TY  - THES
A1  - Feichtner, Thorsten
T1  - Optimal Design of Focusing Nanoantennas for Light : Novel Approaches: From Evolution to Mode-Matching
T1  - Optimierung von Nano-Antennen zur Fokussierung von Licht: Neue Ansätze: Von Evolution zu Moden-Anpassung
N2  - Optische Antennen arbeiten ähnlich wie Antennen für Radiowellen und wandeln elektromagnetische Strahlung in elektrische Wechselströme um. Ladungsdichteansammlungen an der Antennen-Oberfläche führen zu starken und lokalisierten Nahfeldern. Da die meisten optischen Antennen eine Ausdehnung von wenigen hundert Nanometern besitzen, ermöglichen es ihre Nahfelder, Licht auf ein Volumen weit unterhalb des Beugungslimits zu fokussieren, mit Intensitäten, die mehrere Größenordnungen über dem liegen, was man mit klassischer beugender und reflektierender Optik erreichen kann. Die Aufgabe, die Abstrahlung eines Quantenemitters zu maximieren, eines punktförmigen Objektes, welches einzelne Photonen absorbieren und emittieren kann, ist identisch mit der Aufgabe, die Feldintensität am Ort des Quantenemitters zu maximieren. Darum ist es erstrebenswert, den Fokus optischer Antennen zu optimieren

Optimierte Radiofrequenz-Antennen, welche auf Größenordnungen von wenigen 100 Nanometern herunterskaliert werden, zeigen bereits eine gute Funktionalität. Jedoch liegen optische Frequenzen in der Nähe der Plasmafrequenz von den Metallen, die für optische Antennen genutzt werden und die Masse der Elektronen kann nicht mehr vernachlässigt werden. Dadurch treten neue physikalische Phänomene auf. Es entstehen gekoppelte Zustände aus Licht und Ladungsdichte-Schwingungen, die sogenannten Plasmonen.  Daraus folgen Effekte wie Volumenströme und kürzere effektive Wellenlängen. Zusätzlich führt die endliche Leitfähigkeit zu thermischen Verluste. Das macht eine Antwort auf die Frage nach der optimalen Geometrie für fokussierende optische Antennen schwer. Jedoch stand vor dieser Arbeit der Beweis noch aus, dass es für optische Antennen bessere Alternativen gibt als herunterskalierte Radiofrequenz-Konzepte.

In dieser Arbeit werden optische Antennen auf eine bestmögliche Fokussierung optimiert. Dafür wird ein Ansatz gewählt, welcher bei Radiofrequenz-Antennen für komplexe Anwendungsfelder (z.B. isotroper Breitbandempfang) schon oft Erfolg hatte: evolutionäre Algorithmen. Die hier eingeführte erste Implementierung erlaubt eine große Freiheit in Bezug auf Partikelform und Anzahl, da sie quadratische Voxel auf einem planaren, quadratischen Gitter beliebig anordnet. Die Geometrien werden in einer binären Matrix codiert, welche als Genom dient und somit Methoden wie Mutation und Paarung als Verbesserungsmechanismus erlaubt. So optimierte Antennen-Geometrien übertreffen vergleichbare klassische Dipol-Geometrien um einen Faktor von Zwei. Darüber hinaus lässt sich aus den optimierten Antennen ein neues Funktionsprinzip ableiten: ein magnetische Split-Ring-Resonanz kann mit Dipol-Antennen leitend zu neuartigen und effektiveren Split-Ring-Antennen verbunden werden, da sich ihre Ströme nahe des Fokus konstruktiv überlagern.

Im nächsten Schritt wird der evolutionäre Algorithmus so angepasst, so die Genome real herstellbare Geometrien beschreiben. Zusätzlich wird er um eine Art ''Druckertreiber'' erweitert, welcher aus den Genomen direkt Anweisungen zur fokussierten Ionenstrahl-Bearbeitung von einkristallinen Goldflocken erstellt. Mit Hilfe von konfokaler Mikroskopie der Zwei-Photonen-Photolumineszenz wird gezeigt, dass Antennen unterschiedlicher Effizienz reproduzierbar aus dem evolutionären Algorithmus heraus hergestellt werden können. Außerdem wird das Prinzip der Split-Ring-Antenne verbessert, indem zwei Ring-Resonanzen zu einer Dipol-Resonanz hinzugefügt werden.

