anitsoliton pairs. 

Finally, a manipulation of the Si(553)-Au atomic wire array is achieved by the stepwise adsorption of potassium atoms. This does not only increase the filling of the Au-induced surface bands culminating in a metal-insulator transition (MIT), but also modifies the Si step-edge charge distribution, as indicated by STM and ARPES experiments.

[1] S. C. Erwin and F. Himpsel, Intrinsic magnetism at silicon surfaces, Nat. Commun. 1,
58 (2010).
N2  - Durch Selbstorganisation erzeugte atomare Nanodrähte auf Halbleiteroberflächen erlauben die experimentelle Realisierung quasi-eindimensionaler Elektronensysteme und ermöglichen so die Untersuchung faszinierender eindimensionaler Quantenphänomene. Das Nanodrahtsystem im Zentrum dieser Arbeit [Si(553)-Au] lässt sich durch Adsorption von Goldatomen auf eine gestufte Siliziumoberfläche herstellen. Es besteht aus zwei unterschiedlichen, alternierend angeordneten Kettenarten. Auf jeder Terrasse befindet sich eine Goldkette, während die Stufenkanten aus einer graphitartigen Honigwabenstruktur aus Silizium aufgebaut sind. Für die Stufenkantenatome der Siliziumhonigwabenkette wurde eine Ladungsordnung mit vollständiger Spin-Polarisation jedes dritten Stufenkantenatoms vorhergesagt [1]. Dies entspricht einer regelmäßigen Anordnung von lokalen magnetischen Momenten, die als ``Spinketten'' bezeichnet werden. 

Die vorliegende Arbeit unterzieht diese theoretische Voraussage einem experimentellen Test. Mittels Rastertunnelmikroskopie (engl. scanning tunneling microscopy, STM) und Rastertunnelspektroskopie (engl. scanning tunneling spectroscopy, STS) wurde die lokale Zu-standsdichte entlang der Stufenkante charakterisiert. Die experimentellen Befunde zeigen eine nahezu perfekte Übereinstimmung mit dem theoretisch vorhergesagten Spinketten-Szenario. Gleichzeitig konnte eine bis dato in der Literatur überwiegend favorisierte Peierls-Instabilität ausgeschlossen werden. 

Um die Ausbildung von Spinketten auf goldinduzierten gestuften Siliziumoberflächen genau-er zu verstehen, wurde ein weiteres Probensystem der sogenannten Si(hhk)-Au-Familie -- Si(775)-Au -- detailliert untersucht. Basierend auf Dichte-Funktional-Theorie Rechnungen (durchgeführt von S.C. Erwin, Naval Research Laboratory, USA) und STM/STS-Experimen-ten wurde ein neues Strukturmodell für diese Oberfläche entwickelt. Außerdem konnte die Abwesenheit von Spinketten an den Si(775)-Au-Stufenkanten nachgewiesen werden. Als Ursache für die variierende Ladungsanhäufung an den Stufenkanten der Si(hhk)-Au-Systeme konnte ein Ladungsaustausch zwischen der Terrasse und der Stufenkante ausgemacht werden. Weiter wurde gezeigt, dass ein struktureller Defekt einen lokalisierten Spin an der Si(775)-Au-Stufenkante erzeugen kann. Dies untermauert das Bild des Ladungstransfers zwischen Terrasse und Stufenkante und legt außerdem nahe, Siliziumspinketten mit Hilfe von Oberflächenchemie zu modifizieren. 

Neben der Etablierung des Spinketten-Szenarios wurden verschiedene Wechselwirkungseffekte der Si(553)-Au-Spinkette mit ihrer Umgebung untersucht. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Gruppen um Prof. M. Horn-von Hoegen (Universität Duisburg-Essen) und S.C. Erwin konnte eine starke laterale Kopplung zwischen benachbarten Spinketten festgestellt werden, welche interessante Konsequenzen für die magnetische Ordnung der lokalisierten Spins mit sich bringt. Die entdeckte zentrierte Dreiecksanordnung der Spins führt zu magnetischer Frustration und suggeriert die Ausbildung einer zweidimensionalen Spin-Flüssigkeit. 

Des Weiteren konnte ein unerwartetes Wechselspiel zwischen benachbarten Gold- und Siliziumketten festgestellt werden. Es zeigte sich, dass die Goldketten auf die Siliziumketten einwirken, jedoch nicht umgekehrt. Diese lediglich in einer Richtung wirkende Beeinflussung erzeugt einen Symmetriebruch entlang der Siliziumstufenkante, der dazu führt, dass zwei Arten von Stufenkanten mit unterschiedlicher Direktionalität auftreten. 

Darüber hinaus konnte mit Hilfe hochaufgelöster STM-Aufnahmen die Existenz von Solitonen in beiden Kettenarten nachgewiesen werden. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die beiden Soliton-Typen miteinander wechselwirken und sich daher wider Erwarten nicht unabhängig sondern aneinander gekoppelt durch die Kettenstrukturen bewegen. Weiterhin suggerieren tunnelstromabhängige STM-Messungen, dass sich Solitonen in der Siliziumkette mit der Tunnelspitze des Rastertunnelmikroskops anregen lassen. Solitonen konnte außerdem eine wichtige Rolle im temperaturabhängigen Verhalten der Siliziumstufenkanten zugeschrieben werden. Es war bereits seit Längerem bekannt, dass die ausgeprägte x3 Überstruktur, die sich bei tiefen Temperaturen entlang der Stufenkante beobachten lässt, bei Raumtemperatur verschwindet. Um diese Temperaturabhängigkeit genauer zu untersuchen, wurde ein neu entdeckter, elektronischer Zustand, der sich den an der Stufenkanten lokalisierten Spins zuordnen lässt, mittels winkelaufgelöster Photoelektronenspektroskopie  temperaturabhängig analysiert. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass es sich bei dem Phasenübergang um einen speziellen Ordnungs-Unordnungs-Übergang handelt. Mit Hilfe komplementärer STM-Messungen konnte ein thermisch aktivierter Platzwechsel der lokalisierten Elektronenspins (d.h. die Erzeugung von Soliton-Antisoliton-Paaren) für das temperaturabhängige Verhalten der Siliziumstufenkante verantwortlich gemacht werden. 

Weiterhin konnte eine gezielte Manipulation des Si(553)-Au-Nanodrahtsystems durch sukzessive Dotierung mit Kaliumatomen realisiert werden. 
Dabei wurde ein Anstieg der Befüllung der goldinduzierten Oberflächenbänder, der letztendlich zu einem Metall-Isolator-Übergang führt, beobachtet. Außerdem deuten die experimentellen Befunde auf eine Modifizierung der Spinketten entlang der Stufenkante hin.

[1] S. C. Erwin and F. Himpsel, Intrinsic magnetism at silicon surfaces, Nat. Commun. 1,
58 (2010).
KW  - Rastertunnelmikroskopie
KW  - Spinkette
KW  - ARPES
KW  - Tunnelspektroskopie
KW  - Quasi-1D Elektronensysteme
KW  - Atomketten
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169347
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Razinskas, Gary
T1  - Functional plasmonic nanocircuitry
T1  - Funktionelle plasmonische Nanoschaltkreise
N2  - In this work, functional plasmonic nanocircuitry is examined as a key of revolutionizing state-of-the-art electronic and photonic circuitry in terms of integration density and transmission bandwidth. In this context, numerical simulations enable the design of dedicated devices, which allow fundamental control of photon flow at the nanometer scale via single or multiple plasmonic eigenmodes. The deterministic synthesis and in situ analysis of these eigenmodes is demonstrated and constitutes an indispensable requirement for the practical use of any device. By exploiting the existence of multiple eigenmodes and coherence - both not accessible in classical electronics - a nanoscale directional coupler for the ultrafast spatial and spatiotemporal coherent control of plasmon propagation is conceived. Future widespread application of plasmonic nanocircuitry in quantum technologies is boosted by the promising demonstrations of spin-optical and quantum plasmonic nanocircuitry.
N2  - In dieser Arbeit werden funktionelle plasmonische Schaltkreise als Schlüssel zur Revolutionierung modernster elektronischer und photonischer Schaltkreise in Bezug auf deren Integrationsdichte und Übertragungsbandbreite untersucht. Mit Hilfe numerischer Simulationen werden Bauelemente speziell für die Steuerung des Photonenflusses im Nanometerbereich mittels einzelner bzw. mehrerer plasmonischer Eigenmoden konzipiert. Die deterministische Synthese und Analyse solcher Eigenmoden wird aufgezeigt und stellt eine unverzichtbare Voraussetzung für die praktische Anwendung eines jeden Nanoschaltkreises dar. Durch die Existenz mehrerer Eigenmoden und Kohärenz - beide in der klassischen Elektronik nicht zugänglich - lässt sich ein nanoskaliger Richtkoppler für die ultraschnelle räumliche und räumlich-zeitliche kohärente Kontrolle der Plasmonenausbreitung entwerfen. Künftig werden plasmonische Schaltkreise aufgrund der vielversprechenden Demonstrationen von spinoptischen und quantenplasmonischen Schaltkreisen in Quantentechnologien weite Verbreitung finden.
KW  - Nanooptik
KW  - Plasmon
KW  - Ultrakurzer Lichtpuls
KW  - Nanostruktur
KW  - Wellenleiter
KW  - Integrated circuit
KW  - Ultrafast information processing
KW  - Surface plasmon
KW  - Mode propagation
KW  - Coherent control
KW  - Integriert-optisches Bauelement
KW  - Ultraschnelle Informationsverarbeitung
KW  - Oberflächenplasmon
KW  - Modenpropagation
KW  - Kohärente Kontrolle
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166917
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Grauer, Stefan
T1  - Transport Phenomena in Bi\(_2\)Se\(_3\) and Related Compounds
T1  - Transport Phänomene in Bi\(_2\)Se\(_3\) und verwandten Materialien
N2  - One of the most significant technological advances in history was driven by the utilization of a new material class: semiconductors.
Its most important application being the transistor, which is indispensable in our everyday life. The technological advance in the semiconductor industry, however, is about to slow down. Making transistors ever smaller to increase the performance and trying to reduce and deal with the dissipative heat will soon reach the limits dictated by quantum mechanics with Moore himself, predicting the death of his famous law in the next decade.
A possible successor for semiconductor transistors is the recently discovered material class of topological insulators. A material which in its bulk is insulating but has topological protected metallic surface states or edge states at its boundary. Their electrical transport characteristics include forbidden backscattering and spin-momentum-locking with the spin of the electron being perpendicular to its momentum. Topological insulators therefore offer an opportunity for high performance devices with low dissipation, and applications in spintronic where data is stored and processed at the same point.
The topological insulator Bi\(_2\)Se\(_3\) and related compounds offer relatively high energy band gaps and a rather simple band structure with a single dirac cone at the gamma point of the Brillouin zone. These characteritics make them ideal candidates to study the topological surface state in electrical transport experiments and explore its physics.
N2  - Einer der wichtigsten technologischen Fortschritte der Geschichte wurde von der Nutzung einer neuen Materialklasse getrieben: Halbleitern. Ihre wichtigste Anwendung ist der Transistor, welcher unverzichtbar für unseren Alltag geworden ist. Allerdings ist der technologische Fortschritt in der Halbleiterindustrie dabei sich zu verlangsamen. Versuche die Transistoren immer kleiner zu machen und die Abwärme zu regulieren und zu reduzieren werden bald ihr, durch die Quantenmechanik vorgeschriebenes, Ende erreichen. Moore selbst hat schon das Ende seines berühmten Gesetzes für das nächste Jahrzehnt vorhergesagt.
Ein möglicher Nachfolger für Halbleitertransistoren ist die kürzlich entdeckte Materialklasse der topologischen Isolatoren. Ein Material, dass in seinem Volumen isolierend ist, aber an seinen Grenzen durch die Topologie geschützte metallische Oberflächenzustände oder Randkanäle hat. Deren elektrischen Transporteigenschaften umfassen unterdrückte Rückstreuung und Spin-Impuls-Kopplung, wobei der Spin des Elektrons senkrecht zu seinem Impuls ist. Topologische Isolatoren bieten daher die Möglichkeit für hochleistungsfähige Bauteile mit niedrigem Widerstand und für Anwendungen in der Spintronik, in der Daten an der gleichen Stelle gespeichert und prozessiert werden.
Der topologische Isolator Bi\(_2\)Se\(_3\) und verwandte Materialien weisen eine relativ hohe Energielücke und eine eher einfache Bandstruktur mit einem einzigen Dirac-Kegel am Gammapunkt der Brilloiun Zone auf. Diese Eigenschaften machen sie zu idealen Kandidaten um den topologischen Oberflächenzustand in elektrischen Transportexperimenten zu untersuchen und seine neue Physik zu entdecken.
KW  - Topologischer Isolator
KW  - Bismutselenide
KW  - Transportprozess
KW  - QAHE
KW  - Bi2Se3
KW  - Magnetic Topological Insulator
KW  - Quanten-Hall-Effekt
KW  - Axion
KW  - Oberflächenzustand
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157666
SN  - 978-3-8439-3481-7
PB  - Verlag Dr. Hut GmbH
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Munz, Eberhard
T1  - Physiological and metabolical high-resolution MRI of plants
T1  - Physiologische und metabolische hochaufgelöste Pflanzen-Magnetresonanzbildgebung
N2  - The noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging technique allows for the investigation of functional processes in the living plant. For this purpose during this work, different NMR imaging methods were further developed and applied.
For the localisation of the intrusion of water into the germinating rape seed with the simultaneous depiction of the lipid-rich tissue via a 3D rendering, in Chap. 5 the technique of interleaved chemical selective acquisition of water and lipid was used in the germinating seed. The utilization of high-resolution MR images of germinated seeds enabled the localization of a predetermined water gap in the lipid-rich aleurone layer, which resides directly under the seed coat. The for a long time in biology prevalent discussion, whether such a gap exists or the seed soaks up the water from all sides, rather like a sponge, could hereby, at least for the rapeseed seed, be answered clearly. Furthermore, the segmentation and 3D visualization of the vascular tissue in the rapeseed seeds was enabled by the high-resolution datasets, a multiply branched structure preconstructed in the seed could be shown. The water is directed by the vascular tissue and thus awakens the seed gradually to life. This re-awakening could as well be tracked by means of invasive imaging via an oxygen sensor. In the re-awakened seeds, the lipid degradation starts, other than expected, not in the lipid-rich cotyledons but in the residual endosperm remaining from seed development and in the aleurone layer which previously protected the embryo. Within this layer, the degradation could be verified in the high-resolution MR datasets.
The method presented in Chap. 6 provides a further characteristic trait for phenotyping of seeds and lipid containing plants in general. The visualization of the compounds of fatty acids in plant seeds and fruits could be achieved by the distinct utilization of chemical shift-selective imaging techniques. Via the application of a CSI sequence the fatty acid compounds in an olive were localized in a 2D slice. In conjunction with an individually adjusted CHESS presaturation module Haa85 the high-resolution 3D visualization of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid compounds in different seeds was achieved. The ratio maps calculated from these datasets allow to draw conclusions from the developmental stage or the type of seed. Furthermore, it could be shown that the storage condition of two soybean seeds with different storage time durations lead to no degradation of the fatty acid content.
Additional structural information from inside of dry seeds are now accessible via MRI. In this work the imaging of cereal seeds could be significantly improved by the application of the UTE sequence. The hitherto existing depictions of the lipid distribution, acquired with the spin echo sequence, were always sufficient for examinations of the lipid content, yet defects in the starchy endosperm or differences in the starch concentration within the seed remained constantly unseen with this technique. In a direct comparison of the datasets acquired with the previous imaging technique (spin echo) and with UTE imaging, the advantage of data acquisition with UTE could be shown. By investigating the potential seed compounds (starch, proteins, sugar) in pure form, the constituent parts contributing to the signal could be identified as bound water (residual moisture) and starch. The application of a bi-exponential fit on the datasets of the barley seed enabled the separate mapping of magnetization and of relaxation time of two components contributing to the NMR signal. The direct comparison with histological stainings verified the previous results, thus this technique can be used for the selective imaging of starch in dry seeds.
Conclusions on the translocation characteristics in plants can be drawn by the technique proposed in Chap. 8. The associated translocation velocities can now, even in the range of several um/h, be determined in the living plant. Based on calculated concentrations of an MR contrast agent, which was taken up by the plant, these translocation velocities were estimated both in longitudinal direction, thus along the vascular bundle, and in horizontal direction, thus out of the bundle. The latter velocity is located below the contrast agent's velocity value of free diffusion. By adjusting a dynamic contrast-enhancing imaging technique (DCE-Imaging, Tof91) the acquisition duration of a T1-map was significantly reduced. By means of these maps, local concentrations  of the contrast agent in plant stems and the siliques of the rapeseed plant could be determined.
Numerous questions in plant science can only be answered by non-invasive techniques such as MRI. For this reason, besides the experimental results achieved in this work, further NMR methods were tested and provided for the investigation of plants.
As an example, the study on the imaging of magnetic exchange processes are mentioned, which provided the groundwork for a possible transfer of CEST experiments (Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer) to the plant. The results are presented in the bachelor thesis of A. Jäger Jae17, which was performed under my supervision, they find great interest under biologists.
The development of new technologies, which extend the possibilities for the investigation of living organisms, is of great importance. For this reason, I have contributed to the development of the currently unpublished method RACETE (Refocused Acquisition of Chemical Exchange Transferred Excitations  [Jak17,  Reu17, Gut18a]). By rephasing the transferred magnetization the utilization of properties which have not been available in chemical "`exchange"' experiments is enabled. With this method a positive contrast is generated, thus a reference experiment is not mandatory. Furthermore, the image phase, which in classical experiments contains no information about the exchanged protons, can be used for the distinct identification of multiple substances which have been excited simultaneously.

