TY - JOUR A1 - Landwehr, Laura-Sophie A1 - Altieri, Barbara A1 - Schreiner, Jochen A1 - Sbiera, Iuliu A1 - Weigand, Isabel A1 - Kroiss, Matthias A1 - Fassnacht, Martin A1 - Sbiera, Silviu T1 - Interplay between glucocorticoids and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes on the prognosis of adrenocortical carcinoma JF - Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer N2 - Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy. Tumor-related glucocorticoid excess is present in similar to 60% of patients and associated with particularly poor prognosis. Results of first clinical trials using immune checkpoint inhibitors were heterogeneous. Here we characterize tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) in ACC in association with glucocorticoids as potential explanation for resistance to immunotherapy. Methods We performed immunofluorescence analysis to visualize tumor-infiltrating T cells (CD3\(^+\)), T helper cells (CD3\(^+\)CD4\(^+\)), cytotoxic T cells (CD3\(^+\)CD8\(^+\)) and regulatory T cells (Tregs; CD3\(^+\)CD4\(^+\)FoxP3\(^+\)) in 146 ACC tissue specimens (107 primary tumors, 16 local recurrences, 23 metastases). Quantitative data of immune cell infiltration were correlated with clinical data (including glucocorticoid excess). Results 86.3% of ACC specimens showed tumor infiltrating T cells (7.7 cells/high power field (HPF)), including T helper (74.0%, 6.7 cells/HPF), cytotoxic T cells (84.3%, 5.7 cells/HPF) and Tregs (49.3%, 0.8 cells/HPF). The number of TILs was associated with better overall survival (HR for death: 0.47, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.87), which was true for CD4\(^+\)- and CD8\(^+\) subpopulations as well. In localized, non-metastatic ACC, the favorable impact of TILs on overall and recurrence-free survival was manifested even independently of ENSAT (European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors) stage, resection status and Ki67 index. T helper cells were negatively correlated with glucocorticoid excess (Phi=-0.290, p=0.009). Patients with glucocorticoid excess and low TILs had a particularly poor overall survival (27 vs. 121 months in patients with TILs without glucocorticoid excess). Conclusion Glucocorticoid excess is associated with T cell depletion and unfavorable prognosis. To reactivate the immune system in ACC by checkpoint inhibitors, an inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis might be pivotal and should be tested in prospective studies. KW - immunity KW - immunotherapy KW - lymphocytes KW - tumor-infiltrating KW - t-lymphocytes KW - tumor microenvironment Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229893 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuss, Carmina Teresa A1 - Other, Katharina A1 - Heinze, Britta A1 - Landwehr, Laura-Sophie A1 - Wiegering, Armin A1 - Kalogirou, Charis A1 - Hahner, Stefanie A1 - Fassnacht, Martin T1 - Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 in the normal adrenal gland and adrenal tumors and its correlation with clinical outcome in adrenocortical carcinoma JF - Cancers N2 - Background: The chemokine receptor CCR7 is crucial for an intact immune function, but its expression is also associated with clinical outcome in several malignancies. No data exist on the expression of CCR7 in adrenocortical tumors. Methods: CCR7 expression was investigated by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in 4 normal adrenal glands, 59 adrenocortical adenomas, and 181 adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) samples. Results: CCR7 is highly expressed in the outer adrenocortical zones and medulla. Aldosterone-producing adenomas showed lower CCR7 protein levels (H-score 1.3 ± 1.0) compared to non-functioning (2.4 ± 0.5) and cortisol-producing adenomas (2.3 ± 0.6), whereas protein expression was variable in ACC (1.8 ± 0.8). In ACC, CCR7 protein expression was significantly higher in lymph node metastases (2.5 ± 0.5) compared to primary tumors (1.8±0.8) or distant metastases (2.0 ± 0.4; p < 0.01). mRNA levels of CCR7 were not significantly different between ACCs, normal adrenals, and adrenocortical adenomas. In contrast to other tumor entities, neither CCR7 protein nor mRNA expression significantly impacted patients' survival. Conclusion: We show that CCR7 is expressed on mRNA and protein level across normal adrenals, benign adrenocortical tumors, as well as ACCs. Given that CCR7 did not influence survival in ACC, it is