Zu guter Letzt dient die beste Antenne des zweiten evolutionäre Algorithmus als Inspiration für einen neuen Formalismus zur Beschreibung des Leistungsübertrages zwischen einer optischen Antenne und einem Punkt-Dipol, welcher sich als "dreidimensionaler Modenüberlapp" beschreiben lässt. Damit können erstmals intuitive Regeln für die Form einer optischen Antenne aufgestellt werden. Die Gültigkeit der Theorie wird analytisch für den Fall eines Dipols nahe einer metallischen Nano-Kugel gezeigt.

Das vollständige Problem, Licht mittels einer optischen Antenne zu fokussieren, lässt sich so auf die Erfüllung zweier Modenüberlapp-Bedingungen reduzieren -- mit dem Feld eines Punktdipols, sowie mit einer ebenen Welle. Damit lassen sich zwei Arten idealer Antennenmoden identifizieren, welche sich von der bekannten Dipol-Antennen-Mode grundlegend unterscheiden. Zum einen lässt sich dadurch die Funktionalität der evolutionären und Split-Ring-Antennen erklären, zum lassen sich neuartige plasmonische Hohlraum-Antennen entwerfen, welche zu besserer Fokussierung von Licht führen. Dies wird numerisch im direkten Vergleich mit einer klassischen Dipolantennen-Geometrie gezeigt.
N2  - Optical antennas work similar to antennas for the radio-frequency regime and convert electromagnetic radiation into oscillating electrical currents. Charge density accumulations form at the antenna surface leading to strong and localized near-fields. Since most optical antennas have dimensions of a few hundred nanometers, their near-fields allow the focusing of electromagnetic fields to volumes much smaller than the diffraction limit, with intensities several orders of magnitude larger than achievable with classical diffractive and refractive optical elements. The task to maximize the emission of a quantum emitter, a point-like entity capable of reception and emission of single photons, is identical to the task to maximize the field intensity at the position of the quantum emitter. Therefore it is desirable to optimize the capabilities of focusing optical antennas. 

Radio-frequency-antenna designs scaled to optical dimensions of several hundred nanometers show already a decent performance. However, optical frequencies lie near the plasma frequency of the metals used for optical antennas and the mass of electrons cannot be neglected anymore. This leads to new physical phenomena. Light can couple to charge density oscillations, yielding a so-called Plasmon. Effects emerge which have no equivalent in the very advanced field of radio-frequency-technology, e.g.~volume currents and shortened effective wavelengths. Additionally the conductivity is not infinite anymore, leading to thermal losses. Therefore, the question for the optimal geometry of a focusing optical antenna is not easy to answer. However, up to now there was no evidence that there exist better alternatives for optical antennas than down-scaled radio-frequency designs.

In this work the optimization of focusing optical antennas is based on an approach, which often proved successful for radio-frequency-antennas in complex applications (e.g.~broadband and isotropic reception): evolutionary algorithms. The first implementation introduced here allows a large freedom regarding particle shape and count, as it arranges cubic voxels on a planar, square grid. The geometries are encoded in a binary matrix, which works as a genome and enables the methods of mutation and crossing as mechanism of improvement. Antenna geometries optimized in this way surpass a comparable dipolar geometry by a factor of 2. Moreover, a new working principle can be deduced from the optimized antennas: a magnetic split-ring resonance can be coupled conductively to dipolar antennas, to form novel and more effective split-ring-antennas, as their currents add up constructively near the focal point.

In a next step, the evolutionary algorithm is adapted so that the binary matrices describe geometries with realistic fabrication constraints. In addition a 'printer driver' is developed which converts the binary matrices into commands for focused ion-beam milling in mono-crystalline gold flakes. It is shown by means of confocal two-photon photo-luminescence microscopy that antennas with differing efficiency can be fabricated reliably directly from the evolutionary algorithm. Besides, the concept of the split-ring antenna is further improved by adding this time two split-rings to the dipole-like resonance.

