TY - THES A1 - Warnke, Clemens T1 - Mechanismen TNF-induzierter Genexpression T1 - Mechanisms of TNF-induced gene expression N2 - TNF wird zunächst als TypII-Transmembranprotein (mTNF) gebildet und erst anschließend durch spezifische Spaltung durch die Metalloprotease TACE zum löslichen Zytokin sTNF prozessiert. Da mTNF der alleinige Hauptaktivator des TNFR2 ist und sich bisherige Untersuchungen zum TNF-Signaling weitgehend auf sTNF konzentrierten, ist vergleichsweise wenig über TNFR2-vermittelte Signaltransduktion bekannt. An TNFR1 sind dagegen beide TNF-Varianten bioaktiv. Trotz intensiver Untersuchung des TNFR1-Signaling sind jedoch auch hier viele Fragen noch unbeantwortet. Derzeit existieren deshalb zum TNFR1-Signaling zwei verschiedene Modellvorstellungen nebeneinander. Im ersten Modell, dem Modell der Kompartmentalisation, bindet TRADD erst nach Rezeptorinternalisierung an TNFR1, genauso wie FADD und Caspase-8. Die Rezeptorinternalisierung nach Ligandenbindung gilt hier daher als Voraussetzung für die TRADD-Rekrutierung und für die Apoptoseinduktion. Im zweiten Modell, dem Modell zweier sequentiell arbeitender Signalkomplexe, bindet TRADD dagegen bereits im membrangebundenen Signalkomplex an TNFR1. Anschließend dissoziiert TRADD vom Rezeptor, um im Zytoplasma einen zweiten, apoptoseinduzierenden Komplex mit FADD und Caspase-8 zu formen. Um mehr über TNFR2 zu erfahren und um das TNFR1-Signaling besser zu verstehen, wurden in dieser Arbeit die Signaltransduktion und die Geninduktion über TNFR1 und TNFR2 nach Stimulation mit mTNF untersucht. Ziel war es letztlich, eine Methode zu etablieren, die es erlaubt, membrangebundene TNFR1- und TNFR2-Signalkomplexe getrennt zu isolieren. Dazu wurden zunächst nicht zu sTNF spaltbare TNFR1- bzw. TNFR2-spezifische mTNF-Varianten mit GST-Tag hinsichtlich Rezeptorbindung und Rezeptoraktivierung näher charakterisiert. Die selektive Bindung dieser mTNF-Varianten an TNFR1 bzw. TNFR2 konnte gezeigt werden. Auch der Nachweis ihre Funktionalität in Versuchen zur IL8-Induktion war möglich. Mit Hilfe der TNFR1-spezifischen mTNF-Variante gelang im GST-Fishing die Koimmunopräzipitation von TNFR1, TRADD und TRAF2 und damit die Isolierung des membrangebundenen Signalkomplexes des TNFR1. Mit Hilfe einer TNFR2-spezifischen Variante konnten dagegen TNFR2 und TRAF2 koimmunopräzipitiert werden, TRADD dagegen nicht. Somit ließen sich mit den rezeptorspezifischen Varianten von mTNF die Rezeptorsignalkomplexe des TNFR1 und TNFR2 getrennt isolieren. Interessant war dabei insbesondere die TRADD-Rekrutierung an TNFR1 im membrangebundenen TNFR1-Signalkomplex. Da die Internalisierung von TNFR1 nach mTNF-Stimulation schwer vorstellbar ist, bindet TRADD offensichtlich an TNFR1, ohne dass eine Rezeptorinternalisierung Voraussetzung wäre. Damit erscheint das Modell der Kompartmentalisation zumindest für mTNF wenig plausibel. Dagegen sind die bisher für mTNF erhobenen Daten mit einer TRADD-Dissoziation vom Rezeptor vereinbar, weshalb ein Modell zweier sequentiell arbeitender Signalkomplexe durchaus auch für mTNF Gültigkeit besitzen könnte. N2 - In this dissertation, membrane bound TNF and its receptor selective muteins are shown to induce gene expression and to selectively bind to TNFR1 and TNFR2. Furthermore, in GST-Fishing experiments membrane bound TNF induced signal transduction leading to NFkB and apoptosis induction was further investigated. Two existing different models of TNFalpha induced apoptosis in the literature were compared, the model of two sequential signaling complexes and the model of compartmentalisation. In this dissertation, it was shown that the model of two sequential signaling complexes is more likely to be able to explain membrane bound TNF induced apoptosis. KW - Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor KW - Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor KW - Apoptosis KW - Entzündung KW - Zytokine KW - cytokine KW - NFkB KW - Signaltransduktion KW - cytokine KW - tnf KW - apoptosis Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-23989 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schaffstein, Stella T1 - Molekulare Mechanismen der nicht-apoptotischen Signaltransduktion des Todesliganden TRAIL (Apo-2 Ligand) T1 - Molecular mechanisms of non-apoptotic signaling of the death-ligand TRAIL (Apo-2 ligand) N2 - TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)/Apo-2 Ligand ist ein Mitglied der TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-Superfamilie, das in den vergangenen Jahren als potentielles Tumortherapeutikum breite Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen hat. Denn über seine korrespondierenden Todesrezeptoren induziert TRAIL vornehmlich in Tumorzellen den apoptotischen Zelltod, während normale Zellen unbeschadet bleiben (Ashkenazi et al., 1999; Walczak et al., 1999; Griffith et al., 1998). Neuere Studien belegen allerdings, dass die TRAIL-Todesrezeptoren neben ihrer herausragenden Funktion als Auslöser der Apoptose zusätzlich die Fähigkeit zur Aktivierung nicht-apoptotischer Signalwege besitzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden vornehmlich die nicht-apoptotischen Signalwege wie die MAPK-Kaskaden sowie die NFkappaB-Signalwege in Verbindung mit der Aktivierung von Apoptose sowie der Induktion des Chemokins IL-8 analysiert. Hierfür wurde die humane Pankreasadenokarzinomzellinie Colo 357 verwendet. In den Experimenten konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass TRAIL die MAP Kinasen JNK, ERK und p38 in Colo 357 Zellen induziert. Die Induktion erfolgte hierbei unabhängig vom apoptotischen Zelltod aber abhängig von der Aktivierung der Caspasen. Desweiteren konnte eine TRAIL-vermittelte Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NFkappaB