TY - THES A1 - Eiter [verh. Seidl], Rafael T1 - Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Wundsekret auf Zellvermehrung, Chemoresistenzentwicklung, Zellzyklus und die Induktion einer Epithelial-mesenchymalen Transition in Tumorzellen von Kopf und Hals T1 - Studies on the influence of wound fluid on cell proliferation, development of chemoresistance, cell cycle and the induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck tumor cells N2 - Tumore von Kopf und Hals gehen weiterhin mit einer schlechten Prognose einher. Im Rahmen einer operativen Therapie tritt Wundsekret (WS) aus, welches der Wundheilung dient. Dieses kann in Kontakt mit Tumorzellen bzw. Resttumor in der Wunde kommen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Frage nach dem Einfluss von Wundsekret auf Zellvermehrung, Chemoresistenzentwicklung, den Zellzyklus und die Induktion einer Epithelial-mesenchymalen Transition (EMT) in Tumorzellen von Kopf und Hals gestellt. Hierfür wurde das WS von Tag1 und das WS von Tag 2 im Dotblot auf seine Zytokinzusammensetzung analysiert. Zwei Tumorzelllinien von Kopf und Hals, FaDu und HlaC78, wurden mit WSTag1 und WSTag2 behandelt und untersucht, welche Effekte das WS auf die Zellen hat. Verwendet wurden ein Proliferationsassay, eine Zellzyklusuntersuchung und Apoptosetestung mittels FACS, eine PCR, ein Spheroidmodell und die Lichtmikroskopie. Im WS wurden erhöhte Konzentrationen verschiedener Zytokine, insbesondere von IL-6, nachgewiesen. Gezeigt werden konnte eine gesteigerte Proliferationsrate der Tumorzellen unter WS-Behandlung, jedoch keine veränderte Verteilung der Zellzyklusphasen. In HlaC78-Zellen konnte eine vermehrte Vitalität nach Cisplatinbehandlung nachgewiesen werden. In beiden Tumorzelllinien fand sich eine vermehrte Exprimierung von Snail 1, Snail 2 und Vimentin. E-Cadherin wurde vermindert exprimiert. Twist und N-Cadherin wiesen keine Veränderungen auf. Es zeigte sich eine vermehrte Migration der Tumorzellen in die Umgebung. Die Zellen wiesen nach Behandlung mit WS vermehrt mesenchymale Zeichen auf. Es konnte kein Unterschied der Auswirkungen einer Behandlung mit WSTag1 im Vergleich zu einer Behandlung mit WSTag2 festgestellt werden. Insgesamt scheint WS in Tumorzellen von Kopf und Hals einen EMT-artigen Prozess in Gang zu setzen, also eine partial EMT (pEMT). Als mögliche Auslöser dieser Veränderungen kommen die im WS nachgewiesenen Zytokine und v. a. IL-6 in Frage. N2 - Tumors of the head and neck continue to be associated with a poor prognosis. In the course of surgical therapy, wound fluid (WF) may come into contact with tumor cells or residual tumor in the wound. In this study, the influence of wound fluid on cell proliferation, development of chemoresistance, the cell cycle and the induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells of the head and neck was investigated. Therefore, WF from day 1 and WF from day 2 were analyzed for their cytokine composition by Dotblot. The effects of WF from day 1 and WF from day 2 on two tumor cell lines of the head and neck, FaDu and HlaC78, were investigated using a proliferation assay, a cell cycle assay and an apoptosis assay via FACS, PCR, a spheroid model and light microscopy. Increased concentrations of various cytokines, especially IL-6, were detected in the WF. An increased proliferation rate of tumor cells under WF treatment could be shown. There was no alteration in the distribution of cell cycle phases, however. In HlaC78 cells an increased vitality after cisplatin treatment could be proven. Increased expression of Snail 1, Snail 2, and Vimentin was found in both tumor cell lines. The expression of E-cadherin was decreased. Twist and N-cadherin showed no changes. Increased migration of tumor cells to the surrounding area could be seen. Cells showed more mesenchymal signs after treatment with WF. No difference in the effects of treatment with WF from day 1 compared to treatment with WF from day 2 was observed. Overall, WF appears to initiate an EMT-like process in tumor cells of the head and neck, this is called partial EMT (pEMT). Possible inducers of these changes are the cytokines and in particular IL-6 that have been found in WF. KW - Wundheilung KW - Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Tumor KW - Cytokine KW - Zellzyklus KW - Cisplatin KW - Epithelial-mesenchymale Transition KW - Wundsekret KW - IL-6 KW - Zellvermehrung KW - in vitro Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-326782 ER - TY - THES A1 - Noyalet, Laurent T1 - Untersuchung der "Vestibular aqueduct" Morphologie bei Patienten mit Hörminderung und Morbus Menière am Würzburger Patientenkollektiv T1 - Investigation of the "Vestibular aqueduct" Morphology in Patients with Hearing Loss and Meniere's Disease in the Wuerzburg Patient Collective N2 - Trotz langjähriger klinischer Erfahrung, vielen Untersuchungen und Studien, ist die korrekte Diagnosestellung eines Morbus Menière immer noch