This recently at the Department of Experimental Physics V developed method can be used in particular for the identification of lipids and for the localization of sugars and amino acids, thus it can serve the enhancement and improvement of non-invasive analytical methods.
N2  - Die nicht-invasive Bildgebungstechnik der Magnetresonanz ermöglicht es, funktionelle Prozesse in Pflanzen am lebenden Objekt zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit verschiedene NMR-Bildgebungsmethoden weiterentwickelt und angewendet. Da Pflanzen ein magnetisch sehr inhomogenes Gewebe besitzen, bedingt durch Lufteinschlüsse und das Vorhandensein verschiedenster gelöster Stoffe im Pflanzengewebe, wurden daher hauptsächlich Spin-Echo-Methoden für die Bildgebung verwendet.
Um das erste Eindringen des Wassers in den keimenden Raps-Samen bei gleichzeitiger Darstellung des lipid-reichen Gewebes mittels einer 3D-Visualisierung zu lokalisieren, wurde in Kapitel 5 die Technik der verschachtelten, chemisch selektiven Aufnahme von Wasser und Lipid im keimenden Samen verwendet. Durch Verwendung von hochausgelösten MR-Aufnahmen an gekeimten Samen konnte weiterhin in der lipid-reichen Aleuron-Schicht, die sich direkt unter der Samenschale befindet, ein gezielt angelegter Einlass für das Wasser verortet werden. Die in der Biologie lange Zeit verbreitete Diskussion, ob es einen solchen Einlass gibt oder der keimende Samen das Wasser eher wie ein Schwamm von allen Seiten aufsaugt, konnte hierdurch, zumindest für den Raps-Samen, eindeutig beantwortet werden. Weiterhin konnte durch die hoch-aufgelösten Aufnahmen das vaskuläre Gewebe in den Raps-Samen segmentiert und in 3D veranschaulicht werden, es zeigte sich eine mehrfach verzweigte Struktur, die bereits im Samen angelegt ist. Das Wasser folgt hierbei dem vaskulären Gewebe und erweckt hierdurch den Samen schrittweise zum Leben. Dieses Wieder-Erwachen konnte ebenfalls durch die invasive Bildgebung mittels eines Sauerstoff-Sensors nachverfolgt werden. Im nun erwachten Samen selbst beginnt der Lipid-Abbau, anders als zunächst angenommen, nicht in den lipid-haltigen Kotyledonen sondern im von der Samen-Entwicklung verbliebenden Endosperm und in der den Keimling vormals schützenden Aleuron-Schicht. In dieser konnte der Abbau an gekeimten Samen durch hochaufgelöste MR-Aufnahmen nachgewiesen werden.
Die in Kapitel 6 vorgeschlagene Methode liefert ein weiteres Merkmal zur Phenotypisiserung von Samen und lipidhaltigen Pflanzenbestandteilen im Allgemeinen. Die Darstellung der Bestandteile ungesättigter Fettsäuren in Pflanzensamen und -Früchten konnte durch gezielte Verwendung von chemisch selektiven Bildgebungstechniken erreicht werden. Durch die Anwendung einer CSI-Sequenz konnten die Fettsäurebestandteile in Oliven in einer 2D-Schicht lokalisiert werden. In Verbindung mit einem jeweils angepassten CHESS-Vorsättigungsmodul Haa85 wurde die hochaufgelöste 3D-Darstellung von gesättigten und ungesättigten Fettsäurebestandteilen in unterschiedlichen Samen erreicht. Rückschlüsse über das Entwicklungsstadium sowie die Sorte der verwendeten Samen können aus den Verhältnis-Karten, die aus den jeweiligen Datensätzen berechnet wurden, gezogen werden. Dass in diesem Fall die Aufbewahrungsmethode zu keiner Degradation der Fettsäurezusammensetzung geführt hat, konnte weiterhin am Beispiel von zwei Sojasamen mit unterschiedlicher Lagerdauer gezeigt werden. 
Zusätzliche strukturelle Informationen aus dem Inneren trockener Samen sind nun mittels MRT zugänglich. In dieser Arbeit konnte durch die UTE-Sequenz die Bildgebung von Getreidesamen deutlich vorangebracht werden. Die bisherigen Darstellungen der Lipid-Verteilung, aufgenommen mit einer Spin-Echo Sequenz, waren zwar für die Betrachtung des Lipid-Gehalts stets ausreichend, Defekte im stärkehaltigen Endosperm oder Unterschiede in der Stärke-Konzentration innerhalb des Samen blieben mit dieser Technik jedoch stets verborgen. Im direkten Vergleich der mit der bisherigen Technik (Spin-Echo) und der UTE-Bildgebung aufgenommenen Datensätze konnte der Vorteil der Datenaufnahme mit UTE gezeigt werden. Durch die Untersuchung der möglichen Samenbestandteile (Stärke, Proteine, Zucker) in Reinform konnten die zum Signal beitragen Bestandteile als gebundenes Wasser (Restfeuchte) und Stärke identifiziert werden. Die Verwendung bi-exponentiellen Fits and die Messdaten ermöglichte es im Gersten-Samen, zwei zum Signal beitragende Komponenten in getrennten Karten bezüglich ihrer Magnetisierung und Relaxationszeit zu trennen. Der Vergleich mit histologischen Färbungen bestätigte die bisherigen Ergebnisse, somit kann diese Technik zur selektiven Darstellung von Stärke in trockenen Samen verwendet werden. 
Rückschlüsse auf das Transportverhalten in Pflanzen können durch die in Kapitel 8 vorgestellte Technik gezogen werden. Die zugehörigen Transportgeschwindigkeiten im lebenden Pflanzenobjekt können nun, selbst im Bereich von wenigen $\mu$m/h, bestimmt werden. Diese wurden anhand von berechneten Konzentrationen eines von der Pflanze aufgenommenen MR-Kontrastmittels sowohl in longitudinaler Richtung, also entlang des Leitgewebebündels, als auch in horizontaler Richtung, also aus dem Leitbündel heraus, abgeschätzt werden; Letztere Geschwindigkeit liegt deutlich unter dem Wert der freien Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit des Kontrastmittels. Hierfür wurden durch Anpassung einer dynamischen Kontrast-erhöhenden Bildgebungstechnik (DCE-Imaging, Tof91) die Aufnahmedauer einer für die weiteren Berechnungen benötigen T1-Karte deutlich reduziert. Mittels dieser Karten konnten die lokalen Konzentrationen des Kontrastmittels in Pflanzenstängeln und Schoten der Rapspflanze bestimmt werden.
Zahlreiche Fragen in der Pflanzenforschung können nur durch nicht-invasive Techniken wie MRT beantwortet werden. Deswegen wurden, neben den experimentellen Ergebnissen, die mittels dieser Arbeit erreicht wurden, auch weitere NMR Methoden für die Untersuchung von Pflanzen getestet und zur Verfügung gestellt.
Als Beispiel seien hier die Untersuchungen zur Bildgebung von magnetischen Austauschprozessen genannt, welche eine Vorarbeit zur möglichen Übertragung con CEST-Experimenten (Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer) auf das Modell Pflanze liefern. Die Ergebnisse sind in der Bachelor-Arbeit von A. Jäger \cite{jaeger17}, an deren Durchführung ich als Betreuer maßgeblich beteiligt war, dargestellt und finden großes Interesse bei Biologen.
Von besonderer Wichtigkeit sind auch die Entwicklungen neuer Technologien, die die Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung von lebenden Organismen erweitern können. Deswegen habe ich zu der Entwicklung der bislang unveröffentlichten Methode RACETE (Refocused Acquisition of Chemical Exchange Transferred Excitations [Jak17, Reu17, Gut18a]) beigetragen. Durch das Rephasieren der transferierten Magnetisierung können Eigenschaften, die bislang in chemischen "`Austausch"'-Experimenten nicht zur Verfügung stehen, ausgenutzt werden. Mit dieser Methode wird ein positiver Kontrast erzeugt, sie ist deshalb nicht zwingend auf ein Referenz-Experiment angewiesen. Weiterhin kann die Bildphase, welche in klassichen CEST-Experimenten keine Information über die ausgetauschten Protonen enthält, zur eindeutigen Identifizierung mehrerer parallel angeregter Substanzen verwendet werden.
KW  - Kernspintomografie
KW  - Pflanzen
KW  - Pflanzenbildgebung
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172518
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Sidiropoulou, Ourania
T1  - Characterization of the ATLAS-type Micromegas Detectors
T1  - Charakterisierung von Micromegas-Detektoren des ATLAS-Typs
N2  - Micromegas are parallel-plate gaseous detectors with micro-pattern readout structures that are able to measure precisely and efficiently at high particle rates. Their difference with respect to other gaseous detectors is that the space in which particles ionise the gas and create electrons is separated from the region in which these electrons are multiplied (or amplified) by a thin metallic mesh. In the ionisation region, typically a few mm thick, a moderate field of a few hundred V/cm is applied. The amplification region with a homogeneous electrical field of 40--50~kV/cm is only 100--150~$\upmu$m thick. The latter guarantees that the positive ions produced in the amplification process are rapidly evacuated and the possibility to build up space charge at high rate is reduced. Critical in micromegas detectors are sparks in the thin amplification region in the presence of the high electrical field. This problem was solved in 2011 by introducing a spark protection scheme. It consists of a layer of resistive strips on top of the readout strips, separated from the latter by a thin insulation layer. 

Micromegas with the spark protection scheme were selected as instrumentation of the first ATLAS forward muon station (NSW) in the upgrade of the ATLAS detector for the operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at high luminosity (HL-LHC), expected for 2026. 

The main subjects of this thesis are: the characterisation of the first micromegas quadruplet prototypes for the NSW detectors; the characterisation of the materials used in the spark-protection system; and the study of the influence of the mesh distance holders (pillars) on the detector performance.

The thesis starts with a brief introduction into the LHC and ATLAS projects, followed by a chapter that explains the reason for the upgrade of the ATLAS muon system and shows the layout of the NSW.

The first of the three main chapters covers the construction and the characterisation of the first two prototypes for the NSW detectors. These  detectors comprise four detection layers and have the same mechanical structure as the NSW detectors. The mechanical precision as well as the homogeneity of the detector response are discussed. The latter has been measured using X-rays and cosmic rays. The spatial resolution that can be achieved with these detectors precision has been measured at the MAMI accelerator at Mainz with low-energy electrons. The chapter is completed by a section that describes the successful integration of a data acquisition system (DAQ) into the official ATLAS DAQ system that was required for an initially planned installation of one of the prototypes on the existing Small Wheel.

The next chapter presents a study of the influence of temperature and humidity changes on the resistive strips used in the spark protection system. In addition the long-term stability of the resistive material  has been measured accumulating charge equivalent to 100 years of operation in the HL-LHC and exposing the samples to intense gamma irradiation equivalent to 10 years of HL-LHC operation.

The third part covers the impact of the mesh distance holders (pillars) on the performance of the detector. This study has been performed with a 10 x 10 cm$^2$ bulk-micromegas with two different pillar shapes. Both 5.9 keV gammas from a $^{55}$Fe and 8 keV X-rays from a Cu target were used. In this context also the electrostatic charge-up of the detector is discussed.

In the Appendices one finds a summary of the fundamental physics relevant for gaseous detectors as well as some supporting material for the topics covered in the main part of the thesis.
N2  - Micromegas-Detektoren sind Gas-Detektoren aus der Familie der Parallel-Platten-Detektoren mit sehr feinen Auslese-Elementen, die präzise und effizient  bei hohen Teilchenraten messen können. Sie unterscheiden sich von anderen Gas-Detektoren dadurch, dass der Bereich, in dem die zu messenden Teilchen das Gas ionisieren und damit Elektronen produzieren, von dem Bereich, in dem diese Elektronen vervielfältigt werden, durch ein feines metallisches Gitter getrennt ist. Im Ionisationsbereich der gewöhnlich mehrere mm dick ist, wird ein moderates elektrisches Feld von einigen hundert Volt angelegt. Der Vervielfachungs- oder Verstärkungsbereich mit einem homogenen elektrischen Feld von $\sim$40--50 kV/cm ist nur 100--150 $\upmu$m dick. Dadurch können die positiven Ionen, die im Vervielfältigungsprozess entstehen, schnell abgeleitet werden und der Aufbau von Raumladung bei hohen Teilchenraten wird begrenzt. Ein kritisches Element der Micromegas Detektoren sind spontane Entladungen in dem starken elektrischen Feld und dem sehr dünnen Verstärkungsbereich. Diese Problem wurde 2011 durch die Einführung einer Schutzschicht gelöst. Diese besteht aus einer dünnen Isolationsschicht über den Auslesestreifen, auf die Widerstandsstreifen aufgebracht werden. 

Micromegas-Detektoren mit Widerstandsschutz wurden für die Instrumentierung der ersten Station des ATLAS Myon-Systems in Vorwärtsrichtung (NSW) als Mess- und Auslöse-Instrumente für den Betrieb des Large Hadron Colliders (LHC) bei höherer Luminosität (HL-LHC, ab 2020) gewählt. 

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist: 1. die Messung der Eigenschaften der ersten Micromegas NSW Prototypen; 2. die Untersuchung der Eigenschaften des Materials, das für die Widerstandsstreifen benutzt wird; und 3. die Bestimmung des Einflusses der Gitter-Abstandshalter (pillars) auf die Eigenschaften des Detektors.

Die Arbeit beginnt mit einer kurzen Einführung, die den LHC und das ATLAS Projekt vorstellt, gefolgt von einem Kapitel, das erklärt, warum die jetzt installierten Myon-Detektoren ersetzt werden müssen, um bei einer konsequenten Erhöhung der LHC-Luminosität nicht an Messgenauigkeit zu verlieren. Es zeigt dann wie die neue Myon Station, das New Small Wheel (NSW), aussehen wird.

Im ersten der Hauptkapitel werden der Bau und die Untersuchung der ersten beiden Prototypen für die NSW Detektoren beschrieben. Diese Detektoren (MMSW) bestehen aus vier Messlagen und haben die gleiche mechanische Struktur wie die NSW Detektoren. Sowohl die mechanische Präzision als auch die Homogenität der Signale über den gesamten Detektor und die Teilchen-Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit werden diskutiert. Letztere wurden mit Röntgenstrahlen und Teilchen aus der kosmischen Strahlung gemessen. Die Ortsauflösung wurde am MAMI Beschleuniger in Mainz mit nieder energetischen Elektronen gemessen.
Das Kapitel wird komplettiert durch einen Abschnitt, der die erfolgreiche Integration eines Datenerfassungssystems für die MMSW Detektoren in das offizielle ATLAS Datenerfassungssystem beschreibt. Solch ein System wurde für die ursprünglich geplante Installation eines der MMSW Detektoren in ATLAS gebraucht. 

Danach wird die Untersuchung der Eigenschaften der Widerstandsstreifen präsentiert, insbesondere deren Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit, sowie ihr Langzeitverhalten. Dafür wurden die Streifen einem Stromfluss ausgesetzt der 100 Jahren Betrieb im LHC entspricht, zum anderen einer Gamma Strahlendosis ausgesetzt, wie sie bei einem 10-jährigen LHC Betrieb erwartet wird. 

Im dritten Teil folgt eine ausführliche Studie des Einflusses der Gitter-Abstands-halter (pillars) auf die Ortsauflösung und die Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit. Diese Studie wurde mit einem 10 $\times$ 10 cm$^2$ großen Micromegas Detektor mit zwei verschiedenen Abstandshalterformen sowohl mit 5.9 keV Gamma-Strahlen von einer $^{55}$Fe Quelle, als auch mit 8 keV Photonen aus einer Röntgen-Quelle durchgeführt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch die elektrostatische Aufladung des Detektors diskutiert. 