The best geometry from the second evolutionary algorithm inspires a fundamentally new formalism to determine the power transfer between an antenna and a point dipole, best termed 'three-dimensional mode-matching'. Therewith, for the first time intuitive design rules for the geometry of an focusing optical antenna can be deduced. The validity of the theory is proven analytically at the case of a point dipole in from of a metallic nano sphere.

The full problem of focusing light by means of an optical antenna can, thus, be reduced to two simultaneous mode-matching conditions -- on the one hand with the fields of a point dipole, on the other hand with a plane wave. Therefore, two types of ideal focusing optical antenna mode patterns are identified, being fundamentally different from the established dipolar antenna mode. This allows not only to explain the functionality of the evolutionary antennas and the split-ring antenna, but also helps to design novel plamonic cavity antennas, which lead to an enhanced focusing of light. This is proven numerically in direct comparison to a classical dipole antenna design.
KW  - Physik
KW  - Plasmon
KW  - optical antennas
KW  - plasmonics
KW  - nano optics
KW  - LDOS
KW  - evolutionary optimization
KW  - mode matching
KW  - Optische Antennen
KW  - Plasmonik
KW  - Nano-Optik
KW  - Evolutionäre Optimierung
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140604
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Förtig, Alexander
T1  - Recombination Dynamics in Organic Solar Cells
T1  - Rekombinationsdynamiken in organischen Solarzellen
N2  - Neben herkömmlichen, konventionellen anorganischen Solarzellen — hauptsächlich auf Silizium basierend — ist die Organische Photovoltaik (OPV) auf dem besten Wege in naher Zukunft eine kostengünstige, umweltfreundliche, komplementäre Technolgie darzustellen. Die Produktionskosten, die Lebenszeit der Solarzellen sowie deren Wirkungsgrad müssen dabei weiter optimiert werden, um einen Markteintritt der OPV zu ermöglichen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Effizienz organischer Solarzellen und deren Limitierung durch die Rekombination von Ladungsträgern. Um funktionsfähige Zellen zu untersuchen, werden zeitaufgelöste Experimente wie die Messung der transienten Photospannung (TPV), des transienten Photostroms (TPC), die Ladungsextraktion (CE) sowie die time delayed collection field (TDCF) Methode angewandt. Untersucht werden sowohl flüssig prozessierte als auch aufgedampfte Proben, unterschiedliche Materialzusammensetzungen und verschiedene Probengeometrien. Das Standardmaterialsystem der OPV, P3HT:PC61BM, wird bei verschiedenen emperaturen und Beleuchtungsstärken auf die Lebenszeit und Dichte der photogenerierten Ladungsträger überprüft. Für den Fall spannungsunabhängiger Generation von Ladungsträgern zeigt sich die Anwendbarkeit der Shockley-Gleichung auf organische Solarzellen. Des Weiteren wird ein konsistentes Modell erläutert, welches den Idealtitätsfaktor direkt mit der Rekombination von freien mit gefangenen, exponentiell verteilten Ladungsträgern verknüpft. Ein Ansatz, bekannt unter der Bezeichung j=V Rekonstruktion, ermöglicht es, den leistungslimitierenden Verlustmechanismus in unbehandelten und thermisch geheizten P3HT:PC61BM Solarzellen zu identifizieren. Dieses Verf ahren, welches TPV, CE und TDCF Messungen beinhaltet, wird auf Proben basierend auf dem neuartigen, low-band gap Polymer PTB7 in Verbindung mit dem Fulleren PC71BM ausgeweitet. Während in der Zelle hergestellt aus reinem Chlorbenzol beträchtliche geminale wie nichtgeminale Verluste zu beobachten sind, erleichtert die Zugabe eines Lösungsmittelzusatzes die Polaronenpaartrennung, was zu einer starken Reduktion geminaler Verluste führt. In einer Kooperation mit dem IMEC Institut in Leuven, werden abschließend die beiden bedeutensten Probenarchitekturen organischer Solarzellen, die planare und die Mischübergang Struktur, jeweils basierend auf CuPC und C60, bezüglich nichtgeminaler Rekombination und Ladungsträgerverteilung miteinander verglichen. Neben den beiden experimentellen Techniken um TPV und CE werden makroskopische Simulationen herangezogen, um den Ursprung unterschiedlichen Voc vs. Lichtintensität–Verhaltens zu erklären.