in Colo 357 Zellen demonstriert werden. Anhand von ELISA-Experimenten wurde gezeigt, dass sowohl die Aktivierung der MAP Kinasen als auch die Aktivierung von NFkappaB eine essentielle Rolle bei der TRAIL-vermittelten Induktion von IL-8 spielen. Durch die Induktion von IL-8 wiederum kann TRAIL inflammatorische Effekte induzieren. Im Hinblick auf eine potentielle Tumortherapie mit TRAIL legen die Daten dieser Studie die Notwendigkeit von Kombinationstherapien mit TRAIL nahe. So kann durch die Kombination von TRAIL mit anti-inflammatorisch wirkenden Medikamenten eine Reduktion entzündlicher Nebenwirkungen erzielt werden. Andererseits kann durch Verwendung von TRAIL zusammen mit Proteasom-Inhibitoren die Resistenz gegenüber TRAIL-vermittelter Apoptose vermindert werden und gleichzeitig eine anti-inflammatorische und NFkappaB-hemmende Wirkung erzielt werden. N2 - TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), also known as Apo-2 ligand, is one of several members of the TNF (tumor necrosis factor) superfamily that induce apoptosis through engagement of death receptors (Wiley et al., 1995). This protein has generated tremendous excitement as a potential tumor-specific cancer therapeutic because it selectively induces apoptosis in many transformed cells but not in normal cells (Ashkenazi et al., 1999; Walczak et al., 1999; Griffith et al., 1998). Since its discovery in 1995, TRAIL has been predominantly described as a potent inducer of apoptosis with functions in tumor surveillance and immune privilege through binding of its corresponding death receptors. More recent studies however point to additional, apoptosis-independent functions of the TRAIL-death-receptors. The experiments described in this study focused mainly on TRAIL-mediated activation of the non-apoptotic signaling pathways as the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades and the transcriptional factor NFkappaB in connection with the induction of apoptotic cell death as well as the induction of the chemokine IL-8. For the described project the human pancreatic cancer cell line Colo 357 was predominantely used. The experiments demonstrated that TRAIL induces the activation of the MAPK cascades JNK, ERK and p38 in Colo 357 cells. This induction occured independently of the induction of apoptotic cell death but dependently of the activation of caspases. Furthermore a TRAIL-mediated activation of the transcriptional factor NFkappaB was demonstrated in Colo 357 cells. Both the activation of the MAP kinase JNK and the induction of NFkappaB were shown to play a decisive role in the TRAIL-induced expression of the chemokine IL-8. In correspondance to potential tumor-specific cancer therapy with TRAIL the data of this study suggest the use of combintion therapies of TRAIL, on the one hand combination with anti-inflammatory drugs to avoid side effects arising from the proinflammatory potential of TRAIL and on the other hand combintaion with drugs to overcome resistance against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis such as proteasomal inhibitors which were shown to not only reinforce TRAIL-mediated apoptosis but also have anti-inflammatory and NFkappaB inhibitory effects. KW - Apoptosis KW - TRAIL KW - Apoptose KW - c-Jun N-terminale Kinase KW - NFkappaB KW - Interleukin 8 KW - TRAIL KW - apoptosis KW - c-Jun N-terminal kinase KW - NFkappaB KW - interleukine 8 Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55943 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rauert, H. A1 - Stühmer, T. A1 - Bargou, R. A1 - Wajant, H. A1 - Siegmund, D. T1 - TNFR1 and TNFR2 regulate the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in myeloma cells by multiple mechanisms JF - Cell Death and Disease N2 - The huge majority of myeloma cell lines express TNFR2 while a substantial subset of them failed to show TNFR1 expression. Stimulation of TNFR1 in the TNFR1-expressing subset of MM cell lines had no or only a very mild effect on cellular viability. Surprisingly, however, TNF stimulation enhanced cell death induction by CD95L and attenuated the apoptotic effect of TRAIL. The contrasting regulation of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced cell death by TNF could be traced back to the concomitant NFjBmediated upregulation of CD95 and the antiapoptotic FLIP protein. It appeared that CD95 induction, due to its strength, overcompensated a rather moderate upregulation of FLIP so that the net effect of TNF-induced NFjB activation in the context of CD95 signaling is pro-apoptotic. TRAIL-induced cell death, however, was antagonized in response to TNF because in this context only the induction of FLIP is relevant. Stimulation of TNFR2 in myeloma cells leads to TRAF2 depletion. In line with this, we observed cell death induction in TNFR1-TNFR2-costimulated JJN3 cells. Our studies revealed that the TNF-TNF receptor system adjusts the responsiveness of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in myeloma cells by multiple mechanisms that generate a highly context-dependent net effect on myeloma cell survival KW - apoptosis KW - CD95 KW - multiple myeloma KW - NFkB KW - TNF KW - TRAIL KW - NF-Kappa-B KW - Tumor-necrosis-factor KW - Factor receptor KW - Factor-alpha KW - Activation KW - Polymorphisms KW - Inhibitor KW - Promoter KW - Transcription KW - Expression Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133486 VL - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rauert-Wunderlich, Hilka T1 - Apoptoseregulation durch TNF im Multiplen Myelom T1 - Regulation of apoptosis via TNF in multiple myeloma N2 - Der Tumornekrosefaktor (TNF) entfaltet seine vielfältigen biologischen Aktivitäten durch die Stimulation der