TY - THES A1 - Herber, Kristina T1 - Auslöser und Modifikation emotionalen Essverhaltens - Feldstudien zum emotionalen Essverhalten und seiner Veränderung durch ein achtsamkeitsbasiertes Training T1 - Antecedents and modification of emotional eating – Field studies on emotional eating and its modification through a mindfulness-based training N2 - Emotionale Esser neigen dazu, in emotional belastenden Situationen überwiegend süße und fettreiche Nahrung häufig in Abwesenheit von Hunger zu essen, um negative Gefühle zu bewältigen. In unangenehmen emotionalen Zuständen setzen sie sich kaum mit den Emotionen auseinander und essen stattdessen. Es fällt ihnen oft schwer, ihren Emotionen, aber auch ihren Hunger- und Sättigungsgefühlen Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken und diese zu erkennen. Emotionales Essverhalten kann Betroffene davon abhalten, einen konstruktiven Umgang mit den emotionalen Belastungen zu erlernen, und kann zu Übergewicht, den mit Übergewicht einhergehenden ernährungsbedingten Erkrankungen oder gar zu Essstörungen führen. Um diese langfristigen Folgen gar nicht erst entstehen zu lassen, ist es von zentraler Bedeutung, problematischen Formen des emotionalen Essverhaltens vorzubeugen oder sie zu verändern. Die vorliegende Dissertation umfasst 3 empirische Studien, in denen anhand von standardisierten und selbst entwickelten Fragebögen sowie mithilfe der Experience-Sampling-Methode die Auslöser und die Modifikation emotionalen Essverhaltens untersucht wurden. Die Experience-Sampling-Methode basiert auf alltagsnahen, zeitlich präzisen, multiplen Messungen im Feld. In der 1. Studie wurde bei gesunden Personen die Wirkung der negativen Gefühle als Auslöser des emotionalen Essverhaltens im Alltag beobachtet. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass keine bestimmten negativen Emotionen zu existieren scheinen, die einen stärkeren Einfluss auf das emotionale Essverhalten haben als andere, und dass alle negativen Gefühle nahezu gleichermaßen das Potenzial bergen, emotionales Essverhalten hervorzurufen. Diese Erkenntnis ist in die Konzeption eines Trainingsprogramms zur Veränderung des emotionalen Essverhaltens für emotionale Esser eingeflossen, das achtsamkeitsbasierte Konzepte mit verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlungsmethoden kombiniert. Die 2. und die 3. Studie überprüften mit einem randomisierten, kontrollierten Design die Machbarkeit und die Wirksamkeit des Gruppentrainings im ambulanten und klinischen Setting. Das Training ließ sich ambulant und in einer Klinik sehr gut umsetzen und wurde von den Teilnehmern weitgehend positiv bewertet. Im Anschluss an das Training aßen emotionale Esser weniger emotional, indem sie durch die achtsame Selbstbeobachtung lernten, die Essauslöser besser zu erkennen und sie von den körperlichen Hungerempfindungen zu unterscheiden. Vielmehr fingen sie bis zu einem gewissen Grad an, achtsamer zu essen und das Essen zu genießen. Die Emotionsregulation verbesserte sich ebenfalls in vielen Aspekten. Die Trainingsteilnehmer entwickelten die Kompetenzen oder tendierten dazu, ihre Gefühle aufmerksamer wahrzunehmen, klarer zu erkennen und zu benennen, sie stärker positiv zu beeinflussen und sie leichter zu akzeptieren, wenn sie im Augenblick nicht verändert werden konnten. Somit konnten die Machbarkeit und die Wirksamkeit des entwickelten Trainingsprogramms sowohl im ambulanten Setting als auch in den bedeutendsten Aspekten im klinischen Kontext als Teil eines breiter angelegten Therapiekonzepts nachgewiesen werden. Die drei vorgelegten Arbeiten liefern einen Beitrag zum Verständnis und zur Veränderung des emotionalen Essverhaltens. Weitergehende Untersuchungen sollten die Merkmale der äußeren Situation als Risikofaktoren für das emotionale Essverhalten analysieren sowie die zeitliche Stabilität der Trainingseffekte testen, die außerhalb einer Katamnese von 3 Monaten liegt. Die Wirksamkeit des Trainingsprogramms könnte ferner gegenüber anderen Therapieverfahren und multizentrisch in unterschiedlichen Kliniken unter zahlreichen Rahmenbedingungen geprüft werden. N2 - The first study examined using experience sampling in everyday life if different negative emotions have different effects on emotional eating. The objectives of randomized controlled trials in the 2nd and 3rd study were to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a newly developed mindfulness-based training to modify emotional eating in an outpatient and clinical Setting. KW - Essgewohnheit KW - Achtsamkeit KW - Achtsamkeitsbasiertes Training KW - Emotionales Eßverhalten KW - Essverhalten Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-138799 N1 - Dieses Dokument wurde aus Urheberrechtsschutzgründen erneut veröffentlicht; Die ursprüngliche Veröffentlichung war am 02.02.2016 ER - TY - THES A1 - Winkler, Markus Heinrich T1 - Motivational properties of reward associated stimuli - Conditioning studies with smoke and monetary reinforcement T1 - Motivationale Wirkung belohnungsassoziierter Reize – Konditionierungsstudien mit Rauchen und Geldgewinn als Verstärker N2 - Abstract Tobacco addiction is considered as a chronic relapsing disorder, characterized by compul-sive drug seeking and intake. Learning processes are stressed to account for the situational-specific expression of core features of the disorder, e.g., craving for drug, tolerance and ex-cessive consumption. According to incentive theories, smoke conditioned stimuli are hy-pothesized to be appetitive in nature, promoting craving, approach and consummatory be-havior. Commonly, smoking cues are treated as simple excitatory conditioned stimuli formed by a close and reliable overlap with the drug effect. However, the smoking ritual comprises a multitude of stimuli which may give rise to different forms of learning and con-ditioned responses partially opposing each other. Previous research suggests the predictive content and the temporal proximity of smoking stimuli to the drug effect as important de-terminants of cue reactivity. In contrast to stimuli related to the preparatory stage of smok-ing and the start of consumption (BEGIN stimuli), stimuli from the terminal stage of smok-ing (END stimuli) apparently lack high cue reactivity. Several lines of evidence suggest the poor cue properties of terminal stimuli to be related to their signaling of poor smoke availa-bility. Indeed, cue reactivity is commonly decreased when smoking appears to be unavaila-ble. Moreover, the learning literature suggests that stimuli predictive for the non-availability of reward may acquire the capacity to modulate or oppose the responses of ex-citatory conditioned stimuli. Therefore, the aim of the present thesis was to enhance our knowledge of stimulus control in human drug addiction and incentive motivation by running a series of conditioning studies with smoke intake and monetary reward as reinforcer. Sub-jective report and physiological measures of motivational valence and consummatory re-sponse tendencies were used as dependent variables. The first experiment of this thesis used a differential conditioning paradigm to reveal evi-dence for the conditioning of preparatory and consummatory