TY - JOUR A1 - Boeckel, Hannah A1 - Karsten, Christian M. A1 - Göpel, Wolfgang A1 - Herting, Egbert A1 - Rupp, Jan A1 - Härtel, Christoph A1 - Hartz, Annika T1 - Increased expression of anaphylatoxin C5a-receptor-1 in neutrophils and natural killer cells of preterm infants JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Preterm infants are susceptible to infection and their defense against pathogens relies largely on innate immunity. The role of the complement system for the immunological vulnerability of preterm infants is less understood. Anaphylatoxin C5a and its receptors C5aR1 and -2 are known to be involved in sepsis pathogenesis, with C5aR1 mainly exerting pro-inflammatory effects. Our explorative study aimed to determine age-dependent changes in the expression of C5aR1 and C5aR2 in neonatal immune cell subsets. Via flow cytometry, we analyzed the expression pattern of C5a receptors on immune cells isolated from peripheral blood of preterm infants (n = 32) compared to those of their mothers (n = 25). Term infants and healthy adults served as controls. Preterm infants had a higher intracellular expression of C5aR1 on neutrophils than control individuals. We also found a higher expression of C5aR1 on NK cells, particularly on the cytotoxic CD56\(^{dim}\) subset and the CD56\(^-\) subset. Immune phenotyping of other leukocyte subpopulations revealed no gestational-age-related differences for the expression of and C5aR2. Elevated expression of C5aR1 on neutrophils and NK cells in preterm infants may contribute to the phenomenon of “immunoparalysis” caused by complement activation or to sustained hyper-inflammatory states. Further functional analyses are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. KW - preterm infants KW - C5a KW - C5aR1 KW - neutrophils KW - NK cells KW - innate immunity KW - sepsis Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321196 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 24 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gergs, Ulrich A1 - Jahn, Tina A1 - Schulz, Nico A1 - Großmann, Claudia A1 - Rueckschloss, Uwe A1 - Demus, Uta A1 - Buchwalow, Igor B. A1 - Neumann, Joachim T1 - Protein phosphatase 2A improves cardiac functional response to ischemia and sepsis JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Reversible protein phosphorylation is a posttranslational modification of regulatory proteins involved in cardiac signaling pathways. Here, we focus on the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) for cardiac gene expression and stress response using a transgenic mouse model with cardiac myocyte-specific overexpression of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2A-TG). Gene and protein expression were assessed under basal conditions by gene chip analysis and Western blotting. Some cardiac genes related to the cell metabolism and to protein phosphorylation such as kinases and phosphatases were altered in PP2A-TG compared to wild type mice (WT). As cardiac stressors, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in vivo and a global cardiac ischemia in vitro (stop-flow isolated perfused heart model) were examined. Whereas the basal cardiac function was reduced in PP2A-TG as studied by echocardiography or as studied in the isolated work-performing heart, the acute LPS- or ischemia-induced cardiac dysfunction deteriorated less in PP2A-TG compared to WT. From the data, we conclude that increased PP2A activity may influence the acute stress tolerance of cardiac myocytes. KW - protein phosphorylation KW - PP2A KW - transgenic mice KW - heart KW - LPS KW - sepsis KW - ischemia Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284035 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dresen, Ellen A1 - Lee, Zheng-Yii A1 - Hill, Aileen A1 - Notz, Quirin A1 - Patel, Jayshil J. A1 - Stoppe, Christian T1 - History of scurvy and use of vitamin C in critical illness: A narrative review JF - Nutrition in Clinical Practice N2 - In 1747, an important milestone in the history of clinical research was set, as the Scottish surgeon James Lind conducted the first randomized controlled trial. Lind was interested in scurvy, a severe vitamin C deficiency which caused the death of thousands of British seamen. He found that a dietary intervention with oranges and lemons, which are rich in vitamin C by nature, was effective to recover from scurvy. Because of its antioxidative properties and involvement in many biochemical processes, the essential micronutrient vitamin C plays a key role in the human biology. Moreover, the use of vitamin C in critical illness—a condition also resulting in death of thousands in the 21st century—has gained increasing interest, as it may restore vascular responsiveness to vasoactive agents, ameliorate microcirculatory blood flow, preserve endothelial barriers, augment bacterial defense, and prevent apoptosis. Because of its redox potential and powerful antioxidant capacity, vitamin C represents an inexpensive and safe antioxidant, with the potential to modify the inflammatory cascade and improve clinical outcomes of critically ill patients. This narrative review aims to update and provide an overview on the role of vitamin C in the human biology and in critically ill patients, and to summarize current evidence on the use of vitamin C in diverse populations of critically ill patients, in specific focusing on patients with sepsis and coronavirus disease 2019. KW - antioxidant KW - scurvy KW - sepsis KW - vitamin C KW - critical illness KW - COVID‐19 Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318176 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 54 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asch, Silke A1 - Kaufmann, Tobias Peter A1 - Walter, Michaela A1 - Leistner, Marcus A1 - Danner, Bernd C. A1 - Perl, Thorsten A1 - Kutschka, Ingo A1 - Niehaus, Heidi T1 - The effect of perioperative hemadsorption in patients operated for acute infective endocarditis—A randomized controlled study JF - Artificial Organs N2 - Patients operated for infective endocarditis (IE) are at high risk of developing an excessive systemic hyperinflammatory state, resulting in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and septic shock. Hemoadsorption (HA) by cytokine adsorbers has been successfully applied to remove