TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried A1 - Görs, Marijke T1 - Information integration of Kohlbergian thoughts about consensual sex JF - Universitas Psychologica N2 - The unification of two major approaches to moral judgment is the purpose of the present approach. Kohlberg's well-known stage theory assumes a sequence of discrete stages that underlie all moral judgment. Stage theory recognizes the problem of integrating considerations but gives no way to solve such integration, even with information from any one stage. And, of course, the stage concept denies any significant integration from different stages. Thus, research on moral judgment needs to study the integration problem which can be tested within Anderson's theory of information integration. The main purpose of the present study was to extend this unificationist approach to the issue of sexual morality. A novel task presents information from two very different stages. The results showed that in contrast to discreteness the stage informers were positively correlated in punishment judgments of both genders about consensual sex of juveniles. Furthermore, the subjects integrated considerations from those very different stages also in contrast to the hypothesis that only a single stage was operative at any time. KW - Information Integration Theory KW - Kohlberg KW - moral judgment KW - cognition development Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168487 VL - 15 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried A1 - Lewand, Martin A1 - Ehrmann, Dominic T1 - Testing the moral algebra of two Kohlbergian informers JF - Psícologica N2 - This paper seeks to unify two major theories of moral judgment: Kohlberg's stage theory and Anderson's moral information integration theory. Subjects were told about thoughts of actors in Kohlberg's classic altruistic Heinz dilemma and in a new egoistical dilemma. These actors's thoughts represented Kohlberg's stages I (Personal Risk) and IV (Societal Risk) and had three levels, High, Medium, and Low. They were presented singly and in a 3 x 3 integration design. Subjects judged how many months of prison the actor deserved. The data supported the averaging model of moral integration theory, whereas Kohlberg's theory has no way to handle the integration problem. Following this, subjects ranked statements related to Kohlberg's first four stages in a procedure similar to that of Rest (1975). Higher score went with larger effect of Societal Risk as predicted by Kohlberg's theory. But contrary to Kohlberg's theory, no age trends were found. Also strongly contrary to Kohlberg's theory, effects of Personal Risk (Stage I) and Societal Risk (Stage IV) correlated positively. KW - integration KW - information KW - judgements KW - intent KW - damage KW - rules Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133917 VL - 33 IS - 3 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Fire-setting: Age trends and psychometrical diagnosis of competency criteria for liability N2 - No abstract available. KW - Psychometrie Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87031 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Summenanteil und Durchschnittsbildung in moralischen und emotionalen Urteilen N2 - No abstract available. KW - Moralisches Urteil KW - Gefühl Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87028 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Zum Gegenstand der Rechtspsychologie N2 - No abstract available. KW - Rechtspsychologie Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87014 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Das "Zündeln" im Urteil: Alterstrends und psychometrische Diagnostizierbarkeit der zivilrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit nach § 828 BGB T1 - Judgments on fire-setting: Age trends and psychometrical assessments of liability (§ 828 BGB) N2 - Die Regelungen des§ 828 BGB zur zivilrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit Minderjähriger für unerlaubte Handlungen, z. B. Brandlegungen, konstatieren zwei Kompetenzen: Unrechtserkenntnis und Vergeltungspflichtverständnis. Im Sachverständigenbeweis kann ein Minderjähriger befreit werden von der Haftung. Die Rechtsprechung unterstellt: Unrechtserkenntnis enthebt des Nachweises des Vergeltungspflichtverständnisses. Daher ist, de lege ferenda, die Altersgrenze vom vollendeten siebenten Lebensjahr durch diesbezügliche Entwicklungsvorgänge zu stützen. Außerdem sind, de lege lata, geeignete Methoden für die individuelle