schwierig. Diagnostische Mittel sind vor allem eine ausführliche Anamnese, die ECOG, Tonaudiogramm und der Ausschluss anderer Innenohrerkrankungen. Betroffene erleiden häufig Schwindelanfälle, Tinnitus, Ohrdruck und verlieren an Hörvermögen. Der progressive Verlauf dieser Erkrankung lässt sich meist nur verlangsamen. Häufig startet die Therapie funktionserhaltend-medikamentös mit Betahistin und Antiemetika, im weiteren Verlauf sind meist operative Eingriffe wie die Saccotomie nötig. Dabei wird der Saccus endolymphaticus aufgesucht, geschlitzt und mittels Silikondreieck offengehalten, um damit eine Entlastung des endolymphatischen Systems zu schaffen. Zeigt sich nur wenig Besserung kann destruierend fortgefahren werden. Hierbei sind vor allem die Gentamycin-Therapie und die Neurektomie oder Labyrinthektomie Mittel der Wahl. Diese Untersuchung hatte das Ziel eine weitere diagnostische Methode zu finden, um die MM-Diagnose zu sichern und eine Prognose in Bezug auf die Therapie mittels Saccotomie zu liefern. Im Fokus stand hierbei der vestibuläre Aquädukt, welcher bereits in vielen Arbeiten auffällig in Form und Lage bei MM-Patienten gewesen war. Vor allem der Bezug des Aquäduktes zu den Bogengängen und dessen Länge wurden in der vorliegenden Studie genauer betrachtet. Dies geschah durch Messungen anhand von CT-Bildern. Der Winkel zwischen den Bogengängen und dem VA und die Länge des VA wurde gemessen und ausgewertet. Dies wurde zur Bestätigung der Methode, sowohl an menschlichen Felsenbeinpräparaten mit qualitativ unterschiedlichen CT-Aufnahmen als auch an Patienten durchgeführt. Dabei konnte man keine signifikanten Unterschiede innerhalb der verschiedenen CT-Aufnahmen der Felsenbeinpräparate feststellen. Mit Bestätigung der Reliabilität dieser Methode wurden dann Patienten untersucht. Dabei wurden zwei Gruppen gebildet, Nicht-MM- und MM-Patienten. Die Nicht-MM bestanden aus Patienten mit einem Akustikusneurinom der Gegenseite oder einem Cochlea-Implantat, welche keinen MM aufwiesen. Die MM-Patienten wurden alle mit einer Saccotomie behandelt und hatten damit einen gesicherten MM. Die Auswertung der Messergebnisse stellte dar, dass bei MM-Betroffenen die Länge mit durchschnittlich 7,9 mm im Vergleich mit Nicht-Betroffenen-VA (9,5 mm), signifikant reduziert war. Auch die Ergebnisse der Winkelmessung zeigte bei allen Bogengängen signifikante Unterschiede. Um die Ergebnisse der Winkelmessung besser zu kategorisieren, wurde der VA-Score erstellt. Dieser vereinigt die Ergebnisse der drei Bogengänge zu einem Wert von 1 bis 8. Auch hier erwiesen sich die MM-Patienten als auffällig, da sich diese im VA-Score 2 mit 44% häuften. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die Ergebnisse der nicht Erkrankten breiter verteilt. Zur weiteren Auswertung zählten außerdem die anamnestischen Daten und der Verlauf der Saccotomie. Dadurch konnte der Erfolg der Behandlung bestimmt und diese mit den Untersuchungen des VA des jeweiligen Patienten korreliert werden. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass vor allem bei VA mit hohen Winkeln und sehr kurzen VA die Erfolgsquote geringer war. Damit könnte also ein Zusammenhang zwischen Form und Lage des VA und Therapie bestehen. Um dies sicher zu bestätigen, braucht es noch mehr Patienten und eine klinisch zugelassene Software, die diese Messungen durchführen kann. Hierbei ist vor allem eine gute Bildgebung des Innenohrs wichtig, um den VA optimal messen zu können. Um die Messungen schnell und zuverlässig durchführen zu können, wäre eine Software, welche die Messungen automatisch durchführen kann, ein möglicher Ansatz. Die ausführliche Voruntersuchung wird jedoch weiterhin notwendig sein, um MM sicher zu diagnostizieren. N2 - Despite many years of clinical experience, many examinations and studies, the correct diagnosis of Meniere's disease is still difficult. Diagnostic tools are mainly a detailed medical history, the ECOG, tonal audiogram and the exclusion of other inner ear diseases. Affected individuals frequently experience vertigo, tinnitus, ear pressure, and loss of hearing. The progressive course of this disease can usually only be slowed down. Frequently, therapy starts with function-preserving drugs such as betahistine and antiemetics; in the further course, surgical interventions such as saccotomy are usually necessary. In this procedure, the saccus endolymphaticus is located, slit and held open by means of a silicone triangle in order to relieve the endolymphatic system. If there is only little improvement, destructive procedures can be continued. Gentamycin therapy and neurectomy or labyrinthectomy are the main methods of choice. The aim of this study was to find another diagnostic method to confirm the diagnosis of MD and to provide a prognosis regarding the therapy by saccotomy. The focus was on the vestibular aqueduct, which had already been shown in many studies to be conspicuous in shape and position in MD patients. Especially