Im Anhang findet sich eine Zusammenfassung der physikalischen Grundlagen, die für Gasdetektoren relevant sind, sowie zusätzliches Material zu den oben beschriebenen Kapiteln.
KW  - micromegas detectors
KW  - ATLAS New Small Wheels (NSW)
KW  - resistive micromegas
KW  - micro pattern gaseous detectors
KW  - muon spectrometer
KW  - ATLAS <Teilchendetektor>
KW  - Gasionisationsdetektor
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167323
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for Higgs boson decays to beyond-the-Standard-Model light bosons in four-lepton events with the ATLAS detector at root s=13 TeV
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search is conducted for a beyond-the-Standard-Model boson using events where a Higgs boson with mass 125 GeV decays to four leptons (l = e or mu). This decay is presumed to occur via an intermediate state which contains one or two on-shell, promptly decaying bosons: H -> ZX/XX -> 4l , where X is a new vector boson Z(d) or pseudoscalar a with mass between 1 and 60 GeV. The search uses pp collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) at a centre-of-mass energy root s = 13TeV. No significant excess of events above Standard Model background predictions is observed; therefore, upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on model-independent fiducial cross-sections, and on the Higgs boson decay branching ratios to vector and pseudoscalar bosons in two benchmark models.
KW  - Beyond Standard Model
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Patron Distributions
KW  - Energies
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220721
VL  - 166
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for diboson resonances with boson-tagged jets in \({pp}\) collisions at root S=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - Narrow resonances decaying into WW, WZ or ZZ boson pairs are searched for in 36.7 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016. The diboson system is reconstructed using pairs of large-radius jets with high transverse momentum and tagged as compatible with the hadronic decay of high-momentum Wor Zbosons, using jet mass and substructure properties. The search is sensitive to diboson resonances with masses in the range 1.2-5.0 TeV. No significant excess is observed in any signal region. Exclusion limits are set at the 95% confidence level on the production cross section times branching ratio to dibosons for a range of theories beyond the Standard Model. Model-dependent lower limits on the mass of new gauge bosons are set, with the highest limit set at 3.5 TeV in the context of mass-degenerate resonances that couple predominantly to bosons. (c) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - Leptons
KW  - Physics
KW  - WZ
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225782
VL  - 777
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of the production cross-section of a single top quark in association with a \(Z\) boson in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics letters B
N2  - The production of a top quark in association with a Z boson is investigated. The proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2015 and 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV are used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1). Events containing three identified leptons (electrons and/or muons) and two jets, one of which is identified as a b-quark jet are selected. The major backgrounds are diboson, tt($)over-bar and Z + jets production. A neural network is used to improve the background rejection and extract the signal. The resulting significance is 4.2 sigma in the data and the expected significance is 5.4 sigma. The measured cross-section for tZq production is 600 +/- 170(stat.)+/- 140(syst.)fb. (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - ATLAS experiment
KW  - proton-proton collisions
KW  - single top quark
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225406
VL  - 780
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - A search for resonances decaying into a Higgs boson and a new particle \(X\) in the \({XH}\) -> \({qqbb}\) final state with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics letters B
N2  - A search for heavy resonances decaying into a Higgs boson (H) and a new particle (X) is reported, utilizing 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data at root s = 13 TeV collected during 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The particle Xis assumed to decay to a pair of light quarks, and the fully hadronic final state XH -> q (q) over bar 'b (b) over bar is analysed. The search considers the regime of high XH resonance masses, where the X and H bosons are both highly Lorentz-boosted and are each reconstructed using a single jet with large radius parameter. A two-dimensional phase space of XH mass versus X mass is scanned for evidence of a signal, over a range of XH resonance mass values between 1 TeV and 4 TeV, and for X particles with masses from 50 GeV to 1000 GeV. All search results are consistent with the expectations for the background due to Standard Model processes, and 95% CL upper limits are set, as a function of XH and X masses, on the production cross-section of the XH -> q (q) over bar 'b (b) over bar resonance. (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - Proton-Proton Collisions
KW  - Root-S=13 TEV
KW  - MASS
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225435
VL  - 779
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for an invisibly decaying Higgs boson or dark matter candidates produced in association with a Z boson in \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - A search for an invisibly decaying Higgs boson or dark matter candidates produced in association with a leptonically decaying Z boson in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented. This search uses 36.1 fb(-1) of data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. No significant deviation from the expectation of the Standard Model backgrounds is observed. Assuming the Standard Model ZH production cross-section, an observed (expected) upper limit of 67% (39%) at the 95% confidence level is set on the branching ratio of invisible decays of the Higgs boson with mass m(H) = 125 GeV. The corresponding limits on the production cross-section of the ZH process with the invisible Higgs boson decays are also presented. Furthermore, exclusion limits on the dark matter candidate and mediator masses are reported in the framework of simplified dark matter models. (c) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - Distributions
KW  - Models
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225947
VL  - 776
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for heavy resonances decaying into a W or Z boson and a Higgs boson in final states with leptons and b-jets in 36 fb\(^{-1}\) of root s=13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search is conducted for new resonances decaying into a W or Z boson and a 125 GeV Higgs boson in the nu(nu) over barb (b) over bar, l(+/-)nu b (b) over bar, and l(+)l(-)b (b) over bar final states, where l(+/-) = e(+/-) or mu(+/-), in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV. The data used correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider during the 2015 and 2016 data-taking periods. The search is conducted by examining the reconstructed invariant or transverse mass distributions of Wh and Zh candidates for evidence of a localised excess in the mass range of 220 GeV up to 5 TeV. No significant excess is observed and the results are interpreted in terms of constraints on the production cross-section times branching fraction of heavy W' and Z' resonances in heavy-vector-triplet models and the CP-odd scalar boson A in two-Higgs-doublet models. Upper limits are placed at the 95% confidence level and range between 9.0 x 10(-4) pb and 7.3 x 10(-1) pb depending on the model and mass of the resonance.
KW  - Beyond Standard Model
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225446
VL  - 174
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for supersymmetry in events with four or more leptons in root s=13 TeV \({pp}\) collisions with ATLAS
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - Results from a search for supersymmetry in events with four or more charged leptons (electrons, muons and taus) are presented. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider at root s = 13 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector. Four-lepton signal regions with up to two hadronically decaying taus are designed to target a range of supersymmetric scenarios that can be either enriched in or depleted of events involving the production and decay of a Z boson. Data yields are consistent with Standard Model expectations and results are used to set upper limits on the event yields from processes beyond the Standard Model. Exclusion limits are set at the 95% confidence level in simplified models of general gauge mediated supersymmetry, where Higgsino masses are excluded up to 295 GeV. In R-parity-violating simplified models with decays of the lightest supersymmetric particle to charged leptons, lower limits of 1.46, 1.06, and 2.25 TeV are placed on wino, slepton and gluino masses, respectively.
KW  - Gluino Production
KW  - Squark
KW  - Extension
KW  - Scale
KW  - Decay
KW  - Weak
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220705
VL  - 98
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of long-range multiparticle azimuthal correlations with the subevent cumulant method in \({pp}\) and \(p\)+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
JF  - Physical Review C
N2  - A detailed study of multiparticle azimuthal correlations is presented using pp data at root s = 5.02 and 13 TeV, and p+Pb data at root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The azimuthal correlations are probed using four-particle cumulants c(n){4} and flow coefficients v(n){4} = (-c(n){4})(1/4) for n = 2 and 3, with the goal of extracting long-range multiparticle azimuthal correlation signals and suppressing the short-range correlations. The values of c(n){4} are obtained as a function of the average number of charged particles per event, < N-ch >, using the recently proposed two-subevent and three-subevent cumulant methods, and compared with results obtained with the standard cumulant method. The standard method is found to be strongly biased by short-range correlations, which originate mostly from jetswith a positive contribution to c(n){4}. The threesubevent method, on the other hand, is found to be least sensitive to short-range correlations. The three-subevent method gives a negative c(2){4}, and therefore a well-defined v(2){4}, nearly independent of < N-ch >, which implies that the long-range multiparticle azimuthal correlations persist to events with low multiplicity. Furthermore, v(2){4} is found to be smaller than the v(2){2} measured using the two-particle correlation method, as expected for long-range collective behavior. Finally, the measured values of v(2){4} and v(2){2} are used to estimate the number of sources relevant for the initial eccentricity in the collision geometry. The results based on the subevent cumulant technique provide direct evidence, in small collision systems, for a long-range collectivity involving many particles distributed across a broad rapidity interval.
KW  - Eccentricities
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225623
VL  - 97
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of differential cross sections and W\(^+\)/W\(^-\) cross-section ratios for W boson production in association with jets at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - This paper presents a measurement of the W boson production cross section and the W+/W- cross-section ratio, both in association with jets, in proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurement is performed in final states containing one electron and missing transverse momentum using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb(-1). Differential cross sections for events with at least one or two jets are presented for a range of observables, including jet transverse momenta and rapidities, the scalar sum of transverse momenta of the visible particles and the missing transverse momentum in the event, and the transverse momentum of the W boson. For a subset of the observables, the differential cross sections of positively and negatively charged W bosons are measured separately. In the cross-section ratio of W+/W- the dominant systematic uncertainties cancel out, improving the measurement precision by up to a factor of nine. The observables and ratios selected for this paper provide valuable input for the up quark, down quark, and gluon parton distribution functions of the proton.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - To-leading order
KW  - P(P)over-bar collicions
KW  - Parton distributions
KW  - Transverse-momentum
KW  - Pair production
KW  - Events
KW  - Decay
KW  - Plus
KW  - LHC
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220872
VL  - 77
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using 36 fb\(^{-1}\) of root s=13 TeV \({pp}\) collision data with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - A search for the supersymmetric partners of quarks and gluons (squarks and gluinos) in final states containing hadronic jets and missing transverse momentum, but no electrons or muons, is presented. The data used in this search were recorded in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS experiment in root s = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1). The results are interpreted in the context of various models where squarks and gluinos are pair produced and the neutralino is the lightest supersymmetric particle. An exclusion limit at the 95% confidence level on the mass of the gluino is set at 2.03 TeV for a simplified model incorporating only a gluino and the lightest neutralino, assuming the lightest neutralino is massless. For a simplified model involving the strong production of mass-degenerate first-and second-generation squarks, squark masses below 1.55 TeVare excluded if the lightest neutralino is massless. These limits substantially extend the region of supersymmetric parameter space previously excluded by searches with the ATLAS detector.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Decay
KW  - Weak
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220835
VL  - 97
IS  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - \({ZZ}\) -> l(+)l(-)l '(+)l '(-) cross-section measurements and search for anomalous triple gauge couplings in 13 TeV \({pp}\) collisions with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - Measurements of ZZ production in the l(+)l(-)l'(+)l'(-) channel in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV center-of-mass energy at the Large Hadron Collider are presented. The data correspond to 36.1 fb(-1) of collisions collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2015 and 2016. Here l and l ' stand for electrons or muons. Integrated and differential ZZ -> l(+)l(-)l'(+)l'(-) cross sections with Z -> l(+)l(-) candidate masses in the range of 66 GeV to 116 GeV are measured in a fiducial phase space corresponding to the detector acceptance and corrected for detector effects. The differential cross sections are presented in bins of twenty observables, including several that describe the jet activity. The integrated cross section is also extrapolated to a total phase space and to all standard model decays of Z bosons with mass between 66 GeV and 116 GeV, resulting in a value of 17.3 +/- 0.9 [+/- 0.6(start) +/- 0.5 (syst) +/- 0.6 (lumi)] pb. The measurements are found to be in good agreement with the standard model. A search for neutral triple gauge couplings is performed using the transverse momentum distribution of the leading Z boson candidate. No evidence for such couplings is found and exclusion limits are set on their parameters.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Events
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225844
VL  - 97
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for \(B\) - \(L\) \(R\)-parity-violating top squarks in root s=13 TeV \({pp}\) collisions with the ATLAS experiment
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - A search is presented for the direct pair production of the stop, the supersymmetric partner of the top quark, that decays through an R-parity-violating coupling to a final state with two leptons and two jets, at least one of which is identified as a b-jet. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV, collected in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. No significant excess is observed over the Standard Model background, and exclusion limits are set on stop pair production at a 95% confidence level. Lower limits on the stop mass are set between 600 GeV and 1.5 TeV for branching ratios above 10% for decays to an electron or muon and a b-quark.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Breaking
KW  - Extension
KW  - Neutrino
KW  - Decay
KW  - LHC
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225863
VL  - 97
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of the cross section for isolated-photon plus jet production in \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV using the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - The dynamics of isolated-photon production in association with a jet in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV are studied with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using a dataset with an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1). Photons are required to have transverse energies above 125 GeV. Jets are identified using the anti-k(t) algorithm with radius parameter R = 0.4 and required to have transverse momenta above 100 GeV. Measurements of isolated-photon plus jet cross sections are presented as functions of the leading-photon transverse energy, the leading-jet transverse momentum, the azimuthal angular separation between the photon and the jet, the photon-jet invariant mass and the scattering angle in the photon-jet centre-of-mass system. Tree-level plus parton-shower predictions from SHERPA and PYTHIA as well as next-to-leading-order QCD predictions from JETPHOX and SHERPA are compared to the measurements. (C) 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - Fragmentation
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225412
VL  - 780
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of the exclusive gamma gamma -> mu\(^+\)mu\(^-\) process in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - The production of exclusive gamma gamma -> mu(+)mu(-) events in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV is measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1). The measurement is performed for a dimuon invariant mass of 12 GeV < m(mu+mu-) < 70 GeV. The integrated cross-section is determined within a fiducial acceptance region of the ATLAS detector and differential cross-sections are measured as a function of the dimuon invariant mass. The results are compared to theoretical predictions both with and without corrections for absorptive effects. (c) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - Plus Plus
KW  - Physics
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225825
VL  - 777
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Angular analysis of B-d(0) -> K* µ\(^+\)μ\(^-\) decays in \({pp}\) collisions at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - An angular analysis of the decay B-d(0) -> K*mu(+)mu(-) is presented, based on proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The study is using 20.3 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity collected during 2012 at centre-of-mass energy of root s = 8TeV. Measurements of the K* longitudinal polarisation fraction and a set of angular parameters obtained for this decay are presented. The results are compatible with the Standard Model predictions.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - K* µ+μ−
KW  - B-0
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220670
VL  - 47
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for exclusive Higgs and Z boson decays to phi gamma and rho gamma with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search for the exclusive decays of the Higgs and Z bosons to a phi or rho meson and a photon is performed with a pp collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 35.6 fb(-1) collected at root s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. These decays have been suggested as a probe of the Higgs boson couplings to light quarks. No significant excess of events is observed above the background, as expected from the Standard Model. Upper limits at 95% confidence level were obtained on the branching fractions of the Higgs boson decays to phi gamma and rho gamma of 4.8 x 10(-4) and 8.8 x 10(-4), respectively. The corresponding 95% confidence level upper limits for the Z boson decays are 0.9 x 10(-6) and 25 x 10(-6) for phi gamma and rho gamma, respectively.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Mass
KW  - Hierarchy
KW  - QCD
KW  - Higgs physics
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220717
VL  - 127
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for long-lived, massive particles in events with displaced vertices and missing transverse momentum in root S=13 TeV \({pp}\) collisions with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - A search for long-lived, massive particles predicted by many theories beyond the Standard Model is presented. The search targets final states with large missing transverse momentum and at least one highmass displaced vertex with five or more tracks, and uses 32.8 fb(-1) of root s = 13 TeV pp collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The observed yield is consistent with the expected background. The results are used to extract 95% C.L. exclusion limits on the production of long-lived gluinos with masses up to 2.37 TeV and lifetimes of O(10(-2)) - O(10) ns in a simplified model inspired by split supersymmetry.
KW  - Proton-Proton- Collisions
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Gluino Production
KW  - Heavy-Particles
KW  - Breaking
KW  - Bosons
KW  - States
KW  - Squark
KW  - Decay
KW  - Jets
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225450
VL  - 97
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for long-lived charginos based on a disappearing-track signature in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - This paper presents a search for direct electroweak gaugino or gluino pair production with a chargino nearly mass-degenerate with a stable neutralino. It is based on an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) of pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The final state of interest is a disappearing track accompanied by at least one jet with high transverse momentum from initial-state radiation or by four jets from the gluino decay chain. The use of short track segments reconstructed from the innermost tracking layers significantly improves the sensitivity to short chargino lifetimes. The results are found to be consistent with Standard Model predictions. Exclusion limits are set at 95% confidence level on the mass of charginos and gluinos for different chargino lifetimes. For a pure wino with a lifetime of about 0.2 ns, chargino masses up to 460 GeV are excluded. For the strong production channel, gluino masses up to 1.65 TeV are excluded assuming a chargino mass of 460 GeV and lifetime of 0.2 ns.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Extension
KW  - Squark
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220847
VL  - 22
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for top-squark pair production in final states with one lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum using 36 fb\(^{-1}\) of root s=13 TeV \({pp}\) collision data with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - The results of a search for the direct pair production of top squarks, the supersymmetric partner of the top quark, in final states with one isolated electron or muon, several energetic jets, and missing transverse momentum are reported. The analysis also targets spin-0 mediator models, where the mediator decays into a pair of dark-matter particles and is produced in association with a pair of top quarks. The search uses data from proton-proton collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 fb(-1). A wide range of signal scenarios with different mass-splittings between the top squark, the lightest neutralino and possible intermediate supersymmetric particles are considered, including cases where the W bosons or the top quarks produced in the decay chain are off-shell. No significant excess over the Standard Model prediction is observed. The null results are used to set exclusion limits at 95% confidence level in several supersymmetry benchmark models. For pair-produced top-squarks decaying into top quarks, top-squark masses up to 940 GeV are excluded. Stringent exclusion limits are also derived for all other considered top-squark decay scenarios. For the spin-0 mediator models, upper limits are set on the visible cross-section.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Dark-matter production
KW  - Symmetry-breaking
KW  - Plus plus
KW  - Model
KW  - Supersymmetry
KW  - Program
KW  - LHS
KW  - Mass
KW  - Extension
KW  - Physics
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220733
VL  - 108
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for supersymmetry in final states with missing transverse momentum and multiple b-jets in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search for supersymmetry involving the pair production of gluinos decaying via third-generation squarks into the lightest neutralino ((chi) over tilde (0)(1)) is reported. It uses LHC proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy root s = 13TeV with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) collected with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. The search is performed in events containing large missing transverse momentum and several energetic jets, at least three of which must be identified as originating from b-quarks. To increase the sensitivity, the sample is divided into subsamples based on the presence or absence of electrons or muons. No excess is found above the predicted background. For (chi) over tilde (0)(1) masses below approximately 300 GeV, gluino masses of less than 1.97 (1.92) TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level in simplified models involving the pair production of gluinos that decay via top (bottom) squarks. An interpretation of the limits in terms of the branching ratios of the gluinos into third-generation squarks is also provided. These results improve upon the exclusion limits obtained with the 3.2 fb(-1) of data collected in 2015.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Parton distributions
KW  - Gluino production
KW  - Plus plus
KW  - Squark
KW  - Extension
KW  - Decay
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220748
VL  - 107
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of differential cross sections of isolated-photon plus
heavy-flavour jet production in \(pp\) collisions at √\(s\) = 8 TeV using the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - This Letter presents the measurement of differential cross sections of isolated prompt photons produced in association with a b-jet or a c-jet. These final states provide sensitivity to the heavy-flavour content of the proton and aspects related to the modelling of heavy-flavour quarks in perturbative QCD. The measurement uses proton–proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2012 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 20.2 fb−1 . The differential cross sections are measured for each jet flavour with respect to the transverse energy of the leading photon in two photon pseudorapidity regions: |η γ | < 1.37 and 1.56 < |η γ | < 2.37. The measurement covers photon transverse energies 25 < Eγ T < 400 GeV and 25 < Eγ T < 350 GeV respectively for the two |η γ | regions. For each jet flavour, the ratio of the cross sections in the two |η γ | regions is also measured. The measurement is corrected for detector effects and compared to leading-order and next- to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations, based on various treatments and assumptions about the heavy-flavour content of the proton. Overall, the predictions agree well with the measurement, but some deviations are observed at high photon transverse energies. The total uncertainty in the measurement ranges between 13% and 66%, while the central γ + b measurement exhibits the smallest uncertainty, ranging from 13% to 27%, which is comparable to the precision of the theoretical predictions.
KW  - Intrinsic charm
KW  - Showers
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-347841
VL  - 776
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for pair production of Higgsinos in final states with at least three \(b\)-tagged jets in root \(s\)=13 TeV \(pp\) collisions using the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - A search for pair production of the supersymmetric partners of the Higgs boson (higgsinos (H) over tilde) in gaugemediated scenarios is reported. Each higgsino is assumed to decay to a Higgs boson and a gravitino. Two complementary analyses, targeting high- and low-mass signals, are performed to maximize sensitivity. The two analyses utilize LHC pp collision data at a center-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV, the former with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) and the latter with 24.3 fb(-1), collected with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. The search is performed in events containing missing transverse momentum and several energetic jets, at least three of which must be identified as b-quark jets. No significant excess is found above the predicted background. Limits on the cross section are set as a function of the mass of the <(Hover tilde> in simplified models assuming production via mass-degenerate higgsinos decaying to a Higgs boson and a gravitino. Higgsinos with masses between 130 and 230 GeV and between 290 and 880 GeV are excluded at the 95% confidence level. Interpretations of the limits in terms of the branching ratio of the higgsino to a Z boson or a Higgs boson are also presented, and a 45% branching ratio to a Higgs boson is excluded for m(<(Hover tilde>) approximate to 400 GeV.
KW  - Gluino Production
KW  - Supersymmetry
KW  - Extension
KW  - Squark
KW  - Predictions
KW  - Supersymmetric models
KW  - Hierarchy problem
KW  - Extensions of Higgs sector
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226010
VL  - 98
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for heavy resonances decaying to a photon and a hadronically decaying \({Z/W/H}\) boson in \(pp\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - Many extensions of the Standard Model predict new resonances decaying to a Z, W, or Higgs boson and a photon. This paper presents a search for such resonances produced in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV using a data set with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The Z/W/H bosons are identified through their decays to hadrons. The data are found to be consistent with the Standard Model expectation in the entire investigated mass range. Upper limits are set on the production cross section times branching fraction for resonance decays to Z.W + gamma in the mass range from 1.0 to 6.8 TeV and for the first time into H + gamma in the mass range from 1.0 to 3.0 TeV.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Gamma
KW  - Electroweak interaction
KW  - Higgs bosons
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226079
VL  - 98
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for top squarks decaying to tau sleptons in \(pp\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - A search for direct pair production of top squarks in final states with two tau leptons, b-jets, and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on proton-proton collision data at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016. Two exclusive channels with either two hadronically decaying tau leptons or one hadronically and one leptonically decaying tau lepton are considered. No significant deviation from the Standard Model predictions is observed in the data. The analysis results are interpreted in terms of model-independent limits and used to derive exclusion limits on the masses of the top squark (t) over tilde (1) and the tau slepton (tau) over tilde (1) in a simplified model of supersymmetry with a nearly massless gravitino. In this model, masses up to m((t) over tilde (1)) = 1.16 TeV and m ((tau) over tilde (1)) = 1.00 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Measuring Masses
KW  - Extension
KW  - Physics
KW  - Energy
KW  - Supersymmetric models
KW  - Superpartners
KW  - Tau leptons
KW  - Top quark
KW  - Particle data analysis
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226080
VL  - 98
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Razinskas, Gary
A1  - Biagioni, Paolo
A1  - Hecht, Bert
T1  - Limits of Kirchhoff’s laws in plasmonics
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - The validity of Kirchhoff’s laws in plasmonic nanocircuitry is investigated by studying a junction of plasmonic two-wire transmission lines. We find that Kirchhoff’s laws are valid for sufficiently small values of a phenomenological parameter κ relating the geometrical parameters of the transmission line with the effective wavelength of the guided mode. Beyond such regime, for large values of the phenomenological parameter, increasing deviations occur and the equivalent impedance description (Kirchhoff’s laws) can only provide rough, but nevertheless useful, guidelines for the design of more complex plasmonic circuitry. As an example we investigate a system composed of a two-wire transmission line and a nanoantenna as the load. By addition of a parallel stub designed according to Kirchhoff’s laws we achieve maximum signal transfer to the nanoantenna.
KW  - integrated optics
KW  - nanowires
KW  - plasmonics
KW  - Kirchhoff's law
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176080
VL  - 8
IS  - 1921
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for a heavy Higgs boson decaying into a \(Z\) boson and another heavy Higgs boson in the \({llbb}\) final state in \({pp}\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - A search for a heavy neutral Higgs boson, A, decaying into a Z boson and another heavy Higgs boson, H, is performed using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) from proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV recorded in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The search considers the Z boson decaying to electrons or muons and the H boson into a pair of b-quarks. No evidence for the production of an A boson is found. Considering each production process separately, the 95% confidence-level upper limits on the pp -> A -> ZH production cross-section times the branching ratio H -> bb are in the range of 14-830 fb for the gluon-gluon fusion process and 26-570 fb for the b-associated process for the mass ranges 130-700 GeV of the H boson and 230-800 GeV of the A boson. The results are interpreted in the context of two-Higgs-doublet models. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP(3).
KW  - Hadron Colliders
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - MASS
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226098
VL  - 783
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of the Higgs boson mass in the \(H\) -> \({ZZ}\)* -> 4l and \(H\) -> \({γγ}\) channels with root \(s\)=13 TeV \({pp}\) collisions using the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - The mass of the Higgs boson is measured in the H -> ZZ* -> 4l and in the H -> gamma gamma decay channels with 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data from the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. The measured value in the H -> ZZ* -> 4l channel is m(H)(ZZ*) = 124.79 +/- 0.37 GeV, while the measured value in the H -> gamma gamma channel is m(H)(gamma gamma) = 124.93 +/- 0.40 GeV. Combining these results with the ATLAS measurement based on 7 and 8 TeV proton-proton collision data yields a Higgs boson mass of m(H) = 124.97 +/- 0.24 GeV. (c) 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - proton-proton collision
KW  - Hadron Collider
KW  - Higgs boson mass
KW  - gamma gamma channel
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226065
VL  - 784