Erfassung der Kompetenzen bereitzustellen. Mit Hilfe quantitativer Beurteilungen von faktoriell aus Schadenshöhe-, Verschulden- und Entschuldigung-Informationen zusammengesetzten Geschichten und von IQ-Subtests werden die Resultate einer empirischen Studie berichtet, die die impliziten und expliziten gesetzlichen Annahmen stützten und die psychometrisch fundierte Methoden zur individuellen Erfassung der beiden Kompetenzen bereitstellten. Fehlende Korrelationen zwischen IQ-Maßen und moralischen Urteilen zeigten, daß sich die Erfassung der erforderlichen Kompetenzen nicht durch IQ-Subtests ersetzen ließe. N2 - In German civillaw, children's liability for arson, as for other torts, rests on the preassumption that the individual child has two competencies: knowledge of right and wrong when doing the harm and some understanding of the duty to make recompense for the harm. By an expertise proof of incompetency a minor may be exempted from damages. As a rule, existing rigbt-wrongknowledge proves the understanding of the repair-duty. De lege ferenda, the age Iimit of seven years ought to be based on at least some feature of the developments of the relevant concepts. De lege lata, methods for the assessment of an individual's competencies are needed. Using quantitative judgments on factorial (damage x culpa x apology information) ftre-setting stories as well as other methods (e. g. IQ-subtests) the results of an original empirical study are reported which were (a) in support of the implicit and explicit legal preassumptions about minor's competencies relevant for their liability, and (b) provided psychometrically based tools for the individual diagnoses of the distinctive appreciations of the right-wrong-knowledge and of the understanding of the repair-duty. The lack of correlations of judgments and intelligence subtests showed that the capacity assessment cannot be replaced by intelligence testing. KW - Rechtspsychologie Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69690 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Zur Validierung von Konfigurationstypen generalisierter Kontrollüberzeugungen N2 - Die Ergebnisse einer publizierten Arbeit zur Validierung von acht Konfigurationen generalisierter Kontrollüberzeugungen werden durch drei weitere Auswertungsschritte ergänzt. Die Anwendung der Interaktionsstrukturanalyse führt zu einer Hervorhebung von zwei Konfigurationen als Typen und zur Aufstellung einer 5-Gruppen-Hypothese über die Bildung einer Restgruppe aus den Neutral-Konfigurationen. Die Betrachtung der Unterschiede in den FPI-Mittelwerten der ursprünglichen acht Gruppen bestätigt die 5-Gruppen-Hypothese. Mit einer multidimensionalen geometrischen Darstellung der Profildistanzen wird in einem dritten Schritt versucht, neben der "Restgruppe" und den beiden "Typen"-Gruppen auch die Eigenständigkeit der beiden verbleibenden "Anti-Typen"-Gruppen zu validieren. N2 - The results of a priorly published study on the validity of eight configurations of generalized locus of control cognitions were analysed more intensively by three additional steps. The first step, application of the interaction-structure-analysis, supported the result of two configurations to be named as "Types" and yielded the derivation of a "restgroup"-hypothesis by their smaller profile differences in a personality inventory. Multidimensional scaling was applied as a third step to confirm the distinctiveness of the two remaining "Anti-Type"-configurations aside from the "restgroup" and the two "Type"-configurations. KW - Validierung KW - Locus of Control Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69686 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried A1 - Bohnert, Renate T1 - Das Urteil Geistigbehinderter über die Entschuldigung oder die Dritt-Entschädigung für einen Diebstahl N2 - Two groups of mentally retarded individuals whose averagemental age was either seven orten years, although being chronologically at least 18 years old, judged how bad "thefts" of two amounts of bon-bons appeared to them. The scimulus stories also informed the subjects whether the thief did or did not apologize afterwards or whether a third party did or did not compensate for tbe losses. Apology affecred tbe moral judgments twice as much as third-pany compensation, independeotly of the mental age of the subjects. Thus, with the mental age variation the age trend found in a prior srudy with normally gifted was not replicated. lnstead, even with an average mental age of seven years the retarded judged similarly