TY - THES A1 - Strobel, Sabrina Luise T1 - Astrozyten- und mikrogliaspezifische mitochondriale DNA-Deletionen und neuroinflammations-assoziierte Genexpression bei sporadischer Alzheimer-Demenz T1 - Astrocyte- and microglia-specific mitochondrial DNA deletions and expression of genes related to neuroinflammation over the course of sporadic Alzheimer's disease progression N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden einerseits zelltypspezifische Untersuchungen der mitochondrialen DNA zur Bestimmung der Deletionslast, als Marker für oxidativen Stress, andererseits neuroinflammations-assoziierte Genexpressions-Analysen am humanen post mortem Hirngewebe von Patienten mit unterschiedlichen Stadien der Alzheimer Erkrankung durchgeführt. Als Grundlage hierzu diente das noch nicht gänzlich aufgeschlüsselte Konzept der selektiven Vulnerabilität unterschiedlicher Hirnregionen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der Hippocampus, eine auf lichtmikroskopischer Ebene sehr früh befallene Region, auch molekularbiologisch deutliche Unterschiede gegenüber resistenten Regionen wie z.B. dem Kleinhirn aufweist. N2 - In the present study, cell-type specific mitochondrial DNA deletion levels, as marker for oxidative stress on the one hand and neuroinflammation-related gene expression on the other hand were analyzed on human post mortem brain tissue from patients with Alzheimer’s disease at different stages. The study is based on the concept of selective vulnerability of different brain regions, which is not yet fully understood. Microscopical early affected regions such as the hippocampus show differences also on molecular level compared to more resistant regions such as the cerebellum. KW - sporadische Alzheimer-Demenz KW - mitochondriale DNA-Deletionen KW - Neuroinflammation KW - Sporadische Alzheimer-Demenz KW - Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease KW - mitochondriale DNA KW - oxidativer Stress KW - Neuroinflammation KW - selektive Vulnerabilität KW - selective vulnerability KW - oxidative stress KW - mitochondrial DNA Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177639 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kang, Ji Hyoun A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Walter, Ronald B. A1 - Meyer, Axel T1 - Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all species of swordtails and platies (Pisces: Genus Xiphophorus) uncovers a hybrid origin of a swordtail fish, Xiphophorus monticolus, and demonstrates that the sexually selected sword originated in the ancestral lineage of the genus, but was lost again secondarily JF - BMC Evolutionary Biology N2 - Background: Males in some species of the genus Xiphophorus, small freshwater fishes from Meso-America, have an extended caudal fin, or sword - hence their common name "swordtails". Longer swords are preferred by females from both sworded and - surprisingly also, non-sworded (platyfish) species that belong to the same genus. Swordtails have been studied widely as models in research on sexual selection. Specifically, the pre-existing bias hypothesis was interpreted to best explain the observed bias of females in presumed ancestral lineages of swordless species that show a preference for assumed derived males with swords over their conspecific swordless males. However, many of the phylogenetic relationships within this genus still remained unresolved. Here we construct a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of all 26 known Xiphophorus species, including the four recently described species (X. kallmani, X. mayae, X. mixei and X. monticolus). We use two mitochondrial and six new nuclear markers in an effort to increase the understanding of the evolutionary relationships among the species in this genus. Based on the phylogeny, the evolutionary history and character state evolution of the sword was reconstructed and found to have originated in the common ancestral lineage of the genus Xiphophorus and that it was lost again secondarily. Results: We estimated the evolutionary relationships among all known species of the genus Xiphophorus based on the largest set of DNA markers so far. The phylogeny indicates that one of the newly described swordtail species, Xiphophorus monticolus, is likely to have arisen through hybridization since it is placed with the southern platyfish in the mitochondrial phylogeny, but with the southern swordtails in the nuclear phylogeny. Such discordance between these two types of markers is a strong indication for a hybrid origin. Additionally, by using a maximum likelihood approach the possession of the sexually selected sword trait is shown to be the most likely ancestral state for the genus Xiphophorus. Further, we provide a well supported estimation of the phylogenetic relationships between the previously unresolved northern swordtail groups. Conclusions: This comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the entire genus Xiphophorus provides evidence that a second swordtail species, X. monticolus, arose through hybridization. Previously, we demonstrated that X. clemenciae, another southern swordtail species, arose via hybridization. These findings highlight the potential key role of hybridization in the evolution of this genus and suggest the need for further investigations into how hybridization contributes to speciation more generally. KW - parten-offspring