the relation of the aqueduct to the semicircular canals and its length were investigated in the present study. This was done by measurements based on CT images. The angle between the semicircular canals and the VA and the length of the VA were measured and evaluated. This was done to confirm the method, both on human petrous bone specimens with qualitatively different CT images and on patients. No significant differences were found within the different CT images of the petrous bone preparations. With confirmation of the reliability of this method, patients were then studied. Two groups were formed, non-MD and MD patients. The non-MM consisted of patients with an acoustic neuroma of the opposite side or a cochlear implant who did not have MD. The MD patients were all treated with saccotomy and thus had confirmed MD. The evaluation of the measurement results showed that the length was significantly reduced in MD patients with an average of 7.9 mm compared to non-affected VA (9.5 mm). The results of angle measurement also showed significant differences in all semicircular canals. To better categorize the results of the angle measurement, the VA score was created. This combines the results of the three semicircular canals into a score of 1 to 8. Again, the MD patients proved to be conspicuous, as they clustered in VA score 2 with 44%. In contrast, the results of the non-sufferers were more widely distributed. Further evaluation also included the anamnestic data and the outcome of the saccotomy. This made it possible to determine the success of the treatment and to correlate this with the examinations of the VA of the respective patient. It was found that especially VA with high angles and very short VA had a lower success rate. Thus, there could be a correlation between the shape and position of the VA and therapy. To confirm this for sure, more patients and clinically approved software that can perform these measurements are needed. Here, good imaging of the inner ear is especially important to be able to measure the VA optimally. To be able to perform the measurements quickly and reliably, software that can perform the measurements automatically would be a possible approach. However, the detailed preliminary examination will still be necessary to diagnose MD with certainty. KW - Menière-Krankheit KW - Morbus Menière KW - Schwindel KW - Innenohrkrankheit KW - vestibulärer Aquädukt KW - vestibular aqueduct KW - Saccotomie KW - Saccotomy KW - Vestibulärer-Aquädukt-Score Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-329423 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stebani, Jannik A1 - Blaimer, Martin A1 - Zabler, Simon A1 - Neun, Tilmann A1 - Pelt, Daniël M. A1 - Rak, Kristen T1 - Towards fully automated inner ear analysis with deep-learning-based joint segmentation and landmark detection framework JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Automated analysis of the inner ear anatomy in radiological data instead of time-consuming manual assessment is a worthwhile goal that could facilitate preoperative planning and clinical research. We propose a framework encompassing joint semantic segmentation of the inner ear and anatomical landmark detection of helicotrema, oval and round window. A fully automated pipeline with a single, dual-headed volumetric 3D U-Net was implemented, trained and evaluated using manually labeled in-house datasets from cadaveric specimen (N = 43) and clinical practice (N = 9). The model robustness was further evaluated on three independent open-source datasets (N = 23 + 7 + 17 scans) consisting of cadaveric specimen scans. For the in-house datasets, Dice scores of 0.97 and 0.94, intersection-over-union scores of 0.94 and 0.89 and average Hausdorf distances of 0.065 and 0.14 voxel units were achieved. The landmark localization task was performed automatically with an average localization error of 3.3 and 5.2 voxel units. A robust, albeit reduced performance could be attained for the catalogue of three open-source datasets. Results of the ablation studies with 43 mono-parametric variations of the basal architecture and training protocol provided task-optimal parameters for both categories. Ablation studies against single-task variants of the basal architecture showed a clear performance beneft of coupling landmark localization with segmentation and a dataset-dependent performance impact on segmentation ability. KW - anatomy KW - bone imaging KW - diagnosis KW - medical imaging KW - software KW - three-dimensional imaging KW - tomography Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357411 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stefanakis, Mona A1 - Bassler, Miriam C. A1 - Walczuch, Tobias R. A1 - Gerhard-Hartmann, Elena A1 - Youssef, Almoatazbellah A1 - Scherzad, Agmal A1 - Stöth, Manuel Bernd A1 - Ostertag, Edwin A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Steinke, Maria R. A1 - Hackenberg, Stephan A1 - Brecht, Marc