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for Higgs boson decays into pairs of light (pseudo)scalar particles in the \({γγ jj}\) final state in \({pp}\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - This Letter presents a search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson to a pair of new (pseudo) scalar particles, H -> aa, where the a particle has a mass in the range 20-60 GeV, and where one of the a bosons decays into a pair of photons and the other to a pair of gluons. The search is performed in event samples enhanced in vector-boson fusion Higgs boson production by requiring two jets with large invariant mass in addition to the Higgs boson candidate decay products. The analysis is based on the full dataset of pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV recorded in 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.7 fb(-1). The data are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions and an upper limit at the 95% confidence level is placed on the production cross section times the branching ratio for the decay H -> aa -> gamma gamma gg. This limit ranges from 3.1 pb to 9.0 pb depending on the mass of the a boson. (C) 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Higgs boson
KW  - DECAY
KW  - Higgs boson decays
KW  - GAMMA
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226147
VL  - 782
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for the standard model Higgs boson produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a b(b)overbar pair in \(pp\) collisions   at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - A search for the standard model Higgs boson produced in association with a top-quark pair, t(t)overbarH, is presented. The analysis uses 36.1 fb(-1) of pp collision data at root s = 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016. The search targets the H -> b(b)overbar decay mode. The selected events contain either one or two electrons or muons from the top-quark decays, and are then categorized according to the number of jets and how likely these are to contain b-hadrons. Multivariate techniques are used to discriminate between signal and background events, the latter being dominated by ft + jets production. For a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, the ratio of the measured t(t)overbarH signal cross-section to the standard model expectation is found to be mu = 0.84(-0.61)(+0.64). A value of mu greater than 2.0 is excluded at 95% confidence level (C.L.) while the expected upper limit is mu < 1.2 in the absence of a t(t)overbarH signal.
KW  - ++
KW  - Symmetries
KW  - program
KW  - MASS
KW  - spontaneous symmetry breaking
KW  - Higgs bosons
KW  - Top quark
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226545
VL  - 97
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evidence for the associated production of the Higgs boson and a top quark pair with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - A search for the associated production of the Higgs boson with a top quark pair (tt (b) over barH) is reported. The search is performed in multilepton final states using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at a center-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. Higgs boson decays to WW*, tau tau, and ZZ* are targeted. Seven final states, categorized by the number and flavor of charged-lepton candidates, are examined for the presence of the Standard Model Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeVand a pair of top quarks. An excess of events over the expected background from Standard Model processes is found with an observed significance of 4.1 standard deviations, compared to an expectation of 2.8 standard deviations. The best fit for the (tt (b) over barH) production cross section is sot (tt (b) over barH) = 790(-210)(+230) fb, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of 507(-50)(+35) fb. The combination of this result with other tt (b) over barH searches from the ATLAS experiment using the Higgs boson decay modes to b (b) over bar, gamma gamma and ZZ* -> 4l, has an observed significance of 4.2 standard deviations, compared to an expectation of 3.8 standard deviations. This provides evidence for the tt (b) over barH production mode.
KW  - Production cross-section
KW  - spontaneous symmetry breaking
KW  - Higgs bosons
KW  - Top quark
KW  - Parton distributions
KW  - pp collisions
KW  - Monte-Carlo
KW  - 8 TEV
KW  - Root  s=7
KW  - search
KW  - decay
KW  - model
KW  - symmetries
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226569
VL  - 97
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for photonic signatures of gauge-mediated supersymmetry in 13 TeV \(pp\) collisions with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - A search is presented for photonic signatures, motivated by generalized models of gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking. This search makes use of proton-proton collision data at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC, and it explores models dominated by both strong and electroweak production of supersymmetric partner states. Experimental signatures incorporating an isolated photon and significant missing transverse momentum are explored. These signatures include events with an additional photon or additional jet activity not associated with any specific underlying quark flavor. No significant excess of events is observed above the Standard Model prediction, and 95% confidence-level upper limits of between 0.083 and 0.32 fb are set on the visible cross section of contributions from physics beyond the Standard Model. These results are interpreted in terms of lower limits on the masses of gluinos, squarks, and gauginos in the context of generalized models of gauge-mediated supersymmetry, which reach as high as 2.3 TeV for strongly produced and 1.3 TeV for weakly produced supersymmetric partner pairs.
KW  - Gluino production
KW  - Supersymmetric models
KW  - Hypothetical particle physics models
KW  - Fortran code
KW  - Extension
KW  - Squark
KW  - Breaking
KW  - Decays
KW  - Model
KW  - Weak
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226510
VL  - 97
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparison between simulated and observed LHC beam backgrounds in the ATLAS experiment at \(E\)\(_{beam}\)=4 TeV
JF  - Journal of Instrumentation
N2  - Results of dedicated Monte Carlo simulations of beam-induced background (BIB) in the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented and compared with data recorded in 2012. During normal physics operation this background arises mainly from scattering of the 4 TeV protons on residual gas in the beam pipe. Methods of reconstructing the BIB signals in the ATLAS detector, developed and implemented in the simulation chain based on the FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation package, are described. The interaction rates are determined from the residual gas pressure distribution in the LHC ring in order to set an absolute scale on the predicted rates of BIB so that they can be compared quantitatively with data. Through these comparisons the origins of the BIB leading to different observables in the ATLAS detectors are analysed. The level of agreement between simulation results and BIB measurements by ATLAS in 2012 demonstrates that a good understanding of the origin of BIB has been reached.
KW  - Accelerator modelling and simulations (multi-particle dynamics; single-particle dynamics)
KW  - Radiation calculations
KW  - Simulation methods and programs
KW  - Single-Photon Detectors
KW  - Search
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225966
VL  - 13
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Searches for heavy \({ZZ}\) and \({ZW}\) resonances in the \({llqq}\) and \({vvqq}\) final states in \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - This paper reports searches for heavy resonances decaying into ZZ or ZW using data from proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of root s - 13 TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1), were recorded with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016 at the Large Hadron Collider. The searches are performed in final states in which one Z boson decays into either a pair of light charged leptons (electrons and muons) or a pair of neutrinos, and the associated W boson or the other Z boson decays hadronically. No evidence of the production of heavy resonances is observed. Upper bounds on the production cross sections of heavy resonances times their decay branching ratios to ZZ or ZW are derived in the mass range 300-5000 GeV within the context of Standard Model extensions with additional Higgs bosons, a heavy vector triplet or warped extra dimensions. Production through gluon-gluon fusion, Drell-Yan or vector-boson fusion are considered, depending on the assumed model.
KW  - Beyond Standard Model
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Boson
KW  - Distributions
KW  - Combination
KW  - Hierarchy
KW  - Mass
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225951
VL  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for W ' -> \({tb}\) decays in the hadronic final state using \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - A search for W'-boson production in the W' -> t (b) over bar -> q (q) over bar 'b (b) over bar decay channel is presented using 36.1 fb(-1) of 13 TeV proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016. The search is interpreted in terms of both a left-handed and a right-handed chiral W' boson within the mass range 1-5 TeV. Identification of the hadronically decaying top quark is performed using jet substructure tagging techniques based on a shower deconstruction algorithm. No significant deviation from the Standard Model prediction is observed and the results are expressed as upper limits on the W' -> t (b) over bar production cross-section times branching ratio as a function of the W'-boson mass. These limits exclude W' bosons with right-handed couplings with masses below 3.0 TeV and W' bosons with left-handed couplings with masses below 2.9 TeV, at the 95% confidence level. (C) 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - Symmetry-breaking
KW  - Pair production
KW  - ++
KW  - Dynamics
KW  - Physics
KW  - Mass
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225987
VL  - 781
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for R-parity-violating supersymmetric particles in multi-jet final states produced in \({p-p}\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the LHC
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - Results of a search for gluino pair production with subsequent R-parity-violating decays to quarks are presented. This search uses 36.1 fb(-1) of data collected by the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV at the LHC. The analysis is performed using requirements on the number of jets and the number of jets tagged as containing a b-hadron as well as a topological observable formed by the scalar sum of masses of large-radius jets in the event. No significant excess above the expected Standard Model background is observed. Limits are set on the production of gluinos in models with the R-parity-violating decays of either the gluino itself (direct decay) or the neutralino produced in the R-parity-conserving gluino decay (cascade decay). In the gluino cascade decay model, gluino masses below 1850 GeV are excluded for 1000 GeV neutralino mass. For the gluino direct decay model, the 95% confidence level upper limit on the cross section times branching ratio varies between 0.80 fb at m((g) over tilde) = 900 GeV and 0.011 fb at m((g) over tilde) = 1800 GeV. (c) 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.
KW  - Gluino Production
KW  - Extension
KW  - Decay
KW  - Squark
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226047
VL  - 785
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Characterisation of the Hamamatsu photomultipliers for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope
JF  - Journal of Instrumentation
N2  - The Hamamatsu R12199-023-inch photomultiplier tube is the photodetector chosen for the first phase of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope. About 7000 photomultipliers have been characterised for dark count rate, timing spread and spurious pulses. The quantum efficiency, the gain and the peak-to-valley ratio have also been measured for a sub-sample in order to determine parameter values needed as input to numerical simulations of the detector.
KW  - Cherenkov detectors
KW  - Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics
KW  - Neutrino detectors
KW  - Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (vacuum)
KW  - Prototype
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227744
VL  - 13
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for doubly charged Higgs boson production in multi-lepton final states with the ATLAS detector using proton-proton collisions at root s=13TeV
JF  - The European Physical Journal C
N2  - A search for doubly charged Higgs bosons with pairs of prompt, isolated, highly energetic leptons with the same electric charge is presented. The search uses a proton-proton collision data sample at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to 36.1 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity recorded in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. This analysis focuses on the decays H-+/-+/- -> e(+/-)e(+/-), H-+/-+/- -> e(+/-)mu(+/-) and H-+/-+/- -> mu(+/-)mu(+/-), fitting the dilepton mass spectra in several exclusive signal regions. No significant evidence of a signal is observed and corresponding limits on the production cross-section and consequently a lower limit on m(H-+/-+/-) are derived at 95% confidence level. With l(+/-)l(+/-) = e(+/-)e(+/-)/mu(+/-)mu(+/-)/e(+/-)mu(+/-), the observed lower limit on the mass of a doubly charged Higgs boson only coupling to left-handed leptons varies from 770 to 870GeV (850GeV expected) for B(H-+/-+/- -> l(+/-)l(+/-)) = 100% and both the expected and observed mass limits are above 450GeV for B(H-+/-+/- -> l(+/-)l(+/-)) = 10% and any combination of partial branching ratios.
KW  - Cross-Section
KW  - Symmetry
KW  - Models
KW  - LHC
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225591
VL  - 78
IS  - 199
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with tau leptons in root s=13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector
JF  - The European Physical Journal C
N2  - A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with at least two hadronically decaying tau leptons is presented. The analysis uses a dataset of pp collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant deviation from the expected Standard Model background is observed. Limits are derived in scenarios of pair production and of and production in simplified models where the neutralinos and charginos decay solely via intermediate left-handed staus and tau sneutrinos, and the mass of the state is set to be halfway between the masses of the and the (chi) over tilde (0.)(1) . Chargino masses up to 630 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level in the scenario of direct production of for a massless (chi) over tilde (0.)(1). Common and masses up to 760 GeV are excluded in the case of production of and assuming a massless . Exclusion limits for additional benchmark scenarios with large and small mass-splitting between the and the are also studied by varying the mass between the masses of the and the (chi) over tilde (0.)(1)
KW  - Dynamical Supersymmetry Breaking
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Measuring masses
KW  - Energy
KW  - Extension
KW  - Decay
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225602
VL  - 78
IS  - 154
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of longitudinal flow decorrelations in Pb plus Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76 and 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - The European Physical Journal C
N2  - Measurements of longitudinal flow correlations are presented for charged particles in the pseudorapidity range vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.4 using 7 mu b(-1) and 470 mu b(-1) of Pb+Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 2.76 and 5.02 TeV, respectively, recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. It is found that the correlation between the harmonic flow coefficients v(n) measured in two separated eta intervals does not factorise into the product of single-particle coefficients, and this breaking of factorisation, or flow decorrelation, increases linearly with the eta separation between the intervals. The flow decorrelation is stronger at 2.76 TeVthan at 5.02 TeV. Higher-order moments of the correlations are also measured, and the corresponding linear coefficients for the kth-moment of the v(n) are found to be proportional to k for v(3), but not for v(2). The decorrelation effect is separated into contributions from the magnitude of v(n) and the event-plane orientation, each as a function of eta. These two contributions are found to be comparable. The longitudinal flow correlations are also measured between v(n) of different order in n. The decorrelations of v(2) and v(3) are found to be independent of each other, while the decorrelations of v(4) and v(5) are found to be driven by the nonlinear contribution from v(2)(2) and v(2)v(3), respectively.
KW  - Charged-Particles
KW  - Pseudorapidity
KW  - Dependence
KW  - Viscosity
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225610
VL  - 78
IS  - 142
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for new phenomena in high-mass final states with a photon and a jet from \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - The European Physical Journal C
N2  - A search is performed for new phenomena in events having a photon with high transverse momentum and a jet collected in 36.7 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The invariant mass distribution of the leading photon and jet is examined to look for the resonant production of new particles or the presence of new high-mass states beyond the Standard Model. No significant deviation from the background-only hypothesis is observed and cross-section limits for generic Gaussian-shaped resonances are extracted. Excited quarks hypothesized in quark compositeness models and high-mass states predicted in quantum black hole models with extra dimensions are also examined in the analysis. The observed data exclude, at 95% confidence level, the mass range below 5.3 TeV for excited quarks and 7.1 TeV (4.4 TeV) for quantum black holes in the Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali (Randall-Sundrum) model with six (one) extra dimensions.
KW  - Parton distributions
KW  - Hierarchy
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225887
VL  - 78
IS  - 102
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for heavy \({ZZ}\) resonances in the l\(^+\)l\(^-\)l\(^+\)l\(^-\) and l\(^+\)l\(^-\) nu(nu)over-bar final states using proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - The European Physical Journal C
N2  - A search for heavy resonances decaying into a pair of Z bosons leading to l(+) l(-) l(+) l(-) and l(+) l(-) nu(nu) over bar final states, where l stands for either an electron or a muon, is presented. The search uses proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) collected with the ATLAS detector during 2015 and 2016 at the Large Hadron Collider. Different mass ranges for the hypothetical resonances are considered, depending on the final state and model. The different ranges span between 200 and 2000 GeV. The results are interpreted as upper limits on the production cross section of a spin-0 or spin-2 resonance. The upper limits for the spin-0 resonance are translated to exclusion contours in the context of Type-I and Type-II two-Higgs-doublet models, while those for the spin-2 resonance are used to constrain the Randall-Sundrum model with an extra dimension giving rise to spin-2 graviton excitations.
KW  - Boson
KW  - Decay
KW  - Mass
KW  - Distributions
KW  - Tauola
KW  - Tool
KW  - WZ
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225421
VL  - 78
IS  - 293
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for heavy resonances decaying into \({WW}\) in the eνμν final state in \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - European Physical Journal C
N2  - A search for neutral heavy resonances is performed in the WW -> e nu mu nu decay channel using pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1), collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. No evidence of such heavy resonances is found. In the search for production via the quark-antiquark annihilation or gluon-gluon fusion process, upper limits on sigma(X) x B(X -> WW) as a function of the resonance mass are obtained in the mass range between 200 GeV and up to 5 TeV for various benchmark models: a Higgs-like scalar in different width scenarios, a two-Higgs-doublet model, a heavy vector triplet model, and a warped extra dimensions model. In the vector-boson fusion process, constraints are also obtained on these resonances, as well as on a Higgs boson in the Georgi-Machacek model and a heavy tensor particle coupling only to gauge bosons.
KW  - Gluon Fusion
KW  - Higgs
KW  - Bosons
KW  - Mass
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225914
VL  - 78
IS  - 24
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of differential cross-sections of a single top quark produced in association with a \(W\) boson at root \(s\)=13TeV with ATLAS
JF  - European Physical Journal C
N2  - The differential cross-section for the production of a W boson in association with a top quark is measured for several particle-level observables. The measurements are performed using 36.1 fb(-1) of pp collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015 and 2016. Differential cross-sections are measured in a fiducial phase space defined by the presence of two charged leptons and exactly one jet matched to a b-hadron, and are normalised with the fiducial cross-section. Results are found to be in good agreement with predictions from several Monte Carlo event generators.
KW  - Parton Distributions
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226718
VL  - 78
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for the Decay of the Higgs Boson to Charm Quarks with the ATLAS Experiment
JF  - Physical Review Letters
N2  - A direct search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying to a pair of charm quarks is presented. Associated production of the Higgs and Z bosons, in the decay mode ZH -> l(+)l(-) cc is studied. A data set with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) of pp collisions at root s = 13TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC is used. The H -> cc signature is identified using charm-tagging algorithms. The observed (expected) upper limit on sigma(pp -> ZH) x B(H -> cc) is 2.7 (3.9(-2.1)(+2.1) ) pb at the 95% confidence level for a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, while the standard model value is 26 fb.
KW  - Programm
KW  - Spontaneous symmetry breaking
KW  - Higgs bosons
KW  - Charm quark
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226523
VL  - 120
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for new phenomena using the invariant mass distribution of same-flavour opposite-sign dilepton pairs in events with missing transverse momentum in root \(s\)=13 TeV \(pp\) collisions with the ATLAS detector
JF  - European Physical Journal C
N2  - A search for new phenomena in final states containing an e(+)e(-) or m(+)m(-) pair, jets, and large missing transverse momentum is presented. This analysis makes use of proton-proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1), collected during 2015 and 2016 at a centre of-mass energy Os = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The search targets the pair production of supersymmetric coloured particles (squarks or gluinos) and their decays into final states containing an e(+)e(-) or m(+)m(-) pair and the lightest neutralino ((c) over tilde (0)(1)) via one of two next-to-lightest neutralino ((c) over tilde (0)(2)) decay mechanisms: (c) over tilde (0)(2) Z (c) over tilde (0)(1), where the Z boson decays leptonically leading to a peak in the dilepton invariant mass distribution around the Z boson mass; and (c) over tilde (0)(2) l(+)1(-) (c) over tilde (0)(1) with no intermediate l(+)l(-) resonance, yielding a kinematic endpoint in the dilepton invariant mass spectrum. The data are found to be consistent with the Standard Model expectation. Results are interpreted using simplified models, and exclude gluinos and squarks with masses as large as 1.85 and 1.3 TeV at 95% confidence level, respectively.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Gluino Production
KW  - ++
KW  - Extension
KW  - Energy
KW  - Squark
KW  - Supersymmetry
KW  - Physics
KW  - Decay
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226109
VL  - 78
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Prompt and non-prompt \(J\)/\(ψ\) and \(ψ\)(2S) suppression at high transverse momentum in 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb collisions with the ATLAS experiment
JF  - European Physical Journal C
N2  - A measurement of J/psi and psi(2S) production is presented. It is based on a data sample from Pb+Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV and pp collisions at root s = 5.02 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.42 nb(-1) and 25 pb(-1) in Pb+Pb and pp, respectively. The measurements of per-event yields, nuclear modification factors, and non-prompt fractions are performed in the dimuon decay channel for 9 < p(T)(mu mu) < 40 GeV in dimuon transverse momentum, and -2 < y(mu mu) < 2 in rapidity. Strong suppression is found in Pb+Pb collisions for both prompt and non-prompt J/psi, increasing with event centrality. The suppression of prompt psi(2S) is observed to be stronger than that of J/psi, while the suppression of non-prompt psi(2S) is equal to that of the non-prompt J/psi within uncertainties, consistent with the expectation that both arise from b-quarks propagating through the medium. Despite prompt and non-prompt J/psi arising from different mechanisms, the dependence of their nuclear modification factors on centrality is found to be quite similar.
KW  - PB-PB Collisions
KW  - Quarkonium Production
KW  - Monte-Carlo
KW  - Nuclear
KW  - Charmonia
KW  - Rapidity
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226056
VL  - 78
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for High-Mass Resonances Decaying to τν in \(pp\) Collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
JF  - Physical Review Letters
N2  - A search for high-mass resonances decaying to tau nu using proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV produced by the Large Hadron Collider is presented. Only tau-lepton decays with hadrons in the final state are considered. The data were recorded with the ATLAS detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1). No statistically significant excess above the standard model expectation is observed; model-independent upper limits are set on the visible tau nu production cross section. Heavy W' bosons with masses less than 3.7 TeV in the sequential standard model and masses less than 2.2-3.8 TeV depending on the coupling in the nonuniversal Go(221) model are excluded at the 95% credibility level.
KW  - Proton-Proton Collisions
KW  - Parton Ditributions
KW  - Cross-Section
KW  - ++
KW  - Lepton
KW  - Hadron colliders
KW  - Hypothetical gauge bosons
KW  - Particle production
KW  - Extensions of gauge sector
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226556
VL  - 120
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for a Structure in the  B-s(0) π\(^{±}\) Invariant Mass Spectrum with the ATLAS Experiment
JF  - Physical Review Letters
N2  - A search for the narrow structure, X(5568), reported by the DO Collaboration in the decay sequence X -> B-s(0) pi +/-, B-s(0) -> J/psi phi, is presented. The analysis is based on a data sample recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC corresponding to 4.9 fb(-1) of pp collisions at 7 TeV and 19.5 fb(-1)at 8 TeV. No significant signal was found. Upper limits on the number of signal events, with properties corresponding to those reported by DO, and on the A production rate relative to B-s(0) mesons, rho x, were determined at 95% confidence level. The results are N(X) < 382 and rho x <0.015 for B-s(0) mesons with transverse momenta above 10 GeV and N(X) < 356 and rho(x) < 0.016 for transverse momenta above 15 GeV. Limits are also set for potential B-s(0) pi(+) resonances in the mass range 5550 to 5700 MeV.
KW  - Mass Spectrum
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Decay sequence
KW  - Analysis
KW  - MASS
KW  - Hadron colliders
KW  - Exotic mesons
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226539
VL  - 120
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurements of t(t)over-bar differential cross-sections of highly boosted top quarks decaying to all-hadronic final states in \(pp\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 Te V using the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - Measurements are made of differential cross-sections of highly boosted pair-produced top quarks as a function of top-quark and t (t) over bar system kinematic observables using proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1), recorded in 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Events with two large-radius jets in the final state, one with transverse momentum p(T) > 500 GeV and a second with p(T) > 350 GeV, are used for the measurement. The top-quark candidates are separated from the multijet background using jet substructure information and association with a b-tagged jet. The measured spectra are corrected for detector effects to a particle-level fiducial phase space and a parton-level limited phase space, and are compared to several Monte Carlo simulations by means of calculated chi(2) values. The cross-section for t (t) over bar production in the fiducial phase-space region is 292 +/- 7(stat) +/- 71(syst) tb, to be compared to the theoretical prediction of 384 +/- 36 fb.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Particle data analysis
KW  - Bayesian methods
KW  - Top quark
KW  - Quarks
KW  - Strong interaction
KW  - Quantum chromodynamics
KW  - Perturbative QCD
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226771
VL  - 98
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for supersymmetry in final states with charm jets and missing transverse momentum in 13 TeV \(pp\) collisions with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search for supersymmetric partners of top quarks decaying as (t) over tilde (1) -> c (chi) over tilde (0)(1)and supersymmetric partners of charm quarks decaying as (c) over tilde (1) -> c (chi) over tilde (0)(1) where (chi) over tilde (0)(1) is the lightest neutralino, is presented. The search uses 36.1 fb(-1) pp collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider and is performed in final states with jets identified as containing charm hadrons. Assuming a 100% branching ratio to c (chi) over tilde (0)(1), top and charm squarks with masses up to 850 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for a massless lightest neutralino. For m (t) over tilde (1,(c) over tilde1) - m((chi) over tilde 10)< 100 GeV, top and charm squark masses up to 500 GeV are excluded.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Extension
KW  - Squark
KW  - Decay
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226752
VL  - 09
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurements of Higgs boson properties in the diphoton decay channel with 36 fb\(^{-1}\) of \(pp\) collision data at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - Properties of the Higgs boson are measured in the two-photon final state using 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data recorded at root s = 13 TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Cross-section measurements for the production of a Higgs boson through gluon-gluon fusion, vector-boson fusion, and in association with a vector boson or a top-quark pair are reported. The signal strength, defined as the ratio of the observed to the expected signal yield, is measured for each of these production processes as well as inclusively. The global signal strength measurement of 0.99 +/- 0.14 improves on the precision of the ATLAS measurement at root s = 7 and 8 TeV by a factor of two. Measurements of gluon-gluon fusion and vector-boson fusion productions yield signal strengths compatible with the Standard Model prediction. Measurements of simplified template cross sections, designed to quantify the different Higgs boson production processes in specific regions of phase space, are reported. The cross section for the production of the Higgs boson decaying to two isolated photons in a fiducial region closely matching the experimental selection of the photons is measured to be 55 +/- 10 fb, which is in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction of 64 +/- 2 fb. Furthermore, cross sections in fiducial regions enriched in Higgs boson production in vector-boson fusion or in association with large missing transverse momentum, leptons or top-quark pairs are reported. Differential and double-differential measurements are performed for several variables related to the diphoton kinematics as well as the kinematics and multiplicity of the jets produced in association with a Higgs boson. These differential cross sections are sensitive to higher order QCD corrections and properties of the Higgs boson, such as its spin and CP quantum numbers. No significant deviations from a wide array of Standard Model predictions are observed. Finally, the strength and tensor structure of the Higgs boson interactions are investigated using an effective Lagrangian, which introduces additional CP-even and CP-odd interactions. No significant new physics contributions are observed.
KW  - Differential Cross-Sections
KW  - QCD Corrections
KW  - Search
KW  - Model
KW  - NNLO
KW  - Particle data analysis
KW  - Particle properties
KW  - Photons
KW  - Higgs bosons
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226733
VL  - 98
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for \({WW/WZ}\) resonance production in \(lvqq\) final states in \(pp\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search is conducted for new resonances decaying into a WW or WZ boson pair, where one W boson decays leptonically and the other W or Z boson decays hadronically. It is based on proton-proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. The search is sensitive to diboson resonance production via vector-boson fusion as well as quark-antiquark annihilation and gluon-gluon fusion mechanisms. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the Standard Model backgrounds. Several benchmark models are used to interpret the results. Limits on the production cross section are set for a new narrow scalar resonance, a new heavy vector-boson and a spin-2 Kaluza-Klein graviton.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - ++
KW  - HIGGS
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226787
VL  - 42
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of colour flow using jet-pull observables in t(t)over-bar events with the ATLAS experiment at root \(s\)=13TeV
JF  - European Physical Journal C
N2  - Previous studies have shown that weighted angular moments derived from jet constituents encode the colour connections between partons that seed the jets. This paper presents measurements of two such distributions, the jet-pull angle and jet-pull magnitude, both of which are derived from the jet-pull angular moment. The measurement is performed in delivered by the Large Hadron Collider. The observables are measured for two dijet systems, corresponding to the colour-connected daughters of the Wboson and the two b-jets from the top-quark decays, which are not expected to be colour connected. To allow the comparison of the measured distributions to colour model predictions, the measured distributions are unfolded to particle level, after correcting for experimental effects introduced by the detector. While good agreement can be found for some combinations of predictions and observables, none of the predictions describes the data well across all observables.
KW  - Quark pair procuction
KW  - Parton distributions
KW  - Hadron colliders
KW  - Cross-section
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226039
VL  - 78
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for Low-Mass Dijet Resonances Using Trigger-Level Jets with the ATLAS Detector in \(pp\) Collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV
JF  - Physical Review Letters
N2  - Searches for dijet resonances with sub-TeV masses using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider can be statistically limited by the bandwidth available to inclusive single-jet triggers, whose data-collection rates at low transverse momentum are much lower than the rate from standard model multijet production. This Letter describes a new search for dijet resonances where this limitation is overcome by recording only the event information calculated by the jet trigger algorithms, thereby allowing much higher event rates with reduced storage needs. The search targets low-mass dijet resonances in the range 450-1800 GeV. The analyzed data set has an integrated luminosity of up to 29.3 fb(-1) and was recorded at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No excesses are found; limits are set on Gaussian-shaped contributions to the dijet mass distribution from new particles and on a model of dark-matter particles with axial-vector couplings to quarks.
KW  - Distributions
KW  - Hadron colliders