inflammatory mediators. This randomized controlled trial investigates the effect of perioperative HA therapy on inflammatory parameters and hemodynamic status in patients operated for IE. A total of 20 patients were randomly assigned to either HA therapy or the control group. HA therapy was initiated intraoperatively and continued for 24 hours postoperatively. Cytokine levels (IL‐6, IL‐1b, TNF‐α), leukocytes, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and Procalcitonin (PCT) as well as catecholamine support, and volume requirement were compared between both groups. Operative procedures included aortic (n = 7), mitral (n = 6), and multiple valve surgery (n = 7). All patients survived to discharge. No significant differences concerning median cytokine levels (IL‐6 and TNF‐α) were observed between both groups. CRP and PCT baseline levels were significantly higher in the HA group (59.5 vs. 26.3 mg/dL, P = .029 and 0.17 vs. 0.05 µg/L, P = .015) equalizing after surgery. Patients in the HA group required significantly higher doses of vasopressors (0.093 vs. 0.025 µg/kg/min norepinephrine, P = .029) at 12 hours postoperatively as well as significantly more overall volume replacement (7217 vs. 4185 mL at 12 hours, P = .015; 12 021 vs. 4850 mL at 48 hours, P = .015). HA therapy did neither result in a reduction of inflammatory parameters nor result in an improvement of hemodynamic parameters in patients operated for IE. For a more targeted use of HA therapy, appropriate selection criteria are required. KW - cytokines KW - endocarditis KW - hemadsorption KW - sepsis KW - SIRS Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262681 VL - 45 IS - 11 SP - 1328 EP - 1337 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Humberg, Alexander A1 - Fortmann, Ingmar A1 - Siller, Bastian A1 - Kopp, Matthias Volkmar A1 - Herting, Egbert A1 - Göpel, Wolfgang A1 - Härtel, Christoph T1 - Preterm birth and sustained inflammation: consequences for the neonate JF - Seminars in Immunopathology N2 - Almost half of all preterm births are caused or triggered by an inflammatory process at the feto-maternal interface resulting in preterm labor or rupture of membranes with or without chorioamnionitis (“first inflammatory hit”). Preterm babies have highly vulnerable body surfaces and immature organ systems. They are postnatally confronted with a drastically altered antigen exposure including hospital-specific microbes, artificial devices, drugs, nutritional antigens, and hypoxia or hyperoxia (“second inflammatory hit”). This is of particular importance to extremely preterm infants born before 28 weeks, as they have not experienced important “third-trimester” adaptation processes to tolerate maternal and self-antigens. Instead of a balanced adaptation to extrauterine life, the delicate co-regulation between immune defense mechanisms and immunosuppression (tolerance) to allow microbiome establishment is therefore often disturbed. Hence, preterm infants are predisposed to sepsis but also to several injurious conditions that can contribute to the onset or perpetuation of sustained inflammation (SI). This is a continuing challenge to clinicians involved in the care of preterm infants, as SI is regarded as a crucial mediator for mortality and the development of morbidities in preterm infants. This review will outline the (i) role of inflammation for short-term consequences of preterm birth and (ii) the effect of SI on organ development and long-term outcome. KW - preterm infants KW - sustained inflammation KW - sepsis KW - microbiome KW - neurocognitive outcome KW - chronic pulmonary insufficiency of prematurity Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235019 SN - 1863-2297 VL - 42 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muenstermann, Marcel A1 - Strobel, Lea A1 - Klos, Andreas A1 - Wetsel, Rick A. A1 - Woodruff, Trent M. A1 - Köhl, Jörg A1 - Johswich, Kay O. T1 - Distinct roles of the anaphylatoxin receptors C3aR, C5aR1 and C5aR2 in experimental meningococcal infections JF - Virulence N2 - The complement system is pivotal in the defense against invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis (Nme, meningococcus), particularly via the membrane attack complex. Complement activation liberates the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, which activate three distinct G-protein coupled receptors, C3aR, C5aR1 and C5aR2 (anaphylatoxin receptors, ATRs). We recently discovered that C5aR1 exacerbates the course of the disease, revealing a downside of complement in Nme sepsis. Here, we compared the roles of all three ATRs during mouse nasal colonization, intraperitoneal infection and human whole blood infection with Nme. Deficiency of complement or ATRs did not alter nasal colonization, but significantly affected invasive disease: Compared to WT mice, the disease was aggravated in C3ar\(^{-/-}\) mice, whereas C5ar1\(^{-/-}\) and C5ar2\(^{-/-}\) mice showed increased resistance to meningococcal sepsis. Surprisingly, deletion of either of the ATRs resulted in lower cytokine/chemokine responses, irrespective of the different susceptibilities of the mice. This was similar in ex vivo human whole blood infection using ATR inhibitors. Neutrophil responses to Nme were reduced in C5ar1\(^{-/-}\) mouse blood. Upon stimulation with C5a plus Nme, mouse macrophages displayed reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, when C5aR1 or C5aR2 were ablated or inhibited, suggesting that both C5a-receptors prime an initial macrophage response to Nme. Finally, in vivo blockade of C5aR1 alone (PMX205) or along with C5aR2 (A8\(^{Δ71−73}\)) resulted in ameliorated disease, whereas neither antagonizing C3aR (SB290157) nor its activation with a “super-agonist” peptide (WWGKKYRASKLGLAR) demonstrated a benefit. Thus, C5aR1 and C5aR2 augment disease pathology and are interesting targets for treatment, whereas C3aR is protective in experimental meningococcal sepsis. KW - inflammation KW - C3a KW - C5a KW - C3aR KW - C5aR1 KW - C5aR2 KW - meningococcal disease KW - sepsis Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200496 VL - 10 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herrmann, Johannes A1 - Muenstermann, Marcel A1 - Strobel, Lea A1 - Schubert-Unkmeir, Alexandra A1 - Woodruff, Trent M. A1 - Gray-Owen, Scott D. A1 - Klos, Andreas A1 - Johswich, Kay O. T1 - Complement C5a receptor 1 exacerbates the pathophysiology of N. meningitidis sepsis and is a potential target for disease treatment JF - mBio N2 - Sepsis caused by Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a rapidly progressing, life-threatening disease. Because its initial symptoms are rather unspecific, medical attention is often sought too late, i.e., when the systemic inflammatory response is already unleashed. This in turn limits the success of antibiotic treatment. The complement system is generally accepted as the most important innate immune determinant against invasive meningococcal disease since it protects the host through the bactericidal membrane attack complex. However, complement activation concomitantly liberates the C5a peptide, and it remains unclear whether this potent anaphylatoxin contributes to protection and/or drives the rapidly progressing immunopathogenesis associated with meningococcal disease. Here, we dissected the specific contribution of C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1), the canonical receptor for C5a, using a mouse model of meningococcal sepsis. Mice lacking C3 or C5 displayed susceptibility that was enhanced by >1,000-fold or 100-fold, respectively, consistent with the contribution of these components to protection. In clear contrast, C5ar1\(^{-/-}\) mice resisted invasive meningococcal infection and cleared N. meningitidis more rapidly than wild-type (WT) animals. This favorable outcome stemmed from an ameliorated inflammatory cytokine response to N. meningitidis in C5ar1\(^{-/-}\) mice in both in vivo and ex vivo whole-blood infections. In addition, inhibition of C5aR1 signaling without interference with the complement bactericidal activity reduced the inflammatory response also in human whole blood. Enticingly, pharmacologic C5aR1 blockade enhanced mouse survival and lowered meningococcal burden even when the treatment was administered after sepsis induction. Together, our findings demonstrate that C5aR1 drives the pathophysiology associated with meningococcal sepsis and provides a promising target for adjunctive therapy. Importance: The devastating consequences of N. meningitidis sepsis arise due to the rapidly arising and self-propagating inflammatory response that mobilizes antibacterial defenses but also drives the immunopathology associated with meningococcemia. The complement cascade provides innate broad-spectrum protection against infection by directly damaging the envelope of pathogenic microbes through the membrane attack complex and triggers an inflammatory response via the C5a peptide and its receptor C5aR1 aimed at mobilizing cellular effectors of immunity. Here, we consider the potential of separating the bactericidal activities of the complement cascade from its immune activating function to improve outcome of N. meningitidis sepsis. Our findings demonstrate that the specific genetic or pharmacological disruption of C5aR1 rapidly ameliorates disease by suppressing the pathogenic inflammatory response and, surprisingly, allows faster clearance of the bacterial infection. This outcome provides a clear demonstration of the therapeutic benefit of the use of C5aR1-specific inhibitors to improve the outcome of invasive meningococcal disease. KW - C5aR1 KW - whole-blood model KW - Neisseria meningitidis KW - anaphylatoxins KW - complement system KW - inflammation KW - invasive disease KW - mouse model KW - neutrophils KW - sepsis Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175792 VL - 9 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wollborn, Jakob A1 - Wunder, Christian A1 - Stix, Jana A1 - Neuhaus, Winfried A1 - Bruno, Rapahel R. A1 - Baar, Wolfgang A1 - Flemming, Sven A1 - Roewer, Norbert A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas A1 - Schick, Martin A. T1 - Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibition with rolipram attenuates hepatocellular injury in hyperinflammation in vivo and in vitro without influencing inflammation and HO-1 expression JF - Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics N2 - Objective: To investigate the impact of the phophodiesterase-4 inhibition (PD-4-I) with rolipram on hepatic integrity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced hyperinflammation. Materials and Methods: Liver microcirculation in rats was obtained using intravital microscopy. Macrohemodynamic parameters, blood assays, and organs were harvested to determine organ function and injury. Hyperinflammation was induced by LPS and PD-4-I rolipram was administered intravenously one hour after LPS application. Cell viability of HepG2 cells was measured by EZ4U-kit based on the dye XTT. Experiments were carried out assessing the influence of different concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and LPS with or without PD-4-I. Results: Untreated LPS-induced rats showed significantly decreased liver microcirculation and increased hepatic cell death, whereas LPS + PD-4-I treatment could improve hepatic volumetric flow and cell death to control level whithout influencing the inflammatory impact. In HepG2 cells TNF-α and LPS significantly reduced cell viability. Coincubation with PD-4-I increased HepG2 viability to control levels. The heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway did not induce the protective effect of PD-4-I. Conclusion: Intravenous PD-4-I treatment was effective in improving hepatic microcirculation and hepatic integrity, while it had a direct protective effect on HepG2 viability during inflammation. KW - acute liver failure KW - endotoxemia KW - phosphodiesterase KW - rolipram KW - sepsis Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149336 VL - 6 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Macedo, Robson A1 - Javadi, Som Mehrbod A1 - Higuchi, Takahiro A1 - Ferreira de Carvalho, Marilia Daniela A1 - Lima Paiva Medeiros, Vanessa de Fátima A1 - Azevedo, Ítalo Medeiros A1 - Lima, Francisco Pignataro A1 - Medeiros, Aldo Cunha T1 - Heart and systemic effects of statin pretreatment in a rat model of abdominal sepsis. Assessment by Tc\(^{99m}\)-sestamibi biodistribition JF - Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira N2 - PURPOSE: To evaluate the heart and the Tc-99m-sestamibi biodistribution after statin pretreatment in a rat model of abdominal sepsis. