TY - INPR A1 - Nassourou, Mohamadou T1 - A Knowledge-based Hybrid Statistical Classifier for Reconstructing the Chronology of the Quran N2 - Computationally categorizing Quran’s chapters has been mainly confined to the determination of chapters’ revelation places. However this broad classification is not sufficient to effectively and thoroughly understand and interpret the Quran. The chronology of revelation would not only improve comprehending the philosophy of Islam, but also the easiness of implementing and memorizing its laws and recommendations. This paper attempts estimating possible chapters’ dates of revelation through their lexical frequency profiles. A hybrid statistical classifier consisting of stemming and clustering algorithms for comparing lexical frequency profiles of chapters, and deriving dates of revelation has been developed. The classifier is trained using some chapters with known dates of revelation. Then it classifies chapters with uncertain dates of revelation by computing their proximity to the training ones. The results reported here indicate that the proposed methodology yields usable results in estimating dates of revelation of the Quran’s chapters based on their lexical contents. KW - Text Mining KW - Maschinelles Lernen KW - text categorization KW - Bayesian classifier KW - distance-based classifier KW - Quran Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54712 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Nassourou, Mohamadou T1 - Reference Architecture, Design of Cascading Style Sheets Processing Model N2 - The technique of using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to format and present structured data is called CSS processing model. For instance a CSS processing model for XML documents describes steps involved in formatting and presenting XML documents on screens or papers. Many software applications such as browsers and XML editors have their own CSS processing models which are part of their rendering engines. For instance each browser based on its CSS processing model renders CSS layout differently, as a result an inconsistency in the support of CSS features arises. Some browsers support more CSS features than others, and the rendering itself varies. Moreover the W3C standards are not even adhered by some browsers such as Internet Explorer. Test suites and other hacks and filters cannot definitely solve these problems, because these solutions are temporary and fragile. To palliate this inconsistency and browser compatibility issues with respect to CSS, a reference CSS processing model is needed. By extension it could even allow interoperability across CSS rendering engines. A reference architecture would provide common software architecture and interfaces, and facilitate refactoring, reuse, and automated unit testing. In [2] a reference architecture for browsers has been proposed. However this reference architecture is a macro reference model which does not consider separately individual components of rendering and layout engines. In this paper an attempt to develop a reference architecture for CSS processing models is discussed. In addition the Vex editor [3] rendering and layout engines, as well as an extended version of the editor used in TextGrid project [5] are also presented in order to validate the proposed reference architecture. KW - Cascading Style Sheets KW - XML KW - Softwarearchitektur KW - CSS KW - XML KW - Processing Model KW - Reference Architecture Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51328 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Nassourou, Mohamadou T1 - Understanding the Vex Rendering Engine N2 - The Visual Editor for XML (Vex)[1] used by TextGrid [2]and other applications has got rendering and layout engines. The layout engine is well documented but the rendering engine is not. This lack of documenting the rendering engine has made refactoring and extending the editor hard and tedious. For instance many CSS2.1 and upcoming CSS3 properties have not been implemented. Software developers in different projects such as TextGrid using Vex would like to update its CSS rendering engine in order to provide advanced user interfaces as well as support different document types. In order to minimize the effort of extending Vex functionality, I found it beneficial to write a basic documentation about Vex software architecture in general and its CSS rendering engine in particular. The documentation is mainly based on the idea of architectural layered diagrams. In fact layered diagrams can help developers understand software’s source code faster and easier in order to alter it, and fix errors. This paper is written for the purpose of providing direct support for exploration in the comprehension process of Vex source code. It discusses Vex software architecture. The organization of packages that make up the software, the architecture of its CSS rendering engine, an algorithm explaining the working principle of its rendering engine are described. KW - Cascading Style Sheets KW - Softwarearchitektur KW - CSS KW - Processing model KW - Software architecture KW - Software design Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51333 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Nassourou, Mohamadou T1 - Doing Webservices Composition by Content-based