A1 - Meyer, Till Jasper T1 - The impact of tissue preparation on salivary gland tumors investigated by Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy JF - Journal of Clinical Medicine N2 - Due to the wide variety of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors, classification and malignant behavior determination based on histomorphological criteria can be difficult and sometimes impossible. Spectroscopical procedures can acquire molecular biological information without destroying the tissue within the measurement processes. Since several tissue preparation procedures exist, our study investigated the impact of these preparations on the chemical composition of healthy and tumorous salivary gland tissue by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. Sequential tissue cross-sections were prepared from native, formalin-fixed and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue and analyzed. The FFPE cross-sections were dewaxed and remeasured. By using principal component analysis (PCA) combined with a discriminant analysis (DA), robust models for the distinction of sample preparations were built individually for each parotid tissue type. As a result, the PCA-DA model evaluation showed a high similarity between native and formalin-fixed tissues based on their chemical composition. Thus, formalin-fixed tissues are highly representative of the native samples and facilitate a transfer from scientific laboratory analysis into the clinical routine due to their robust nature. Furthermore, the dewaxing of the cross-sections entails the loss of molecular information. Our study successfully demonstrated how FTIR microspectroscopy can be used as a powerful tool within existing clinical workflows. KW - formalin KW - fixation KW - tissue preparation KW - salivary gland neoplasia KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - principal component analysis KW - discriminant analysis Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304887 SN - 2077-0383 VL - 12 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tecle, Nyat-Eyob A1 - Hackenberg, Stephan A1 - Scheich, Matthias A1 - Scherzad, Agmal A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Gehrke, Thomas T1 - Surgical management of lateral neck abscesses in children: a retrospective analysis of 100 cases JF - European Journal of Pediatrics N2 - Cervical abscesses are relatively common infections in pediatric patients. There is an ongoing debate about the necessity and time point of surgical drainage. The identification of a focus of infection might play an important role in facilitating a therapeutic decision. In a retrospective study, 100 pediatric patients aged 1–18 years who underwent incision and drainage of a lateral cervical abscess at our institution were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether a focus of infection could be identified or not. Data collection included patient characteristics, microbiological results, antibiotic regimen, and clinical course. A focus of infection was found in 29% (29/100) of the patients, most frequently in the tonsils. A causative microorganism was found in 75% (75/100) of all patients, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes being the most common pathogens. All patients received an empiric antibiotic therapy in addition to surgery. Antibiotic medication was changed in 31% in both groups (9/29 with a focus of infection and 22/71 without a focus of infection) during therapy. Children without an identified focus of infection generally were younger and had more comorbidities reducing immune response while also showing differences in the pathogens involved. There were no complications associated to surgery or antibiotic therapy in any of the patients involved. Conclusion: Children with an identified focus of infection show several differences compared to those with isolated lateral abscesses, especially regarding the microorganisms involved. But the focus of infection seems not to have an impact on patient’s outcome. What is Known: • Neck abscesses are a relatively common disease in the pediatric population and may cause serious complications. • Therapy in general consists of intravenous antibiotics with or without surgery. What is New: • The focus identification has no impact on patient’s outcome. • Children with an identified focus of infection show several differences compared to those with isolated lateral abscesses, especially regarding their medical history, age, and the microorganisms involved. KW - lateral neck abscesses KW - children KW - focus of infection KW - surgery Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324179 VL - 182 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Maximilian U. A1 - Schneider, Erich A1 - Buerklein, Miriam A1 - Taeger, Johannes A1 - Hartig, Johannes A1 - Volkmann, Jens A1 - Peach, Robert A1 - Zeller, Daniel T1 - Smartphone video nystagmography using convolutional neural