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly distributed into four groups (n=6 per group): 1) sepsis with simvastatin treatment, 2) sepsis with vehicle, 3) sham control with simvastatin and 4) sham control with vehicle. 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture rats received 1.0MBq of Tc-99m-sestamibi i.v. 30min after, animals were euthanized for ex-vivo tissue counting and myocardium histological analysis. RESULTS: Myocardial histologic alterations were not detected 24 hours post-sepsis. There was significantly increased cardiac Tc-99m-sestamibi activity in the sepsis group with simvastatin treatment (1.9\(\pm\)0.3%ID/g, p<0.001) in comparison to the sepsis group+vehicle (1.0\(\pm\)0.2% ID/g), control sham group+ simvastatin (1.2\(\pm\)0.3% ID/g) and control sham group (1.3\(\pm\)0.2% ID/g). Significant Tc-99m-sestamibi activity in liver, kidney and lungs was also detected in the sepsis group treated with simvastatinin comparison to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Statin treatment altered the biodistribution of Tc-99m-sestamibi with increased cardiac and solid organ activity in rats with abdominal sepsis, while no impact on controls. Increased myocardial tracer activity may be a result of a possible protection effect due to increased tissue perfusion mediated by statins. KW - P-glycoprotein expression KW - mechanisms retention KW - Simvastatin KW - Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi Rats KW - heart KW - inflammation KW - sepsis Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151887 VL - 30 IS - 6 SP - 388 EP - 393 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schick, Martin Alexander A1 - Baar, Wolfgang A1 - Bruno, Raphael Romano A1 - Wollborn, Jakob A1 - Held, Christopher A1 - Schneider, Reinhard A1 - Flemming, Sven A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas A1 - Roewer, Norbert A1 - Neuhaus, Winfried A1 - Wunder, Christian T1 - Balanced hydroxyethylstarch (HES 130/0.4) impairs kidney function in-vivo without inflammation JF - PLoS One N2 - Volume therapy is a standard procedure in daily perioperative care, and there is an ongoing discussion about the benefits of colloid resuscitation with hydroxyethylstarch (HES). In sepsis HES should be avoided due to a higher risk for acute kidney injury (AKI). Results of the usage of HES in patients without sepsis are controversial. Therefore we conducted an animal study to evaluate the impact of 6% HES 130/0.4 on kidney integrity with sepsis or under healthy conditions Sepsis was induced by standardized Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis (sCASP). sCASP-group as well as control group (C) remained untreated for 24 h. After 18 h sCASP+HES group (sCASP+VOL) and control+HES (C+VOL) received 50 ml/KG balanced 6% HES (VOL) 130/0.4 over 6h. After 24h kidney function was measured via Inulin- and PAH-Clearance in re-anesthetized rats, and serum urea, creatinine (crea), cystatin C and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as well as histopathology were analysed. In vitro human proximal tubule cells (PTC) were cultured +/- lipopolysaccharid (LPS) and with 0.1–4.0% VOL. Cell viability was measured with XTT-, cell toxicity with LDH-test. sCASP induced severe septic AKI demonstrated divergent results regarding renal function by clearance or creatinine measure focusing on VOL. Soleley HES (C+VOL) deteriorated renal function without sCASP. Histopathology revealed significantly derangements in all HES groups compared to control. In vitro LPS did not worsen the HES induced reduction of cell viability in PTC cells. For the first time, we demonstrated, that application of 50 ml/KG 6% HES 130/0.4 over 6 hours induced AKI without inflammation in vivo. Severity of sCASP induced septic AKI might be no longer susceptible to the way of volume expansion KW - colloids KW - kidneys KW - histopathology KW - blood KW - creatinine KW - sepsis KW - urine KW - inflammation Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126068 VL - 10 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schick, Martin A. A1 - Baar, Wolfgang A1 - Flemming, Sven A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas A1 - Wollborn, Jakob A1 - Held, Christopher A1 - Schneider, Reinhard A1 - Brock, Robert W. A1 - Roewer, Norbert A1 - Wunder, Christian T1 - Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by standardized colon ascendens stent peritonitis in rats - a simple, reproducible animal model JF - Intensive Care Medicine Experimental N2 - Background Up to 50% of septic patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI). The pathomechanism of septic AKI is poorly understood. Therefore, we established an innovative rodent model to characterize sepsis-induced AKI by standardized colon ascendens stent peritonitis (sCASP). The model has a standardized focus of infection, an intensive care set up with monitoring of haemodynamics and oxygenation resulting in predictable impairment of renal function, AKI parameters as well as histopathology scoring. Methods Anaesthetized rats underwent the sCASP procedure, whereas sham animals were sham operated and control animals were just monitored invasively. Haemodynamic variables and blood gases were continuously measured. After 24 h, animals were reanesthetized; cardiac output (CO), inulin and PAH clearances were measured and later on kidneys were harvested; and creatinine, urea, cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were analysed. Additional sCASP-treated animals were investigated after 3 and 9 days. Results All sCASP-treated animals survived, whilst ubiquitous peritonitis and significantly deteriorated clinical and macrohaemodynamic sepsis signs after 24 h (MAP, CO, heart rate) were obvious. Blood analyses showed increased lactate and IL-6 levels as well as leucopenia. Urine output, inulin and PAH clearance were significantly decreased in sCASP compared to sham and control. Additionally, significant increase in cystatin C and NGAL was detected. Standard parameters like serum creatinine and urea were elevated and sCASP-induced sepsis increased significantly in a time-dependent manner. The renal histopathological score of sCASP-treated animals deteriorated after 3 and 9 days. Conclusions The