Mashup: Example of a Web-based Simulator for Itinerary Planning N2 - Webservices composition is traditionally carried out using composition technologies such as Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) [1] and Web Service Choreography Interface (WSCI) [2]. The composition technology involves the process of web service discovery, invocation, and composition. However these technologies are not easy and flexible enough because they are mainly developer-centric. Moreover majority of websites have not yet embarked into the world of web service, although they have very important and useful information to offer. Is it because they have not understood the usefulness of web services or is it because of the costs? Whatever might be the answers to these questions, time and money are definitely required in order to create and offer web services. To avoid these expenditures, wrappers [7] to automatically generate webservices from websites would be a cheaper and easier solution. Mashups offer a different way of doing webservices composition. In web environment a Mashup is a web application that brings together data from several sources using webservices, APIs, wrappers and so on, in order to create entirely a new application that was not provided before. This paper presents first an overview of Mashups and the process of web service invocation and composition based on Mashup, then describes an example of a web-based simulator for navigation system in Germany. KW - Mashup KW - Wrapper KW - Mashup KW - Webservice Composition KW - Wrappers Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50036 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Nassourou, Mohamadou T1 - Java Web Frameworks Which One to Choose? N2 - This article discusses web frameworks that are available to a software developer in Java language. It introduces MVC paradigm and some frameworks that implement it. The article presents an overview of Struts, Spring MVC, JSF Frameworks, as well as guidelines for selecting one of them as development environment. KW - Java Frameworks KW - MVC KW - Struts KW - Spring KW - JSF Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49407 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Nassourou, Mohamadou T1 - Empirical Study on Screen Scraping Web Service Creation: Case of Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV) N2 - Internet is the biggest database that science and technology have ever produced. The world wide web is a large repository of information that cannot be used for automation by many applications due to its limited target audience. One of the solutions to the automation problem is to develop wrappers. Wrapping is a process whereby unstructured extracted information is transformed into a more structured one such as XML, which could be provided as webservice to other applications. A web service is a web page whose content is well structured so that a computer program can consume it automatically. This paper describes steps involved in constructing wrappers manually in order to automatically generate web services. KW - HTML KW - XML KW - Wrapper KW - Web service KW - HTML KW - XML KW - Wrapper KW - Web service Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49396 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Nassourou, Mohamadou T1 - Markup overlap: Improving Fragmentation Method N2 - Overlapping is a common word used to describe documents whose structural dimensions cannot be adequately represented using tree structure. For instance a quotation that starts in one verse and ends in another verse. The problem of overlapping hierarchies is a recurring one, which has been addressed by a variety of approaches. There are XML based solutions as well as Non-XML ones. The XML-based solutions are: multiple documents, empty elements, fragmentation, out-of-line markup, JITT and BUVH. And the Non-XML approaches comprise CONCUR/XCONCUR, MECS, LMNL ...etc. This paper presents shortly state-of-the-art in overlapping hierarchies, and introduces two variations on the TEI fragmentation markup that have several advantages. KW - XML KW - Überlappung KW - Fragmentierung KW - XML KW - Overlapping KW - Fragmentation Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49084 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Wolf, Norbert Richard T1 - Die Darwinsche Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaften N2 - No abstract available Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41739 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Why are nature´s constants so fine-tuned? The case for an escalating complex universe N2 - Why is our universe so fine-tuned? In this preprint we discuss that this is not a strange accident but that fine-tuned universes can be considered to be exceedingly large if one counts the number of observable different states (i.e. one aspect of the more general preprint http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2009/3353/). Looking at parameter variation for the same set of physical laws simple and complex processes (including life) and worlds in a multiverse are compared in simple examples. Next the anthropocentric principle is extended as many conditions which are generally interpreted anthropocentric only ensure a large space of different system states. In particular, the