probably not involved in tumor progression, but it could play a role in adrenocortical homeostasis. KW - CCR7 KW - chemokine receptor KW - adrenocortical carcinoma KW - adrenal tumors Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250112 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 13 IS - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marquardt, André A1 - Landwehr, Laura-Sophie A1 - Ronchi, Cristina L. A1 - di Dalmazi, Guido A1 - Riester, Anna A1 - Kollmannsberger, Philip A1 - Altieri, Barbara A1 - Fassnacht, Martin A1 - Sbiera, Silviu T1 - Identifying New Potential Biomarkers in Adrenocortical Tumors Based on mRNA Expression Data Using Machine Learning JF - Cancers N2 - Simple Summary Using a visual-based clustering method on the TCGA RNA sequencing data of a large adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) cohort, we were able to classify these tumors in two distinct clusters largely overlapping with previously identified ones. As previously shown, the identified clusters also correlated with patient survival. Applying the visual clustering method to a second dataset also including benign adrenocortical samples additionally revealed that one of the ACC clusters is more closely located to the benign samples, providing a possible explanation for the better survival of this ACC cluster. Furthermore, the subsequent use of machine learning identified new possible biomarker genes with prognostic potential for this rare disease, that are significantly differentially expressed in the different survival clusters and should be further evaluated. Abstract Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease, associated with poor survival. Several “multiple-omics” studies characterizing ACC on a molecular level identified two different clusters correlating with patient survival (C1A and C1B). We here used the publicly available transcriptome data from the TCGA-ACC dataset (n = 79), applying machine learning (ML) methods to classify the ACC based on expression pattern in an unbiased manner. UMAP (uniform manifold approximation and projection)-based clustering resulted in two distinct groups, ACC-UMAP1 and ACC-UMAP2, that largely overlap with clusters C1B and C1A, respectively. However, subsequent use of random-forest-based learning revealed a set of new possible marker genes showing significant differential expression in the described clusters (e.g., SOAT1, EIF2A1). For validation purposes, we used a secondary dataset based on a previous study from our group, consisting of 4 normal adrenal glands and 52 benign and 7 malignant tumor samples. The results largely confirmed those obtained for the TCGA-ACC cohort. In addition, the ENSAT dataset showed a correlation between benign adrenocortical tumors and the good prognosis ACC cluster ACC-UMAP1/C1B. In conclusion, the use of ML approaches re-identified and redefined known prognostic ACC subgroups. On the other hand, the subsequent use of random-forest-based learning identified new possible prognostic marker genes for ACC. KW - adrenocortical carcinoma KW - in silico analysis KW - machine learning KW - bioinformatic clustering KW - biomarker prediction Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246245 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 13 IS - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Detomas, Mario A1 - Pivonello, Claudia A1 - Pellegrini, Bianca A1 - Landwehr, Laura-Sophie A1 - Sbiera, Silviu A1 - Pivonello, Rosario A1 - Ronchi, Cristina L. A1 - Colao, Annamaria A1 - Altieri, Barbara A1 - De Martino, Maria Cristina T1 - MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in adrenocortical carcinoma JF - Cells N2 - Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a type of genetic material that do not encode proteins but regulate the gene expression at an epigenetic level, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The role played by ncRNAs in many physiological and pathological processes has gained attention during the last few decades, as they might be useful in the diagnosis, treatment and management of several human disorders, including endocrine and oncological diseases. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive endocrine cancer, still characterized by high mortality and morbidity due to both endocrine and oncological complications. Despite the rarity of this disease, recently, the role of ncRNA has been quite extensively evaluated in ACC. In order to better explore the role of the ncRNA in human ACC, this review summarizes the current knowledge on ncRNA dysregulation in ACC and its potential role in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of this tumor. KW - miRNA KW - lncRNA KW - adrenocortical tumor KW - ACC KW - adrenocortical adenoma KW - prognostic markers Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281795 SN - 2073-4409 VL - 11 IS - 14 ER - TY - THES A1 - Landwehr, Laura-Sophie T1 - Steroid Hormones and Cancer Immunity - learning from Adrenocortical Carcinoma T1 - Steroidhormone und Tumorimmunität im Nebennierenrindenkarzinom N2 - Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, but highly aggressive endocrine malignancy. Tumor-related hypercortisolism is present in 60 % of patients and associated with worse outcome. While cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of many cancer entities, the results of initial studies of different immune checkpoint inhibitors in ACC were heterogeneous. Up to now, five small clinical trials with a total of 121 patients have been published and demonstrated an objective response in only 17 patients. However, one of the studies, by Raj et al., reported a clinically meaningful disease control rate of 52 % and a median overall survival of almost 25 months suggesting that a subgroup of ACC patients may benefit from immunotherapeutic approaches. Following the hypothesis that some ACCs are characterized by a glucocorticoid-induced T lymphocytes depletion, several studies were performed as part of the presented thesis. First, the immune cell infiltration in a large cohort of 146 ACC specimens was investigated. It was demonstrated for the first time, and against the common assumption, that ACCs were infiltrated not only by FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (49.3 %), but also that a vast majority of tumor samples was infiltrated by CD4+ TH cells (74 %) and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (84.3 %), albeit the immune cell number varied heterogeneously and was rather low (median: 7.7 CD3+ T cells / high power field, range: 0.1-376). Moreover, the presence of CD3+-, CD4+- and CD8+ ACC-infiltrating lymphocytes was associated with an improved recurrence-free (HR: 0.31 95 % CI 0.11-0.82) and overall survival (HR: 0.47 96 % CI 0.25-0.87). Particularly, patients with tumor-infiltrating CD4+ TH cells without glucocorticoid excess had a significantly longer overall survival compared to patients with T cell-depleted ACC and hypercortisolism (121 vs. 27 months, p = 0.004). Hence, the impact of glucocorticoids might to some extent be responsible for the modest immunogenicity in ACC as hypercortisolism was reversely correlated with the number of CD4+ TH cells. Accordingly, CD3+ T cells co-cultured with steroidogenic NCI-H295R ACC cells demonstrated in vitro an enhanced anti-tumoral cytotoxicity by secreting 747.96 ±225.53 pg/ml IFN-γ in a therapeutically hormone-depleted microenvironment (by incubation with metyrapone), versus only 276.02 ±117.46 pg/ml IFN-γ in a standard environment with glucocorticoid excess. Other potential biomarkers to predict response to immunotherapies are the immunomodulatory checkpoint molecules, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1, since both are targets of antibodies used therapeutically in different cancer entities. In a subcohort of 129 ACCs, expressions of both molecules were heterogeneous (PD-1 17.4 %, range 1-15; PD-L1 24.4 %, range 1 - 90) and rather low. Interestingly, PD-1 expression significantly influenced ACC patients´ overall (HR: 0.21 95 % CI 0.53-0.84) and progression- free survival (HR: 0.30 95 % CI 0.13-0.72) independently of established factors, like ENSAT tumor stage, resection status, Ki67 proliferation index and glucocorticoid excess, while PD-L1 had no impact. In conclusion, this study provides several potential explanations for the heterogeneous results of the immune checkpoint therapy in advanced ACC. In addition, the establishment of PD-1 as prognostic marker can be easily applied in routine clinical care, because it is nowadays anyway part of a detailed histo-pathological work-up. Furthermore, these results provide the rationale and will pave the way towards a combination therapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as glucocorticoid blockers. This will increase the likelihood of re-activating the immunological anti-tumor potential in ACC. However, this will have to be demonstrated by additional preclinical