presented sCASP method is a standardized, reliable and reproducible method to induce septic AKI. The intensive care set up, continuous macrohaemodynamic and gas exchange monitoring, low mortality rate as well as the opportunity of detailed analyses of kidney function and impairments are advantages of this setup. Thus, our described method may serve as a new standard for experimental investigations of septic AKI. KW - CASP KW - animal model KW - acute kidney injury KW - sepsis Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126111 VL - 2 IS - 34 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nass, Maximilian A1 - Weissbrich, Benedikt A1 - Huber, Moritz A1 - Schneider, Elisabeth Marion A1 - Weiss, Manfred T1 - BK viremia in critically ill surgical patients with hemorrhagic or septic shock JF - BMC Research Notes N2 - Background Infections with polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) are a common cause of renal dysfunction after renal transplantation and may also be harmful in surgical patients with shock. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of BKV viremia in critically ill surgical patients with septic or hemorrhagic shock, and, if viremia is detectable, whether viremia may be associated with renal dysfunction. Findings A total of 125 plasma samples from 44 critically ill surgical patients with septic or hemorrhagic shock were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for BKV DNA during their stay on the intensive care unit (ICU). BKV viremia occurred in four patients, i.e. in three of the septic and in one of the hemorrhagic shock group. There was no association between viremia and renal dysfunction. All positive samples contained a low viral load (< 500 copies/ml). Conclusions Since BK viremia was rarely found and with low viral load only in critically ill surgical patients with shock, it is very unlikely that BK viremia results in BK nephropathy later on. KW - acute kidney injury KW - BK virus KW - polyomavirus KW - critically ill KW - sepsis KW - shock Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124136 VL - 5 IS - 100 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Enigk, Fabian A1 - Wagner, Antje A1 - Samapati, Rudi A1 - Rittner, Heike A1 - Brack, Alexander A1 - Mousa, Shaaban A. A1 - Schäfer, Michael A1 - Habazettl, Helmut A1 - Schäper, Jörn T1 - Thoracic epidural anesthesia decreases endotoxin-induced endothelial injury JF - BMC Anesthesiology N2 - Background: The sympathetic nervous system is considered to modulate the endotoxin-induced activation of immune cells. Here we investigate whether thoracic epidural anesthesia with its regional symapathetic blocking effect alters endotoxin-induced leukocyte-endothelium activation and interaction with subsequent endothelial injury. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized, cannulated and hemodynamically monitored. E. coli lipopolysaccharide (Serotype 0127: B8, 1.5 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) or isotonic saline (controls) was infused for 300 minutes. An epidural catheter was inserted for continuous application of lidocaine or normal saline in endotoxemic animals and saline in controls. After 300 minutes we measured catecholamine and cytokine plasma concentrations, adhesion molecule expression, leukocyte adhesion, and intestinal tissue edema. Results: In endotoxemic animals with epidural saline, LPS significantly increased the interleukin-1 beta plasma concentration (48%), the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules E-selectin (34%) and ICAM-1 (42%), and the number of adherent leukocytes (40%) with an increase in intestinal myeloperoxidase activity (26%) and tissue edema (75%) when compared to healthy controls. In endotoxemic animals with epidural infusion of lidocaine the values were similar to those in control animals, while epinephrine plasma concentration was 32% lower compared to endotoxemic animals with epidural saline. Conclusions: Thoracic epidural anesthesia attenuated the endotoxin-induced increase of IL-1 beta concentration, adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte-adhesion with subsequent endothelial injury. A potential mechanism is the reduction in the plasma concentration of epinephrine. KW - endotoxemia KW - myeloperoxidase KW - endothelial injury KW - adhesion molecules KW - inflammatory response KW - intestinal microvascular perfusion KW - cell-adhesion KW - induced impairment KW - reperfusion injury KW - sepsis KW - neutrophil KW - lidocaine KW - lung injury KW - cytokines KW - epidural anesthesia Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116787 VL - 14 IS - 23 ER - TY - THES A1 - Sanning, Petra T1 - Die Stressantwort der hormonellen Nebennierenrindenaktivität auf ACTH-Stimulation und in der Sepsis T1 - The adrenal activity on ACTH-Stimulation and in sepsis N2 - Das Steroidhormon Dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA) und die sulfatierte Form Dehydroepiandrosteron-Sulfat (DHEAS) werden hauptsächlich in der Nebennierenrinde produziert und sind quantitativ das Hauptprodukt der Steroidsynthese der menschlichen Nebennierenrinde. Nur DHEA kann weiter verstoffwechselt werden und ist ein wichtiger Ausgangstoff sowohl für die weibliche wie die männliche Geschlechtshormonsynthese. Bei Patienten mit Sepsis wurde ein Abfall der DHEAS-Serumkonzentration nachgewiesen. Da bisher eine kontinuierliche Interkonversion zwischen DHEA und DHEAS angenommen wurde, schloss man aus diesem Befund auch auf eine niedrige DHEA-Konzentration. Neuere Erkenntnisse – unter anderem begründet durch eine Studie von Hammer et al.