KW  - Weakly interacting massive particles
KW  - Quark & gluon jets
KW  - Particle dark matter
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226725
VL  - 121
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of τ polarisation in \(Z/\)γ* -> τ τ decays in proton-proton collisions at root \(s\)=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - European Physical Journal C
N2  - This paper presents a measurement of the polarisation of tau leptons produced in Z/gamma* -> tau tau decays which is performed with a dataset of proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb(-1) recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2012. The Z/gamma* -> tau tau decays are reconstructed from a hadronically decaying tau lepton with a single charged particle in the final state, accompanied by a tau lepton that decays leptonically. The tau polarisation is inferred from the relative fraction of energy carried by charged and neutral hadrons in the hadronic tau decays. The polarisation is measured in a fiducial region that corresponds to the kinematic region accessible to this analysis. The tau polarisation extracted over the full phase space within the Z/gamma* mass range of 66 < mZ/gamma* < 116GeVis found to be P-tau = -0.14 +/- 0.02(stat)+/- 0.04(syst). It is in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of Pt = -0.1517 +/- 0.0019, which is obtained from the ALP-GEN event generator interfaced with the PYTHIA 6 parton shower modelling and the TAUOLA tau decay library.
KW  - Monte-Carlo
KW  - pp Collisions
KW  - Simulation
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226794
VL  - 78
IS  - 163
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Constraints on off-shell Higgs boson production and the Higgs boson total width in \(ZZ\) → 4l and \(ZZ\) → 2l2ν final states with the ATLAS
detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - A measurement of off-shell Higgs boson production in the ZZ -> 4l and ZZ -> 2l2v decay channels, where stands for either an electron or a muon, is performed using data from proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV. The data were collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2015 and 2016 at the Large Hadron Collider, and they correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1). An observed (expected) upper limit on the off-shell Higgs signal strength, defined as the event yield normalised to the Standard Model prediction, of 3.8 (3.4) is obtained at 95% confidence level (CL). Assuming the ratio of the Higgs boson couplings to the Standard Model predictions is independent of the momentum transfer of the Higgs production mechanism considered in the analysis, a combination with the on-shell signal-strength measurements yields an observed (expected) 95% CL upper limit on the Higgs boson total width of 14.4 (15.2) MeV.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Search
KW  - Decay
KW  - Mass
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-346791
VL  - 786
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Direct top-quark decay width measurement in the t(t)over-bar lepton+jets channel at root \(s\)=8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment
JF  - European Physical Journal C
N2  - This paper presents a direct measurement of the decay width of the top quark using t (t) over bar events in the lepton+jets final state. The data sample was collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb(-1). The decay width of the top quark is measured using a template fit to distributions of kinematic observables associated with the hadronically and semileptonically decaying top quarks. The result, Gamma(t) = 1.76 +/- 0.33 (stat.) (+0.79)(-0.68) (syst.) GeV for a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV, is consistent with the prediction of the Standard Model.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Hadron Colliders
KW  - Pair Production
KW  - Cross-Section
KW  - pp Collisions
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226805
VL  - 78
IS  - 129
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Al-Baidhani, Mohammed
T1  - Spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the high energy optical properties of nanostructured magnetically doped topological insulator
T1  - Spektroskopie als Methode zur Untersuchung der optischen Eigenschaften nanostrukturierter, magnetisch dotierter Topologischer Isolatoren bei hohen Energien
N2  - In this dissertation the electronic and high-energy optical properties of thin nanoscale
films of the magnetic topological insulator (MTI) (V,Cr)y(BixSb1-x)2-yTe3 are studied
by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron energy-loss
spectroscopy (EELS). Magnetic topological insulators are presently of broad interest
as the combination of ferromagnetism and spin-orbit coupling in these materials
leads to a new topological phase, the quantum anomalous Hall state (QAHS), with
dissipation less conduction channels. Determining and controlling the physical
properties of these complex materials is therefore desirable for a fundamental understanding
of the QAHS and for their possible application in spintronics. EELS can
directly probe the electron energy-loss function of a material from which one can
obtain the complex dynamic dielectric function by means of the Kramers-Kronig
transformation and the Drude-Lindhard model of plasmon oscillations.
The XPS core-level spectra in (V,Cr)y(BixSb1-x)2-yTe3 are analyzed in detail with
regards to inelastic background contributions. It is shown that the spectra can be
accurately described based on the electron energy-loss function obtained from an
independent EELS measurement. This allows for a comprehensive and quantitative
analysis of the XPS data, which will facilitate future core-level spectroscopy studies
in this class of topological materials. From the EELS data, furthermore, the bulk and
surface optical properties were estimated, and compared to ab initio calculations
based on density functional theory (DFT) performed in the GW approximation
for Sb2Te3. The experimental results show a good agreement with the calculated
complex dielectric function and the calculated energy-loss function. The positions of
the main plasmon modes reported here are expected to be generally similar in other
materials in this class of nanoscale TI films. Hence, the present work introduces
EELS as a powerful method to access the high-energy optical properties of TI
thin films. Based on the presented results it will be interesting to explore more
systematically the effects of stoichiometry, magnetic doping, film thickness and
surface morphology on the electron-loss function, potentially leading to a better
understanding of the complex interplay of structural, electronic, magnetic and
optical properties in MTI nanostructures.
N2  - Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit den elektronischen und hochen- ergetischen optischen Eigenschaften von auf der Nanoskala dünnen Filmen des magnetischen topologischen Isolators (MTI) (V,Cr)y(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3 mithilfe von Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (engl.: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS), sowie Elektronenenergieverlustspektroskopie (engl.: electron energy-loss spectroscopy, EELS). Magnetische topologische Isolatoren sind gegenwärtig von großem Interesse, da die Kombination von Ferromagnetismus und Spin-Bahn- Kopplung in diesen Materialien zu einer neuen topologischen Phase führt, der Quanten-Anomalen-Hall-Phase (engl.: quantum anomalous Hall state, QAHS), die sich durch verlustfreie Leitungskanäle auszeichnet. Bestimmung und Kontrolle der physikalischen Eigenschaften dieser komplexen Materialien ist somit erstrebenswert für ein fundamentales Verständnis des QAHS sowie für Anwendungen in der Spin- tronik. EELS erlaubt die direkte Untersuchung der Elektronenenergieverlustfunk- tion eines Materials, aus der man, mithilfe der Kramers-Kronig-Transformation und des Drude-Lindhard-Modells von Plasmonenoszillationen, die komplexe dynamis- che dielektrische Funktion des Materials erhält.
In den XPS-Spektren der Rumpfniveaus in (V,Cr)y(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3 wird detail- liert insbesondere der Beitrag des inelastischen Untergrunds analysiert. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass, basierend auf der in einem unabhängigen EELS-Experiment gewonnenen Elektronenenergieverlustfunktion, die Rumpfniveauspektren präzise beschrieben werden können. Dies erlaubt eine umfangreiche und quantitative Anal- yse der Daten, was zukünftige Rumpfniveaustudien dieser Klasse topologischer Materialien erleichtern wird. Die mit EELS gewonnenen Daten ermöglichen weiter- hin eine Abschätzung der optischen Eigenschaften von Volumen und Oberfläche der Materialien, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit mit ab initio Berechnungen aus der Literatur für Sb2Te3 verglichen werden, welche auf Basis der Dichtefunktionaltheo- rie (DFT) in GW-näherung durchgeführt wurden. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen gute Übereinstimmungen mit der berechneten komplexen dielektrischen Funktion, sowie mit der Energieverlustfunktion. Es wird erwartet, dass die hier beschriebenen Positionen der Hauptplasmonenmoden im Allgemeinen ähnlich zu denen anderer Materialien dieser Klasse auf der Nanoskala dünner topologischer Isolatoren sind. Somit stellt die vorliegende Arbeit das EELS Experiment als eine mächtige Methode vor, die einen Zugang zu den hochenergetischen optischen Eigen- schaften dünner TIs schafft. Basierend auf den hier vorgestellten Ergebnissen bleibt es interessant sein die Auswirkungen von Stöchiometrie, magnetischer Dotierung, Filmdicke, sowie Oberflächenmorphologie auf die Energieverlustfunktion system- atischer zu untersuchen, um damit ein besseres Verständnis für das komplexe Zusammenspiel aus strukturellen, elektronischen und optischen Eigenschaften in MTI-Nanostrukturen zu erlangen.
KW  - spectroscopy
KW  - XPS
KW  - REELS
KW  - topological insulator
KW  - QAHE
KW  - Topologischer Isolator
KW  - Optische Eigenschaft
KW  - Elektronenspektroskopie
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157221
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Lutz, Peter
T1  - Surface and Interface Electronic Structure in Ferroelectric BaTiO\(_3\)
T1  - Die elektronische Struktur an der Grenz- und Oberfläche des Ferroelektrikums BaTiO\(_3\)
N2  - Transition metal oxides (TMO) represent a highly interesting material class as
they exhibit a variety of different emergent phenomena including multiferroicity and
superconductivity. These effects result from a significant interplay of charge, spin
and orbital degrees of freedom within the correlated d-electrons. Oxygen vacancies
(OV) at the surface of certain d0 TMO release free charge carriers and prompt the
formation of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a
prototypical and promising d0 TMO. It displays ferroelectricity at room temperature
and features several structural phase transitions, from cubic over tetragonal (at
room temperature) and orthorhombic to rhombohedral. The spontaneous electric
polarization in BaTiO3 can be used to manipulate the physical properties of adjacent
materials, e.g. in thin films. Although the macroscopic properties of BaTiO3 are studied
in great detail, the microscopic electronic structure at the surface and interface of
BaTiO3 is not sufficiently understood yet due to the complex interplay of correlation
within the d states, oxygen vacancies at the surface, ferroelectricity in the bulk and
the structural phase transitions in BaTiO3.
This thesis investigates the electronic structure of different BaTiO3 systems by
means of angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES). The valence band of
BaTiO3 single crystals is systematically characterized and compared to theoretical
band structure calculations. A finite p-d hybridization of titanium and oxygen states
was inferred at the high binding energy side of the valence band. In BaTiO3 thin films,
the occurrence of spectral weight near the Fermi level could be linked to a certain
amount of OV at the surface which effectively dopes the host system. By a systematic
study of the metallic surface states as a function of temperature and partial oxygen
pressure, a model was established which reflects the depletion and accumulation of
charge carriers at the surface of BaTiO3. An instability at T ~ 285K assumes a volatile
behavior of these surface states.
The ferroelectricity in BaTiO3 allows a control of the electronic structure at the interface
of BaTiO3-based heterostructures. Therefore, the interface electronic structure
of Bi/BaTiO3 was studied with respect to the strongly spin-orit coupled states in Bi by
also including a thickness dependent characterization. The ARPES results, indeed,
confirm the presence of Rashba spin-split electronic states in the bulk band gap of the ferroelectric substrate. By varying the film thickness in Bi/BaTiO3, it was able to modify
the energy position and the Fermi vector of the spin-split states. This observation
is associated with the appearance of an interface state which was observed for very
low film thickness. Both spectral findings suggest a significant coupling between the
Bi films and BaTiO3.
N2  - Übergangsmetalloxide stellen eine hochinteressante Materialklasse dar, da sie
eine Vielzahl neuartiger Phänomene, wie z.B. multiferroische Eigenschaften und Supraleitung, aufweisen. Diese Effekte sind die Folge eines komplexen Zusammen- spiels zwischen den Freiheitsgraden von Ladung, Spin und der orbitalen Komponente innerhalb eines korrelierten d-Elektronensystems. Sauerstoffstörstellen an der Ober- fläche von einigen dieser Systeme führen zu der Ausbildung freier Ladungsträger und der damit verbundenen Erzeugung eines 2-dimensionalen Elektronengases (2DEG). Das in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Bariumtitanat (BaTiO3) ist ein typisches und sehr vielversprechendes d0-Übergangsmetalloxid. Zum einen ist es ferroelektrisch bei Raumtemperatur und zum anderen weist es mehrere strukturelle Phasenübergänge auf, von kubisch über tetragonal (bei Raumtemperatur) und orthorhombisch zu rhom- boedrisch. Die spontane elektrische Polarisation in BaTiO3 kann dazu verwendet werden um physikalische Eigenschaften angrenzender Materialsysteme, z.B. von Dünnfilmen, zu beeinflussen. Obwohl vor allem die makroskopischen ferroelektrischen Eigenschaften von BaTiO3 bereits detailliert untersucht wurden, ist die mikrosko- pische elektronische Struktur in BaTiO3 und in BaTiO3-Grenzflächen noch nicht voll- ständig verstanden. Der Grund hierfür ist ein komplexes Wechselspiel zwischen elek- tronischen Korrelationseffekten, Sauerstoffstörstellen, Ferroelektrizität und struk- turellen Aspekten.
Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der elektronischen Struktur von verschiede- nen BaTiO3-Systemen, unter Verwendung der winkelaufgelösten Photoelektronen- spektroskopie (PES). Zum einen wurde das Valenzband von BaTiO3-Einkristallen systematisch untersucht und mit theoretischen Rechnungen verglichen. Dabei konnte eine endliche p-d-Hybridisierung von Titan- mit Sauerstoff-Zuständen im Valenzband festgestellt werden. Weiterhin wurde in BaTiO3-Dünnfilmen das Auftreten von spek- tralem Gewicht nahe des Ferminiveaus beobachtet. Diese metallischen Zustände sind auf eine erhöhte Dichte von Sauerstoffstörstellen an der Oberfläche zurückzuführen, wodurch das System effektiv dotiert wird. Die systematische Untersuchung der elek- tronischen Struktur in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Sauerstoff-Partialdruck wurde erfolgreich durch ein Modell beschrieben, das eine Instabilität der metallischen Zustände bei T ≈ 285K aufzeigt.
Die ferroelektrische Eigenschaft von BaTiO3 kann in Heterostrukturen dazu
verwendet werden, um die elektronische Struktur an der Grenzfläche zu kontrol- lieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurde in dieser Arbeit die mikroskopische elektronische Struktur an der Grenzfläche von Bi/BaTiO3 bedeckungsabhängig charakterisiert und im Hinblick auf die spin-polarisierten Zustände in Bi untersucht. So konnten Rashba-spinaufgespaltene elektronische Zustände in der Volumenbandlücke des fer- roelektrischen Substrates nachgewiesen werden. Eine Variation der Filmdicke in Bi/BaTiO3 führte zu einer energetischen Verschiebung und zu einer Änderung des Fermivektors der spinaufgespaltenen Zustände. Diese Beobachtung hängt stark mit dem Ausbilden eines Grenzflächenzustandes zusammen, der für sehr niedrige Be- deckungen beobachtet wurde. Beide Effekte weisen zudem auf eine Wechselwirkung zwischen den Bi-Filmen und BaTiO3
KW  - Bariumtitanat
KW  - Photoelektronenspektroskopie
KW  - Ferroelektrikum
KW  - Spintronik
KW  - Niederdimensionales Elektronengas
KW  - barium titanate
KW  - photoelectron spectroscopy
KW  - ferroelectricity
KW  - spintronic
KW  - two-dimensional electron gas
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159057
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of inclusive jet and dijet cross-sections in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - Inclusive jet and dijet cross-sections are measured in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The measurement uses a dataset with an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1) recorded in 2015 with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Jets are identified using the anti-lit algorithm with a radius parameter value of R = 0.4. The inclusive jet cross-sections are measured double-differentially as a function of the jet transverse momentum, covering the range from 100 GeV to 3.5 TeV, and the absolute jet rapidity up to vertical bar y vertical bar = 3. The double-differential dijet production cross-sections are presented as a function of the dijet mass, covering the range from 300 GeV to 9 TeV, and the half absolute rapidity separation between the two leading jets within vertical bar y vertical bar < 3, y*, up to y* = 3. Next-to-leading-order, and next-to-next-to-leading-order for the inclusive jet measurement, perturbative QCD calculations corrected for non-perturbative and electroweak effects are compared to the measured cross-sections.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Parton distributions
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220853
VL  - 195
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dittmann, Jonas
A1  - Balles, Andreas
A1  - Zabler, Simon
T1  - Optimization based evaluation of grating interferometric phase stepping series and analysis of mechanical setup instabilities
JF  - Journal of Imaging
N2  - The diffraction contrast modalities accessible by X-ray grating interferometers are not imaged directly but have to be inferred from sine-like signal variations occurring in a series of images acquired at varying relative positions of the interferometer’s gratings. The absolute spatial translations involved in the acquisition of these phase stepping series usually lie in the range of only a few hundred nanometers, wherefore positioning errors as small as 10 nm will already translate into signal uncertainties of 1–10% in the final images if not accounted for. Classically, the relative grating positions in the phase stepping series are considered input parameters to the analysis and are, for the Fast Fourier Transform that is typically employed, required to be equidistantly distributed over multiples of the gratings’ period. In the following, a fast converging optimization scheme is presented simultaneously determining the phase stepping curves’ parameters as well as the actually performed motions of the stepped grating, including also erroneous rotational motions which are commonly neglected. While the correction of solely the translational errors along the stepping direction is found to be sufficient with regard to the reduction of image artifacts, the possibility to also detect minute rotations about all axes proves to be a valuable tool for system calibration and monitoring. The simplicity of the provided algorithm, in particular when only considering translational errors, makes it well suitable as a standard evaluation procedure also for large image series.
KW  - X-ray imaging
KW  - Talbot–Lau interferometer
KW  - grating interferometer
KW  - phase contrast imaging
KW  - darkfield imaging
KW  - phase stepping
KW  - optimization
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197723
SN  - 2313-433X
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - A search for pair-produced resonances in four-jet final states at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - The European Physical Journal C
N2  - A search for massive coloured resonances which are pair-produced and decay into two jets is presented. The analysis uses 36.7 fb(-1) of root s = 13 TeV pp collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2015 and 2016. No significant deviation from the background prediction is observed. Results are interpreted in a SUSY simplified model where the lightest supersymmetric particle is the top squark, (t) over tilde, which decays promptly into two quarks through R-parity-violating couplings. Top squarks with masses in the range 100 GeV < m((T) over tilde) < 410 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level. If the decay is into a b-quark and a light quark, a dedicated selection requiring two b-tags is used to exclude masses in the ranges 100 GeV < m((t) over tilde) < 470 GeV and 480 GeV < m(<(t)over tilde>) < 610 GeV. Additional limits are set on the pair-production of massive colour-octet resonances.
KW  - Patron Distributions
KW  - Collicions
KW  - Extension
KW  - Squark
KW  - Supersymmetry
KW  - Color
KW  - Decay
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225465
VL  - 78
IS  - 250
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for a new heavy gauge-boson resonance decaying into a lepton and missing transverse momentum in 36 fb\(^{-1}\) of \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS experiment
JF  - The European Physical Journal C
N2  - The results of a search for new heavy W' bosons decaying to an electron or muon and a neutrino using proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV are presented. The dataset was collected in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1). As no excess of events above the Standard Model prediction is observed, the results are used to set upper limits on the W' boson cross-section times branching ratio to an electron or muon and a neutrino as a function of the W' mass. Assuming a W' boson with the same couplings as the Standard Model W boson, W' masses below 5.1 TeV are excluded at the 95% confidence level.
KW  - Cross-Section
KW  - Symmetry
KW  - Events
KW  - QCD
KW  - EW
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220869
VL  - 78
IS  - 401
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for electroweak production of supersymmetric states in scenarios with compressed mass spectra at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physical Review D
N2  - A search for electroweak production of supersymmetric particles in scenarios with compressed mass spectra in final states with two low-momentum leptons and missing transverse momentum is presented. This search uses proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015-2016, corresponding to 36.1 tb(-1) of integrated luminosity at root s = 13 TeV. Events with same flavor pairs of electrons or muons with opposite electric charge are selected. The data are found to be consistent with the Standard Model prediction. Results are interpreted using simplified models of R-parity conserving supersymmetry in which there is a small mass difference between the masses of the produced supersymmetric particles and the lightest neutralino. Exclusion limits at 95% confidence level are set on next-to-lightest neutralino masses of up to 145 GeV for Higgsino production and 175 GeV for wino production, and slepton masses of up to 190 GeV for pair production of sleptons. In the compressed mass regime, the exclusion limits extend down to mass splittings of 2.5 GeV for Higgsino production, 2 GeV for wino production, and 1 GeV for slepton production. The results are also interpreted in the context of a radiatively-driven natural supersymmetry model with nonuniversal Higgs boson masses.
KW  - PP Collicions
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Gluino Production
KW  - Measuring Masses
KW  - Cross-Section
KW  - ++
KW  - Z Boson
KW  - Energy
KW  - Squark
KW  - Extension
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226707
VL  - 97
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of the inclusive and fiducial t(t)over-bar production cross-sections in the lepton+jets channel in \({pp}\) collisions at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - The European Physical Journal C
N2  - The inclusive and fiducial t (t) over bar production cross sections are measured in the lepton+jets channel using 20.2 fb(-1) of proton proton collision data at a centre-of mass energy of 8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Major systematic uncertainties due to the modelling of the jet energy scale and b-tagging efficiency are constrained by separating selected events into three disjoint regions. In order to reduce systematic uncertainties in the most important background, the W+jets process is modelled using Z+jets events in a data-driven approach. The inclusive t (t) over bar cross-section is measured with a precision of 5.7% to be (sigma(inc) (t (t) over bar) = 248.3 +/- 0.7 (stat.) +/- 13.4 (syst.) +/- 4.7 (lumi.) pb, assuming a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV. The result is in agreement with the Standard Model prediction. The cross-section is also measured in a phase space close to that of the selected data. The fiducial cross-section is sigma(fid) (t (t) over bar) = 48.8 +/- 0.1 (stat.) +/- 2.0 (syst.) +/- 0.9 (lumi.) pb with a precision of 4.5%.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - LHC
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220827
VL  - 78
IS  - 487
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for pair production of up-type vector-like quarks and for four-top-quark events in final states with multiple \(b\)-jets with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search for pair production of up-type vector-like quarks (T) with a significant branching ratio into a top quark and either a Standard Model Higgs boson or a Z boson is presented. The same analysis is also used to search for four-top-quark production in several new physics scenarios. The search is based on a dataset of pp collisions at root s = 13TeV recorded in 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1). Data are analysed in the lepton+jets final state, characterised by an isolated electron or muon with high transverse momentum, large missing transverse momentum and multiple jets, as well as the jets+E-T(miss) final state, characterised by multiple jets and large missing transverse momentum. The search exploits the high multiplicity of jets identified as originating from b-quarks, and the presence of boosted, hadronically decaying top quarks and Higgs bosons reconstructed as large-radius jets, characteristic of signal events. No significant excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed, and 95% CL upper limits are set on the production cross sections for the different signal processes considered. These cross-section limits are used to derive lower limits on the mass of a vector-like T quark under several branching ratio hypotheses assuming contributions from T -> Wb, Zt, Ht decays. The 95% CL observed lower limits on the T quark mass range between 0.99TeV and 1.43TeV for all possible values of the branching ratios into the three decay modes considered, significantly extending the reach beyond that of previous searches. Additionally, upper limits on anomalous four-top-quark production are set in the context of an effective field theory model, as well as in an universal extra dimensions model.
KW  - Beyond Standard Model
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - vector-like quarks
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - ++
KW  - Boson
KW  - Breaking
KW  - Program
KW  - Gluon
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226131
VL  - 89
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for pair production of Higgs bosons in the \({bb̅bb̅}\)
  final state using proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search for Higgs boson pair production in the bbbb final state is carried out with up to 36.1 fb(-1) of LHC proton-proton collision data collected at s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. Three benchmark signals are studied: a spin-2 graviton decaying into a Higgs boson pair, a scalar resonance decaying into a Higgs boson pair, and Standard Model non-resonant Higgs boson pair production. Two analyses are carried out, each implementing a particular technique for the event reconstruction that targets Higgs bosons reconstructed as pairs of jets or single boosted jets. The resonance mass range covered is 260-3000 GeV. The analyses are statistically combined and upper limits on the production cross section of Higgs boson pairs times branching ratio to bbbb are set in each model. No significant excess is observed; the largest deviation of data over prediction is found at a mass of 280 GeV, corresponding to 2.3 standard deviations globally. The observed 95% confidence level upper limit on the non-resonant production is 13 times the Standard Model prediction.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - ++
KW  - LHC
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226001
VL  - 30
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of the Soft-Drop Jet Mass in \({pp}\) Collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
JF  - Physical Review Letters
N2  - Jet substructure observables have significantly extended the search program for physics beyond the standard model at the Large Hadron Collider. The state-of-the-art tools have been motivated by theoretical calculations, but there has never been a direct comparison between data and calculations of jet substructure observables that are accurate beyond leading-logarithm approximation. Such observables are significant not only for probing the collinear regime of QCD that is largely unexplored at a hadron collider, but also for improving the understanding of jet substructure properties that are used in many studies at the Large Hadron Collider. This Letter documents a measurement of the first jet substructure quantity at a hadron collider to be calculated at next-to-next-to-leading-logarithm accuracy. The normalized, differential cross section is measured as a function of log(10)rho(2), where rho is the ratio of the soft-drop mass to the ungroomed jet transverse momentum. This quantity is measured in dijet events from 32.9 fb(-1) of root s = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector. The data are unfolded to correct for detector effects and compared to precise QCD calculations and leading-logarithm particle-level Monte Carlo simulations.
KW  - Algorithm
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220694
VL  - 121
IS  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in root s=13 TeV \({pp}\) collisions with the ATLAS detector
JF  - European Physical Journal C
N2  - A search for weakly interacting massive dark matter particles produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and missing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb(-1) of proton proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at root s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are interpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour-neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross-section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour-charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements.
KW  - Production Cross-Section
KW  - Pair Prodution
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Hadron Colliders
KW  - Measuring Masses
KW  - LHC
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225937
VL  - C 78
IS  - 18
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurements of differential cross sections of top quark pair production in association with jets in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV using the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - Measurements of di ff erential cross sections of top quark pair production in association with jets by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC are presented. The measurements are performed as functions of the top quark transverse momentum, the transverse momentum of the top quark-antitop quark system and the out-of-plane transverse momentum using data from pp collisions at p s = 13TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb. The top quark pair events are selected in the lepton (electron or muon) + jets channel. The measured cross sections, which are compared to several predictions, allow a detailed study of top quark production.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Jets
KW  - Top physics
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - ++
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226023
VL  - 159
IS  - 10
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for flavour-changing neutral current top-quark decays \(t\) -> \({qZ}\) in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search for flavour-changing neutral-current processes in top-quark decays is presented. Data collected with the ATLAS detector from proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1), are analysed. The search is performed using top-quark pair events, with one top quark decaying through the t -> qZ (q = u, c) flavour-changing neutral-current channel, and the other through the dominant Standard Model mode t -> bW. Only Z boson decays into charged leptons and leptonic W boson decays are considered as signal. Consequently, the final-state topology is characterized by the presence of three isolated charged leptons (electrons or muons), at least two jets, one of the jets originating from a b-quark, and missing transverse momentum from the undetected neutrino. The data are consistent with Standard Model background contributions, and at 95% confidence level the search sets observed (expected) upper limits of 1.7 x 10(-4) (2.4 x 10(-4)) on the t -> uZ branching ratio and 2.4 x 10(-4) (3.2 x 10(-4)) on the t -> cZ branching ratio, constituting the most stringent limits to date.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - ++
KW  - Pair-Production
KW  - Cross-Section
KW  - Physics
KW  - Models
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226114
VL  - 176
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Measurement of the production cross section of three isolated photons in \({pp}\) collisions at root \(s\)=8 TeV using the ATLAS detector
JF  - Physics Letters B
N2  - A measurement of the production of three isolated photons in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy root s = 8 TeV is reported. The results are based on an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb(-1) collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The differential cross sections are measured as functions of the transverse energy of each photon, the difference in azimuthal angle and in pseudorapidity between pairs of photons, the invariant mass of pairs of photons, and the invariant mass of the triphoton system. A measurement of the inclusive fiducial cross section is also reported. Next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD predictions are compared to the cross-section measurements. The predictions underestimate the measurement of the inclusive fiducial cross section and the differential measurements at low photon transverse energies and invariant masses. They provide adequate descriptions of the measurements at high values of the photon transverse energies, invariant mass of pairs of photons, and invariant mass of the triphoton system. (C) 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
KW  - Parton Distributions
KW  - Hierarchy
KW  - Quark
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226154
VL  - 781
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Balzer, Christian
T1  - Adsorption-Induced Deformation of Nanoporous Materials — in-situ Dilatometry and Modeling
T1  - Adsorptionsinduzierte Deformation nanoporöser Materialien — in-situ Dilatometrie und Modellierung
N2  - The goal of this work is to improve the understanding of adsorption-induced deformation in nanoporous (and in particular microporous) materials in order to explore its potential for material characterization and provide guidelines for related technical applications such as adsorption-driven actuation. For this purpose this work combines in-situ dilatometry measurements with in-depth modeling of the obtained adsorption-induced strains. A major advantage with respect to previous studies is the combination of the dilatometric setup and a commercial sorption instrument resulting in high quality adsorption and strain isotherms. The considered model materials are (activated and thermally annealed) carbon xerogels, a sintered silica aerogel, a sintered hierarchical structured porous silica and binderless zeolites of type LTA and FAU; this selection covers micro-, meso- and macroporous as well as ordered and disordered model materials.