to the adults and 10-year-olds of the prior study. However, the retarded were like the preschool children of the prior study as their judgments about the intended taking of cookies did not differ from their judgments about inadvenantly taking cookies. KW - Geistig Behinderter KW - Urteil KW - Entschuldigung KW - Entschädigung KW - Diebstahl Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69678 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried A1 - Lee, Wha-Yong T1 - Unifying Kohlberg with Information Integration: The Moral Algebra of Recompense and of Kohlbergian Moral Informers JF - Psicológica N2 - In order to unify two major theories of moral judgment, a novel task is employed which combines elements of Kohlberg´s stage theory and of the theory of information integration. In contrast to the format of Kohlberg´s moral judgment interview, a nonverbal and quantitative response which makes low demands on verbal facility was used . Moral informers differing in value, i.e. high and low, are presented. The differences in effect of those two pieces of information should be substantial for a person at that specific moral stage, but small for a person at a different stage. Hence, these differences may diagnose the person's moral stage in the simplest possible way as the two levels of each of the thoughts were about typical content of the four Kohlbergian preconventional and conventional stages. The novel task allowed additionally to measure the influence of another moral concept which was about the non-Kohlbergian moral concept of recompense. After a training phase, pairs of those thoughts were presented to allow for the study of integration and individual differences. German and Korean children, 8, 10, and 12 years in age, judged deserved punishment. The patterns of means, correlations and factor loadings showed that elements of both theories can be unified, but produced unexpected results also. Additive integration of each of the two pairs of moral informers appeared, either with two Kohlbergian moral informers or with another Kohlbergian moral informer in combination with information about recompense. Also cultural independence as well as dependence, developmental changes between 8 and 10 years, and an outstanding moral impact of recompense in size and distinctiveness were observed. Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85875 UR - http://www.uv.es/psicologica/articulos3FM.10/16Hommers.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Langlotz, Maren A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Ziele, Aufbau und Durchführung des MURT N2 - No abstract available KW - MURT Y1 - 1978 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73113 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Zur Psychometrie der Entscheidungen von Schulkindern bei Risiko T1 - The psychometrics of decisians of children in risky behaviour N2 - Durch das Verhalten in Entscheidungssituationen mit 3 Risiko-Alternativen wurden in früheren Arbeiten verschiedene Personenvariablen von Kindern gemessen. Mit dem logistischen Modell nach RASCH wird an 2 Datensätzen geprüft, welche dieser Variablen modelladäquat geschätzt werden kann und wie dazu das Verhalten der Vpn skaliert werden muß. Das polychotome Modell erschien angemessen. Es ermöglichte die Messung von 2 Personenvariablen, Wahrscheinlichkeitsorientierung und Erwartungswertorientierung, durch mehrkategorielle Skalierung des Entscheidungsverhaltens. Weiterhin wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Parameterschätzungen und Situationseigenschaften untersucht. Es zeigten sich bei beiden Datensätzen hohe Zusammenhänge, die die Portfolio-Theorie bestätigen. N2 - In previous investigations several personality variables of children were measured on the basis of the behaviour in decisive situations (three risky alternatives were involved). The logistic model of RASCH is examined by means of two data records regarding the selection of those variables allowing model-adequate assessment and concerning the scaling of the behaviour of the subjects. The polychotomic model seemed to meet all requirements by allowing the measuring of two personality variables, probability orientation and expectation orientation by multi-categorical scaling of decision behaviour. The connection between parameter assessment and situative traits is investigated. In both data records many relations were found confirming the portfolio-theory. KW - Schulkind ; Psychometrie KW - child ; psychometry ; psychometrics Y1 - 1977 