(5) – widerlegen jedoch die Hypothese der kontinuierlichen Interkonversion. Um den Einfluss der Sepsis auf die DHEA-Konzentration zu bestimmen, wurden für die Studie ACTH-Tests bei drei verschiedenen Kohorten durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie weichen ab von der früheren Annahme eines DHEA-Mangels bei Patienten mit Sepsis und zeigen eine Differenz zwischen DHEA- und DHEAS-Konzentration im Sinne einer signifikant erhöhten DHEA-Konzentration und einer erniedrigten DHEAS-Konzentration. Die erhöhte DHEA-Konzentration konnte nicht für Patienten mit akuter Hüftfraktur nachgewiesen werden, sodass die Hochregulation von DHEA wahrscheinlich eine entzündugsspezifische Reaktion ist. Da die Werte für DHEAS bei der Sepsiskohorte im Vergleich zu gesunden Probanden signifikant niedriger sind, könnte eine verminderte Aktivität bzw. Produktion der DHEA-Sulphotransferase der Grund für die erhöhte DHEA-Konzentration sein. Daraus folgt, dass DHEAS keinen verlässlicher Marker für die adrenale Androgenproduktion – insbesondere in pathologischen Situationen wie der Sepsis – darstellt, da die vorliegende Arbeit kein kontinuierliches Gleichgewicht von DHEA- und DHEAS-Konzentration ergab. Möglicherweise ist die erhöhte Serumkonzentration von DHEA als gegenregulatorischer Mechanismus zu verstehen, um das Gleichgewicht zwischen Cortisol- und DHEA-vermittelten Wirkungen aufrecht zu erhalten. Jedoch kann sich dieser Mechanismus erschöpfen, wie es der Verlauf bei schwerst betroffenen Patienten vermuten lässt. N2 - The hormon Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is the most abundant adrenal steroid in the human circulation, but only the desulfated Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted downstream to sex steroids. Whereas serum cortisol increases in response to septic shock, circulating levels of DHEAS decrease. It has been recently shown that the conversion of DHEA sulfotransferase(SULT2A1) is the rate-limiting step regulation the equilibrium between DHEA and DEHAS. In accordance with previous reports, we found significantly lower serum DHEAS in both our septic shock and trauma cohorts than in healthy controls. This may represent a stress-induced down-regulation of adrenal DHEAS output. Despite low circulating DHEAS, the levels of DHEA were actually significantly increased in the septic patients, a finding that detracts from the previous concept of DHEA deficiency in septic shock. Both cortisol and DHEA appeared to be maximally stimulated in septic shock, with no significant further increase elicited by exogenous ACTH stimulation. By contrast, despite significantly increased ciculating cortisol in the acute trauma cohort, circulating DHEA was significantly lower than in healthy controls. This suggests that up-regulation of DHEA may be as epsis-specific phenomenon, possibly representing a previously unrecognized, coutnterregulatory mechanism in the endocrine response to inflammatory stress. An up-regulation of DHEA in septic shock may aim a maintaining the balance between glucocorticoid- and DHEA-mediated effects on the immune and vascular system. Circulating DHEAS levels may not appropriately reflect the biologically active, circulating DHEA pool and thus may not be reliable marker of adrenal androgen output. Further studies are required if DHEA supplement in sepsis can help for a better outcome. KW - Dehydroepiandrosteron KW - Sepsis KW - Nebennierenrinde KW - adrenal insufficiency KW - DHEA KW - cortisol KW - DHEAS KW - sepsis Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50193 ER - TY - THES A1 - Eisoldt, Stefan T1 - Additive Therapie der intraabdominellen Infektion - Ergebnisevaluierung einer deutschen Multicenterstudie T1 - Additive therapy of intraabdominell infections - Evaluation of a german multicentre study N2 - Diese multizentrische, randomisierte, doppel-blinde Studie hatte zum Ziel, die additive Wirksamkeit von Pentaglobin® bei der Behandlung der Peritonitis zu untersuchen. Pentaglobin® wurde hierbei zusammen mit einer im klinischen Alltag üblichen Antibiotikatherapie intravenös verabreicht. Die Kontrollgruppe erhielt ein Placebo bestehend aus Humanalbumin. Primäre Endpunkte waren der postoperative kumulierte Summenwert der SIRS-Kriterien nach Bone bis zum 23. postoperativen Tag sowie der postoperative kumulierte Summenwert des SOFA-Score bis zum 28. postoperativen Tag. Ergebnisse wurden durch Anwendung verschiedener Scores überprüft. Insgesamt konnten 260 Patienten mit Peritonitis an 16 Studienzentren eingeschlossen werden. 258 Patienten kamen in die Safety-Analyse sowie 255 in die Intentio-To-Treat Analyse. Bei den primären Endpunkten konnte eine Tendenz für die Wirksamkeit von Pentaglobin® bei septischen Patienten gezeigt werden. Insbesondere die Patienten mit einem höheren MPI-Wert scheinen mehr von einer Therapie mit Pentaglobin® profitiert zu haben. Eine statistische Signifikanz konnte jedoch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Bei den sekundären Endpunkten zeigte sich eine statistisch signifikant kürzere Therapie mit Katecholaminen in der Pentaglobin®-Gruppe. Weiterhin fanden sich statistisch signifikante Unterschiede des IL-2-Rezeptors sowie des TNF-1-Rezeptors im Studienverlauf zwischen der Pentaglobin®- und der Placebo-Gruppe. Bei der Überprüfung der Verträglichkeit der Studienmedikation fanden sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede. N2 - The aim of the present clinical trial was to show a therapeutic effect of Pentaglobin® under concomitant administration of antibiotics in patients with beginning peritoneal infections. The study was conducted as a placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre and prospective trial of clinical phase IV. The patients were allocated to the two treatment groups (Pentaglobin®/placebo) by randomisation. The primary efficacy parameters were the post-operative cumulative sum score of the SIRS criteria according to Bone until Day 23 and the post-operative cumulative Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) sum score until Day 28. In total 260 patients with beginning intraabdominell infection in 16 study centres were included in the study. 