TY  - JOUR
A1  - Petruski-Ivleva, Natalia
A1  - Kucharska-Newton, Anna
A1  - Palta, Priya
A1  - Couper, David
A1  - Meyer, Katie
A1  - Graff, Misa
A1  - Haring, Bernhard
A1  - Sharrett, Richey
A1  - Heiss, Gerardo
T1  - Milk intake at midlife and cognitive decline over 20 years. The Atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study
JF  - Nutrients
N2  - Background: Faster rates of cognitive decline are likely to result in earlier onset of cognitive impairment and dementia. d-galactose, a derivative of lactose, is used in animal studies to induce neurodegeneration. Milk is the primary source of lactose in the human diet, and its effects on cognitive decline have not been fully evaluated. Objective: Assess the association of milk intake with change in cognitive function over 20 years. Methods: A total of 13,751 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort completed a food frequency questionnaire and three neurocognitive evaluations from 1990 through 2013. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to determine lactase persistence (LCT-13910 C/T for Whites and LCT-14010 G/C for Blacks). Mixed-effects models were used to study the association of milk intake with cognitive change. Multiple imputations by chained equations were used to account for attrition. Results: Milk intake greater than 1 glass/day was associated with greater decline in the global z-score over a 20-year period. The difference in decline was 0.10 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.03) z-scores, or an additional 10% decline, relative to the group reporting “almost never” consuming milk. Conclusions: Replication of these results is warranted in diverse populations with greater milk intake and higher variability of lactase persistence genotype.
KW  - lactose
KW  - lactase persistence
KW  - oxidative stress
KW  - cognitive decline
KW  - dementia
KW  - aging
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173909
VL  - 9
IS  - 10
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Haring, Bernhard
A1  - Pettinger, Mary
A1  - Bea, Jennifer W.
A1  - Wactawski-Wende, Jean
A1  - Carnahan, Ryan M.
A1  - Ockene, Judith K.
A1  - Wyler von Ballmoos, Moritz
A1  - Wallace, Robert B.
A1  - Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia
T1  - Laxative use and incident falls, fractures and change in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative
JF  - BMC Geriatrics
N2  - Background

Laxatives are among the most widely used over-the-counter medications in the United States but studies examining their potential hazardous side effects are sparse. Associations between laxative use and risk for fractures and change in bone mineral density [BMD] have not previously been investigated.

Methods

This prospective analysis included 161,808 postmenopausal women (8907 users and 151,497 nonusers of laxatives) enrolled in the WHI Observational Study and Clinical Trials. Women were recruited from October 1, 1993, to December 31, 1998, at 40 clinical centers in the United States and were eligible if they were 50 to 79 years old and were postmenopausal at the time of enrollment. Medication inventories were obtained during in-person interviews at baseline and at the 3-year follow-up visit on everyone. Data on self-reported falls (≥2), fractures (hip and total fractures) were used. BMD was determined at baseline and year 3 at 3 of the 40 clinical centers of the WHI.

Results

Age-adjusted rates of hip fractures and total fractures, but not for falls were similar between laxative users and non-users regardless of duration of laxative use. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for any laxative use were 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.10) for falls, 1.02 (95% CI, 0.85-1.22) for hip fractures and 1.01 (95% CI, 0.96-1.07) for total fractures. The BMD levels did not statistically differ between laxative users and nonusers at any skeletal site after 3-years intake.

Conclusion

These findings support a modest association between laxative use and increase in the risk of falls but not for fractures. Its use did not decrease bone mineral density levels in postmenopausal women. Maintaining physical functioning, and providing adequate treatment of comorbidities that predispose individuals for falls should be considered as first measures to avoid potential negative consequences associated with laxative use.
KW  - laxative
KW  - use
KW  - fall
KW  - fracture
KW  - bone mineral density
KW  - aging
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-95960
UR  - http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/13/38
ER  -