in vivo experiments and finally in clinical trials with patients. N2 - Das Nebennierenrindenkarzinom (ACC) ist ein seltenes, aber äußerst aggressives endokrines Malignom. Ein tumorbedingter Hyperkortisolismus liegt bei 60 % der Patienten vor und ist mit einer schlechteren Prognose assoziiert. Während Krebsimmuntherapien die Behandlung vieler Krebsentitäten revolutioniert haben, waren die Ergebnisse der ersten Studien zu verschiedenen Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitoren beim ACC heterogen. Die fünf klinischen Studien mit insgesamt 121 Patienten zeigten ein objektives Ansprechen bei nur 17 Patienten. Eine Studie von Raj et al. berichtete über eine klinisch bedeutsame Krankheitskontrollrate von 52 % und ein medianes Gesamtüberleben von fast 25 Monaten. Diese beträchtliche Anti-Tumor-Aktivität legt nahe, dass eine Subgruppe von ACC-Patienten von immuntherapeutischen Ansätzen profitieren könnte. Der Hypothese folgend, dass einige ACCs durch eine Glukokortikoid-induzierte T Lymphozyten-Depletion gekennzeichnet sind, wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit mehrere Studien durchgeführt. Zunächst wurde die Immunzellinfiltration in einer großen Kohorte von 146 ACC-Proben untersucht. Entgegen der verbreiteten Annahme konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass ACCs nicht nur von FoxP3+ regulatorischen T Zellen (49,3 %), sondern die Mehrheit der ACCs von CD4+ TH (74 %) und CD8+ zytotoxischen T Zellen (84,3 %) infiltriert wurde, wenngleich die Immunzellanzahl heterogen und eher gering war (7,7 CD3+ T Zellen/HPF). Darüber hinaus war die Präsenz von CD3+-, CD4+- und CD8+ ACC-infiltrierenden Lymphozyten mit einem rezidivfreien (HR:0,31;95%CI0,11-0,82) und verbesserten Gesamtüberleben (HR:0,47;95%CI 0,25-0,87) assoziiert. Insbesondere Patienten mit tumorinfiltrierenden CD4+ TH Zellen ohne Glukokortikoid-Überschuss hatten im Vergleich zu Patienten mit T Zell-depletiertem ACC und Hyperkortisolismus ein signifikant län- geres Gesamtüberleben (121 vs. 27 Monate; p = 0.004). Daher könnte die Wirkung von Glukokortikoiden für die moderate Immunogenität verantwortlich sein, da Hyperkortisolismus umgekehrt mit der Zahl der CD4+ TH Zellen korreliert war. Dementsprechend zeigten CD3+ T Zellen, die mit steroid-produzierenden NCI-H295R ACC-Zellen co-kultiviert wurden, in vitro eine erhöhte anti-tumorale Zytotoxizität in einem durch Metyrapon-induzierten Mikromilieu ohne Glukokortikoide im Vergleich zu einem Glukokortikoid- Überschuss (IFN-γ Sekretion: 747,96 pg/ml vs. 276,02 pg/ml). Andere potenzielle Biomarker zur Vorhersage des Ansprechens auf Immuntherapien sind die immunmodulatorischen Checkpoint-Moleküle, Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) und sein Ligand PD-L1, da beide Ziele von Antikörpern sind, die therapeutisch bei verschiedenen Krebsentitäten eingesetzt werden. In einer Subkohorte von 129 ACCs waren die Expressionen beider Moleküle heterogen (PD-1 17,4 %, PD-L1 24,4 %). Interessanterweise beeinflusste die PD-1-Expression signifikant das Gesamtüberleben (HR: 0,21; 95 % CI 0,53-0,84) und das progressionsfreie Überleben (HR: 0,30; 95 % CI 0,13-0.72) unabhängig von etablierten Faktoren, wie dem ENSAT Tumorstadium, Resektionsstatus, Ki67 Proliferationsindex und Glukokortikoid-Überschuss, während PD-L1 keinen Einfluss hatte. Zusammenfassend liefert diese Studie mehrere mögliche Erklärungen für die heterogenen Ergebnisse der Immun-Checkpoint-Therapie bei fortgeschrittenem ACC. Darüber hinaus ist die Etablierung von PD-1 als prognostischer Marker anwendbar als Teil einer detaillierten histo-pathologischen Untersuchung. Zudem liefern diese Ergebnisse die Rationale und ebnen den Weg für eine Kombinationstherapie von Immun-Check- point-Inhibitoren sowie Anti-Glukokortikoiden, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Reaktivierung des immu- nologischen Anti-Tumor-Potenzials beim ACC zu erhöhen. Dies muss jedoch durch zusätzliche präklinische in vivo Experimente und schließlich in klinischen Studien mit Patienten nachgewiesen werden. KW - Steroidhormon KW - Nebenniere KW - Krebs KW - Immuntherapie KW - Immunsuppression KW - Immune Checkpoint Therapy KW - Immune System KW - T Lymphocyte KW - T Helper Cell KW - Glucocorticoids KW - Cytotoxic T cell KW - Programmed Cell Death 1 KW - Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 KW - Adrenocortical Carcinoma KW - Nebennierenrindenkarzinom Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251895 ER -