258 patients were included in the safety analyses and 255 in the Intention-to-treat analyses. In conclusion, the efficacy results in this study showed a tendency in favour of Pentaglobin® compared to placebo regarding the primary efficacy parameters cumulative SIRS score and cumulative SOFA score that were lower in the Pentaglobin® group than in the placebo group, especially in patients with a more severe peritonitis. The differences between Pentaglobin® and placebo in SIRS and SOFA score were not statistically significant, but patients in the Pentaglobin® group had a lower mean TISS-28 score, a shorter duration of fever, a shorter duration of ICU treatment and artificial ventilation and the duration of treatment with catecholamines was significantly shorter in the Pentaglobin® group. Regarding laboratory parameters, the inflammatory parameters decreased more in the Pentaglobin® group than in the placebo group (with significant differences in favour of Pentaglobin® for IL-2R and TNF-R1) while the significant differences in favour of Pentaglobin® for IgM, IgA, IgG were mainly caused by the administration of the intravenous immunoglobulin preparation (with significant differences in favour of Pentaglobin® for IgM, IgA, IgG). The safety data showed that Pentaglobin® and placebo were equally safe and well tolerated. KW - Randomisierung KW - Kontrollierte klinische Studie KW - Bauchfellentzündung KW - Sepsis KW - Pentaglobin KW - multizentrisch KW - doppel-blind KW - placebo-kontrolliert KW - SOFA KW - SIRS KW - peritonitis KW - sepsis KW - pentaglobin KW - randomised double-blind study Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-24660 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wichelmann, Christian T1 - Epidemiologie und Kosten der Sepsis auf der chirurgischen Intensivstation : Teilnahme an einer europäischen Querschnittstudie zur Sepsis-Epidemiologie im Mai 2002 T1 - Epidemiology and costs caused by sepsis in the surgical ICU Participation in an European study on sepsis-epidemiology in may 2002 N2 - Bei hohen Inzidenz- und Sterblichkeitsraten ist die Sepsis eine ernstzunehmende Erkrankung mit zugleich ernormer volkswirtschaftlicher Relevanz. Anhand der Vorstellung der Ergebnisse einer Teilnahme an einer europäischen Querschnittstudie zur Sepsis-Epidemiolgie, die 2002 von der ESICM initiiert wurde und an der Intensivstationen ganz Europas teilnahmen, darunter auch die ITS der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik Würzburg, sollen Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung dieses Krankheitsbildes aufgezeigt werden. Es wird die Entwicklung in der Definition des Sepsis-Begriffes diskutiert. Ferner wird das Augenmerk auf die verschiedenen, durch die Sepsis verursachten und dem öffentlichen Gesundheitswesen entstehenden Kosten gelegt und diese werden ihrer Gewichtung nach aufgeführt. N2 - With high incidence- and mortality-rates sepsis is a severe illness with enormous relevance to public health. By presenting the results of an european study on sepsis-epidemiology, which was launched in 2002 by the ESICM and several European ICUs took part in (also the ICU of the Department of Surgery of the University of Würzburg/Germany) difficulties and pitfalls in recording this illness are discussed. Changes in the definition of this illness as well as different aspects of cost caused by sepsis are presented. KW - Sepsis KW - Epidemiologie KW - Inzidenz KW - Definition KW - Kosten KW - sepsis KW - definition KW - epidemiology KW - incidence KW - costs Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-21208 ER - TY - THES A1 - Flury, Monika T1 - Die Entwicklung chirurgischen Nahtmaterials als Voraussetzung und Folge operativer Tätigkeiten und wissenschaftlicher Forschung T1 - The development of suture material as a precondition and result of surgical operations and scientific research N2 - Chirurgische Nahtmaterialien werden nach ihren Konstitutionsmerkmalen und deren geschichtlicher Entwicklung beschrieben. Hierbei wird gezielt auf die Entwicklung der physikalischen und biologischen Eigenschaften eingegangen. Nahtmaterialien sind das Ergebnis der Erfahrungen operativer Tätigkeiten seit 2000 v. Chr. und gezielter wissenschaftlicher Forschung seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Um 1500 v.Chr. ist die Wundnaht zum ersten Mal dokumentiert (Papyri Edwin Smith und Ebers, Ägypten). Man bediente sich jenerzeit vorwiegend der Leinenfäden oder ähnlicher Materialien zum Wundverschluss. Aus der Literatur sind Hinweise auf weitere Ausgangsmaterialien bekannt, die uns einen Einblick in die operativen Tätigkeiten chinesischer, indischer, ägyptischer, griechischer und römischer Ärzte vor hunderten von Jahren geben. Naturprodukte wie Baumrinde, Dornen, Schleimharze oder auch Pergament werden als Nahtmaterial verwendet. Die von Walter v. Brunn 1928 beschriebene Ameisennaht, die als Ursprung der heutigen Wundklammerung anzusehen ist, wurde schon von arabischen Ärzten wie Abû`l-Qasim (~1000 n.Chr.) und italienischen Chirurgen wie Mondino de Liucci (1275-1326) und Bruno von Longoburgo(~1252) angewandt. Haare von Mensch und Tier, Federkiele, Darmsaiten und schließlich die Seide komplettieren neben anorganischen Stoffen das Nahtmaterialsortiment bis ca. 1930. Von da an gewannen synthetische Fäden zunehmend an Bedeutung, bis zu den heute bekannten Nahtmaterialien aus z.B. Polyamid (Nylon®), Polyglactin (Vicryl®), Polyglykolsäure (Dexon®) oder Polydioxanon (PDS®) und viele andere mehr. Zunächst waren die Chirurgen durch das Einbringen von Fremdmaterial in die Wunde mit schwerwiegenden Problemen konfrontiert. Infektionen, Abstoßungsreaktionen und unzureichender Wundverschluss beschreiben nur einen Teil der Komplikationen und Schwierigkeiten, denen ein Arzt, besser der Patient, bei der Wundversorgung ausgesetzt war. Bis zur Einführung der Antisepsis und Asepsis in der Chirurgie mit Pasteur (1822-1895) und Lord Lister (1827-1912), war der Ausgang nach Versorgung einer Wunde durch die "blutige Naht" häufig letal. Während man nun Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts um Sterilisationsverfahren und Darreichungsformen von Nahtmaterialien bemüht war, widmete man sich auch speziellen Handhabungseigenschaften von chirurgischen Fäden sowie - bereits seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts - auch deren Verhalten im Gewebe. Die Armierung chirurgischer Fäden gipfelt um 1920 in der Entwicklung der atraumatischen Nadel-Faden-Kombinationen, die eine minimale Traumatisierung des Stichkanals zum Ziel hatte. Heute sind chirurgische Nahtmaterialien Mittelpunkt eines ausgereiften Industriezweiges. Ausgangsmaterialien werden hinsichtlich ihres Einsatzbereiches modifiziert, um dem Operateur ein Fadenmaterial maximaler Qualität an die Hand zu geben. Um ein Nahtmaterial als Mittel zum Wundverschluss einzuordnen und seine Wirkung im Gewebe einschätzen zu können, können folgende Kriterien zur Beschreibung und Evaluierung chirurgischen Nahtmaterials aufgestellt werden: Konstitutionsmerkmale (Degradationsverhalten, Filament-Architektur, Oberflächeneigenschaften, Durchmesser, Beschichtung, Farbe), unterscheidende Parameter in vitro und in vivo (Zugfestigkeit, Knotenhalt, Dehnbarkeit, Elongation, Gewebeverträglichkeit, Quellung, Dochtwirkung, Funktionszeit), Handhabungseigenschaften, Sterilität, Armierung und Verpackung. Ziel ist es, die historischen Wurzeln der einzelnen Eigenschaften aufzudecken und ihre Entwicklung bis in die Neuzeit zu verfolgen. N2 - Des matières de sutures chirurgicales sont décrites en vue des caractères de constitution et de son développement historique. On s`étend sur l'évolution des qualités physiques et biologiques. Les matières de sutures sont le résultat des expériences d' opérations chirurgicales depuis 2000 av. J.