conflict KW - introgressive hybridization KW - mitochondrial DNA KW - molecular phylogeny KW - likelihood approach KW - tree selection KW - preexisting bias KW - adaptive radiation KW - evolution KW - poeciliidae Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121853 SN - 1471-2148 VL - 13 IS - 25 ER - TY - THES A1 - Jung, Sven T1 - Forensische DNA-Analytik T1 - Forensic DNA-analysis N2 - Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Möglichkeiten, die die mitochondriale DNA-Analytik für die Spurenkunde und die Populationsgenetik eröffnet, ausgelotet. Polymorphismen der beiden nichtcodierenden hypervariablen Regionen HV1 und HV2 wurden durch Sequenzierung erschlossen und ergaben zusammen für eine deutsche Populationsstichprobe (Unterfranken, n = 180) einen Diskriminationsindex (DI) von 0,99. Der DI betrug bei alleiniger Betrachtung der HV1 für eine deutsche (n = 198), türkische (n = 37), äthiopische (n = 65) und chinesische (n = 60) Populationsstichprobe jeweils 0,97, 0,97, 0,96 und 0,98. Lösungen für spezifische Sequenzierungsprobleme der mitochondrialen DNA wurden gefunden, so dass ein reibungsloser Einsatz in der Laborroutine gewährleistet ist. Die Mutationshäufigkeit in der HV1 und HV2 wurde mit einem Wert von ca. einem Basenaustausch bei 50 Generationswechseln festgestellt. Die Nützlichkeit der mitochondrialen DNA für rechtsmedizinische Belange hat sich bereits mehrfach bestätigt. Insbesondere bei der Untersuchung von Haarschäften und telogenen Haaren zeigte sich, dass mit Hilfe mitochondrialer DNA noch erfolgreiche Amplifikationen durchgeführt werden können, wenn die klassischen STR-Systeme bereits versagen. Die für spurenkundliche Analysen sinnvolle Sequenz-Analyse der HVs wurde für populationsgenetische Untersuchungen als ungeeignet erkannt. Untersuchungen auf Grund einer Einteilung in Haplogruppen erbrachten hingegen verwertbare Ergebnisse. Beim Vergleich der verschiedenen Populationen unter Zuhilfenahme weiterer, andernorts untersuchter Bevölkerungsgruppen zeigte sich, dass es durchaus möglich ist, an Hand der mitochondrialen DNA Populationen verschiedener Kontinente voneinander abzugrenzen. Innerhalb Europas (Kaukasier) ist eine derartige Abgrenzung hingegen nicht möglich, geschweige denn, dass Wanderungsbewegungen o.ä. nachweisbar wären. Dies gilt sowohl für Untersuchungen auf Grund der Sequenzen der hypervariablen Regionen, als auch basierend auf Untersuchungen der Haplogruppen. Andere variable Regionen der mitochondrialen DNA erwiesen sich als zu wenig aussagekräftig, als dass sie in der rechtsmedizinischen Praxis von besonderer Relevanz wären. Die Analyse des hochkonservierten Cytochrom b Genes kann dagegen als geeignetes Mittel zur Speziesidentifikation betrachtet werden. Unsicherheiten bei der RFLP-Darstellung machen jedoch unter Umständen eine Sequenzierung des Genes nötig. Ein im ersten Intron des X-Y homologen Amelogenin-Gens liegendes, geschlechtspezifisch polymorphes STR-System wurde eingeführt, welches auch für die automatisierte Auftrennung im Sequenz-Analysator geeignet ist. Die vier autosomalen STR-Systeme D3S1358, D8S1179, D18S51 und D21S11 wurden für die forensische Praxis als Einzelsysteme etabliert. Zu diesen Systemen wurden jeweils unterfränkische Populationsstichproben typisiert, um für diese Region relevantes Datenmaterial zu erhalten. Zur Erweiterung der bereits vorhandenen Y-chromosomalen STR-Spektrums wurde das aussagekräftige Mikrosatellitensystem DYS385 eingeführt. Auch mit diesem System wurde eine unterfränkische Populationsstichprobe typisiert. Die Mutationshäufigkeit verschiedener STR-Systeme wurde untersucht und die gefundenen Ergebnisse lagen im Vergleich mit anderen Arbeiten im erwarteten Rahmen. Für die DNA-Extraktion aus in Formalin fixiertem und in Paraffin eingebettetem Gewebe wurde eine geeignete Methode gefunden, auch aus Geweben, die sehr lange in Formalin fixiert wurden, noch typisierbare DNA zu extrahieren. Die untersuchten Extraktionsprotokolle für unbehandelte Gewebeproben zeigten untereinander keine gravierenden Unterschiede. Der begrenzende Faktor für eine erfolgreiche DNA-Extraktion ist hier vielmehr der Zersetzungsgrad des behandelten Gewebes und die damit einhergehende Degradation der DNA. Insofern ist es sinnvoll in Fällen, in denen unbehandeltes Gewebematerial längere Zeit unwirtlichen Bedingungen ausgesetzt war, gleich auf eine DNA-Extraktionsmethode aus Knochenmaterial, wie die in dieser Arbeit beschriebene, zurückzugreifen. N2 - In this study various possibilities of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-analysis in forensic casework and population genetics have been examined. Polymorphisms of the two noncoding hypervariable regions HV1 and HV2 were analyzed by sequencing and for a German population sample (Lower Franconia, n = 180) the Power of Discrimination (PD) was calculated to 0.99. PD of the HV1 only for a German (n = 198), Turkish (n = 37), Ethiopian (n = 65) and Chinese (n = 60) population sample was 0.97, 0.97, 0.96 and 0.98 respectively. Various problems with DNA-sequencing of the mtDNA resulting out of structural features have been solved. The mutation rate for HV1 and HV2 was found to be about 1 base-exchange in 50 generations. Analysis of mtDNA has already shown its usefulness in forensic casework, especially when hair shafts or telogen hairs had to be examined. While the regularly used STR-systems