TY  - JOUR
A1  - Guth, Sabine
A1  - Hüser, Stephanie
A1  - Roth, Angelika
A1  - Degen, Gisela
A1  - Diel, Patrick
A1  - Edlund, Karolina
A1  - Eisenbrand, Gerhard
A1  - Engel, Karl-Heinz
A1  - Epe, Bernd
A1  - Grune, Tilman
A1  - Heinz, Volker
A1  - Henle, Thomas
A1  - Humpf, Hans-Ulrich
A1  - Jäger, Henry
A1  - Joost, Hans-Georg
A1  - Kulling, Sabine E.
A1  - Lampen, Alfonso
A1  - Mally, Angela
A1  - Marchan, Rosemarie
A1  - Marko, Doris
A1  - Mühle, Eva
A1  - Nitsche, Michael A.
A1  - Röhrdanz, Elke
A1  - Stadler, Richard
A1  - van Thriel, Christoph
A1  - Vieths, Stefan
A1  - Vogel, Rudi F.
A1  - Wascher, Edmund
A1  - Watzl, Carsten
A1  - Nöthlings, Ute
A1  - Hengstler, Jan G.
T1  - Contribution to the ongoing discussion on fluoride toxicity
JF  - Archives of Toxicology
N2  - Since the addition of fluoride to drinking water in the 1940s, there have been frequent and sometimes heated discussions regarding its benefits and risks. In a recently published review, we addressed the question if current exposure levels in Europe represent a risk to human health. This review was discussed in an editorial asking why we did not calculate benchmark doses (BMD) of fluoride neurotoxicity for humans. Here, we address the question, why it is problematic to calculate BMDs based on the currently available data. Briefly, the conclusions of the available studies are not homogeneous, reporting negative as well as positive results; moreover, the positive studies lack control of confounding factors such as the influence of well-known neurotoxicants. We also discuss the limitations of several further epidemiological studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria of our review. Finally, it is important to not only focus on epidemiological studies. Rather, risk analysis should consider all available data, including epidemiological, animal, as well as in vitro studies. Despite remaining uncertainties, the totality of evidence does not support the notion that fluoride should be considered a human developmental neurotoxicant at current exposure levels in European countries.
KW  - pharmacology/toxicology
KW  - occupational medicine/industrial medicine
KW  - environmental health
KW  - biomedicine, general
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-307161
SN  - 0340-5761
SN  - 1432-0738
VL  - 95
IS  - 7
ER  -