N2  - Besides established, conventional inorganic photovoltaics—mainly based on silicon—organic photovoltaics (OPV) are well on the way to represent a lowcost, environment friendly, complementary technology in near future. Production costs, solar cell lifetime and performance are the relevant factors which need to be optimized to enable a market launch of OPV. In this work, the efficiency of organic solar cells and their limitation due to charge carrier recombination are investigated. To analyze solar cells under operating conditions, time-resolved techniques such as transient photovoltage (TPV), transient photocurrent (TPC) and charge extraction (CE) are applied in combination with time delayed collection field (TDCF) measurements. Solution processed and evaporated samples of different material composition and varying device architectures are studied. The standard OPV reference system, P3HT:PC61BM, is analyzed for various temperatures in terms of charge carrier lifetime and charge carrier density for a range of illumination intensities. The applicability of the Shockley Equation for organic solar cells is validated in case of field-independent charge photogeneration. In addition, a consistent model is presented, directly relating the ideality factor to the recombination of free with trapped charge carriers in an exponential density of states. An approach known as j=V reconstruction enables to identify the performance limiting loss mechanism of as-prepared and thermally treated P3HT:PC61BM solar cells. This procedure, involving TPV, CE and TDCF measurements, is extended to samples based on the rather new, low-band gap polymer PTB7 in combination with PC71BM. While in the devices processed from pure chlorobenzene solution considerable geminate and nongeminate losses are observed, the use of a solvent additive facilitates efficient polaron pair dissociation minimizing geminate recombination. Finally, in collaboration with the IMEC institute in Leuven, the two main organic solar cell device architectures, planar and bulk heterojunction—both based on CuPc and C60—are directly compared in terms of nongeminate recombination and charge carrier distribution. Two experimental techniques, TPV and CE, as well as a macroscopic device simulation are applied to reveal the origin of different Voc vs. light intensity dependence.
KW  - Organische Solarzelle
KW  - Fotovoltaik
KW  - Organischer Halbleiter
KW  - physics
KW  - solar cell
KW  - recombination
KW  - organic semiconductors
KW  - Physik
KW  - Solartechnik
KW  - Energietechnik
KW  - Solarzelle
KW  - Rekombination
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83895
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Bach, Fabian
T1  - Charged Current Top Quark Couplings at the LHC
T1  - Geladene Stromkopplungen des Top-Quarks am LHC
N2  - The top quark plays an important role in current particle physics, from a theoretical point of view because of its uniquely large mass, but also experimentally because of the large number of top events recorded by the LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS, which makes it possible to directly measure the properties of this particle, for example its couplings to the other particles of the standard model (SM), with previously unknown precision. In this thesis, an effective field theory approach is employed to introduce a minimal and consistent parametrization of all anomalous top couplings to the SM gauge bosons and fermions which are compatible with the SM symmetries. In addition, several aspects and consequences of the underlying effective operator relations for these couplings are discussed. The resulting set of couplings has been implemented in the parton level Monte Carlo event generator WHIZARD in order to provide a tool for the quantitative assessment of the phenomenological implications at present and future colliders such as the LHC or a planned international linear collider. The phenomenological part of this thesis is focused on the charged current couplings of the top quark, namely anomalous contributions to the trilinear tbW coupling as well as quartic four-fermion contact interactions of the form tbff, both affecting single top production as well as top decays at the LHC. The study includes various aspects of inclusive cross section measurements as well as differential distributions of single tops produced in the t channel, bq → tq', and in the s channel, ud → tb. We discuss the parton level modelling of these processes as well as detector effects, and finally present the prospected LHC reach for setting limits on these couplings with 10 resp. 100 fb−1 of data recorded at √s = 14 TeV.