beiden TNF-Rezeptoren TNFR1 und TNFR2. Die TNFR1-vermittelte Signaltransduktion ist in vielen Details gut verstanden, wohingegen die TNFR2-vermittelte Signaltransduktion bis heute kaum untersucht ist. Mit Hilfe einer in unserer Gruppe entwickelten hochaktiven TNFR2-spezifischen TNF-Variante sowie einer bereits länger bekannten TNFR1-spezifischen TNF-Variante wurde in dieser Arbeit die TNF-Signaltransduktion insbesondere im Mutiplen Myelom untersucht. Mit Hilfe der beiden TNF-Varianten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die alleinige Stimulation des TNFR2 die Aktivierung des alternativen NFkappaB-Signalweges vermittelt, wohingegen TNFR1 nicht dazu in der Lage ist. So zeigte sich im Einklang mit der inhibitorischen Funktion des Adapterproteins TRAF2 in der Signaltransduktion des alternativen NFkappaB-Signalweges, dass die TNFR2-Stimulation in einer TRAF2-Depletion resultiert. Dies führt weiterhin zur Akkumulation von NIK und der Prozessierung von p100 zu seiner aktiven Form p52, den klassischen biochemisch nachweisbaren Ereignissen der Aktivierung des alternativen NFkappaB-Signalweges. Aufgrund der Rolle des NFkappaB-Systems im Multiplen Myelom (MM) und der stimulierenden Wirkung des TNFR1 und TNFR2 auf das NFkappaB-System wurde die Expression und Funktion dieser beiden Rezeptoren auf Myelomzelllinien untersucht. Insbesondere wurde analysiert, welchen Effekt eine spezifische Stimulation der beiden TNF-Rezeptoren auf die apoptotische Sensitivität von Myelomzellen hat. Mit einer Ausnahme wiesen alle untersuchten Myelomzelllinien eine eindeutige TNFR2-Oberflächenexpression auf, die TNFR1-Expression hingegen war heterogen. Die TNFR1-Stimulation in den TNFR1-positiven Zelllinien zeigte keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Zellviabilität. Allerdings resultierte eine Vorstimulation mit TNF in einer gesteigerten Sensitivität für den CD95L-induzierten Zelltod, schützte aber gleichzeitig vor der TRAIL-vermittelten Induktion der Apoptose. Der gegenläufige Effekt der TNF-Vorstimulation auf den CD95L- und TRAIL-induzierten Zelltod konnte auf die Hochregulation der CD95-Oberflächenexpression und der gesteigerten Expression des antiapoptotischen cFLIPLong-Proteins zurückgeführt werden. Beide Effekte basieren auf der TNF-induzierten Aktivierung des klassischen NFkappaB-Signalweges. Im CD95L-induzierten Zelltod überkompensierte die Induktion der CD95-Expression offensichtlich die Hochregulation von cFLIPLong und resultierte in gesteigertem Zelltod. Der TRAIL-induzierte Zelltod hingegen wurde durch die TNF-Vorstimulation abgeschwächt, da hier lediglich die durch den klassischen NFkappaB-Signalweg vermittelte gesteigerte Expression des antiapoptotischen cFLIPLong eine Rolle spielte. Desweiteren zeigten die Analysen in dieser Arbeit, dass die TNFR2-Stimulation zu einer Depletion von TRAF2 und z. B. in JJN3-Zellen zu einer Sensitivierung für den TNFR1-induzierten Zelltod führte. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigten in der Summe somit, dass das TNF-TNFR-Signaling durch verschiedene Mechanismen Einfluss auf den Ausgang der extrinsischen Apoptoseinduktion hat, und dass der Effekt von TNF auf das Überleben von MM-Zellen kontextabhängig ist. N2 - TNF mediates its biological functions by stimulation of the two TNF receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1-mediated signaling has already been studied in detail, whereas TNFR2-mediated signal transduction is poorly understood. In this work a newly developed TNFR2-specific variant and an established TNFR1-specific variant was used to study TNF signaling especially in myeloma cells. With the help of these TNF-variants it is shown here that TNFR2, but not TNFR1, induces activation of the alternative NFkappaB-pathway. Thus in consent with the inhibitory function of TRAF2 in alternative NFkappaB signal transduction, stimulation of TNFR2 resulted in depletion of TRAF2, accumulation of NIK and p100 processing to p52, the biochemical hallmarks of this pathway. Due to the relevance of the NFkappaB-system for multiple myeloma (MM) and the NFkappaB stimulatory activities of TNFR1 and TNFR2, the expression of these two receptors and their effect on apoptotic sensitivity was analyzed in myeloma cell lines. A huge majority of myeloma cell lines express TNFR2 whereas TNFR1 expression is rather restricted. Stimulation of TNFR1 in the TNFR1-positive subset of MM cell lines showed nearly no impact on cellular viability. However, TNF stimulation enhanced CD95L-induced cell death and in parallel reduced the TRAIL-mediated induction of apoptosis. This opposed regulation of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced cell death by TNF based on upregulation of the death receptor CD95 via the classical NFkappaB-pathway and by upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein cFLIPLong via the same pathway. The induction of CD95 expression appeared to overcompensate the upregulation of cFLIPLong and consequently TNF-induced NFkappaB activation resulted, in context of CD95 signaling, in apoptosis enhancement. TRAIL-mediated cell death induction, however, was reduced after TNF prestimulation, due to the fact that here only upregulation of cFLIPLong was relevant. Furthermore the experiments in this study showed that TNFR2-mediated depletion of TRAF2 resulted in a sensitization for TNFR1-induced cell death, for example in JJN3-cells. Taken together, this study revealed that the TNF-TNFR system influenced the outcome of activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in myeloma cells by various mechanisms and the effect of TNF on MM cell survival is thus context dependent. KW - Apoptosis KW - Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor KW - Plasmozytom KW - apoptosis KW - TNF KW - multiple myeloma Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73998 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lang, Isabell T1 - Molekulare Mechanismen der CD95-Aktivierung T1 - Molecular mechanisms of CD95 activation N2 - Die Stimulation des CD95-Todesrezeptors durch seinen natürlichen membranständigen Li-ganden CD95L führt zur kontextabhängigen Aktivierung von sowohl apoptotischen als auch nicht-apoptotischen Signalwegen. Durch Proteolyse wird aus dem membranständigen CD95L löslicher trimerer CD95L freigesetzt. Die Bindung von löslichem trimerem CD95L an CD95 ist nicht ausreichend, um die CD95-Signaltransduktion effizient zu stimulieren. Die Fähigkeit von löslichen CD95L-Trimeren CD95-vermittelte Signalwege robust zu aktivieren kann jedoch durch Oligomerisierung und artifizielle Immobilisierung an eine Oberfläche drastisch gesteigert werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde zunächst bestätigt, dass nur oligomere CD95L-Varianten, die z.B. durch Antikörpervernetzung von N-terminal getaggten rekombinanten CD95L-Varianten oder durch eine gentechnisch erzwungene Hexamerisierung von CD95L-Molekülen erhalten wur-den, in der Lage sind, effizient apoptotische und nicht-apoptotische Signalwege zu aktivieren. Ferner zeigte sich dann, dass die Bindung von löslichen CD95L-Trimeren nicht ausreichend ist, um die Translokation von CD95-Molekülen in detergenzunlösliche „Lipid Raft“- Membrandomänen zu stimulieren. Die „Lipid Raft“-Translokation ist ein zentrales Ereignis bei der CD95-Aktivierung und vor allem für die Induktion der Apoptose bedeutsam. Dabei ist ein selbstverstärkender Prozess aus Caspase-8-Aktivierung und „Lipid Raft“-Assoziation des CD95 von Bedeutung. Um die Interaktion von CD95 und CD95L mit Hilfe von hoch sensitiven zellulären Bindungs-studien analysieren zu können, wurden in dieser Arbeit desweiteren CD95L-Fusionsproteine entwickelt und hergestellt, an welche N-terminal eine Gaussia princeps Luziferase (GpL)- Reporterdomäne gekoppelt ist. So konnte mit den GpL-CD95L-Fusionsproteinen gezeigt werden, dass die Oligomerisierung von CD95L-Trimeren keinen Effekt auf die Ligandenbele-gung des CD95 hat. Dies spricht dafür, dass die höhere spezifische Aktivität von oligomeri-sierten CD95L-Trimeren nicht auf einer Aviditäts-vermittelten Zunahme der apparenten Affi-nität beruht, sondern dies deutet darauf hin, dass die sekundäre Aggregation von sich initial bildenden trimeren CD95L-CD95-Komplexen eine entscheidende Rolle in der CD95-Aktivierung spielt. Durch Scatchard-Analysen zeigte sich ferner, dass trimerer CD95L mit mindestens zwei zellulären Bindungsstellen unterschiedlicher Affinität interagiert. Bindungs-studien mit löslichen monomeren und trimeren GpL-CD95-Rezeptoren an membranständigen CD95L, als auch Inhibitionsstudien ergaben, dass trimerer CD95 weitaus besser an CD95L bindet. Dies legt nahe, dass es sich bei den zuvor beobachteten hoch- und niederaffinen Bindungsstellen für CD95L um monomere bzw. prä-assemblierte CD95-Moleküle handelt. Die GpL-CD95L-Fusionsproteine wurden auch genutzt, um die CD95-Translokation in „Lipid Rafts“ zu analysieren. So wurde trimerer GpL-CD95L als „Tracer“ zur Markierung von inaktiven CD95-Molekülen eingesetzt. Nach Aktivierung der übrigen freien CD95-Moleküle mit hoch aktivem hexameren Fc-CD95L konnte eine Zunahme der inaktiven GpL-CD95L-markierten Rezeptoren in „Lipid Rafts“ beobachtet werden. Offensichtlich stimulieren also aktivierte CD95-Moleküle in „trans“ die Ko-Translokation inaktiver CD95-Rezeptoren in „Lipid Rafts“. Dies bestätigte sich auch in Experimenten mit Transfektanten, die einen chimären CD40-CD95-Rezeptor exprimieren. Letzterer ist nach Stimulation mit CD40L in der Lage, intrazellu-läre CD95-vermittelte Signalwege zu aktivieren. Die Aktivierung von CD95-assoziierten Sig-nalwegen durch Stimulation von endogenem CD95 in CD40-CD95-Transfektanten resultierte nun in der Ko-Translokation von unstimulierten CD40-CD95-Rezeptoren in „Lipid Rafts“. Vice versa zeigte sich die Ko-Translokation von endogenem CD95 nach spezifischer Aktivierung des chimären CD40-CD95-Rezeptors. Schlussendlich erwiesen sich eine funktionsfähige Todesdomäne und die Aktivierung der Caspase-8 als essentiell für die „Lipid Raft“-Assoziation von aktivierten CD95-Molekülen und auch für die durch diese Rezeptorspezies induzierte Ko-Translokation von inaktiven Rezeptoren in „Lipid Rafts“. N2 - Membrane-bound CD95L activates the CD95 death receptor to induce context-dependent apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling pathways. In contrast, soluble trimeric CD95L, which is released by proteolysis, is not sufficient to stimulate CD95-induced signaling. However, the ability of soluble CD95L trimers to activate robust CD95 mediated signaling pathways can be increased drastically by oligomerization and artificial immobilization on the cell surface. In this work, it has been confirmed that only the oligomeric CD95L-variants, produced by an-tibody crosslinking of N-terminal tagged recombinant CD95L-variants or by genetic engineer-ing-enforced formation of hexamers, are able to efficiently activate both apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling pathways. Moreover, it has been shown that binding of soluble trimeric CD95L is not sufficient to stimulate translocation of CD95 molecules to the “lipid raft”-containing compartment of the cell membrane. This translocation of CD95 to “lipid rafts” is a pivotal event in CD95 activation and mainly meaningful, especially for induction of apoptosis. Thereby an auto-amplification-loop of caspase-8 activation and association of CD95 with “lipid rafts” is of importance. To analyze CD95-CD95L