All sample materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, gas adsorption and sound velocity measurements. In-situ dilatometry measurements on mesoporous model materials were performed for the adsorption of N2 at 77 K, while microporous model materials were also investigated for CO2 adsorption at 273 K, Ar adsorption at 77 K and H2O adsorption at 298 K. Within this work the available in-situ dilatometry setup was revised to improve resolution and reproducibility of measurements of small strains at low relative pressures, which are of particular relevance for microporous materials.

The obtained experimental adsorption and strain isotherms of the hierarchical structured porous silica and a micro-macroporous carbon xerogel were quantitatively analyzed based on the adsorption stress model; this approach, originally proposed by Ravikovitch and Neimark, was extended for anisotropic pore geometries within this work. While the adsorption in silica mesopores could be well described by the classical and analytical theory of Derjaguin, Broekhoff and de Boer, the adsorption in carbon micropores required for comprehensive nonlocal density functional theory calculations. To connect adsorption-induced stresses and strains, furthermore mechanical models for the respective model materials were derived. The resulting theoretical framework of adsorption, adsorption stress and mechanical model was applied to the experimental data yielding structural and mechanical information about the model materials investigated, i.e., pore size or pore size distribution, respectively, and mechanical moduli of the porous matrix and the nonporous solid skeleton. The derived structural and mechanical properties of the model materials were found to be consistent with independent measurements and/or literature values. Noteworthy, the proposed extension of the adsorption stress model proved to be crucial for the correct description of the experimental data.