N2  - Das Top-Quark spielt eine wichtige Rolle in der aktuellen Teilchenphysik, sowohl aus theoretischer Sicht aufgrund seiner einzigartig großen Masse, aber auch aus experimenteller Sicht wegen der großen Anzahl an Top-Ereignissen, die von den LHC-Experimenten ATLAS und CMS bereits aufgezeichnet wurden. Diese ermöglichen direkte Messungen der Eigenschaften dieses Teilchens, zum Beispiel seine Kopplungen an die anderen Teilchen des Standardmodells (SM), mit einer bis dato unerreichten Genauigkeit. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Zugang mittels effektiver Feldtheorie verwendet, um eine minimale und konsistente Parametrisierung aller anomalen Top-Kopplungen an die Eichbosonen und Fermionen des SM zu finden, die mit allen SM-Symmetrien kompatibel ist. Zudem werden verschiedene Aspekte und Konsequenzen der zugrundeliegenden Operatorrelationen für diese Kopplungen diskutiert. Der resultierende Satz von Kopplungen wurde in den Monte Carlo-Ereignisgenerator WHIZARD implementiert, um einen quantitativen Zugang zu den phänomenologischen Implikationen an aktuellen und zukünftigen Teilchenbeschleunigern wie dem LHC oder einem geplanten internationalen Linearbeschleuniger zu ermöglichen. Der phänomenologische Teil dieser Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die geladenen Stromkopplungen des Top-Quarks, beziehungsweise anomale Beiträge zur trilinearen tbW-Kopplung wie zur quartischen Kontaktwechselwirkung der Form tbff, die Einfluss auf die Produktion einzelner Top-Quarks sowie auf deren Zerfall am LHC haben. Die Studie umfasst verschiedene Aspekte der Messung inklusiver Wirkungsquerschnitte, aber auch differentieller Verteilungen einzelner Top-Quarks, die entweder im t-Kanal, bq → tq', oder im s-Kanal, ud → tb, produziert wurden. Diskutiert werden sowohl die Modellierung dieser Prozesse auf Parton-Ebene als auch Detektoreffekte, um schließlich zu einer Abschätzung der voraussichtlichen Ausschlussgrenzen des LHC an solche Kopplungen mit 10 bzw. 100 fb−1 an aufgezeichneten Daten bei √s = 14 TeV zu kommen.
KW  - LHC
KW  - t-Quark
KW  - particle physics
KW  - high energy physics
KW  - top quark
KW  - effective field theory
KW  - single top production
KW  - Physik
KW  - Elementarteilchenphysik
KW  - Hochenergiephysik
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-82358
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kaiser, J. C.
A1  - Riemer, N.
A1  - Knopf, D. A.
T1  - Detailed heterogeneous oxidation of soot surfaces in a particle-resolved aerosol model
N2  - Using the particle-resolved aerosol model PartMC-MOSAIC, we simulate the heterogeneous oxidation of a monolayer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on soot particles in an urban atmosphere. We focus on the interaction of the major atmospheric oxidants (O3, NO2, OH, and NO3) with PAHs and include competitive co-adsorption of water vapour for a range of atmospheric conditions. For the first time detailed heterogeneous chemistry based on the P¨oschl-Rudich-Ammann (PRA) framework is modelled on soot particles with a realistic size distribution and a continuous range of chemical ages. We find PAH half-lives, 1/2, on the order of seconds during the night, when the PAHs are rapidly oxidised by the gas-surface reaction with NO3. During the day, 1/2 is on the order of minutes and determined mostly by the surface layer reaction of PAHs with adsorbed O3. Such short half-lives of surface-bound PAHs may lead to efficient conversion of hydrophobic soot into more hygroscopic particles, thus increasing the particles’ aerosol-cloud interaction potential. Despite its high reactivity OH appears to have a negligible effect on PAH degradation which can be explained by its very low concentration in the atmosphere. An increase of relative humidity (RH) from 30% to 80% increases PAH half-lives by up to 50%for daytime degradation and by up to 100% or more for nighttime degradation. Uptake coefficients, averaged over the particle population, are found to be relatively constant over time for O3 (2×10-7 to 2×10-6) and NO2 (5×10-6 to 10-5) at the different levels of NOx emissions and RH considered in this study. In contrast, those for OH and NO3 depend strongly on the surface concentration of PAHs. We do not find a significant influence of heterogeneous reactions on soot particles on the gas phase composition. The derived half-lives of surfacebound PAHs and the time and particle population averaged uptake coefficients for O3 and NO2 presented in this paper can be used as parameterisations for the treatment of heterogeneous chemistry in large-scale atmospheric chemistry models.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75440
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Janotta, Peter
A1  - Gogolin, Christian
A1  - Barrett, Jonathan
A1  - Brunner, Nicolas