responses to a CS+ for smok-ing. Neutral pictograms served as CSs and single puffs on a cigarette as US. In line with the predictions of incentive theories, the excitatory CS+ for smoking acquired the ability to evoke an appetitive conditioned response, as indicated by enhanced activity of the M. zy-gomaticus major. Moreover, anticipation of puffing on the cigarette increased the activity of the M. orbicularis oris (lip muscle), indicating the activation of consummatory response tendencies. Finally, the CS+ evoked stronger skin conductance responses, indicative of in-creased autonomic arousal and orienting in preparation for action. In contrast, the rating data were apparently unaffected by the experimental contingency. In sum, the physiological data provide support for the notion that excitatory smoke conditioning gives rise to appeti-tive and consummatory conditioned responses, which may at least partially contribute to the maintenance of tobacco addiction. The second experiment of this thesis adapted the conditioning protocol of the first study to probe the functional significance of terminal stimuli in the control of addictive behavior. This study manipulated the predictive relationship of BEGIN and END stimuli to smoke rein-forcement to provide further support for the differential reactivity to both stimuli and the retarded (i.e., delayed) conditioning of END stimuli. Overall, the results of the first study of this thesis were conceptually replicated as the association of a BEGIN stimulus with smoke intake resulted in the acquisition of appetitive and consummatory physiological responses. Importantly, the results revealed evidence for a retarded excitatory conditioning of END stimuli. Thus, pairing of an END stimulus with smoke intake failed to produce a conditioned discrimination in terms of motivational valence and autonomic arousal, as indicated by the activity of the M. corrugator supercilii and the skin conductance data. These results provide further support for the notion that END stimuli may be weak cues for smoking. Moreover, in light of the results of the first study of this thesis, the retarded excitatory conditioning of terminal stimuli may be suggestive of an inhibitory response component, which may be re-lated to their signaling of poor smoke availability. In sum, these results add to a growing body of data, which suggest that the expression of cue reactivity may be modulated by the temporal proximity and the availability of the drug effect. The aim of the third study of this thesis was to provide “proof of concept” for an inhibi-tory conditioning notion of terminal stimuli. In this analog study BEGIN and END stimuli were emulated as discriminative SD and S for monetary reward. During an acquisition phase conditioned inhibition was established to the S predictive of the non-availability of re-ward. Subsequently a retardation test was used to substantiate conditioned inhibition. In this test, excitatory conditioning of the previous S was compared to the excitatory condi-tioning of a novel control stimulus. Importantly, the results revealed evidence for reward conditioned inhibition as indicated by the retarded acquisition of subjective (pleasure and reward expectancy) and physiological (skin conductance and activity of the M. orbicularis oculi) responses. In sum, these results provide support for the notion that stimuli predictive for the non-availability of reward may acquire the capacity to oppose the responses of ex-citatory conditioned stimuli. Thus, future research may benefit from the consideration of inhibitory conditioning processes in drug addiction, which may be of theoretical, methodo-logical and clinical importance. In sum, the present thesis revealed evidence for 1) an appetitive nature of excitatory condi-tioned smoking cues, 2) the dependency of this learning process on the temporal position of the conditioned stimuli in the intake ritual and 3) the acquisition of conditioned inhibition by a stimulus predictive for the non-availability of reward, as evident in retarded excitatory conditioning. Overall, these studies made a novel contribution to the field of human drug addiction and incentive motivation and provided valuable suggestions for further research. N2 - Zusammenfassung Tabakabhängigkeit wird als eine chronische Störung betrachtet, die durch exzessives dro-gensuchendes und -konsumierendes Verhalten gekennzeichnet ist. Lernprozesse werden zur Erklärung der Situationsspezifität zentraler Merkmale einer Abhängigkeit (z.B. Craving, Tole-ranz und übermäßiger Konsum) herangezogen. Anreiztheorien postulieren, dass konditio-nierte Rauchreize appetitiv sind, ein Verlangen zu konsumieren hervorrufen sowie Annähe-rungs- und konsummatorische Reaktionen induzieren. Gewöhnlich werden Rauch-Cues als einfache, exzitatorisch konditionierte Reize aufgefasst, die durch eine enge und reliable Überlappung mit der Drogenwirkung entstehen. Das Rauchritual beinhaltet allerdings eine Vielzahl von Reizen, die vermutlich unterschiedliche Lernformen begünstigen und dadurch teils einander entgegengesetzte konditionierte Reaktionen hervorrufen können. Die bisheri-ge Forschung legt nahe, dass die zeitliche Nähe und der prädiktive Wert von Reizen hinsicht-lich der Drogenwirkung die Cue-Reaktivität entscheidend beeinflussen. Im Gegensatz zu Reizen aus der präparatorischen Phase des Rauchrituals und solchen vom Konsumbeginn (Anfangsreize) lösen Reize aus der Endphase des Konsums (Endreize) nur geringe Cue-Reaktivität aus. Verschiedene Befunde legen nahe, dass die schwache Cue-Wirkung von End-reizen mit der wahrgenommenen Verfügbarkeit der Droge(nwirkung) zusammenhängt. So ist die Cue-Reaktivität gewöhnlich reduziert, wenn keine Möglichkeit zum Konsum besteht. Zudem legt die Lernliteratur nahe, dass Reize, die die Nicht-Verfügbarkeit einer Belohnung vorhersagen die Fähigkeit erwerben, exzitatorisch konditionierten Reaktionen entgegenzu-wirken. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es somit, unser Verständnis der Reizabhängig-keit süchtigen Verhaltens und der zugrundeliegenden motivationalen Prozesse zu erweitern. Dazu wurde eine Reihe von Konditionierungsstudien mit Rauchaufnahme und Geldgewinn als Verstärker durchgeführt. Als abhängige Variablen wurde der Selbstbericht der Proban-den sowie physiologische Maße motivationaler Valenz und konsummatorischer Reaktions-tendenzen erfasst. Im ersten Experiment dieser Arbeit wurde ein differentielles Konditionierungsparadigma ver-wendet, um den Nachweis zu erbringen, dass ein CS+ für Rauchen präparatorische und kon-summatorische Reaktionen hervorruft. Dabei wurden neutrale Symbole als konditionierte Reize verwendet und einzelne Züge an einer Zigarette als US. In Übereinstimmung mit den Vorhersagen von Anreiztheorien löste der exzitatorische CS+ eine appetitive konditionierte Reaktion aus, die sich in einer erhöhten Aktivität des M. zygomaticus major zeigte. Zudem war die Aktivität des M. orbicularis oris (Lippenmuskel) erhöht, was für die Aktivierung kon-summatorischer Reaktionstendenzen spricht. Schließlich rief der CS+ eine erhöhte Haut-leitfähigkeitsreaktion hervor, die eine Orientierungsreaktion und erhöhte autonome