TY - THES A1 - Hock, Michael T1 - Methods for Homogenization of Spatio-Temporal B\(_0\) Magnetic Field Variations in Cardiac MRI at Ultra-High Field Strength T1 - Methoden zur Homogenisierung räumlicher und zeitlicher Variationen des B\(_0\)-Feldes in der kardialen Ultrahochfeld-MRT N2 - Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and, so far, echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, and catheterization are the gold standard techniques used for its detection. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can replace the invasive imaging modalities and provide a "one-stop shop" characterization of the cardiovascular system by measuring myocardial tissue structure, function and perfusion of the heart, as well as anatomy of and flow in the coronary arteries. In contrast to standard clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, which are often operated at a field strength of 1.5 or 3 Tesla (T), a higher resolution and subsequent cardiac parameter quantification could potentially be achieved at ultra-high field, i.e., 7 T and above. Unique insights into the pathophysiology of the heart are expected from ultra-high field MRI, which offers enhanced image quality in combination with novel contrast mechanisms, but suffers from spatio-temporal B0 magnetic field variations. Due to the resulting spatial misregistration and intra-voxel dephasing, these B0-field inhomogeneities generate a variety of undesired image artifacts, e.g., artificial image deformation. The resulting macroscopic field gradients lead to signal loss, because the effective transverse relaxation time T2* is shortened. This affects the accuracy of T2* measurements, which are essential for myocardial tissue characterization. When steady state free precession-based pulse sequences are employed for image acquisition, certain off-resonance frequencies cause signal voids. These banding artifacts complicate the proper marking of the myocardium and, subsequently, systematic errors in cardiac function measurements are inevitable. Clinical MR scanners are equipped with basic shim systems to correct for occurring B0-field inhomogeneities and resulting image artifacts, however, these are not sufficient for the advanced measurement techniques employed for ultra-high field MRI of the heart. Therefore, this work focused on the development of advanced B0 shimming strategies for CMR imaging applications to correct the spatio-temporal B0 field variations present in the human heart at 7 T. A novel cardiac phase-specific shimming (CPSS) technique was set up, which featured a triggered B0 map acquisition, anatomy-matched selection of the shim-region-of-interest (SROI), and calibration-based B0 field modeling. The influence of technical limitations on the overall spherical harmonics (SH) shim was analyzed. Moreover, benefits as well as pitfalls of dynamic shimming were debated in this study. An advanced B0 shimming strategy was set up and applied in vivo, which was the first implementation of a heart-specific shimming approach in human UHF MRI at the time. The spatial B0-field patterns which were measured in the heart throughout this study contained localized spots of strong inhomogeneities. They fluctuated over the cardiac cycle in both size and strength, and were ideally addressed using anatomy-matched SROIs. Creating a correcting magnetic field with one shim coil, however, generated eddy currents in the surrounding conducting structures and a resulting additional, unintended magnetic field. Taking these shim-to-shim interactions into account via calibration, it was demonstrated for the first time that the non-standard 3rd-order SH terms enhanced B0-field homogeneity in the human heart. However, they were attended by challenges for the shim system hardware employed in the presented work, which was indicated by the currents required to generate the optimal 3rd-order SH terms exceeding the dynamic range of the corresponding shim coils. To facilitate dynamic shimming updated over the cardiac cycle for cine imaging, the benefit of adjusting the oscillating CPSS currents was found to be vital. The first in vivo application of the novel advanced B0 shimming strategy mostly matched the simulations. The presented technical developments are a basic requirement to quantitative and functional CMR imaging of the human heart at 7 T. They pave the way for numerous clinical studies about cardiac diseases, and continuative research on dedicated cardiac B0 shimming, e.g., adapted passive shimming and multi-coil technologies. N2 - Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen zählen zu den häufigsten Todesursachen weltweit und werden bisher in der Regel mittels Echokardiographie, Nuklearkardiologie und Katheterisierung untersucht. Die kardiale Magnetresonanztomographie