T1  - Limits on nonlocal correlations from the structure of the local state space
N2  - The outcomes of measurements on entangled quantum systems can be nonlocally correlated. However, while it is easy to write down toy theories allowing arbitrary nonlocal correlations, those allowed in quantum mechanics are limited. Quantum correlations cannot, for example, violate a principle known as macroscopic locality, which implies that they cannot violate Tsirelson’s bound. This paper shows that there is a connection between the strength of nonlocal correlations in a physical theory and the structure of the state spaces of individual systems. This is illustrated by a family of models in which local state spaces are regular polygons, where a natural analogue of a maximally entangled state of two systems exists. We characterize the nonlocal correlations obtainable from such states. The family allows us to study the transition between classical, quantum and super-quantum correlations by varying only the local state space. We show that the strength of nonlocal correlations—in particular whether the maximally entangled state violates Tsirelson’s bound or not— depends crucially on a simple geometric property of the local state space, known as strong self-duality. This result is seen to be a special case of a general theorem, which states that a broad class of entangled states in probabilistic theories—including, by extension, all bipartite classical and quantum states— cannot violate macroscopic locality. Finally, our results show that models exist that are locally almost indistinguishable from quantum mechanics, but can nevertheless generate maximally nonlocal correlations.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75003
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schenkel, Alexander
A1  - Uhlemann, Christoph F.
T1  - Field Theory on Curved Noncommutative Spacetimes
N2  - We study classical scalar field theories on noncommutative curved spacetimes. Following the approach of Wess et al. [Classical Quantum Gravity 22 (2005), 3511 and Classical Quantum Gravity 23 (2006), 1883], we describe noncommutative spacetimes by using (Abelian) Drinfel’d twists and the associated ?-products and ?-differential geometry. In particular, we allow for position dependent noncommutativity and do not restrict ourselves to the Moyal–Weyl deformation. We construct action functionals for real scalar fields on noncommutative curved spacetimes, and derive the corresponding deformed wave equations. We provide explicit examples of deformed Klein–Gordon operators for noncommutative Minkowski, de Sitter, Schwarzschild and Randall–Sundrum spacetimes, which solve the noncommutative Einstein equations. We study the construction of deformed Green’s functions and provide a diagrammatic approach for their perturbative calculation. The leading noncommutative corrections to the Green’s functions for our examples are derived.
KW  - Physik
KW  - noncommutative field theory
KW  - Drinfel’d twists
KW  - deformation quantization
KW  - field theory on curved spacetimes
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68648
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rothe, D. G.
A1  - Reinthaler, R. W.
A1  - Liu, C-X
A1  - Molenkamp, L. W.
A1  - Zhang, S-C
A1  - Hankiewicz, E. M.
T1  - Fingerprint of different spin-orbit terms for spin transport in HgTe quantum wells
N2  - Using k · p theory, we derive an effective four-band model describing the physics of the typical two-dimensional topological insulator (HgTe/CdTe quantum well (QW)) in the presence of an out-of-plane (in the z-direction) inversion breaking potential and an in-plane potential. We find that up to third order in perturbation theory, only the inversion breaking potential generates new elements to the four-band Hamiltonian that are off-diagonal in spin space. When this new effective Hamiltonian is folded into an effective twoband model for the conduction (electron) or valence (heavy hole) bands, two competing terms appear: (i) a Rashba spin–orbit interaction originating from inversion breaking potential in the z-direction and (ii) an in-plane Pauli term as a consequence of the in-plane potential. Spin transport in the conduction band is further analysed within the Landauer–Büttiker formalism. We find that for asymmetrically doped HgTe QWs, the behaviour of the spin-Hall conductance is dominated by the Rashba term.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68362
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Margapoti, Emanuela
T1  - Optical properties of thermally annealed CdZnSe/ZnSe quantum dots
N2  - see: pdf-file
N2  - siehe: pdf-Dokument
KW  - Physik
KW  - CdZnSe/ZnSe
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-52946
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Becker, Charles, R.