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-52500 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Implicit psychological theories in legal thought on sentencing and liability N2 - No abstract available KW - Haftung KW - Urteil KW - Verkündung Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47093 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Die Entwicklungspsychologie der Delikts- und Geschäftsfähigkeit : ein exemplarischer Beitrag zur Validität der zivilrechtlichen Altersgrenze des vollendeten siebenten Lebensjahres N2 - No abstract available KW - Deliktsfähigkeit KW - Kind KW - Geschäftsfähigkeit KW - Entwicklungspsychologie Y1 - 1983 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49189 SN - 3-8017-0195-6 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Psychometrische Modelle für die Einzelfalldiagnostik in der Forensischen Psychologie N2 - Jura non in singulas personas, sed generaliter constituuntur. Doch es ist zu ergänzen: Urteile sind im Einzelfall zu treffen. Nicht ganz unähnlich wäre auch der wissenschaftlich diagnostizierende Psychologe zu mahnen. Psychologische Diagnostik zielt auf den Einzelfall ab, obwohl die Entscheidungen über ihn auf der Basis von allgemeingültigen Gesetzen der empirisch-psychologischen Wissenschaft herbeizuführen sind (Tack, 1982). Im folgenden wird dazu zuerst der Sonderstatus der Forensischen Diagnostik herausgestellt, wobei zur Untermauerung die besonderen Leitziele der forensisch-psychologischen Diagnostik angeführt werden. Die folgenden Abschnitte widmen sich dann einerseits dem Nutzen der psychometrischen Integration von Kriterien, andererseits geht es um die psychometrische Gewinnung von Befunden über Einzelkriterien, wozu auf mehrere Beispiele verwiesen wird. Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43454 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Psychometrische Modelle für die Einzelfalldiagnostik in der Forensischen Psychologie N2 - Abstract zum Artikel "Psychometrische Modelle für die Einzelfalldiagnostik in der Forensischen Psychologie" Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43445 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Recompense as Stimulus and Response: Toward an Exchange of Law and Psychology N2 - Recompense denotes a more or less complete undoing of a harm which may combine the tWO aspects: compensation for the victim and the apology of the harmdoer. The present empirical research on recompense started with an analysis of the judgmental structures of recompense in legal thought and law, as such analysis has been neglected in prior research. The obtained results on recompense as stimulus and response reinforce the general idea of the present approach of using the framework of law and legal history in the empirical research of cognitive science. Since the traditionahelationship of jurisprudence and psychology is reversed by that research strategy, law and psychology appear to interact mutually, and a more comprehensive concept of legal psychology is implemented. Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43743 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried A1 - Anderson, Norman H. T1 - Recompense as a factor in assigned punishment N2 - Children's judgements of deserved punishment were studied as function of three moral variables. Subjects judged how much a child in a story should be punished for ruining another's stamps, given information about (a) how many stamps were damaged, (b) the culpa, or intent, of the harmful act, and (c) recompense, or the proportion of stamps paid back by the offender. In three experiments, recompense had substantially greater effects than the damage for which recompense was made. This pre-potency of recompense was greater at younger ages across a range from 4 years to college age. Damage and culpa were integrated by an additive rule in agreement with previous work. In contrast, the recompense-damage and recompense-culpa integration rules were both non-additive. Y1 - 1985 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43538 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Review of "Roskam, E.E., & Suck, R. (Eds.): Progress in mathematical psychology. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1987, pp. 538." N2 - No abstract available Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43525 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Anti-Typen: Zur psychologischen Validität eines methodischen Konstrukts der Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse N2 - Das Konzept des Anti-Typus wird theoretisch und empirisch-analytisch untersucht. Empirische Grundlage bilden Problem-Kommentierungen zur Erfassung von Therapiemotivationskonstrukten und Antworten auf Fragen eines multivariaten Persönlichkeits-Inventars von 187 Jugendgerichtlich-Inhaftierten und 361 Polizeianwärtern. Im ersten Schritt des analytischen Teils werden mit der Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse (KFA) Hypothesen über Typen und Anti-Typen von Selbstbeschreibungskonstrukten zur Therapiemotivation gewonnen. Zusätzlich werden die Inventar-Profile der dabei gebildeten typologischen Pbn-Gruppen multidimensional skaliert und multivariat auf Unterschiedlichkeit geprüft. Im zweiten Schritt werden die KFA-Hypothesen über die Typen und Anti-Typen der "Therapiemotivation" mit Hilfe eines Bayes-statistischen Verfahrens durch ihre Trennung von einer Restgruppe geprüft. Die Inventar-Profile der entstehenden Gruppen werden erneut multidimensional und multivariat verglichen. Von den zwei Bedeutungen des "Anti" im Anti-Typ-Begriff bewährt sich die geometrische Interpretation des "Anti" an den Profilen nicht. Die Interpretation "konsistenter Andersartigkeit" dagegen kann auf der Grundlage der Bayes-statistischen Klassifikation beibehalten werden. Die Untersuchung des Anti-Typ-Begriffs lohnt möglicherweise auch in anderen Bereichen. N2 - The concept "Anti-Type" is analyzed theoretically and empirically. The data were from standardized comments on personal problems related to therapy-motivation and from responses to a multivariate personality-inventory of 187 arrested juvenile delinquents and 361 police-trainees. In the first section of the analytical part hypotheses on types and anti-types oftherapy-motivation are obtained with the Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse (KFA). Additionally the inventory-profiles of the obtained typological groups are scaled with MDS and tested with MANOVA. In the second section the KFA-typological hypotheses are cross-examined with a Bayes-statistical classification approach by separating a "restgroup" from the typological groUPS. Again, the inventory-profiles of these distinct groups are scaled with MDS and tested with MANOVA. As a consequence, the geometrical interpretation of "anti" does not seem appropriate on the basis of the profiles. However, the interpretation of "anti" as showing consistent differences of behavior compared with type-configurations and with the restgroup is supported on the basis of the Bayes-statistical method. With regard to other variables the presented conclusions about the validity of the "anti-type" in this particular realm may not be valid. Thus, the concept of "AntiType" may be a worthwhile research subject with other variables also. KW - Psychologische Diagnostik / Psychologie / Differentielle Psychologie / Zeitschrift Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43437 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried A1 - Steller, Max T1 - Zur Behandlungsmotivation von Delinquenten : Empirische Befunde zu Leidensdruck und anderen motivationalen Variablen als sozialtherapeutische Eignungskriterien N2 - In dieser Untersuchung sollte empirisch geprüft werden, welche motivationalen Voraussetzungen für Psychotherapie bei inhaftierten Delinquenten vorliegen. Die Untersuchungsmethode bestand in der Auswahl zutreffender Selbstbeschreibungen aus "Problem-Items", zu denen anschließend Zusatzfragen hinsichtlich der Ausprägung von fünf motivationalen Variablen (Leidensdruck, Unzufriedenheit, Änderungswtinsch, Hilfewunsch und Erfolgserwartung) beantwortet werden mußten. 211 männliche jugendliche Inhaftierte wurden mit 207 Berufsschülern verglichen. Durch konfigurale Klassifikation wurde geprüft, ob sie bestimmten Therapiemotivations-Syndromen (TMS) zugeordnet werden konnten. Es zeigte sich, daß nur zufällig viele Berufsschüler, aber signifikant viele Delinquente in folgende TMS-Gruppen klassifiziert werden konnten: Leidensdruck/Änderungswunsch und Unzufriedenheit Hilfewunsch jeweils mit hoher bzw. geringer Erfolgserwartung. Delinquente mit günstigen motivationalen Voraussetzungen für Psychotherapie (Leidensdruck/Änderungswunsch) wiesen kürzere Inhaftierungszeiten auf als die Unzufriedenheit-/Hilfewunschgruppe. Mit Hilfe des vorgestellten diagnostischen Verfahrens können therapeutische Zwischen ziele für behandlungsbedürftige Delinquente mit ungünstigen motivationalen Voraussetzungen formuliert werden. Y1 - 1977 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47088 ER -