hat das Potential diese invasiven Bildgebungsmodalitäten zu ersetzen. Dabei können sowohl das kardiovaskuläre System anhand der myokardialen Gewebestruktur sowie der Funktion und Perfusion des Herzens als auch Anatomie und Blutfluss der Koronararterien während einer einzigen Untersuchung charakterisiert werden. Im Gegensatz zu den weit verbreiteten klinischen Magnetresonanztomographie- (MRT) Geräten, welch häufig bei magnetischen Feldstärken zwischen 1.5 und 3T operieren, ermöglichen Feldstärken von 7 Tesla und mehr eine höhere Auflösung und somit eine akkuratere Quantifizierung kardialer Parameter. Die Ultrahochfeld-Magnetresonanztomographie (UHF-MRT) ermöglicht einzigartige Einblicke in die Pathophysiologie des Herzens. Neuartige Kontrastmechanismen und die verbesserte Bildqualität leiden jedoch unter Inhomogenitäten des statischen magnetischen B0-Feldes. Aufgrund der daraus resultierenden falschen räumlichen Registrierung der Voxel und einer Dephasierung des Signals innerhalb eines Voxels erzeugen diese Inhomogenitäten des B0-Feldes eine Vielzahl unerwünschter Bildartefakte, beispielsweise eine künstliche Deformation des Bildes. Die resultierenden makroskopischen Gradienten führen zu Signalverlust und beeinträchtigen die Messung der effektiven transversalen T2*-Relaxationszeit, welche für die Charakterisierung myokardialen Gewebes essentiell ist. Vor allem bei der Bildakquisition mittels der Steady State Free Precession Methode führen Inhomogenitäten des B0-Feldes zu Signalauslöschungen. Die dadurch entstehenden Bildartefakte erschweren die genaue Markierung des Myokards und haben so systematische Fehler bei der Bestimmung der kardialen Funktion zur Folge. Klinische MRT-Geräte sind dabei mit sogenannten Shim-Systemen ausgestattet um die Inhomogenitäten des B0-Feldes zu korrigieren. Für die kardiale UHF-MRT des Herzens sind diese standardisierten Shim-Systeme allerdings nicht mehr ausreichend. Im Fokus stand deshalb die Entwicklung moderner Methoden zur räumlichen und zeitlichen Korrektur der B0-Inhomogenitäten, welche als „Shimming“ bezeichnet wird, für die kardiale UHF-MRT. Es wurde eine neue, herzphasen-spezifische Shimming-Strategie untersucht, welche auf der getriggerten Datenaufnahme, der Optimierung für die Anatomie des Herzens, sowie der kalibrierungsbasierten Modellierung des korrigierenden Magnetfeldes basierte. Zudem wurde der Einfluss technischer Limitationen der Hardware auf das Shimming, insbesondere das dynamische Shimming, in dieser Studie erörtert. Schließlich wurde die entwickelte neuartige Shimming-Strategie in vivo evaluiert, welche zu diesem Zeitpunkt die erste Implementierung einer herzspezifischen Shimming-Strategie in der humanen kardialen UHF-MRT darstellte. Räumlich wies das B0-Feld, welches im Rahmen dieser Studie im Herzen gemessen wurde, lokalisierte Inhomogenitäten im Myokardium auf. Diese variierten zudem in ihrer Größe sowie der Stärke der B0-Inhomogenität zeitlich über den Herzzyklus hinweg und ließen sich mittels anatomisch angepasstem, kalibrierungsbasiertem Shimming deutlich reduzieren. Erzeugt man ein korrigierendes Magnetfeld mittels einer Shim-Spule, so werden jedoch Wirbelströme in nahen leitenden Strukturen und weiterhin ein zusätzliches, unerwünschtes Magnetfeld erzeugt. Berücksichtigt man diese Wechselwirkungen zwischen den verschiedenen Shim-Spulen, konnte erstmalig der Vorteil von korrigierenden Magnetfeldern in der Form von Kugelflächenfunktionen der dritten Ordnung für die kardiale UHF-MRT gezeigt werden. Hierbei waren jedoch die erforderlichen, besonders starken Ströme in den Shim-Spulen zu berücksichtigen, welche über den Herzzyklus hinweg oszillierten und für dynamisches Shimming angepasst werden sollten. Die erste in vivo Anwendung der neu entwickelten Shim-Strategie stimmte gut mit den vorigen Simulationen überein. Die vorgestellten technischen Entwicklungen stellen grundlegende Anforderungen an die quantitative und funktionelle kardialer UHF-MRT dar. Klinische Studien zu kardialen Erkrankungen wie der Herzinsuffizienz erscheinen nun ebenso in Reichweite wie weitere Forschung zu kardialem B0-Shimming basierend auf angepasstem passiven Shimming sowie Multikanal-Spulen. KW - Kernspintomografie KW - Bildgebendes Verfahren KW - 7 T KW - B0 KW - Cardiac MRI KW - Shimming KW - Ultrahigh field Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-348213 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ankenbrand, Markus J. A1 - Shainberg, Liliia A1 - Hock, Michael A1 - Lohr, David A1 - Schreiber, Laura M. T1 - Sensitivity analysis for interpretation of machine learning based segmentation models in cardiac MRI JF - BMC Medical Imaging N2 - Background Image segmentation is a common task in medical imaging e.g., for volumetry analysis in cardiac MRI. Artificial neural networks