A1  - Latussek, V.
A1  - Heinke, H.
A1  - Regnet, M. M.
A1  - Goschenhofer, F.
A1  - Einfeldt, S.
A1  - He, L.
A1  - Bangert, E.
A1  - Kraus, M. M.
A1  - Landwehr, G.
T1  - Molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of (001) Hg\(_{1-x}\) Cd\(_x\) Te-HgTe superlattices
N2  - The molecular beam epitaxially growth of (001) Hg\(_{1-x}\) Cd\(_z\) Te-HgTe superlattices has been systematically investigated. The well width as well as the period were determined directly by X-ray diffraction. This was accomphshed for the well width by exploiting the high reflectivity from HgTe and the low reflectivity from CdTe for the (002) Bragg reflection. Knowing the well and barrier thicknesses we have been able to set an upper limit on the aver~ge composition of the barriers, Xl, by annealing the superlattice and then measuring the composition of the. resultmg alloy. Xb was shown to decrease exponentially with decreasing barrier width. Xb is appreciably smaller m. narrow barriers due to the increased significance of interdiffusion in the Hg\(_{1-x}\)Cd\(_x\) Te/HgTe interface in narrow barriers. The experimentally determined optical absorption coefficient for these superlattices is compared WIth theoretical calculations. The absorption coefficient was determined from transmission and reflection spectra at 300, 77 and 5 K. Using the thickness and composition of the barriers and wells, and an interface width due to interdiffusion, the complex refractive index is calculated and compared with the experimental absorption coefficient. The envelope function method based on an 8 x 8 second order k . p band model was used to calculate the superlattice states. These results when inserted into Kubo's formula, yield the dynamic conductivity for interband transitions. The experimental and theoretical values for the absorption coefficient using no adjustable parameters are in good agreement for most of the investigated superlattices. Furthermore the agreement for the higher energetic interband transitions is much worse if values for the barrier composition, which are appreciably different than the experimentally determined values, are used. The infrared photoluminescence was investigated at temperatures from 4.2 to 300 K. Pronounced photoluminescence was observed for all superlattices in this temperature range.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50959
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Decius, J. C.
A1  - Becker, Charles R.
A1  - Fredericks, W. J.
T1  - Force constants of the metaborate ion in alkali halides
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 1972
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50935
N1  - Siehe dazu: Erratum: Force constants of the metaborate ion in alkali halides (http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37992)
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Becker, Charles R.
A1  - He, L.
A1  - Einfeldt, S.
A1  - Wu, Y. S.
A1  - Lérondel, G.
A1  - Heinke, H.
A1  - Oehling, S.
A1  - Bicknell-Tassius, R. N.
A1  - Landwehr, G.
T1  - Molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of (100) HgSe on GaAs
N2  - In this paper, we present results on the first MBE growth of HgSe. The influence of the GaAs substrate temperature as well as the Hg and Se fluxes on the growth and the electrical properties has been investigated. It has been found that the growth rate is very low at substrate temperatures above 120°C. At 120°C and at lower temperatures, the growth rate is appreciably higher. The sticking coefficient of Se seems to depend inversely on the Hg/Se flux ratio. Epitaxial growth could be maintained at 70°C with Hg/Se flux ratios between lOO and ISO, and at 160°C between 280 and 450. The electron mobilities of these HgSe epilayers at room temperature decrease from a maximum value of 8.2 x 10^3 cm2 /V' s with increasing electron concentration. The concentration was found to be between 6xlO^17 and 1.6x10^19 cm- 3 at room temperature. Rocking curves from X-ray diffraction measurements of the better epilayers have a full width at half maximum of 5S0 arc sec.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50947
ER  -