Furthermore, it could be shown that the adsorption-induced deformation of disordered mesoporous aero-/xerogel structures follows qualitatively the same mechanisms obtained for the ordered hierarchical structured porous silica. However, respective quantitative modeling proved to be challenging due to the ill-shaped pore geometry of aero-/xerogels; good agreement between model and experiment could only be achieved for the filled pore regime of the adsorption isotherm and the relative pressure range of monolayer formation. In the intermediate regime of multilayer formation a more complex model than the one proposed here is required to correctly describe stress related to the curved adsorbate-adsorptive interface. Notably, for micro-mesoporous carbon xerogels it could be shown that micro- and mesopore related strain mechanisms superimpose one another.

The strain isotherms of the zeolites were only qualitatively evaluated. The result for the FAU type zeolite is in good agreement with other experiments reported in literature and the theoretical understanding derived from the adsorption stress model. On the contrary, the strain isotherm of the LTA type zeolite is rather exceptional as it shows monotonic expansion over the whole relative pressure range. Qualitatively this type of strain isotherm can also be explained by the adsorption stress model, but a respective quantitative analysis is beyond the scope of this work.

In summary, the analysis of the model materials' adsorption-induced strains proved to be a suitable tool to obtain information on their structural and mechanical properties including the stiffness of the nonporous solid skeleton. Investigations on the carbon xerogels modified by activation and thermal annealing revealed that adsorption-induced deformation is particularly suited to analyze even small changes of carbon micropore structures.
N2  - Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, dass Verständnis der adsorptionsinduzierter Deformation von nanoporösen (insbesondere mikroporösen) Materialien zu erweitern, um ihr Potenzial für die Materialcharakterisierung zu erforschen. Zusätzlich sollen Orientierungshilfen für technische Anwendungen, wie z.B. adsorptionsgetriebene Aktuatoren, bereitgestellt werden. Hierfür kombiniert diese Arbeit in-situ Dilatometriemessungen und detaillierte Modellierung der gemessenen adsorptionsinduzierten Dehnungen. Der wesentliche Vorteil dieser Arbeit gegenüber vorherigen Studien ist die Kombination des dilatometrischen Messaufbaus mit einer kommerziellen Gasadsorptionsanlage, was die Messung qualitativ hochwertiger Adsorptions- und Dehnungsisothermen erlaubt. Die betrachteten Materialsysteme sind (aktivierte und geglühte) Kohlenstoffxerogele, ein gesintertes Silica-Aerogel, ein gesintertes, hierarchisch strukturiertes, poröses Silica und binderlose Zeolithe der Typen LTA und FAU. Diese Auswahl umfasst mikro-, meso- und makroporöse ebenso wie geordnete und ungeordnete Modellmaterialien.

Alle Modellmaterialien wurden mit Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Gasadsorption und Schallgeschwindigkeitsmessungen charakterisiert. In-situ Dilatometriemessungen an mesoporösen Modellsystemen wurden für N2-Adsorption bei 77 K durchgeführt, während alle mikroporösen Modellsysteme zusätzlich bei CO2-Adsorption (273 K), Ar-Adsorption (77 K) und H2O-Adsorption (298 K) untersucht wurden. Der verfügbare Messaufbau für in-situ Dilatometrie wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit weiterentwickelt, um Auflösung und Reproduzierbarkeit der Messungen von kleinen Dehnungen zu verbessern, was insbesondere für mikroporöse Materialien von Bedeutung ist.

Die experimentellen Adsorptions- und Dehnungsisothermen des hierarchisch strukturierten, porösen Silicas und des mikro-makroporösen Kohlenstoff-Xerogels wurden mit dem adsorption-stress-Modell quantitativ ausgewertet. Hierfür wurde das adsorption-stress-Modell, ursprünglich eingeführt von Ravikovitch et al., für die Verwendung von anisotropen Porengeometrien erweitert. Während die der Deformation zu Grunde liegende Adsorption im Fall des mesoporösen Silicas gut mit der klassischen und analytischen Theorie von Derjaguin, Broekhoff und de Boer beschrieben werden konnte, erforderte die Adsorption in den Kohlenstoffmikroporen umfassende Berechnungen mittels nichtlokaler Dichtefunktionaltheorie. Um die adsorptionsinduzierten Spannungen mit entsprechenden Dehnungen zu korrelieren, wurden zusätzlich mechanische Modelle für die untersuchten Materialien entworfen. Das resultierende theoretische Konstrukt aus Adsorptions-, adsorption-stress- und mechanischem Modell wurde auf die ermittelten experimentellen Daten angewandt und strukturelle und mechanische Eigenschaften der Modellmaterialien bestimmt, d.h. Porengröße bzw. Porengrößenverteilung sowie die mechanischen Module der porösen Matrix und des unporösen Festkörperskeletts. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die ermittelten Materialeigenschaften konsistent mit unabhängigen Messungen und/oder Literaturwerten sind. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass sich die Erweiterung des adsorption-stress-Modells für eine korrekte Auswertung der experimentellen Daten als zwingend erforderlich erwies.
 
Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass die adsorptionsinduzierte Deformation von ungeordneten mesoporösen Aero-/Xerogelstrukturen qualitativ denselben Mechanismen folgt, die für das geordnete, hierarchisch strukturierte, poröse Silica identifiziert wurden. Die entsprechende quantitative Modellierung erwies sich allerdings als schwierig, da die Poren in Aero-/Xerogelstrukturen geometrisch schlecht zu fassen sind. Gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Modell und Experiment konnte nur für das Stadium gefüllter Poren und den relativen Druckbereich der Monolagenbildung erzielt werden. Der Zwischenbereich der Multilagenadsorption erfordert ein komplexeres Modell, um die Spannung quantitativ korrekt zu beschreiben, die sich auf Grund der gekrümmten Adsorbat-Adsorptiv-Grenzfläche im Material ausbildet. Mit Hinblick auf mikro-mesoporöse Kohlenstoffxerogele konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich dort Deformationsmechanismen von Mikro- und Mesoporen überlagern.
 
Die Dehnungsisothermen der Zeolithe wurden nur qualitativ ausgewertet. Das Ergebnis für den Zeolithen vom Typ FAU stimmt gut mit anderen in der Literatur beschriebenen Experimenten und dem theoretischen Verständnis überein, das sich aus dem adsorption-stress-Modell ergibt. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die gemessene Dehnungsisotherme des Zeolithen vom Typ LTA eher ungewöhnlich, da sie monotone Expansion des LTA-Zeolithen über den gesamten Druckbereich zeigt. Qualitativ kann dieses Ergebnis ebenfals mit dem adsorption-stress-Modell erklärt werden, aber eine detaillierte, quantitative Analyse übersteigt den Rahmen dieser Arbeit.

Insgesamt erweist sich die Analyse der adsorptionsinduzierten Dehnungen der Modellmaterialien als geeignetes Mittel, um Informationen über deren strukturelle und mechanische Eigenschaften zu erlangen, was auch die Steifigkeit des unporösen Festkörperskeletts miteinschließt. Desweiteren zeigen Untersuchungen an aktivierten und geglühten Kohlenstoffxerogelen, dass adsorptionsinduzierte Deformation insbesondere geeignet ist, um kleine Änderungen an Mikroporenstrukturen zu analysieren.
KW  - Nanoporöser Stoff
KW  - Adsorption
KW  - Deformation
KW  - Dilatometrie
KW  - adsorption-induced deformation
KW  - density functional theory
KW  - adsorption
KW  - deformation
KW  - nanostructured
KW  - dilatometer
KW  - modeling
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157145
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Bendias, Michel Kalle
T1  - Quantum Spin Hall Effect - A new generation of microstructures
T1  - Quantum Spin Hall Effekt - Eine neue Generation an Mikrostrukturen
N2  - The presented thesis summarizes the results from four and a half years of intense lithography development on (Cd,Hg)Te/HgTe/(Cd,Hg)Te quantum well structures. The effort was motivated by the unique properties of this topological insulator. Previous work from Molenkamp at al.\ has proven that the transport through such a 2D TI is carried by electrons with opposite spin, counter-propagating in 1D channels along the sample edge. However, up to this thesis, the length of quantized spin Hall channels has never been reported to exceed 4 µm. Therefore, the main focus was put on a reproducible and easy-to-handle fabrication process that reveals the intrinsic material parameters.

Every single lithography step in macro as well as microscopic sample fabrication has been re-evaluated. In the Development, the process changes have been presented along SEM pictures, microgaphs and, whenever possible, measurement responses.

We have proven the conventional ion milling etch method to damage the remaining mesa and result in drastically lower electron mobilities in samples of microscopic size.

The novel KI:I2:HBr wet etch method for macro and microstructure mesa fabrication has been shown to leave the crystalline structure intact and result in unprecedented mobilities, as high as in macroscopic characterization Hall bars. Difficulties, such as an irregular etch start and slower etching of the conductive QW have been overcome by concentration, design and etch flow adaptations. In consideration of the diffusive regime, a frame around the EBL write field electrically decouples the structure mesa from the outside wafer. As the smallest structure, the frame is etched first and guarantees a non-different etching of the conductive layer during the redox reaction. A tube-pump method assures reproducible etch results with mesa heights below 300 nm. The PMMA etch mask is easy to strip and leaves a clean mesa with no redeposition. From the very first attempts, to the final etch process, the reader has been provided with the characteristics and design requirements necessary to enable the fabrication of nearly any mesa shape within an EBL write field of 200 µm.

Magneto resistance measurement of feed-back samples have been presented along the development chronology of wet etch method and subsequent lithography steps. With increasing feature quality, more and more physics has been revealed enabling detailed evaluation of smallest disturbances. The following lithography improvements have been implemented. They represent a tool-box for high quality macro and microstructure fabrication on (CdHg)Te/HgTe of almost any kind.

    The optical positive resist ECI 3027 can be used as wet and as dry etch mask for structure sizes larger than 1 µm. It serves to etch mesa structures larger than the EBL write field.         
    The double layer PMMA is used for ohmic contact fabrication within the EBL write field. Its thickness allows to first dry etch the (Cd,Hg)Te cap layer and then evaporate the AuGe contact, in situ and self-aligned. Because of an undercut, up to 300 nm can be metalized without any sidewalls after the lift-off. An edge channel mismatch within the contact leads can be avoided, if the ohmic contacts are designed to reach close to the sample and beneath the later gate electrode.
    The MIBK cleaning step prior to the gate application removes PMMA residuals and thereby improves gate and potential homogeneity.
    The novel low HfO2-ALD process enables insulator growth into optical and EBL lift-off masks of any resolvable shape. Directly metalized after the insulator growth, the self-aligned method results in thin and homogeneous gate electrode reproducibly withholding gate voltages to +-10 V.
    The optical negative resist ARN 4340 exhibits an undercut when developed. Usable as dry etch mask and lift-off resist, it enables an in-situ application of ohmic contacts first etching close to the QW, then metalizing AuGe. Up to 500 nm thickness, the undercut guarantees an a clean lift-off with no sidewalls. 

The undertaken efforts have led to micro Hall bar measurements with Hall plateaus and SdH-oszillations in up to now unseen levels of detail.

The gap resistance of several micro Hall bars with a clear QSH signal have been presented in Quantum Spin Hall. The first to exhibit longitudinal resistances close to the expected h/2e2 since years, they reveal unprecedented details in features and characteristics. It has been shown that their protection against backscattering through time reversal symmetry is not as rigid as previously claimed. Values below and above 12.9 kΩ been explained, introducing backscattering within the Landauer-Büttiker formalism of edge channel transport. Possible reasons have been discussed. Kondo, interaction and Rashba-backscattering arising from density inhomogeneities close to the edge are most plausible to explain features on and deviations from a quantized value. Interaction, tunneling and dephasing mechanisms as well as puddle size, density of states and Rashba Fields are gate voltage dependent. Therefore, features in the QSH signal are fingerprints of the characteristic potential landscape.

Stable up to 11 K, two distinct but clear power laws have been found in the higher temperature dependence of the QSH in two samples. However, with ΔR = Tα, α = ¼  in one (QC0285) and α = 2 in the other (Q2745), none of the predicted dependencies could be confirmed. Whereas, the gap resistances of QC0285 remains QSH channel dominated up to 3.9 T and thereby confirmed the calculated lifting of the band inversion in magnetic field. The gate-dependent oscillating features in the QSH signal of Q2745 immediately increase in magnetic field. The distinct field dependencies allowed the assumption of two different dominant backscattering mechanisms.

Resulting in undisturbed magneto transport and unprecedented QSH measurements The Novel Micro Hall Bar Process has proven to enable the fabrication of a new generation of microstructures.
N2  - In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden die Ergebnisse von viereinhalb Jahren lithographischer Prozessentwicklung an (Cd,Hg)Te/HgTe/(Cd,Hg)Te Quantum Well Strukturen  präsentiert.  Motiviert wurde der Aufwand mit den einzigartigen Eigenschaften des zweidimensionalen Topologischen Isolators. In früheren Arbeiten von Molenkamp et al. ist gezeigt worden, dass der Stromtransport im Quantum Spin Hall (QSH) Regime durch zwei Randkanäle  mit Elektronen entgegengerichteter Spin- und Propagationsrichtung erfolgt. Trotz der Vorhersage geschützten Randkanaltransports durch Zeit-Umkehr Invarianz, gab es bis zu der hier vorgenommenen Prozessoptimierung keine ungestörten Quantum Spin Hall Messungen oberhalb einer Länge von 4 µm.  Deswegen wurde das Hauptaugenmerk der Entwicklung auf einen möglichst einfachen, reproduzierbaren und ungestörten Herstellungsprozess für QSH Mikrostrukturen gelegt.

Die Ergebnisse der vollständigen Überarbeitung jedes einzelnen Lithographie-Schrittes für marko- und mikroskopische Probenstrukturierung wurden in Development erläutert. Die Anpassungen wurden anhand von Elektronen-, Lichtmikroskop-Aufnahmen und wann immer möglich auch Messungen motiviert, überprüft und für besser befunden.

Es wurde aufgezeigt, dass das bisher übliche Verfahren zum ätzen der Mesa mit beschleunigen Argon-Ionen das Material auch lateral beschädigt und mit drastisch reduzierten Elektronen-Beweglichkeiten in mikroskopischen Proben einhergeht.

Ein neuartiger KI:I2:HBr nass-Ätzprozess  hingegen, hat sich als nicht invasiv erwiesen.  Ohne die Kristallstruktur zu zerstören lassen sich damit Mikrostrukturen herstellen, welche sich durch beispiellos hohe Beweglichkeiten und Signalgüte auszeichnen. Schwierigkeiten, wie der unregelmäßige Ätz-Start und das langsamere Ätzen der leitfähigen Schicht sind durch Konzentrations-, Design- und Flussanpassungen sukzessive gelöst worden. Unter Beachtung des diffusiven Ätz-Charakters, sorgt ein schmaler Rahmen um das Schreibfeld des Elektronen Mikroskops für eine elektrische Entkopplung der späteren Mesa innen, mit dem Elektronen-Reservoir außen. Damit wird sichergestellt, dass die Leitfähigkeit des Quantentroges in der Redoxreaktion des Ätzens eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Durch den regulierbaren Fluss einer Schlauchpumpe lassen sich so reproduzierbar saubere Mesas auch unterhalb 300 nm Höhe herstellen.  Die PMMA Ätzmaske kann rückstandsfrei entfernen werden.

Über die ersten Versuche, bis hin zum letztendlichen Prozess, wurde dem Leser dabei das notwendige Wissen und Verständnis zur Durchführung der Mikrostrukturierung an die Hand gegeben. Unter Beachtung der charakteristischen Eigenheiten des nasschemischen Prozesses, lassen sich so nahezu alle Mesa-Formen innerhalb eines 200x200 µm2 Schreibfeldes realisieren.

Anhand von Hall-Messungen an Kontrollproben, wurde die sukzessive Erhöhung der Probenqualität durch den Ätzprozess und die vollständige Überarbeitung der darauf folgenden Lithographie-Prozesse bewiesen. Mit mehr und mehr Physik in den Messungen haben sich selbst kleine Auswirkungen des Lithographie-Prozesses auf die Probeneigenschaften testen lassen. Die folgenden Verbesserungen tragen maßgeblich zu diesem Ergebnis bei. Hier angewendet auf Mikro-Hall-Bars, lassen sich die Prozesse für die Herstellung fast jedweder Struktur auf (Cd,Hg)Te/HgTe anpassen.