are used to automate this task with performance similar to manual operators. However, this performance is only achieved in the narrow tasks networks are trained on. Performance drops dramatically when data characteristics differ from the training set properties. Moreover, neural networks are commonly considered black boxes, because it is hard to understand how they make decisions and why they fail. Therefore, it is also hard to predict whether they will generalize and work well with new data. Here we present a generic method for segmentation model interpretation. Sensitivity analysis is an approach where model input is modified in a controlled manner and the effect of these modifications on the model output is evaluated. This method yields insights into the sensitivity of the model to these alterations and therefore to the importance of certain features on segmentation performance. Results We present an open-source Python library (misas), that facilitates the use of sensitivity analysis with arbitrary data and models. We show that this method is a suitable approach to answer practical questions regarding use and functionality of segmentation models. We demonstrate this in two case studies on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The first case study explores the suitability of a published network for use on a public dataset the network has not been trained on. The second case study demonstrates how sensitivity analysis can be used to evaluate the robustness of a newly trained model. Conclusions Sensitivity analysis is a useful tool for deep learning developers as well as users such as clinicians. It extends their toolbox, enabling and improving interpretability of segmentation models. Enhancing our understanding of neural networks through sensitivity analysis also assists in decision making. Although demonstrated only on cardiac magnetic resonance images this approach and software are much more broadly applicable. KW - deep learning KW - neural networks KW - cardiac magnetic resonance KW - sensitivity analysis KW - transformations KW - augmentation KW - segmentation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259169 VL - 21 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hock, Michael A1 - Terekhov, Maxim A1 - Stefanescu, Maria Roxana A1 - Lohr, David A1 - Herz, Stefan A1 - Reiter, Theresa A1 - Ankenbrand, Markus A1 - Kosmala, Aleksander A1 - Gassenmaier, Tobias A1 - Juchem, Christoph A1 - Schreiber, Laura Maria T1 - B\(_{0}\) shimming of the human heart at 7T JF - Magnetic Resonance in Medicine N2 - Purpose Inhomogeneities of the static magnetic B\(_{0}\) field are a major limiting factor in cardiac MRI at ultrahigh field (≥ 7T), as they result in signal loss and image distortions. Different magnetic susceptibilities of the myocardium and surrounding tissue in combination with cardiac motion lead to strong spatio‐temporal B\(_{0}\)‐field inhomogeneities, and their homogenization (B0 shimming) is a prerequisite. Limitations of state‐of‐the‐art shimming are described, regional B\(_{0}\) variations are measured, and a methodology for spherical harmonics shimming of the B\(_{0}\) field within the human myocardium is proposed. Methods The spatial B\(_{0}\)‐field distribution in the heart was analyzed as well as temporal B\(_{0}\)‐field variations in the myocardium over the cardiac cycle. Different shim region‐of‐interest selections were compared, and hardware limitations of spherical harmonics B\(_{0}\) shimming were evaluated by calibration‐based B0‐field modeling. The role of third‐order spherical harmonics terms was analyzed as well as potential benefits from cardiac phase–specific shimming. Results The strongest B\(_{0}\)‐field inhomogeneities were observed in localized spots within the left‐ventricular and right‐ventricular myocardium and varied between systolic and diastolic cardiac phases. An anatomy‐driven shim region‐of‐interest selection allowed for improved B\(_{0}\)‐field homogeneity compared with a standard shim region‐of‐interest cuboid. Third‐order spherical harmonics terms were demonstrated to be beneficial for shimming of these myocardial B\(_{0}\)‐field inhomogeneities. Initial results from the in vivo implementation of a potential shim strategy were obtained. Simulated cardiac phase–specific shimming was performed, and a shim term‐by‐term analysis revealed periodic variations of required currents. Conclusion Challenges in state‐of‐the‐art B\(_{0}\) shimming of the human heart at 7 T were described. Cardiac phase–specific shimming strategies were found to be superior to vendor‐supplied shimming. KW - 7 T KW - B KW - cardiac MRI KW - shimming KW - ultrahigh field Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218096 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 182 EP - 196 ER -