failed to provide valid data, amplification of mtDNA often was successful. For population studies by means of mtDNA sequencing data had to be assigned to haplogroups. Comparison of the examined population data and data from other groups showed the possibility to differentiate between populations on a global scale. Differentiation or tracing of population movements for European (Caucasian) populations however could be shown to be of little use. Other variable regions of the mtDNA displayed only little forensic relevance. Analysis of the highly conservative cytochrome b gene seems promising for species identification purposes. However fast accomplished methods like RFLP-analysis cause uncertainties that have to be dealt with by sequencing the gene. A new DNA-based sex-test consisting of a sex-specific STR-system within the first intron of the X-Y homologues amelogenin gene was established, that is applicable for separation in a capillary sequencer. The four autosomal STR-systems D3S1358, D8S1179, D18S51 and D21S11 have been set up for forensic applications. A population sample from Lower Franconia was evaluated in order to receive regionally relevant data. The Y-chromosomal STR-system DYS385 was evaluated in the same way. Mutation rates for several STR-systems were determined. The observed rates were in good accordance with the results found by other researchers. A method for extraction of DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material was established. This method allows DNA-extraction from tissues, even after prolonged fixation times. The examined extraction-protocols for untreated tissues did not result in significant differences. The limiting factor for a successful DNA-analysis seems to be rather the state of decay and the resulting DNA-degradation. Therefore, when working with decayed material, it revealed to be more efficient to directly extract DNA from compact bone using an extraction method, like the one presented in this study. KW - DNS KW - Analyse KW - Rechtsmedizin KW - Metochondriale DNS KW - Polymorphismus KW - DNA-Polymorphismen KW - Populationsgenetik KW - Spurenkunde KW - mitochondriale DNA KW - STR KW - DNA-Extraktion KW - Paraffin KW - Gewebe KW - Knochen KW - DNA-polymporhisms KW - population genetics KW - forensic genetics KW - mitochondrial DNA KW - STR KW - DNA-extraction KW - paraffin KW - tissue KW - bone Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3031 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marquardt, André A1 - Solimando, Antonio Giovanni A1 - Kerscher, Alexander A1 - Bittrich, Max A1 - Kalogirou, Charis A1 - Kübler, Hubert A1 - Rosenwald, Andreas A1 - Bargou, Ralf A1 - Kollmannsberger, Philip A1 - Schilling, Bastian A1 - Meierjohann, Svenja A1 - Krebs, Markus T1 - Subgroup-Independent Mapping of Renal Cell Carcinoma — Machine Learning Reveals Prognostic Mitochondrial Gene Signature Beyond Histopathologic Boundaries JF - Frontiers in Oncology N2 - Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is divided into three major histopathologic groups—clear cell (ccRCC), papillary (pRCC) and chromophobe RCC (chRCC). We performed a comprehensive re-analysis of publicly available RCC datasets from the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database, thereby combining samples from all three subgroups, for an exploratory transcriptome profiling of RCC subgroups. Materials and Methods: We used FPKM (fragments per kilobase per million) files derived from the ccRCC, pRCC and chRCC cohorts of the TCGA database, representing transcriptomic data of 891 patients. Using principal component analysis, we visualized datasets as t-SNE plot for cluster detection. Clusters were characterized by machine learning, resulting gene signatures were validated by correlation analyses in the TCGA dataset and three external datasets (ICGC RECA-EU, CPTAC-3-Kidney, and GSE157256). Results: Many RCC samples co-clustered according to histopathology. However, a substantial number of samples clustered independently from histopathologic origin (mixed subgroup)—demonstrating divergence between histopathology and transcriptomic data. Further analyses of mixed subgroup via machine learning revealed a predominant mitochondrial gene signature—a trait previously known for chRCC—across all histopathologic subgroups. Additionally, ccRCC samples from mixed subgroup presented an inverse correlation of mitochondrial and angiogenesis-related genes in the TCGA and in three external validation cohorts. Moreover, mixed subgroup affiliation was associated with a highly significant shorter overall survival for patients with ccRCC—and a highly significant longer overall survival for chRCC patients. Conclusions: Pan-RCC clustering according to RNA-sequencing data revealed a distinct histology-independent subgroup characterized by strengthened mitochondrial and weakened angiogenesis-related gene signatures. Moreover, affiliation to mixed subgroup went along with a significantly shorter overall survival for ccRCC and a longer overall survival for chRCC patients. Further research could offer a therapy stratification by specifically addressing the mitochondrial metabolism of such tumors and its microenvironment. KW - kidney cancer KW - pan-RCC KW - machine learning KW - mitochondrial DNA KW - mtDNA KW - mTOR Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-232107 SN - 2234-943X VL - 11 ER -