    Der optische positiv Photo-Lack ECI 3027 kann sowohl als Nass- und auch Trockenätzmaske verwendet werden. Mit einer minimalen Auflösung größer 1 µ m wurde er hier eingesetzt, um Strukturen um das Elektronenmikroskop-Schreibfeld zu ätzen.
    Der PMMA Doppellagen Resist ist dick und weist nach dem Entwickeln ein unterhöhltes Lackprofil auf. Dies erlaubt ihn zuerst zum Heranätzen und dann zum Metallisieren der Ohmschen Kontakte zu nutzen. Bis zu 300 nm Metall können dabei ohne Überhöhungen in-situ und selbstjustierend aufgebracht werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass Kontakte nahe der Hall-Bar bis unterhalb der späteren Gate-Elektrode, in höheren Magnetfeldern nicht zu Störungen der Messung führen.

Der MIBK Reinigungs Schritt vor dem Aufbringen der Gate-Elektrode entfernt PMMA Rückstände vorheriger Prozesse.  In Hall-Messungen wurde gezeigt, dass dies die Homogenität des Gate-Einflusses deutlich verbessert.

Der neuartige Tieftemperatur HfO2 ALD Prozess ermöglicht Isolator Wachstum auf Photo-Resist und PMMA Lift-off Masken. Dies wiederum ermöglicht eine Gate-Metallisierung direkt im Anschluss.  Dadurch lassen sich auch kleine Gate-Elektroden mit homogenem Potential-Einfluss herstellen, welche reproduzierbar Spannungen bis +-10 V aushalten.

Der optische negativ Photo-Lack ARN 4340 ermöglicht das Heranätzen und Metallisieren von Ohmschen Kontakten in Strukturgrößen größer 1 µm. Das ebenfalls unterhöhlte Lackprofil erlaubt dabei die Aufbringung von bis zu 500 nm dicken Schichten und einen problemlosen Lift-off.

Die unternommenen Anstrengungen haben dabei zu den bisher Besten und Detailsreichsten Messungen von Hall-Plateaus und Shubnikov-De Haas Oszillationen in (Cd,Hg)Te/ HgTe Mikrostrukturen geführt.

Messungen mit einem klaren QSH Signal im Längswiderstand von mehreren Mikro-Hall-Bars wurden präsentiert. Nach jahrelangen Bemühungen weisen diese Proben erstmalig wieder einen Bandlücken-Widerstand nahe der erwarteten Quantisierung von zwei Randkanälen auf.

Es wurde aufgezeigt, dass die vermeintliche geschützten Randzustände durchaus rück-streuen. Mit der Implementierung von Streuern im Landauer-Büttiker Formalismus für Randkanaltransport lassen sich Abweichungen unter- und oberhalb der erwarteten 12.9 kΩ begründen. Als mögliche Ursachen wurden Dichte-Inhomogenitäten ausgemacht, welche in Kondo-, Wechselwirkungs- und Rashba-Rückstreuprozessen resultieren.  Im komplexen Zusammenspiel von Wechselwirkung, Tunnelprozessen und Spin-Dephasierung, der unbekannten Verteilung von Inhomogenitäten, ihrer Größe und Dichte sowie der Feldabhängig-keit aller Parameter, hat sich keiner der diskutierten Mechanismen als dominant bewiesen. In noch nie dagewesenen Details erwies sich die Gate- und Magnetfeldabhängigkeit des QSH Signals als ein Fingerabdruck der hintergründigen Potential-Landschaft.

Die Signale von zwei unterschiedlichen Proben sind Temperatur- und Magnetfeldabhängig untersucht worden.  Dabei haben mehrere Argumente zu der Schlussfolgerung geführt, dass unterschiedliche Rückstreumechanismen in den Proben dominieren:

    Mit einem flachen QSH Plateau in der einen (QC0285), und in Gate-Spannung oszillierender Merkmale auf dem QSH Signal der anderen Probe (Q2745), zeigen sich erste Unterschiede bereits in den Gate-Messungen.
    In Temperatur-abhängigen Messungen erweist sich deren QSH Signal zwar als stabil bis 11\,K, folgt dann aber ΔR = Tα  mit α = 1/4 in QC0285 und α = 2 in Q2745.
    Im Magnetfeld bleibt die Bandlücke in QC0285 bis zum kritischen Feld der Invertierungsaufhebung Randkanal-Transport dominiert. Die Oszillierenden Merkmale auf dem QSH Signal in Q2745 dagegen, reagieren schon auf kleine Felder mit einer Erhöhung im Widerstand.

Die unvergleichliche Qualität der hier präsentierten Hall-Messungen und QSH Signale und das bis ins letzte Detail optimierte Herstellungsverfahren, rechtfertigen es von einer neuen Generation an QSH Mikrostrukturen zu sprechen.
KW  - Topological insulators
KW  - Quecksilbertellurid
KW  - Quantum Spin Hall Effect
KW  - Lithography
KW  - Macroscopic transport
KW  - Quecksilbertellurid
KW  - Topologischer Isolator
KW  - Quanten-Hall-Effekt
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168214
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Roeding, Sebastian
A1  - Brixner, Tobias
T1  - Coherent two-dimensional electronic mass spectrometry
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - Coherent two-dimensional (2D) optical spectroscopy has revolutionized our ability to probe many types of couplings and ultrafast dynamics in complex quantum systems. The dynamics and function of any quantum system strongly depend on couplings to the environment. Thus, studying coherent interactions for different environments remains a topic of tremendous interest. Here we introduce coherent 2D electronic mass spectrometry that allows 2D measurements on effusive molecular beams and thus on quantum systems with minimum system-bath interaction and employ this to identify the major ionization pathway of 3d Rydberg states in NO2. Furthermore, we present 2D spectra of multiphoton ionization, disclosing distinct differences in the nonlinear response functions leading to the ionization products. We also realize the equivalent of spectrally resolved transient-absorption measurements without the necessity for acquiring weak absorption changes. Using time-of-flight detection introduces cations as an observable, enabling the 2D spectroscopic study on isolated systems of photophysical and photochemical reactions.
KW  - Atomic and molecular interactions with photons
KW  - Excited states
KW  - Reaction kinetics and dynamics
KW  - Optical spectroscopy
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226458
VL  - 9
IS  - 2519
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heil, Hannah S.
A1  - Schreiber, Benjamin
A1  - Götz, Ralph
A1  - Emmerling, Monika
A1  - Dabauvalle, Marie-Christine
A1  - Krohne, Georg
A1  - Höfling, Sven
A1  - Kamp, Martin
A1  - Sauer, Markus
A1  - Heinze, Katrin G.
T1  - Sharpening emitter localization in front of a tuned mirror
JF  - Light: Science & Applications
N2  - Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) aims for maximized precision and a high signal-to-noise ratio1. Both features can be provided by placing the emitter in front of a metal-dielectric nanocoating that acts as a tuned mirror2,3,4. Here, we demonstrate that a higher photon yield at a lower background on biocompatible metal-dielectric nanocoatings substantially improves SMLM performance and increases the localization precision by up to a factor of two. The resolution improvement relies solely on easy-to-fabricate nanocoatings on standard glass coverslips and is spectrally and spatially tunable by the layer design and wavelength, as experimentally demonstrated for dual-color SMLM in cells.
KW  - imaging and sensing
KW  - super-resolution microscopy
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228080
VL  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Combination of inclusive and differential t(t)over-bar charge asymmetry measurements using ATLAS and CMS data at root S=7 and 8 TeV
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - This paper presents combinations of inclusive and differential measurements of the charge asymmetry (A(C)) in top quark pair (t(t)over-bar) events with a lepton+jets signature by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations, using data from LHC proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. The data correspond to integrated luminosities of about 5 and 20 fb(-1) for each experiment, respectively. The resulting combined LHC measurements of the inclusive charge asymmetry are A(C)(LHC7) = 0.005 +/- 0.007 (stat) +/- 0.006 (syst) at 7 TeV and A(C)(LHC8) = 0.0055 +/- 0.0023 (stat) +/- 0.0025 (syst) at 8 TeV. These values, as well as the combination of A(C) measurements as a function of the invariant mass of the t(t)over-bar system at 8 TeV, are consistent with the respective standard model predictions.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - Patron distributions
KW  - Top physics
KW  - PP Collisions
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312669
VL  - 33
IS  - 4
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schneider, Christian
A1  - Glazov, Mikhail M.
A1  - Korn, Tobias
A1  - Höfling, Sven
A1  - Urbaszek, Bernhard
T1  - Two-dimensional semiconductors in the regime of strong light-matter coupling
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - The optical properties of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers are widely dominated by excitons, Coulomb-bound electron–hole pairs. These quasi-particles exhibit giant oscillator strength and give rise to narrow-band, well-pronounced optical transitions, which can be brought into resonance with electromagnetic fields in microcavities and plasmonic nanostructures. Due to the atomic thinness and robustness of the monolayers, their integration in van der Waals heterostructures provides unique opportunities for engineering strong light-matter coupling. We review first results in this emerging field and outline future opportunities and challenges.
KW  - optical physics
KW  - two-dimensional materials
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231295
VL  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - China, Swarup
A1  - Burrows, Susannah M.
A1  - Wang, Bingbing
A1  - Harder, Tristan H.
A1  - Weis, Johannes
A1  - Tanarhte, Meryem
A1  - Rizzo, Luciana V.
A1  - Brito, Joel
A1  - Cirino, Glauber G.
A1  - Ma, Po-Lun
A1  - Cliff, John
A1  - Artaxo, Paulo
A1  - Gilles, Mary K.
A1  - Laskin, Alexander
T1  - Fungal spores as a source of sodium salt particles in the Amazon basin
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - In the Amazon basin, particles containing mixed sodium salts are routinely observed and are attributed to marine aerosols transported from the Atlantic Ocean. Using chemical imaging analysis, we show that, during the wet season, fungal spores emitted by the forest biosphere contribute at least 30% (by number) to sodium salt particles in the central Amazon basin. Hydration experiments indicate that sodium content in fungal spores governs their growth factors. Modeling results suggest that fungal spores account for ~69% (31–95%) of the total sodium mass during the wet season and that their fractional contribution increases during nighttime. Contrary to common assumptions that sodium-containing aerosols originate primarily from marine sources, our results suggest that locally-emitted fungal spores contribute substantially to the number and mass of coarse particles containing sodium. Hence, their role in cloud formation and contribution to salt cycles and the terrestrial ecosystem in the Amazon basin warrant further consideration.
KW  - atmospheric chemistry
KW  - biogeochemistry
KW  - environmental sciences
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222492
VL  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kreinberg, Sören
A1  - Grbešić, Tomislav
A1  - Strauß, Max
A1  - Carmele, Alexander
A1  - Emmerling, Monika
A1  - Schneider, Christian
A1  - Höfling, Sven
A1  - Porte, Xavier
A1  - Reitzenstein, Stephan
T1  - Quantum-optical spectroscopy of a two-level system using an electrically driven micropillar laser as a resonant excitation source
JF  - Light: Science & Applications
N2  - Two-level emitters are the main building blocks of photonic quantum technologies and are model systems for the exploration of quantum optics in the solid state. Most interesting is the strict resonant excitation of such emitters to control their occupation coherently and to generate close to ideal quantum light, which is of utmost importance for applications in photonic quantum technology. To date, the approaches and experiments in this field have been performed exclusively using bulky lasers, which hinders the application of resonantly driven two-level emitters in compact photonic quantum systems. Here we address this issue and present a concept for a compact resonantly driven single-photon source by performing quantum-optical spectroscopy of a two-level system using a compact high-β microlaser as the excitation source. The two-level system is based on a semiconductor quantum dot (QD), which is excited resonantly by a fiber-coupled electrically driven micropillar laser. We dress the excitonic state of the QD under continuous wave excitation, and trigger the emission of single photons with strong multi-photon suppression (g\(^{(2)}\)(0)=0.02) and high photon indistinguishability (V = 57±9%) via pulsed resonant excitation at 156 MHz. These results clearly demonstrate the high potential of our resonant excitation scheme, which can pave the way for compact electrically driven quantum light sources with excellent quantum properties to enable the implementation of advanced quantum communication protocols.
KW  - near-infrared spectroscopy
KW  - photonic devices
KW  - semiconductor lasers
KW  - single photons and quantum effects
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229802
VL  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lee, Ching Hua
A1  - Imhof, Stefan
A1  - Berger, Christian
A1  - Bayer, Florian
A1  - Brehm, Johannes
A1  - Molenkamp, Laurens W.
A1  - Kiessling, Tobias
A1  - Thomale, Ronny
T1  - Topolectrical Circuits
JF  - Communications Physics
N2  - Invented by Alessandro Volta and Félix Savary in the early 19th century, circuits consisting of resistor, inductor and capacitor (RLC) components are omnipresent in modern technology. The behavior of an RLC circuit is governed by its circuit Laplacian, which is analogous to the Hamiltonian describing the energetics of a physical system. Here we show that topological insulating and semimetallic states can be realized in a periodic RLC circuit. Topological boundary resonances (TBRs) appear in the impedance read-out of a topolectrical circuit, providing a robust signal for the presence of topological admittance bands. For experimental illustration, we build the Su-Schrieffer–Heeger circuit, where our impedance measurement detects the TBR midgap state. Topolectrical circuits establish a bridge between electrical engineering and topological states of matter, where the accessibility, scalability, and operability of electronics synergizes with the intricate boundary properties of topological phases.
KW  - electronics, photonics and device physics
KW  - topological insulators
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236422
VL  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kügel, Jens
A1  - Karolak, Michael
A1  - Krönlein, Andreas
A1  - Serrate, David
A1  - Bode, Matthias
A1  - Sangiovanni, Giorgio
T1  - Reversible magnetic switching of high-spin molecules on a giant Rashba surface
JF  - npj Quantum Materials
N2  - The quantum mechanical screening of a spin via conduction electrons depends sensitively on the environment seen by the magnetic impurity. A high degree of responsiveness can be obtained with metal complexes, as the embedding of a metal ion into an organic molecule prevents intercalation or alloying and allows for a good control by an appropriate choice of the ligands. There are therefore hopes to reach an “on demand” control of the spin state of single molecules adsorbed on substrates. Hitherto one route was to rely on “switchable” molecules with intrinsic bistabilities triggered by external stimuli, such as temperature or light, or on the controlled dosing of chemicals to form reversible bonds. However, these methods constrain the functionality to switchable molecules or depend on access to atoms or molecules. Here, we present a way to induce bistability also in a planar molecule by making use of the environment. We found that the particular “habitat” offered by an antiphase boundary of the Rashba system BiAg2 stabilizes a second structure for manganese phthalocyanine molecules, in which the central Mn ion moves out of the molecular plane. This corresponds to the formation of a large magnetic moment and a concomitant change of the ground state with respect to the conventional adsorption site. The reversible spin switch found here shows how we can not only rearrange electronic levels or lift orbital degeneracies via the substrate, but even sway the effects of many-body interactions in single molecules by acting on their surrounding.
KW  - electronic structure of atoms and molecules
KW  - magnetic properties and materials
KW  - surfaces, interfaces and thin films
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230866
VL  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tan, Z. B.
A1  - Elo, T.
A1  - Puska, A.
A1  - Sarkar, J.
A1  - Lähteenmäki, P.
A1  - Duerr, F.
A1  - Gould, C.
A1  - Molenkamp, L. W.
A1  - Nagaev, K. E.
A1  - Hakonen, P. J.
T1  - Hanbury-Brown and Twiss exchange and non-equilibrium-induced correlations in disordered, four-terminal graphene-ribbon conductor
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - We have investigated current-current correlations in a cross-shaped conductor made of graphene. The mean free path of charge carriers is on the order of the ribbon width which leads to a hybrid conductor where there is diffusive transport in the device arms while the central connection region displays near ballistic transport. Our data on auto and cross correlations deviate from the predictions of Landauer-Büttiker theory, and agreement can be obtained only by taking into account contributions from non-thermal electron distributions at the inlets to the semiballistic center, in which the partition noise becomes strongly modified. The experimental results display distinct Hanbury – Brown and Twiss (HBT) exchange correlations, the strength of which is boosted by the non-equilibrium occupation-number fluctuations internal to this hybrid conductor. Our work demonstrates that variation in electron coherence along atomically-thin, two-dimensional conductors has significant implications on their noise and cross correlation properties.
KW  - conductive hybrid
KW  - partition noise
KW  - occupation number fluctuations
KW  - current-current correlation
KW  - device arm
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240348
VL  - 8
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Waldherr, Max
A1  - Lundt, Nils
A1  - Klaas, Martin
A1  - Betzold, Simon
A1  - Wurdack, Matthias
A1  - Baumann, Vasilij
A1  - Estrecho, Eliezer
A1  - Nalitov, Anton
A1  - Cherotchenko, Evgenia
A1  - Cai, Hui
A1  - Ostrovskaya, Elena A.
A1  - Kavokin, Alexey V.
A1  - Tongay, Sefaattin
A1  - Klembt, Sebastian
A1  - Höfling, Sven
A1  - Schneider, Christian
T1  - Observation of bosonic condensation in a hybrid monolayer MoSe2-GaAs microcavity
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - Bosonic condensation belongs to the most intriguing phenomena in physics, and was mostly reserved for experiments with ultra-cold quantum gases. More recently, it became accessible in exciton-based solid-state systems at elevated temperatures. Here, we demonstrate bosonic condensation driven by excitons hosted in an atomically thin layer of MoSe2, strongly coupled to light in a solid-state resonator. The structure is operated in the regime of collective strong coupling between a Tamm-plasmon resonance, GaAs quantum well excitons, and two-dimensional excitons confined in the monolayer crystal. Polariton condensation in a monolayer crystal manifests by a superlinear increase of emission intensity from the hybrid polariton mode, its density-dependent blueshift, and a dramatic collapse of the emission linewidth, a hallmark of temporal coherence. Importantly, we observe a significant spin-polarization in the injected polariton condensate, a fingerprint for spin-valley locking in monolayer excitons. Our results pave the way towards highly nonlinear, coherent valleytronic devices and light sources.
KW  - polaritons
KW  - two-dimensional materials
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-233280
VL  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
T1  - Search for new phenomena in events with same-charge leptons and b-jets in pp collisions at √\(s\) = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
JF  - Journal of High Energy Physics
N2  - A search for new phenomena in events with two same- charge leptons or three leptons and jets identi fi ed as originating from b - quarks in a data sample of 36.1 fb of pp collisions at ps = 13TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is reported. No signi fi cant excess is found and limits are set on vector- like quark, fourtop- quark, and same- sign top- quark pair production. The observed ( expected) 95% CL mass limits for a vector- like T - and B - quark singlet are mT > 0 : 98 ( 0 : 99) TeV and mB > 1 : 00 ( 1 : 01) TeV respectively. Limits on the production of the vector- like T5=3 - quark are also derived considering both pair and single production; in the former case the lower limit on the mass of the T5=3 - quark is ( expected to be) 1.19 ( 1.21) TeV. The Standard Model fourtop- quark production cross- section upper limit is ( expected to be) 69 ( 29) fb. Constraints are also set on exotic four- top- quark production models. Finally, limits are set on samesign top- quark pair production. The upper limit on uu ! tt production is ( expected to be) 89 ( 59) fb for a mediator mass of 1TeV, and a dark- matter interpretation is also derived, excluding a mediator of 3TeV with a dark- sector coupling of 1.0 and a coupling to ordinary matter above 0.31.
KW  - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments)
KW  - SUSHI
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312681
VL  - 12
IS  - 39
ER  -