-C. et de la recherche scientifique sous forme ponctuelle depuis le milieu du 19e siècle. A 1500 av. J.-C. (papyrus Edwin Smith et Ebers, Égypte), la suture chirurgicale est documentée pour la première fois. A l`époque, on se servit surtout des fils de lin ou de matières semblables. D'autres matières de base sont été decrites dans la littérature qui nous donnent une idée des circonstances opératoires des médecins chinois, indiens, égyptiens, grecs et romains à l´époque. Des produits naturels comme de l'écorce d'arbre, des épines, des résines de mucus ou aussi du parchemin sont été utilisés. La suture aux fourmis décrite par Walter de Brunn en 1928 est supposée d`être l`origine de la suture aux agrafes d´aujourd`hui. Celle-ci fut déjà utilisée par des médecins arabes comme Abû`l-Qasim (~1000 ap. J.C.) et des chirurgiens italiens comme Mondino de Liucci (1275-1326) et Bruno de Longoburgo (~ 1252). Des cheveux de l'être humain et du animal, quilles de plume, cordes d'intestin et finalement la soie ainsi que des fils anorganiques fûrent partie des matières de base de la suture chirurgicale jusqu'à environ 1930. A partir de là les matières synthétiques deviennent de plus en plus importantes - actuellement connues comme polyamide (nylon ©), polyglactine (vicryl ©), polyglycole acide (dexon ©) ou polydioxanone (PDS ©) etc. A l`époque, les chirurgiens se voyaient confrontés aux problèmes de la réaction inflammatoire du tissu à cause d`un corps étranger utilisé pour y adapter les lèvres de la plaie. Les infections, les reactions inflammatoires et la fermeture insuffisante ne décrivent qu'une partie des complications et des difficultés par lesquelles le médecin, pour mieux dire le patient, était gêné. Jusqu'à l'introduction de l'antisepsie et de l'asepsie dans la chirurgie avec Pasteur (1822-1895) et le lord Lister (1827-1912) souvent le traitement d'une blessure par « suture sanglante » avait pour conséquence la mort du patient. A la fin du 19e siècle on s´occupait des procédés de stérilisation et de l`emballage ainsi qu'on interéssait aux qualités de maniement de fils chirurgicaux et - déjà au milieu du 19e siècle – à sa réaction dans le tissu. C`est en1920 qu`on a reussi de développer une combinaison de fil d`aiguille qui s´appelle « suture atraumatique » et qui n`a pour consequence qu`un canal minime de piqûre. Aujourd'hui, ce sont les fils de sutures dont on s`occupe dans des usines spécialisées. Des matières de base sont été modifiées pour en recevoir un fil chirurgical à haut niveau et l`offrir au chirurgien d`une qualité supérieure. Les critères suivants sont utilisés pour distinguer les differents caractères des fils et pour pouvoir évaluer les effets dans le tissu: Caractères de constitution (résorption, architecture du fil, qualités de surface, diamètre, couleur), paramètres distinguants in vitro et in vivo (la solidité et l`appui de nœud, élongation, réaction dans le tissu, capillarité, temps de fonction), qualités de maniement, stérilité, l`armature et l`emballage. Il est but de mettre en évidence les racines historiques des différentes qualités des sutures et de poursuivre leur développement jusqu'aux temps modernes. KW - Nahtmaterial KW - Catgut KW - Sepsis KW - Sterilisierung KW - Nadeln KW - suture material KW - catgut KW - sepsis KW - sterilization KW - needle Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-6917 ER - TY - THES A1 - Patzig, Christian T1 - Die Bedeutung der Einstufung septischer Intensivpatienten in unterschiedliche Kategorien hinsichtlich Prognose und Therapie T1 - The significance of classifying septic intensive care patients in different categories regarding prognosis and therapy N2 - Fragestellung: Gelingt durch die Einteilung der Sepsis entsprechend den Kriterien der ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference eine Abstufung des Schweregrads und besteht dadurch die Möglichkeit, septische Komplikationen früher zu erkennen? Design: Prospektive Studie über einen Zeitraum von 1 Jahr. Setting: 2 Intensivstationen der Uniklinik Würzburg mit 9 chirurgischen Betten und 12 anästhesiologisch-chirurgischen Betten. Ergebnisse: Das Bild der Sepsis lässt sich an Hand der ACCP/SCCM-Kriterien in unterschiedliche Schweregrade einteilen, die u. a. mit stetig ansteigenden Letalitäten einhergehen. Die Häufigkeit und der Schweregrad septischer Komplikationen (u. a. ARDS und MODS) sowie die Sterblichkeit korrelieren mit der Schwere der Ganzkörperinflammation. Somit bietet die Einteilung der Sepsis in Schweregrade entsprechend den Definitionen der ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference eine wertvolle Hilfe, besonders kritische Patienten frühzeitig zu erkennen und entsprechend zu therapieren. N2 - Objective: Does splitting up sepsis correspondingly to the ACCP/SCCM consensus conference criteria succeed in grading markedness and does thereby exist the possibility of recognizing septic complications earlier? Design: Prospective Study over a period of 1 year. Setting: 2 intensive care units with 9 surgical beds and 12 anaesthetic-surgical beds. Outcome: Splitting up sepsis correspondingly to the ACCP/SCCM consensus conference criteria correlates inter alia with continuously increasing mortality. The frequency and markedness of septic complications (inter alia ARDS and MODS) as well as the mortality are correlating with the grade of the inflammation process. Therefore, splitting up sepsis correspondingly to these criteria offers a worthy help in recognizing critical patients early and treating them accordingly. KW - infektion KW - sirs KW - sepsis KW - schock KW - score KW - infection KW - sirs KW - sepsis KW - shock KW - score Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5101 ER -