TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bakirci, Ezgi
A1  - Frank, Andreas
A1  - Gumbel, Simon
A1  - Otto, Paul F.
A1  - Fürsattel, Eva
A1  - Tessmer, Ingrid
A1  - Schmidt, Hans‐Werner
A1  - Dalton, Paul D.
T1  - Melt Electrowriting of Amphiphilic Physically Crosslinked Segmented Copolymers
JF  - Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
N2  - Various (AB)\(_{n}\) and (ABAC)\(_{n}\) segmented copolymers with hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments are processed via melt electrowriting (MEW). Two different (AB)\(_{n}\) segmented copolymers composed of bisurea segments and hydrophobic poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) or hydrophilic poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) (PPO-PEG-PPO) segments, while the amphiphilic (ABAC)\(_{n}\) segmented copolymers consist of bisurea segments in the combination of hydrophobic PDMS segments and hydrophilic PPO-PEG-PPO segments with different ratios, are explored. All copolymer compositions are processed using the same conditions, including nozzle temperature, applied voltage, and collector distance, while changes in applied pressure and collector speed altered the fiber diameter in the range of 7 and 60 µm. All copolymers showed excellent processability with MEW, well-controlled fiber stacking, and inter-layer bonding. Notably, the surfaces of all four copolymer fibers are very smooth when visualized using scanning electron microscopy. However, the fibers show different roughness demonstrated with atomic force microscopy. The non-cytotoxic copolymers increased L929 fibroblast attachment with increasing PDMS content while the different copolymer compositions result in a spectrum of physical properties.
KW  - melt electrowriting
KW  - 3D printing
KW  - additive manufacturing
KW  - electrohydrodynamics
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257572
VL  - 222
IS  - 22
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Jentzsch, Antonio
T1  - Die „Malen nach Zahlen“ Methode zur Verbesserung der Präparation einer Vollgusskrone der Studenten
T1  - The "painting by numbers method" for education of students in crown preparation
N2  - Introduction: No commercially available solution to improve the teaching of a crown preparation directly on typodont teeth exists at the moment. To fill this gap and support the supervisors of dental courses, a printable and inexpensive tooth was created for structured self-assessment. The aim of this study was to test this printable tooth under realistic pre-clinical situations. Materials and methods: A two-coloured, double-layer practice tooth was developed. This tooth was consisting of a layer for a correct preparation and the crown. All printed teeth were produced with a stereolithographic printer. 35 voluntary secondyear dental students in the second pre-clinical course in prosthodontics were randomly divided into two groups. All students had experience with typodont teeth and models. The first group was trained on four standard model teeth. The second group used model teeth for the first and fourth attempt and printed teeth for second and third attempt. The preparations of the students were scanned by an in-lab scanner and the surface deviations in contrast to a perfect preparation were measured. The differences between the first and fourth attempt were calculated. Benefits of the printed tooth were also evaluated by a questionnaire using German school grades completed by the students (1 = Excellent, 2 = Good, 3 = Satisfactory, 4 = Adequate, 5 = Poor, 6 = Unsatisfactory). Results: The workflow was feasible and cost-effective regarding the production of the printed teeth. The overall rating of the printed tooth in the questionnaire was good (Ø 2.1 ± 0.22). Students reported different advantages of this method in the free text. The comparison of the preparation between the first and fourth attempt showed that there was a significant better preparation with the printed teeth. The complete preparation had median values of 0.05 mm (Group1: standard model tooth) and −0.03 mm (Group2: printed tooth) (P = .005). Divided into single surfaces, the vestibular and occlusal regions were significantly better. The vestibular surface was 0.11 mm (Group1) and −0.04 mm (Group2) (P = .018). The occlusal surface was 0.13 mm (Group1) and −0.05 mm (Group2) (P = .009). Conclusions: The aim of this study was fulfilled. The printed tooth was tested successfully in a pre-clinical course. The feasibility of this teaching concept was confirmed by the questionnaire and the analysis of the preparation form. A significant difference to a standard model tooth was measurable. The students had the possibility to learn a correct crown preparation on a standardised two-layered tooth with included preparation. This printed tooth enabled the students to control the crown preparation directly on their own.