Reak-tivität im Rahmen der Handlungsvorbereitung anzeigt. Die experimentelle Kontingenz spie-gelte sich jedoch nicht in den Reizbewertungen wieder. Insgesamt stützen die physiologi-schen Befunde die Auffassung, dass exzitatorisch konditionierte Rauchreize appetitive und konsummatorische Reaktionen auslösen, die zur Aufrechterhaltung einer Tabakabhängig-keit beitragen können. Im zweiten Experiment wurde das Konditionierungsparadigma der ersten Studie adaptiert. Ziel des Experiments war es, die funktionellen Auswirkungen von Endreizen auf verschiedene Parameter abhängigen Verhaltens zu untersuchen. In der Studie wurde der prädiktive Gehalt von Anfangs- und Endreizen experimentell manipuliert, indem die Reize entweder als CS+ oder als CS- (und umgekehrt) mit Rauchen gepaart wurden. Zum einen sollten dadurch bis-herige Befunde erweitert werden, die zeigen, dass beide Reize unterschiedliche Reaktionen auslösen. Zum anderen sollte der Nachweis einer verlangsamten exzitatorischen Konditio-nierung von Endreizen erbracht werden. Insgesamt konnten die Ergebnisse der ersten Studie der vorliegenden Arbeit konzeptuell repliziert werden. So lösten Anfangsreize appetitive und konsummatorische physiologische Reaktionen aus, wenn sie mit Rauchen gepaart wurden. Wichtiger jedoch war der Befund einer verlangsamten exzitatorischen Konditionierung von Endreizen, wie er sich in Maßen motivationaler Valenz (M. corrugator supercilii) und auto-nomer Erregung (Hautleitfähigkeitsreaktionen) zeigte. Diese Befunde stützen die Auffas-sung, dass Endreize nur eine schwache Cue-Wirkung besitzen. In der Zusammenschau mit den Befunden der ersten Studie sprechen die Ergebnisse andeutungsweise dafür, dass End-reize eine inhibitorische Reaktionskomponente besitzen. Diese könnte damit in Zusam-menhang stehen, dass die wahrgenommene Verfügbarkeit der Droge(nwirkung) im Falle von Endreizen reduziert ist. Insgesamt gliedern sich die Befunde gut in eine Reihe von Studien ein, die nahelegen, dass Cue-Reaktivität durch die zeitliche Nähe und die Verfügbarkeit der Drogenwirkung moduliert wird. Das Ziel der dritten Studie war es einen inhibitorischen Konditionierungsansatz zur Entste-hung von Endreizen konzeptuell zu überprüfen. In einer Analogstudie wurden Anfangs- und Endreize als diskriminative Hinweisreize SD bzw. S für einen Geldgewinn modelliert. In einer Akquisitionsphase wurde der S, der die Nicht-Verfügbarkeit eines Gewinns signalisierte, als konditionierter Hemmreiz etabliert. Anschließend wurde ein Retardationstest zum Nach-weis konditionierter Hemmung durchgeführt. In diesem Test wurde die exzitatorische Kon-ditionierung des ehemaligen S mit der exzitatorischen Konditionierung eines neuen Kon-trollreizes verglichen. Dabei konnte konditionierte Hemmung in Form einer verlangsamten exzitatorischen Konditionierung subjektiver (positiver Affekt und Belohnungserwartung) und physiologischer (Hautleitfähigkeitsreaktionen und Aktivität des M. orbicularis oculi) Reaktionen nachgewiesen werden. Insgesamt stützen diese Befunde die Auffassung, dass Reize, die die Nicht-Verfügbarkeit einer Belohnung vorhersagen die Fähigkeit erwerben, exzitatorisch konditionierten Reaktionen entgegenzuwirken. Die weitere Suchtforschung könnte somit von einer stärkeren Berücksichtigung konditionierte Hemmprozesse sowohl hinsichtlich der Theorienbildung als auch in methodischer und klinischer Hinsicht profitie-ren. Insgesamt hat die vorliegende Arbeit gezeigt, dass 1) exzitatorisch konditionierte Rauchrei-ze eine appetitive Wirkung entfalten, 2) dieser Lernprozess von der zeitlichen Stellung der konditionierten Reize im Konsumritual abhängig ist und 3) Reize, die prädiktiv für die Nicht-Verfügbarkeit einer Belohnung sind als konditionierte Hemmreize fungieren können, was sich in einer verlangsamten exzitatorischen Konditionierung wiederspiegelt. Die vorliegende Arbeit erbrachte einen neuen Beitrag im Bereich der Sucht- und Motivationsforschung sowie mehrere Anknüpfungspunkte für zukünftige Forschungsvorhaben. KW - BEGIN stimuli KW - END stimuli KW - Incentive motivation KW - Conditioned inhibition KW - Facial EMG KW - Smoking KW - Addiction KW - Conditioning KW - Nicotine KW - Reward KW - Cue KW - Rauchen KW - Konditionierung Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121794 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian T1 - Are certain foods addictive? JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry N2 - A commentary on Lifestyle medicine: the importance of firmgrounding on evidence by Rippe JM. Am J Lifestyle Med (2014) doi:10.1177/ 1559827613520527 Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120257 SN - 1664-0640 VL - 5 IS - 38 ER - TY - THES A1 - Herber, Kristina T1 - Auslöser und Modifikation emotionalen Essverhaltens - Feldstudien zum emotionalen Essverhalten und seiner Veränderung durch ein achtsamkeitsbasiertes Training T1 - Antecedents and modification of emotional eating – Field studies on emotional eating and its modification through a mindfulness-based training N2 - Emotionale Esser neigen dazu, in emotional belastenden Situationen überwiegend süße und fettreiche Nahrung häufig in Abwesenheit von Hunger zu essen, um negative Gefühle zu bewältigen. In unangenehmen emotionalen Zuständen setzen sie sich kaum mit den Emotionen auseinander und essen stattdessen. Es fällt ihnen oft schwer, ihren Emotionen, aber auch ihren Hunger- und Sättigungsgefühlen Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken und diese zu erkennen. Emotionales Essverhalten kann Betroffene davon abhalten, einen konstruktiven Umgang mit den emotionalen Belastungen zu erlernen, und kann zu Übergewicht, den mit Übergewicht einhergehenden ernährungsbedingten Erkrankungen oder gar zu Essstörungen führen. Um diese langfristigen Folgen gar nicht erst entstehen zu lassen, ist es von zentraler Bedeutung, problematischen Formen des emotionalen Essverhaltens vorzubeugen oder sie zu verändern. Die vorliegende Dissertation umfasst 3 empirische Studien, in denen anhand von standardisierten und selbst entwickelten Fragebögen sowie mithilfe der Experience-Sampling-Methode die Auslöser und die Modifikation emotionalen Essverhaltens untersucht wurden. Die Experience-Sampling-Methode basiert auf alltagsnahen, zeitlich präzisen, multiplen Messungen im Feld. In der 1. Studie wurde bei gesunden Personen die Wirkung der negativen Gefühle als Auslöser des emotionalen Essverhaltens im Alltag beobachtet. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass keine bestimmten negativen Emotionen zu existieren scheinen, die einen stärkeren Einfluss auf das emotionale Essverhalten haben als andere, und dass alle negativen Gefühle nahezu gleichermaßen das Potenzial bergen, emotionales Essverhalten hervorzurufen. Diese Erkenntnis ist in die Konzeption eines Trainingsprogramms zur Veränderung des emotionalen Essverhaltens für emotionale Esser eingeflossen, das achtsamkeitsbasierte Konzepte mit verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlungsmethoden kombiniert. Die 2. und die 3. Studie überprüften mit einem randomisierten, kontrollierten Design die Machbarkeit und die Wirksamkeit des Gruppentrainings im ambulanten und klinischen Setting. Das Training ließ sich ambulant und in einer Klinik sehr gut umsetzen und wurde von den Teilnehmern weitgehend positiv bewertet. Im Anschluss an das Training aßen emotionale Esser weniger emotional, indem sie durch die achtsame Selbstbeobachtung lernten, die Essauslöser besser zu erkennen und sie von den körperlichen Hungerempfindungen zu unterscheiden. Vielmehr fingen sie bis zu einem gewissen Grad an, achtsamer zu essen und das Essen zu genießen. Die Emotionsregulation verbesserte sich ebenfalls in vielen Aspekten. Die Trainingsteilnehmer entwickelten die Kompetenzen oder tendierten dazu, ihre Gefühle aufmerksamer wahrzunehmen, klarer zu erkennen und zu benennen, sie stärker positiv zu beeinflussen und sie leichter zu akzeptieren, wenn sie im Augenblick nicht verändert werden konnten. Somit konnten die Machbarkeit und die Wirksamkeit des entwickelten Trainingsprogramms sowohl im ambulanten Setting als auch in den bedeutendsten Aspekten im klinischen Kontext als Teil eines breiter angelegten Therapiekonzepts nachgewiesen werden. Die drei vorgelegten Arbeiten liefern einen Beitrag zum Verständnis und zur Veränderung des emotionalen Essverhaltens. Weitergehende Untersuchungen sollten die Merkmale der äußeren Situation als Risikofaktoren für das emotionale Essverhalten analysieren sowie die zeitliche Stabilität der Trainingseffekte testen, die außerhalb einer Katamnese von 3 Monaten liegt. Die Wirksamkeit des Trainingsprogramms könnte ferner gegenüber anderen Therapieverfahren und multizentrisch in unterschiedlichen Kliniken unter zahlreichen Rahmenbedingungen geprüft werden. N2 - The first study examined using experience sampling in everyday life if different negative emotions have different effects on emotional eating. The objectives of randomized controlled trials in the 2nd and 3rd study were to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a newly developed mindfulness-based training to modify emotional eating in an outpatient and clinical Setting. KW - Essgewohnheit KW - Achtsamkeit KW - Achtsamkeitsbasiertes Training KW - Emotionales Essverhalten KW - Essverhalten Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112312 N1 - Aus urheberrechtlichen Gründen wurde der Zugriff auf den Volltext zu diesem Dokument gesperrt. Eine neue Version ist erhältlich unter: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-138799 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wölk, Julian A1 - Sütterlin, Stefan A1 - Koch, Stefan A1 - Vögele, Claus A1 - Schulz, Stefan M. T1 - Enhanced cardiac perception predicts impaired performance in the Iowa Gambling Task in patients with panic disorder JF - Brain and Behavior N2 - OBJECTIVE: Somatic marker theory predicts that somatic cues serve intuitive decision making; however, cardiovascular symptoms are threat cues for patients with panic disorder (PD). Therefore, enhanced cardiac perception may aid intuitive decision making only in healthy individuals, but impair intuitive decision making in PD patients. METHODS: PD patients and age-and sex-matched volunteers without a psychiatric diagnosis (n=17, respectively) completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) as a measure of intuitive decision making. Interindividual differences in cardiac perception were assessed with a common mental-tracking task. RESULTS: In line with our hypothesis, we found a pattern of opposing associations (Fisher's Z=1.78, P=0.04) of high cardiac perception with improved IGT-performance in matched control-participants (r=0.36, n=14) but impaired IGT-performance in PD patients (r=-0.38, n=13). CONCLUSION: Interoceptive skills, typically assumed to aid intuitive decision making, can have the opposite effect in PD patients who experience interoceptive cues as threatening, and tend to avoid them. This may explain why PD patients frequently have problems with decision making in everyday life. Screening of cardiac perception may help identifying patients who benefit from specifically tailored interventions. KW - panic disorder KW - somatic marker hypothesis KW - cardiac perception KW - Iowa Gambling Task KW - decision making KW - interoception Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119865 SN - 2162-3279 VL - 4 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Lutz, Annika P. C. A1 - Krawietz, Vera A1 - Stützer, Judith A1 - Vögele, Claus A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Food-cue affected motor response inhibition and self-reported dieting success: a pictorial affective shifting task JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Behavioral inhibition is one of the basic facets of executive functioning and is closely related to self-regulation. Impulsive reactions, that is, low inhibitory control, have been associated with higher body mass index (BMI), binge eating, and other problem behaviors (e.g., substance abuse, pathological gambling, etc.). Nevertheless, studies which investigated the direct influence of food-cues on behavioral inhibition have been fairly inconsistent. In the current studies, we investigated food-cue affected behavioral inhibition in young women. For this purpose, we used a go/no-go task with pictorial food and neutral stimuli in which stimulus-response mapping is reversed after every other block (affective shifting task). In study 1, hungry participants showed faster reaction times to and omitted fewer food than neutral targets. Low dieting success and higher BMI were associated with behavioral disinhibition in food relative to neutral blocks. In study 2, both hungry and satiated individuals were investigated. Satiation did not influence overall task performance, but modulated associations of task performance with dieting success and self-reported impulsivity. When satiated, increased food craving during the task was associated with low dieting success, possibly indicating a preload-disinhibition effect following food intake. Food-cues elicited automatic action and approach tendencies regardless of dieting success, self-reported impulsivity, or current hunger levels. Yet, associations between dieting success, impulsivity, and behavioral food-cue responses were modulated by hunger and satiation. Future research investigating clinical samples and including other salient non-food stimuli as control category is warranted. KW - impulsivity KW - inhibitory control KW - response inhibition KW - go/no-go task KW - food-cues KW - dieting success KW - body mass index Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119840 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhne, Johannes A1 - Holz, Elisa A1 - Staiger-Sälzer, Pit A1 - Müller, Klaus-Robert A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Tangermann, Michael T1 - Motor Imagery for Severely Motor-Impaired Patients: Evidence for Brain-Computer Interfacing as Superior Control Solution JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) strive to decode brain signals into control commands for severely handicapped people with no means of muscular control. These potential users of noninvasive BCIs display a large range of physical and mental conditions. Prior studies have shown the general applicability of BCI with patients, with