interactions, highly sensitive cellular binding studies using CD95L fusion proteins linked to the N-terminal Gaussia princeps luciferase (GpL) have been per-formed. With GpL-CD95L fusion proteins it has been demonstrated that oligomerization of CD95L trimers has no major effect on CD95 occupancy. Therefore higher specific activity of oligomerized CD95L trimers is not related to an avidity-driven increase in apparent affinity. This suggests that a process of secondary aggregation of the initially formed trimeric CD95L-CD95 complexes is crucial for CD95 activation. Furthermore, the data obtained from scat-chard analysis showed that trimeric CD95L interacts with at least two binding sites of different affinity. This was further examined by performing binding studies of soluble monomeric and trimeric GpL-CD95 receptors to membrane-bound CD95L and neutralization assays. It was observed that trimeric CD95 receptor can bind to CD95L much better. These results suggest that the high and low affinity binding sites concern to monomeric or rather pre-assembled CD95 molecules. Moreover, GpL-CD95L fusion proteins have been employed to analyze translocation of CD95 to “lipid rafts”. In these experiments, GpL-CD95L trimers were applied to “mark” inactive CD95 molecules. Upon activation of the remaining free CD95 molecules using highly active Fc-CD95L, an increased association of these inactive receptors with “lipid rafts” was observed. Apparently activated CD95 molecules stimulate in “trans” the co-translocation of inactive CD95 receptors to “lipid rafts”. This has also been confirmed in experiments with transfectants expressing chimeric CD40-CD95 receptors. These chimeric receptors are able to activate CD95-mediated signaling pathways after stimulation with CD40L. After stimulation of endogenous CD95 in CD40-CD95 transfectants the unstimulated chimeric CD40-CD95 receptors co-translocated to “lipid rafts”. Conversely, activation of CD95-associated pathways by specific stimulation of chimeric CD40-CD95 receptors resulted in co-translocation of the endogenous CD95. In conclusion, it has been shown that a functional death domain and caspase-8 activation turned out to be essential for both “lipid raft” association of signaling-active CD95 molecules and co-translocation of inactive CD95 receptors induced by active receptor species. KW - Fas-Ligand KW - Apoptosis KW - Antigen CD95 KW - CD95 KW - CD95L KW - Apoptose KW - "Lipid Rafts" KW - FAS KW - CD95 KW - CD95L KW - apoptosis KW - "Lipid Rafts" Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73339 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klingseisen, Laura A1 - Ehrenschwender, Martin A1 - Heigl, Ulrike A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - Hehlgans, Thomas A1 - Schütze, Stefan A1 - Schneider-Brachert, Wulf T1 - E3-14.7K Is Recruited to TNF-Receptor 1 and Blocks TNF Cytolysis Independent from Interaction with Optineurin JF - PLoS One N2 - Escape from the host immune system is essential for intracellular pathogens. The adenoviral protein E3-14.7K (14.7K) is known as a general inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis. It efficiently blocks TNF-receptor 1 (TNFR1) internalization but the underlying molecular mechanism still remains elusive. Direct interaction of 14.7K and/or associated proteins with the TNFR1 complex has been discussed although to date not proven. In our study, we provide for the first time evidence for recruitment of 14.7K and the 14.7K interacting protein optineurin to TNFR1. Various functions have been implicated for optineurin such as regulation of receptor endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, regulation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathway and antiviral signaling. We therefore hypothesized that binding of optineurin to 14.7K and recruitment of both proteins to the TNFR1 complex is essential for protection against TNF-induced cytotoxic effects. To precisely dissect the individual role of 14.7K and optineurin, we generated and characterized a 14.7K mutant that does not confer TNF-resistance but is still able to interact with optineurin. In H1299 and KB cells expressing 14.7K wild-type protein, neither decrease in cell viability nor cleavage of caspases was observed upon stimulation with TNF. In sharp contrast, cells expressing the non-protective mutant of 14.7K displayed reduced viability and cleavage of initiator and effector caspases upon TNF treatment, indicating ongoing apoptotic cell death. Knockdown of optineurin in 14.7K expressing cells did not alter the protective effect as measured by cell viability and caspase activation. Taken together, we conclude that optineurin despite its substantial role in vesicular trafficking, endocytosis of cell surface receptors and recruitment to the TNFR1 complex is dispensable for the 14.7K-mediated protection against TNF-induced apoptosis. KW - 14.7K KW - tumor necrosis factor KW - NF-kappa-B KW - E3 14.7-kilodalton protein KW - myosin-VI KW - apoptosis KW - cells KW - compartmentalization KW - inhibitor KW - binding Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135687 VL - 7 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolpmann, K. A1 - Brinkmann, J. A1 - Salzmann, S. A1 - Genkinger, D. A1 - Fritsche, E. A1 - Hutzler, C. A1 - Wajant, H. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Henkler, F. T1 - Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor sensitises human keratinocytes for CD95L-and TRAIL-induced apoptosis JF - Cell Death & Disease N2 - In this study, we have analysed the apoptotic effects of the ubiquitous environmental toxin benzo[ a] pyrene (BP) in HaCaT cells and human keratinocytes. Although prolonged exposure to BP was not cytotoxic on its own, a strong enhancement of CD95 (Fas)-mediated apoptosis was observed with BP at concentrations activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Importantly, the ultimately mutagenic BP-metabolite, that is, (+)-anti-BP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), failed to enhance CD95-mediated cell death, suggesting that the observed pro-apoptotic effect of BP is neither associated with DNA adducts nor DNA-damage related signalling. CD95-induced apoptosis was also enhanced by beta-naphtoflavone, a well-known agonist of the AhR that does not induce DNA damage, thus suggesting a crucial role for AhR activation. Consistently, BP failed to sensitise for CD95L-induced apoptosis in AhR knockdown HaCaT cells. Furthermore, inhibition of CYP1A1 and/or 1B1 expression did not affect the pro-apoptotic crosstalk. Exposure to BP did not increase expression of CD95, but led to augmented activation of caspase-8. Enhancement of apoptosis was also observed with the TRAIL death receptors that activate caspase-8 and apoptosis by similar mechanisms as CD95. Together, these observations indicate an interference of AhR signalling with the activity of receptor-associated signalling intermediates that are shared by CD95 and TRAIL receptors. Our data thus suggest that AhR agonists can enhance cytokine-mediated adversity upon dermal exposure. KW - CD95 KW - HaCaT cells KW - growth-factor receptor KW - cell death KW - mitochondrial dysfunction KW - mediated apoptosis KW - FAS KW - dermatitis KW - pathways KW - skin KW - progression KW - aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) KW - apoptosis KW - benzo[a]pyrene KW - human keratinocytes Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133501 VL - 3 IS - e388 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El-Mesery, M. A1 - Trebing, J. A1 - Schafer, V. A1 - Weisenberger, D. A1 - Siegmund, D. A1 - Wajant, H. T1 - CD40-directed scFv-TRAIL fusion proteins induce CD40-restricted tumor cell death and activate dendritic cells JF - Cell Death & Disease N2 - Targeted cancer therapy concepts often aim at the induction of adjuvant antitumor immunity or stimulation of tumor cell apoptosis. There is further evidence that combined application of immune stimulating and tumor apoptosis-inducing compounds elicits a synergistic antitumor effect. Here, we describe the development and characterization of bifunctional fusion proteins consisting of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) domain derived from the CD40-specific monoclonal antibody G28-5 that is fused to the N-terminus of stabilized trimeric soluble variants of the death ligand TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). As shown before by us and others for other cell surface antigen-targeted scFv-TRAIL fusion proteins, scFv:G28-TRAIL displayed an enhanced capacity to induce apoptosis upon CD40 binding. Studies with scFv:G28 fusion proteins of TRAIL mutants that discriminate between the two TRAIL death receptors, TRAILR1 and TRAILR2, further revealed that the CD40 binding-dependent mode of apoptosis induction of scFv:G28-TRAIL is operable with each of the two TRAIL death receptors. Binding of scFv:G28-TRAIL fusion proteins to CD40 not only result in enhanced TRAIL death receptor signaling but also in activation of the targeted CD40 molecule. In accordance with the latter, the scFv:G28-TRAIL fusion proteins triggered strong CD40-mediated maturation of dendritic cells. The CD40-targeted TRAIL fusion proteins described in this study therefore represent a novel type of bifunctional fusion proteins that couple stimulation of antigen presenting cells and apoptosis induction. KW - dendritic cells KW - apoptosis KW - CD40 KW - TRAIL Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128777 VL - 4 IS - e916 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trebing, J. A1 - El-Mesery, M. A1 - Schäfer, V. A1 - Weisenberger, D. A1 - Siegmund, D. A1 - Silence, K. A1 - Wajant, H. T1 - CD70-restricted specific activation of TRAILR1 or TRAILR2 using scFv-targeted TRAIL mutants JF - Cell Death & Disease N2 - To combine the CD27 stimulation inhibitory effect of blocking CD70 antibodies with an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-independent, cell death-inducing activity for targeting of CD70-expressing tumors, we evaluated here fusion proteins of the apoptosis-inducing TNF family member TRAIL and a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from a high-affinity llama-derived anti-human CD70 antibody (lαhCD70). A fusion protein of scFv:lαhCD70 with TNC-TRAIL, a stabilized form of TRAIL, showed strongly enhanced apoptosis induction upon CD70 binding and furthermore efficiently interfered with CD70-CD27 interaction. Noteworthy, introduction of recently identified mutations that discriminate between TRAILR1 and TRAILR2 binding into the TRAIL part of scFv:lαhCD70-TNC-TRAIL resulted in TRAIL death receptor-specific fusion proteins with CD70-restricted activity. KW - apoptosis KW - CD27 KW - CD70 KW - scFv KW - TRAIL Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120078 VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lagler, Charlotte A1 - El-Mesery, Mohamed A1 - Kübler, Alexander Christian A1 - Müller-Richter, Urs Dietmar Achim A1 - Stühmer, Thorsten A1 - Nickel, Joachim A1 - Müller, Thomas Dieter A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - Seher, Axel T1 - The anti-myeloma activity of bone morphogenetic protein 2 predominantly relies on the induction of growth arrest and is apoptosis-independent JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy of the bone marrow, is characterized by a pathological increase in antibody-producing plasma cells and an increase in immunoglobulins (plasmacytosis). In recent years, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been reported to be activators of apoptotic cell death in neoplastic B cells in MM. Here, we use bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) to show that the "apoptotic" effect of BMPs on human neoplastic B cells is dominated by anti-proliferative activities and cell cycle arrest and is apoptosis-independent. The anti-proliferative effect of BMP2 was analysed in the human cell lines KMS12-BM and L363 using WST-1 and a Coulter counter and was confirmed using CytoTox assays with established inhibitors of programmed cell death (zVAD-fmk and necrostatin-1). Furthermore, apoptotic activity was compared in both cell lines employing western blot analysis for caspase 3 and 8 in cells treated with BMP2 and FasL. Additionally, expression profiles of marker genes of different cell death pathways were analysed in both cell lines after stimulation with BMP2 for 48h using an RT-PCR-based array. In our experiments we observed that there was rather no reduction in absolute cell number, but cells stopped proliferating following treatment with BMP2 instead. The time frame (48–72 h) after BMP2 treatment at which a reduction in cell number is detectable is too long to indicate a directly BMP2-triggered apoptosis. Moreover, in comparison to robust apoptosis induced by the approved apoptotic factor FasL, BMP2 only marginally induced cell death. Consistently, neither the known inhibitor of apoptotic cell death zVAD-fmk nor the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 was able to rescue myeloma cell growth in the presence of BMP2. KW - apoptosis KW - gene expression KW - necrotic cell death KW - multiple myeloma KW - cell metabolism KW - cell cycle and cell division KW - B cells Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158993 VL - 12 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wajant, Harald T1 - Molecular mode of action of TRAIL receptor agonists—common principles and their translational exploitation JF - Cancers N2 - Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its death receptors TRAILR1/death receptor 4 (DR4) and TRAILR2/DR5 trigger cell death in many cancer cells but rarely exert cytotoxic activity on non-transformed cells. Against this background, a variety of recombinant TRAIL variants and anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Despite promising results from mice tumor models, TRAIL death receptor targeting has failed so far in clinical studies to show satisfying anti-tumor efficacy. These disappointing results can largely be explained by two issues: First, tumor cells can acquire TRAIL resistance by several mechanisms defining a need for combination therapies with appropriate sensitizing drugs. Second, there is now growing preclinical evidence that soluble TRAIL variants but also bivalent anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies typically require oligomerization or plasma membrane anchoring to achieve maximum activity. This review discusses the need for oligomerization and plasma membrane attachment for the activity of TRAIL death receptor agonists in view of what is known about the molecular mechanisms of how TRAIL death receptors trigger intracellular cell death signaling. In particular, it will be highlighted which consequences this has for the development of next generation TRAIL death receptor agonists and their potential clinical application. KW - antibody KW - antibody fusion proteins KW - apoptosis KW - cancer therapy KW - cell death KW - death receptors KW - TNF superfamily KW - TNF receptor superfamily KW - TRAIL Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202416 VL - 11 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wajant, Harald T1 - Molecular mode of action of TRAIL receptor agonists—common principles and their translational exploitation JF - Cancers N2 - Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its death receptors TRAILR1/death receptor 4 (DR4) and TRAILR2/DR5 trigger cell death in many cancer cells but rarely exert cytotoxic activity on non-transformed cells. Against this background, a variety of recombinant TRAIL variants and anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Despite promising results from mice tumor models, TRAIL death receptor targeting has failed so far in clinical studies to show satisfying anti-tumor efficacy. These disappointing results can largely be explained by two issues: First, tumor cells can acquire TRAIL resistance by several mechanisms defining a need for combination therapies with appropriate sensitizing drugs. Second, there is now growing preclinical evidence that soluble TRAIL variants but also bivalent anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies typically require oligomerization or plasma membrane anchoring to achieve maximum activity. This review discusses the need for oligomerization and plasma membrane attachment for the activity of TRAIL death receptor agonists in view of what is known about the molecular mechanisms of how TRAIL death receptors trigger intracellular cell death signaling. In particular, it will be highlighted which consequences this has for the development of next generation TRAIL death receptor agonists and their potential clinical application. KW - antibody KW - antibody fusion proteins KW - apoptosis KW - cancer therapy KW - cell death KW - death receptors KW - TNF superfamily KW - TNF receptor superfamily KW - TRAIL Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201833 N1 - Zugriff gesperrt. Zugriff auf den Volltext erhalten Sie unter https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202416 VL - 11 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - Siegmund, Daniela