observed over-tuning beyond the level for our existence is explainable by these system considerations. More formally, the state space for different systems becomes measurable and comparable looking at their output behaviour. We show that highly interacting processes are more complex then Chaitin complexity, the latter denotes processes not compressible by shorter descriptions (Kolomogorov complexity). The complexity considerations help to better study and compare different processes (programs, living cells, environments and worlds) including dynamic behaviour and can be used for model selection in theoretical physics. Moreover, the large size (in terms of different states) of a world allowing complex processes including life can in a model calculation be determined applying discrete histories from quantum spin-loop theory. Nevertheless there remains a lot to be done - hopefully the preprint stimulates further efforts in this area. N2 - Dieses Preprint vertieft einen Aspekt des preprints http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2009/3353/, nämlich die Balance zwischen den Konstanten für unsere Naturgesetze. Die Frage nach einer solchen Balance entsteht nur, wenn man sich ein Multiversum mit vielen Alternativen Universen mit anderen Gewichten für die Naturkonstanten vorstellt und dann feststellt, dass diese gerade in unserem Universum optimal für Leben und überhaupt für komplexe, selbst organisierende Strukturen eingestellt sind (sogenanntes fine-tuning). Dies wird häufig mit dem anthropozentrischen Prinzip erklärt. Dies erklärt aber beispielsweise nicht, warum denn dieses fine-tuning noch deutlich feiner und genauer eingestellt ist, als für die Existenz eines Beobachters nötig ist. Wir zeigen dagegen, dass unser Universum besonders komplex ist und einen sehr großen Zustandsraum hat und Bedingungen, die eine hohe Komplexität erlauben, auch einen Beobachter und komplexe Prozesse wie Leben ermöglichen. Allgemein nimmt ein besonders komplexer Zustandsraum den Löwenanteil aller Alternativen ein. Unsere Komplexitätsbetrachtung kann auf verschiedenste Prozesse (Welten, Umwelten, lebende Zellen, Computerprogramme) angewandt werden, hilft bei der Modellauswahl in der theoretischen Physik (Beispiele werden gezeigt) und kann auch direkt ausgerechnet werden, dies wird für eine Modellrechnung zur Quantenschleifentheorie durchgeführt. Dennoch bleibt hier noch viel weitere Arbeit zu leisten, das Preprint kann hier nur einen Anstoß liefern. KW - Natur KW - Naturgesetz KW - Beobachter KW - Kolmogorov-Komplexität KW - Berechnungskomplexität KW - Fundamentalkonstante KW - Nature constants KW - complexity KW - observer KW - fine-tuning KW - multiverse Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-34488 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Some general system properties of a living observer and the environment he explores N2 - In a nice assay published in Nature in 1993 the physicist Richard God III started from a human observer and made a number of witty conclusions about our future prospects giving estimates for the existence of the Berlin Wall, the human race and all the rest of the universe. In the same spirit, we derive implications for "the meaning of life, the universe and all the rest" from few principles. Adams´ absurd answer "42" tells the lesson "garbage in / garbage out" - or suggests that the question is non calculable. We show that experience of "meaning" and to decide fundamental questions which can not be decided by formal systems imply central properties of life: Ever higher levels of internal representation of the world and an escalating tendency to become more complex. An observer, "collecting observations" and three measures for complexity are examined. A theory on living systems is derived focussing on their internal representation of information. Living systems are more complex than Kolmogorov complexity ("life is NOT simple") and overcome decision limits (Gödel theorem) for formal systems as illustrated for cell cycle. Only a world with very fine tuned environments allows life. Such a world is itself rather complex and hence excessive large in its space of different states – a living observer has thus a high probability to reside in a complex and fine tuned universe. N2 - Dieser Aufsatz ist ein Preprint und Discussion Paper und versucht - ähnlich wie ein hervorragendes Beispiel eines Physikers, Richard God III (1993 in Nature veröffentlicht) mit einfachen Grundannahmen sehr generelle Prinzipien für uns abzuleiten. In meinem Aufsatz sind das insbesondere Prinzipien für Beobachten, für die Existenz eines Beobachters und sogar für die Existenz unserer komplexen Welt, die Fortentwicklung von Leben, die Entstehung von Bedeutung und das menschliche Entscheiden von Grundlagenfragen. Aufs erste kann so ein weitgehendes Anliegen nicht wirklich vollständig und akkurat gelingen, der Aufsatz möchte deshalb auch nur eine amüsante Spekulation sein, exakte (und bescheidenere) Teilaussagen werden aber später dann auch nach peer Review veröffentlicht werden. KW - Komplex KW - Entscheidung KW - Natürliche Auslese KW - Evolution KW - Bedeutung KW - Komplexität KW - Gödel KW - Entscheidungen KW - complexity KW - decision KW - evolution KW - selection KW - meaning Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33537 ER -