the conflict of either using many training sessions or studying only moderately restricted patients. We present a BCI system designed to establish external control for severely motor-impaired patients within a very short time. Within only six experimental sessions, three out of four patients were able to gain significant control over the BCI, which was based on motor imagery or attempted execution. For the most affected patient, we found evidence that the BCI could outperform the best assistive technology (AT) of the patient in terms of control accuracy, reaction time and information transfer rate. We credit this success to the applied user-centered design approach and to a highly flexible technical setup. State-of-the art machine learning methods allowed the exploitation and combination of multiple relevant features contained in the EEG, which rapidly enabled the patients to gain substantial BCI control. Thus, we could show the feasibility of a flexible and tailorable BCI application in severely disabled users. This can be considered a significant success for two reasons: Firstly, the results were obtained within a short period of time, matching the tight clinical requirements. Secondly, the participating patients showed, compared to most other studies, very severe communication deficits. They were dependent on everyday use of AT and two patients were in a locked-in state. For the most affected patient a reliable communication was rarely possible with existing AT. KW - eyes KW - signal filtering KW - social communication KW - hands KW - machine learning KW - man-computer interface KW - games KW - electroencephalography Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119331 VL - 9 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Gearhard, Ashley N. T1 - Food Addiction in the Light of DSM-5 JF - Nutrients N2 - The idea that specific kind of foods may have an addiction potential and that some forms of overeating may represent an addicted behavior has been discussed for decades. In recent years, the interest in food addiction is growing and research on this topic lead to more precise definitions and assessment methods. For example, the Yale Food Addiction Scale has been developed for the measurement of addiction-like eating behavior based on the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence of the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). In 2013, diagnostic criteria for substance abuse and-dependence were merged, thereby increasing the number of symptoms for substance use disorders (SUDs) in the DSM-5. Moreover, gambling disorder is now included along SUDs as a behavioral addiction. Although a plethora of review articles exist that discuss the applicability of the DSM-IV substance dependence criteria to eating behavior, the transferability of the newly added criteria to eating is unknown. Thus, the current article discusses if and how these new criteria may be translated to overeating. Furthermore, it is examined if the new SUD criteria will impact future research on food addiction, for example, if "diagnosing" food addiction should also be adapted by considering all of the new symptoms. Given the critical response to the revisions in DSM-5, we also discuss if the recent approach of Research Domain Criteria can be helpful in evaluating the concept of food addiction. KW - food addiction KW - obesity KW - binge eating KW - RDoC KW - DSM-IV KW - DSM-5 KW - substance dependence KW - substance use disorder KW - gambling KW - craving Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119279 SN - 2072-6643 VL - 6 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Gerdes, Antje B. M. A1 - Reicherts, Philipp A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Mutual influences of pain and emotional face processing JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The perception of unpleasant stimuli enhances whereas the perception of pleasant stimuli decreases pain perception. In contrast, the effects of pain on the processing of emotional stimuli are much less known. Especially given the recent interest in facial expressions of pain as a special category of emotional stimuli, a main topic in this research line is the mutual influence of pain and facial expression processing. Therefore, in this mini-review we selectively summarize research on the effects of emotional stimuli on pain, but more extensively turn to the opposite direction namely how pain influences concurrent processing of affective stimuli such as facial expressions. Based on the motivational priming theory one may hypothesize that the perception of pain enhances the processing of unpleasant stimuli and decreases the processing of pleasant stimuli. This review reveals that the literature is only partly consistent with this assumption: pain reduces the processing of pleasant pictures and happy facial expressions, but does not – or only partly – affect processing of unpleasant pictures. However, it was demonstrated that pain selectively enhances the processing of facial expressions if these are pain-related (i.e., facial expressions of pain). Extending a mere affective modulation theory, the latter results suggest pain-specific effects which may be explained by the perception-action model of empathy. Together, these results underscore the important mutual influence of pain and emotional face processing. KW - emotion KW - facial expression KW - ERPs KW - perception-action KW - pain Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-118446 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petrasek, Tomas A1 - Prokopova, Iva A1 - Sladek, Martin A1 - Weissova, Kamila A1 - Vojtechova, Iveta A1 - Bahnik, Stepan A1 - Zemanova, Anna A1 - Schönig, Kai A1 - Berger, Stefan A1 - Tews, Bjoern A1 - Bartsch, Dusan A1 - Schwab, Martin E. A1 - Sumova, Alena A1 - Stuchlik, Ales T1 - Nogo-A-deficient transgenic rats show deficits in higher cognitive functions, decreased anxiety, and altered circadian activity patterns JF - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - Decreased levels of Nogo-A-dependent signaling have been shown to affect behavior and cognitive functions. In Nogo-A knockout and knockdown laboratory rodents, behavioral alterations were observed, possibly corresponding with human neuropsychiatric diseases of neurodevelopmental origin, particularly schizophrenia. This study offers further insight into behavioral manifestations of Nogo-A knockdown in laboratory rats, focusing on spatial and non-spatial cognition, anxiety levels, circadian rhythmicity, and activity patterns. Demonstrated is an impairment of cognitive functions and behavioral flexibility in a spatial active avoidance task, while non-spatial memory in a step-through avoidance task was spared. No signs of anhedonia, typical for schizophrenic patients, were observed in the animals. Some measures indicated lower anxiety levels in the Nogo-A-deficient group. Circadian rhythmicity in locomotor activity was preserved in the Nogo-A knockout rats and their circadian period (tau) did not differ from controls. However, daily activity patterns were slightly altered in the knockdown animals. We conclude that a reduction