T1 - TNFR1 and TNFR2 in the control of the life and death balance of macrophages JF - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology N2 - Macrophages stand in the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens but are also involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. To fulfill their functions macrophages sense a broad range of pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) by plasma membrane and intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Intriguingly, the overwhelming majority of PPRs trigger the production of the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). TNF affects almost any type of cell including macrophages themselves. TNF promotes the inflammatory activity of macrophages but also controls macrophage survival and death. TNF exerts its activities by stimulation of two different types of receptors, TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, which are both expressed by macrophages. The two TNF receptor types trigger distinct and common signaling pathways that can work in an interconnected manner. Based on a brief general description of major TNF receptor-associated signaling pathways, we focus in this review on research of recent years that revealed insights into the molecular mechanisms how the TNFR1-TNFR2 signaling network controls the life and death balance of macrophages. In particular, we discuss how the TNFR1-TNFR2 signaling network is integrated into PRR signaling. KW - apoptosis KW - necroptosis KW - TNF KW - TNFR1 KW - TNFR2 KW - ripk1 KW - ripk3 KW - caspase-8 Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201551 VL - 7 IS - 91 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Othman, Eman M. A1 - Bekhit, Amany A. A1 - Anany, Mohamed A. A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Ragab, Hanan M. A1 - Wahid, Ahmed T1 - Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Screening for Repurposed Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives on Four Mammalian Cancer Cell Lines JF - Molecules N2 - The present study reports the synthesis of new purine bioisosteres comprising a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold linked to mono-, di-, and trimethoxy benzylidene moieties through hydrazine linkages. First, in silico docking experiments of the synthesized compounds against Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Ki67, p21, and p53 were performed in a trial to rationalize the observed cytotoxic activity for the tested compounds. The anticancer activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro against Caco-2, A549, HT1080, and Hela cell lines. Results revealed that two (5 and 7) of the three synthesized compounds (5, 6, and 7) showed high cytotoxic activity against all tested cell lines with IC50 values in the micro molar concentration. Our in vitro results show that there is no significant apoptotic effect for the treatment with the experimental compounds on the viability of cells against A549 cells. Ki67 expression was found to decrease significantly following the treatment of cells with the most promising candidate: drug 7. The overall results indicate that these pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives possess anticancer activity at varying doses. The suggested mechanism of action involves the inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cells. KW - pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine KW - anticancer activity KW - apoptosis KW - Ki67 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239734 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 26 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Siegmund, Daniela A1 - Zaitseva, Olena A1 - Wajant, Harald T1 - Fn14 and TNFR2 as regulators of cytotoxic TNFR1 signaling JF - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology N2 - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 (TNFR1), TNFR2 and fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) belong to the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). From a structural point of view, TNFR1 is a prototypic death domain (DD)-containing receptor. In contrast to other prominent death receptors, such as CD95/Fas and the two TRAIL death receptors DR4 and DR5, however, liganded TNFR1 does not instruct the formation of a plasma membrane-associated death inducing signaling complex converting procaspase-8 into highly active mature heterotetrameric caspase-8 molecules. Instead, liganded TNFR1 recruits the DD-containing cytoplasmic signaling proteins TRADD and RIPK1 and empowers these proteins to trigger cell death signaling by cytosolic complexes after their release from the TNFR1 signaling complex. The activity and quality (apoptosis versus necroptosis) of TNF-induced cell death signaling is controlled by caspase-8, the caspase-8 regulatory FLIP proteins, TRAF2, RIPK1 and the RIPK1-ubiquitinating E3 ligases cIAP1 and cIAP2. TNFR2 and Fn14 efficiently recruit TRAF2 along with the TRAF2 binding partners cIAP1 and cIAP2 and can thereby limit the availability of these molecules for other TRAF2/cIAP1/2-utilizing proteins including TNFR1. Accordingly, at the cellular level engagement of TNFR2 or Fn14 inhibits TNFR1-induced RIPK1-mediated effects reaching from activation of the classical NFκB pathway to induction of apoptosis and necroptosis. In this review, we summarize the effects of TNFR2- and Fn14-mediated depletion of TRAF2 and the cIAP1/2 on TNFR1 signaling at the molecular level and discuss the consequences this has in vivo. KW - apoptosis KW - Fn14 KW - necroptosis KW - TNF KW - TNFR1 KW - TNFR2 KW - TRAF2 KW - TWEAK Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-354304 SN - 2296-634X VL - 11 ER -