N2  - Einleitung: Es gibt derzeit keine kommerziell erhältliche Lösung zur Verbesserung des Erlernens einer Kronenpräparation an Modellzähnen. Um diese Lücke zu schließen und die Betreuer von zahnmedizinischen Kursen zu unterstützen, wurde ein druckbarer und kostengünstiger Zahn zur strukturierten Selbsteinschätzung entwickelt. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, diesen druckbaren Zahn unter realistischen vorklinischen Situationen zu testen. Materialien und Methoden: Es wurde ein zweifarbiger, zweischichtiger Übungszahn entwickelt. Dieser Zahn bestand aus einer korrekten Präparationsschicht und der Zahnkrone. Alle gedruckten Zähne wurden mit einem Stereolithografiedrucker hergestellt. 35 freiwillige Zahnmedizinstudenten des zweiten vorklinischen Kurses im zweiten Jahr, wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt. Alle Studenten hatten Erfahrung mit Modellzähnen. Die erste Gruppe trainierte an vier Standard-Modellzähnen. Die zweite Gruppe verwendete Modellzähne für den ersten und vierten Versuch und gedruckte Zähne für den zweiten und dritten Versuch. Die Präparationen der Studenten wurden mit einem In-Lab-Scanner gescannt und die Oberflächenabweichungen im Gegensatz zu einer perfekten Präparation gemessen. Die Unterschiede zwischen dem ersten und vierten Versuch wurden berechnet. Der Nutzen des gedruckten Zahnes wurde durch einen Fragebogen mit deutschen Schulnoten von den Studierenden bewertet (1 = Ausgezeichnet, 2 = Gut, 3 = Befriedigend, 4 = Ausreichend, 5 = Schlecht, 6 = Unbefriedigend). Ergebnisse: Der Arbeitsablauf war praktikabel und kostengünstig in der Herstellung der der gedruckten Zähne. Die Gesamtbewertung des gedruckten Zahns im Fragebogen war gut (Ø 2,1 ± 0,22). Die Studenten berichteten verschiedene Vorteile dieser Methode im Freitext. Der Vergleich der Präparation zwischen dem ersten und vierten Versuch zeigte, dass mit den gedruckten Zähnen eine signifikant bessere Präparation erreicht wurde. Die vollständige Präparation hatte Medianwerte von 0,05 mm (Gruppe1: Standardmodellzahn) und -0,03 mm (Gruppe2: gedruckter Zahn) (P = .005). Aufgeteilt in einzelne Flächen waren die vestibulären und okklusalen Bereiche signifikant besser. Für die vestibuläre Fläche ergaben sich folgende Werte 0,11 mm (Gruppe1) und -0,04 mm (Gruppe2) (P = .018). Für die Okklusalfläche ergab sich eine Abweichung von 0,13 mm (Gruppe1) und -0,05 mm (Gruppe2) (P = .009). Schlussfolgerungen: Das Ziel dieser Studie wurde erfüllt. Der gedruckte Zahn wurde erfolgreich in einem vorklinischen Kurs getestet. Die Machbarkeit dieses Lehrkonzepts wurde durch den Fragebogen und die Analyse der Präparationsform bestätigt. Ein signifikanter Unterschied zu einem Standard-Modellzahn war messbar. Die Studenten hatten die Möglichkeit eine korrekte Kronenpräparation an einem standardisierten zweischichtigen Zahn mit eingebauter Präparation zu üben. Dieser gedruckte Zahn ermöglichte es den Studenten die Kronenpräparation selbst zu kontrollieren.
KW  - 3D-Druck
KW  - Präparation
KW  - Steriolithografie
KW  - CAD/CAM
KW  - Selbsteinschätzung
KW  - accuracy and precision
KW  - additive manufacturing
KW  - self-assessmen
KW  - rapid prototyping
KW  - dental restorative procedures
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237176
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kade, Juliane C.
A1  - Otto, Paul F.
A1  - Luxenhofer, Robert
A1  - Dalton, Paul D.
T1  - Melt electrowriting of poly(vinylidene difluoride) using a heated collector
JF  - Polymers for Advanced Technologies
N2  - Previous research on the melt electrowriting (MEW) of poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) resulted in electroactive fibers, however, printing more than five layers is challenging. Here, we investigate the influence of a heated collector to adjust the solidification rate of the PVDF jet so that it adheres sufficiently to each layer. A collector temperature of 110°C is required to improve fiber processing, resulting in a total of 20 fiber layers. For higher temperatures and higher layers, an interesting phenomenon occurred, where the intersection points of the fibers coalesced into periodic spheres of diameter 206 ± 52 μm (26G, 150°C collector temperature, 2000 mm/min, 10 layers in x- and y-direction).The heated collector is an important component of a MEW printer that allows polymers with a high melting point to be processable with increased layers.
KW  - additive manufacturing
KW  - polymer processing
KW  - melt electrowriting
KW  - electroactive
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318493
SN  - 1042-7147
VL  - 32
IS  - 12
SP  - 4951
EP  - 4955
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kade, Juliane C.
A1  - Tandon, Biranche
A1  - Weichhold, Jan
A1  - Pisignano, Dario
A1  - Persano, Luana
A1  - Luxenhofer, Robert
A1  - Dalton, Paul D.
T1  - Melt electrowriting of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene)
JF  - Polymer International
N2  - Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-co-TrFE)) is an electroactive polymer with growing interest for applications in biomedical materials and flexible electronics. In this study, a solvent-free additive manufacturing technique called melt electrowriting (MEW) has been utilized to fabricate well-defined microperiodic structures of the copolymer (P(VDF-co-TrFE)). MEW of the highly viscous polymer melt was initiated using a heated collector at temperatures above 120 °C and required remarkably slow collector speeds below 100 mm min\(^{-1}\). The fiber surface morphology was affected by the collector speed and an increase in β-phase was observed for scaffolds compared to the unprocessed powder. Videography shows vibrations of the P(VDF-co-TrFE) jet previously unseen during MEW, probably due to repeated charge buildup and discharge. Furthermore, piezo-force microscopy measurements demonstrated the electromechanical response of MEW-fabricated fibers. This research therefore achieves the melt electrohydrodynamic processing of fibers with micrometer resolution into defined structures with an important electroactive polymer.
KW  - polymer processing
KW  - additive manufacturing
KW  - electrohydrodynamic
KW  - electroactive
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257654
VL  - 70
IS  - 12
ER  -