of Nogo-A levels induces changes in CNS development, manifested as subtle alterations in cognitive functions, emotionality, and activity patterns. KW - AAPA KW - circadian rhythmicity KW - passive avoidance KW - Nogo-A KW - anhedonia KW - neophobia KW - morris water maze KW - place avoidance task KW - neurite outgrowth inhibitor KW - axon regeneration KW - synaptic plasticity KW - down regulation KW - traumatic brain injury KW - carousel maze KW - messenger RNA KW - genetic deletion Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117073 VL - 8 IS - 90 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ewald, Heike A1 - Glotzbach-Schoon, Evelyn A1 - Gerdes, Antje B. M. A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Müller, Mathias A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Delay and trace fear conditioning in a complex virtual learning environment - neural substrates of extinction JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Extinction is an important mechanism to inhibit initially acquired fear responses. There is growing evidence that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) inhibits the amygdala and therefore plays an important role in the extinction of delay fear conditioning. To our knowledge, there is no evidence on the role of the prefrontal cortex in the extinction of trace conditioning up to now. Thus, we compared brain structures involved in the extinction of human delay and trace fear conditioning in a between-subjects-design in an fMRI study. Participants were passively guided through a virtual environment during learning and extinction of conditioned fear. Two different lights served as conditioned stimuli (CS); as unconditioned stimulus (US) a mildly painful electric stimulus was delivered. In the delay conditioning group (DCG) the US was administered with offset of one light (CS+), whereas in the trace conditioning group (TCG) the US was presented 4s after CS+ offset. Both groups showed insular and striatal activation during early extinction, but differed in their prefrontal activation. The vmPFC was mainly activated in the DCG, whereas the TCG showed activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during extinction. These results point to different extinction processes in delay and trace conditioning. VmPFC activation during extinction of delay conditioning might reflect the inhibition of the fear response. In contrast, dlPFC activation during extinction of trace conditioning may reflect modulation of working memory processes which are involved in bridging the trace interval and hold information in short term memory. KW - prefrontal cortex KW - delay conditioning KW - trace conditioning KW - extinction KW - virtual reality KW - fMRI KW - medial prefrontal cortex KW - event-related FMRI KW - orbifrontal cortex KW - contextual fear Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116230 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 8 IS - 323 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blechert, Jens A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Busch, Niko A. A1 - Ohla, Kathrin T1 - Food-pics: an image database for experimental research on eating and appetite JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Our current environment is characterized by the omnipresence of food cues. The sight and smell of real foods, but also graphically depictions of appetizing foods, can guide our eating behavior, for example, by eliciting food craving and influencing food choice. The relevance of visual food cues on human information processing has been demonstrated by a growing body of studies employing food images across the disciplines of psychology, medicine, and neuroscience. However, currently used food image sets vary considerably across laboratories and image characteristics (contrast, brightness, etc.) and food composition (calories, macronutrients, etc.) are often unspecified. These factors might have contributed to some of the inconsistencies of this research. To remedy this, we developed food-pics, a picture database comprising 568 food images and 315 non-food images along with detailed meta-data. A total of N = 1988 individuals with large variance in age and weight from German speaking countries and North America provided normative ratings of valence, arousal, palatability, desire to eat, recognizability and visual complexity. Furthermore, data on macronutrients (g), energy density (kcal), and physical image characteristics (color composition, contrast, brightness, size, complexity) are provided. The food-pics image database is freely available under the creative commons license with the hope that the set will facilitate standardization and comparability across studies and advance experimental research on the determinants of eating behavior. Read F KW - food-cues KW - standardized food images KW - ERP KW - image properties KW - anorexia nervosa KW - restrained eaters KW - high calorie KW - brain KW - weight loss KW - visual-attention KW - responses KW - cues KW - reward KW - hunger KW - fMRI KW - eating behavior KW - obesity KW - food pictures Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115987 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huestegge, Lynn A1 - Rohrßen, Julia A1 - van Ermingen-Marbach, Muna A1 - Pape-Neumann, Julia A1 - Heim, Stefan T1 - Devil in the details ? Developmental dyslexia and visual long-term memory for details JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Cognitive theories on causes of developmental dyslexia can be divided into language-specific and general accounts. While the former assume that words are special in that associated processing problems are rooted in language-related cognition (e.g., phonology) deficits, the latter propose that dyslexia is rather rooted in a general impairment of cognitive (e.g., visual and/or auditory) processing streams. In the present study, we examined to what extent dyslexia (typically characterized by poor orthographic representations) may be associated with a general deficit in visual long-term memory (LTM) for details. We compared object- and detail-related visual LTM performance (and phonological skills) between dyslexic primary school children and IQ-, age-, and gender-matched controls. The results revealed that while the overall amount of LTM errors was comparable between groups, dyslexic children exhibited a greater portion of detail-related errors. The results suggest that not only phonological, but also general visual resolution deficits in LTM may play an important role in developmental dyslexia. KW - anguage and word processing KW - picture processing KW - memory errors KW - orthographic representations KW - visual resolution deficit KW - phonology and reading KW - word form area KW - reading disability KW - spatial attention KW - ventral stream Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115887 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 IS - 686 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erlbeck, Helena A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Kotchoubey, Boris A1 - Veser, Sandra T1 - Task instructions modulate the attentional mode affecting the auditory MMN and the semantic N400 JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been proven to be a useful tool to complement clinical assessment and to detect residual cognitive functions in patients with disorders of consciousness. These ERPs are of ten recorded using passive or unspecific instructions. Patient data obtained this way are then compared to data from healthy participants, which are usually recorded using active instructions. The present study investigates the effect of attentive modulations and particularly the effect of activevs. passive instruction on the ERP components mismatch negativity (MMN) and N400. A sample of 18 healthy participants listened to three auditory paradigms: anoddball, aword priming, and a sentence paradigm. Each paradigm was presented three times with different instructions: ignoring auditory stimuli, passive listening, and focused attention on the auditory stimuli. After each task, the participants indicated their subjective effort. The N400 decreased from the focused task to the passive task, and was extinct in the ignore task. The MMN exhibited higher amplitudes in the focused and passive task compared to the ignore task. The data indicate an effect of attention on the supratemporal component of the MMN. Subjective effort was equally high in the passive and focused tasks but reduced in the ignore task. We conclude that passive listening during EEG recording is stressful and attenuates ERPs, which renders the interpretation of the results obtained in such conditions difficult. KW - ERP KW - priming KW - selective attention KW - event-related potentials KW - vigilance decrement KW - brain potentials KW - vegetative state KW - consciousness KW - component KW - predicts recovery KW - mismatch negativity KW - attention KW - instruction KW - N400 KW - MMN Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115553 VL - 8 IS - 654 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Martens, Suzanne A1 - Bensch, Michael A1 - Halder, Sebastian A1 - Hill, Jeremy A1 - Nijboer, Femke A1 - Ramos-Murguialday, Ander A1 - Schoelkopf, Bernhard A1 - Birbaumer, Niels A1 - Gharabaghi, Alireza T1 - Epidural electrocorticography for monitoring of arousal in locked-in state JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Electroencephalography (EEG) often fails to assess both the level (i.e., arousal) and the content (i.e., awareness) of pathologically altered consciousness in patients without motor responsiveness. This might be related to a decline of awareness, to episodes of low arousal and disturbed sleep patterns, and/or to distorting and attenuating effects of the skull and intermediate tissue on the recorded brain signals. Novel approaches are required to overcome these limitations. We introduced epidural electrocorticography (ECoG) for monitoring of cortical physiology in a late-stage amytrophic lateral sclerosis patient in completely locked-in state (CLIS) Despite long-term application for a period of six months, no implant related complications occurred. Recordings from the left frontal cortex were sufficient to identify three arousal states. Spectral analysis of the intrinsic oscillatory activity enabled us to extract state-dependent dominant frequencies at <4, similar to 7 and similar to 20 Hz, representing sleep-like periods, and phases of low and elevated arousal, respectively. In the absence of other biomarkers, ECoG proved to be a reliable tool for monitoring circadian rhythmicity, i.e., avoiding interference with the patient when he was sleeping and exploiting time windows of responsiveness. Moreover, the effects of interventions addressing the patient's arousal, e.g., amantadine medication, could be evaluated objectively on the basis of physiological markers, even in the absence of behavioral parameters. Epidural ECoG constitutes a feasible trade-off between surgical risk and quality of recorded brain signals to gain information on the patient's present level of arousal. This approach enables us to optimize the timing of interactions and medical interventions, all of which should take place when the patient is in a phase of high arousal. Furthermore, avoiding low responsiveness periods will facilitate measures to implement alternative communication pathways involving brain-computer interfaces (BCI). KW - temporal-lobe epilepsy KW - neuroprosthetic devices KW - brain computer interface KW - event-related potentials KW - intraoperative electrocoicography KW - electrocorticography KW - epidural recording KW - locked-in state KW - coma KW - consciousness KW - paralyzed patients KW - EEG KW - sleep KW - communication KW - frequencies KW - amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114863 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerdes, Antje B. M. A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Alpers, Georg W. T1 - Emotional pictures and sounds: a review of multimodal interactions of emotion cues in multiple domains JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - In everyday life, multiple sensory channels jointly trigger emotional experiences and one channel may alter processing in another channel. For example, seeing an emotional facial expression and hearing the voice's emotional tone will jointly create the emotional experience. This example, where auditory and visual input is related to social communication, has gained considerable attention by researchers. However, interactions of visual and auditory emotional information are not limited to social communication but can extend to much broader contexts including human, animal, and environmental cues. In this article, we review current research on audiovisual emotion processing beyond face-voice stimuli to develop a broader perspective on multimodal interactions in emotion processing. We argue that current concepts of multimodality should be extended in considering an ecologically valid variety of stimuli in audiovisual emotion processing. Therefore, we provide an overview of studies in which emotional sounds and interactions with complex pictures of scenes were investigated. In addition to behavioral studies, we focus on neuroimaging, electro- and peripher-physiological findings. Furthermore, we integrate these findings and identify similarities or differences. We conclude with suggestions for future research. KW - emotional sounds KW - auditory stimuli KW - facial expressions KW - human brain KW - multisensory integration KW - multimodal emotion processing KW - emotional pictures KW - audiovisual interactions KW - emotional scene stimuli KW - visual stimuli KW - social anxiety KW - human amygdala KW - attention capture KW - relevance detection KW - audiovisual integration Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114548 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Real, Ruben G. L. A1 - Kotchoubey, Boris A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Studentized continuous wavelet transform (t-CWT) in the analysis of individual ERPs: real and simulated EEG data N2 - This study aimed at evaluating the performance of the Studentized Continuous Wavelet Transform (t-CWT) as a method for the extraction and assessment of event-related brain potentials (ERP) in data from a single subject. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of the t-CWT were assessed and compared to a variety of competing procedures using simulated EEG data at six low signal-to-noise ratios. Results show that the t-CWT combines high sensitivity and specificity with favorable PPV and NPV. Applying the t-CWT to authentic EEG data obtained from 14 healthy participants confirmed its high sensitivity. The t-CWT may thus be well suited for the assessment of weak ERPs in single-subject settings. KW - electroencephalogram KW - wavelet KW - EEG KW - t-CWT KW - significance KW - detection KW - ERP Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113581 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Blankertz, Benjamin A1 - Kleih, Sonja C. A1 - Kaufmann, Tobias A1 - Hammer, Eva M. T1 - Visuo-motor coordination ability predicts performance with brain-computer interfaces controlled by modulation of sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) N2 - Modulation of sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) was suggested as a control signal for brain-computer interfaces (BCI). Yet, there is a population of users estimated between 10 to 50% not able to achieve reliable control and only about 20% of users achieve high (80–100%) performance. Predicting performance prior to BCI use would facilitate selection of the most feasible system for an individual, thus constitute a practical benefit for the user, and increase our knowledge about the correlates of BCI control. In a recent study, we predicted SMR-BCI performance from psychological variables that were assessed prior to the BCI sessions and BCI control was supported with machine-learning techniques. We described two significant psychological predictors, namely the visuo-motor coordination ability and the ability to concentrate on the task. The purpose of the current study was to replicate these results thereby validating these predictors within a neurofeedback based SMR-BCI that involved no machine learning.Thirty-three healthy BCI novices participated in a calibration session and three further neurofeedback training sessions. Two variables were related with mean SMR-BCI performance: (1) a measure for the accuracy of fine motor skills, i.e., a trade for a person’s visuo-motor control ability; and (2) subject’s “attentional impulsivity”. In a linear regression they accounted for almost 20% in variance of SMR-BCI performance, but predictor (1) failed significance. Nevertheless, on the basis of our prior regression model for sensorimotor control ability we could predict current SMR-BCI performance with an average prediction error of M = 12.07%. In more than 50% of the participants, the prediction error was smaller than 10%. Hence, psychological variables played a moderate role in predicting SMR-BCI performance in a neurofeedback approach that involved no machine learning. Future studies are needed to further consolidate (or reject) the present predictors. KW - brain-computer interfaces KW - sensorimotor rhythms KW - predictors KW - visuo-motor coordination abilities KW - attentional impulsivity Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113084 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Flaisch, Tobias A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Raised Middle-Finger: Electrocortical Correlates of Social Conditioning with Nonverbal Affective Gestures N2 - Humans form impressions of others by associating persons (faces) with negative or positive social outcomes. This learning process has been referred to as social conditioning. In everyday life, affective nonverbal gestures may constitute important social signals cueing threat or safety, which therefore may support aforementioned learning processes. In conventional aversive conditioning, studies using electroencephalography to investigate visuocortical processing of visual stimuli paired with danger cues such as aversive noise have demonstrated facilitated processing and enhanced sensory gain in visual cortex. The present study aimed at extending this line of research to the field of social conditioning by pairing neutral face stimuli with affective nonverbal gestures. To this end, electro-cortical processing of faces serving as different conditioned stimuli was investigated in a differential social conditioning paradigm. Behavioral ratings and visually evoked steady-state potentials (ssVEP) were recorded in twenty healthy human participants, who underwent a differential conditioning procedure in which three neutral faces were paired with pictures of negative (raised middle finger), neutral (pointing), or positive (thumbs-up) gestures. As expected, faces associated with the aversive hand gesture (raised middle finger) elicited larger ssVEP amplitudes during conditioning. Moreover, theses faces were rated as to be more arousing and unpleasant. These results suggest that cortical engagement in response to faces aversively conditioned with nonverbal gestures is facilitated in order to establish persistent vigilance for social threat-related cues. This form of social conditioning allows to establish a predictive relationship between social stimuli and motivationally relevant outcomes. KW - analysis of variance KW - face KW - behavioral conditioning KW - conditioned response KW - semiotics KW - non-verbal communication KW - amygdala KW - human learning Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113061 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Hautzinger, Martin A1 - Ludolph, Albert A1 - Dickhaus, Thorsten A1 - Real, Ruben G. L. T1 - Well-being in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot experience sampling study N2 - Objective: The aim of this longitudinal study was to identify predictors of instantaneous well-being in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Based on flow theory well-being was expected to be highest when perceived demands and perceived control were in balance, and that thinking about the past would be a risk factor for rumination which would in turn reduce well-being. Methods: Using the experience sampling method, data on current activities, associated aspects of perceived demands, control, and well-being were collected from 10 patients with ALS three times a day for two weeks. Results: Results show that perceived control was uniformly and positively associated with well-being, but that demands were only positively associated with well-being when they were perceived as controllable. Mediation analysis confirmed thinking about the past, but not thinking about the future, to be a risk factor for rumination and reduced well-being. Discussion: Findings extend our knowledge of factors contributing to well-being in ALS as not only perceived control but also perceived demands can contribute to well-being. They further show that a focus on present experiences might contribute to increased well-being. KW - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis KW - ALS KW - coping KW - well-being KW - experience sampling KW - ESM KW - reminiscence KW - rumination Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113057 ER -