networks: ConVNG JF - Journal of Neurology N2 - Background Eye movement abnormalities are commonplace in neurological disorders. However, unaided eye movement assessments lack granularity. Although videooculography (VOG) improves diagnostic accuracy, resource intensiveness precludes its broad use. To bridge this care gap, we here validate a framework for smartphone video-based nystagmography capitalizing on recent computer vision advances. Methods A convolutional neural network was fine-tuned for pupil tracking using > 550 annotated frames: ConVNG. In a cross-sectional approach, slow-phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus was calculated in 10 subjects using ConVNG and VOG. Equivalence of accuracy and precision was assessed using the “two one-sample t-test” (TOST) and Bayesian interval-null approaches. ConVNG was systematically compared to OpenFace and MediaPipe as computer vision (CV) benchmarks for gaze estimation. Results ConVNG tracking accuracy reached 9–15% of an average pupil diameter. In a fully independent clinical video dataset, ConVNG robustly detected pupil keypoints (median prediction confidence 0.85). SPV measurement accuracy was equivalent to VOG (TOST p < 0.017; Bayes factors (BF) > 24). ConVNG, but not MediaPipe, achieved equivalence to VOG in all SPV calculations. Median precision was 0.30°/s for ConVNG, 0.7°/s for MediaPipe and 0.12°/s for VOG. ConVNG precision was significantly higher than MediaPipe in vertical planes, but both algorithms’ precision was inferior to VOG. Conclusions ConVNG enables offline smartphone video nystagmography with an accuracy comparable to VOG and significantly higher precision than MediaPipe, a benchmark computer vision application for gaze estimation. This serves as a blueprint for highly accessible tools with potential to accelerate progress toward precise and personalized Medicine. KW - digital medicine KW - nystagmus KW - eye movement disorders KW - videooculography KW - computer vision KW - telemedicine KW - precision medicine Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324526 VL - 270 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engert, Jonas A1 - Spahn, Bjoern A1 - Bieniussa, Linda A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Rak, Kristen A1 - Voelker, Johannes T1 - Neurogenic stem cell niche in the auditory Thalamus: in vitro evidence of neural stem cells in the rat medial geniculate body JF - Life N2 - The medial geniculate body (MGB) is a nucleus of the diencephalon representing a relevant segment of the auditory pathway and is part of the metathalamus. It receives afferent information via the inferior brachium of the inferior colliculus and transmits efferent fibers via acoustic radiations to the auditory cortex. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been detected in certain areas along the auditory pathway. They are of great importance as the induction of an adult stem cell niche might open a regenerative approach to a causal treatment of hearing disorders. Up to now, the existence of NSCs in the MGB has not been determined. Therefore, this study investigated whether the MGB has a neural stem cell potential. For this purpose, cells were extracted from the MGB of PND 8 Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured in a free-floating cell culture assay, which showed mitotic activity and positive staining for stem cell and progenitor markers. In differentiation assays, the markers β-III-tubulin, GFAP, and MBP demonstrated the capacity of single cells to differentiate into neuronal and glial cells. In conclusion, cells from the MGB exhibited the cardinal features of NSCs: self-renewal, the formation of progenitor cells, and differentiation into all neuronal lineage cells. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the development of the auditory pathway. KW - neurosphere KW - auditory pathway KW - neural stem cell potential Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319387 SN - 2075-1729 VL - 13 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engert, Jonas A1 - Doll, Julia A1 - Vona, Barbara A1 - Ehret Kasemo, Totta A1 - Spahn, Bjoern A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Rak, Kristen A1 - Voelker, Johannes T1 - mRNA abundance of neurogenic factors correlates with hearing capacity in auditory brainstem nuclei of the rat JF - Life N2 - Neural stem cells (NSCs) have previously been described up to the adult stage in the rat cochlear nucleus (CN). A decreasing neurogenic potential was observed with critical changes around hearing onset. A better understanding of molecular factors affecting NSCs and neurogenesis is of interest as they represent potential targets to treat the cause of neurologically based hearing disorders. The role of genes affecting NSC development and neurogenesis in CN over time on hearing capacity has remained unclear. This study investigated the mRNA abundance of genes influencing NSCs and neurogenesis in rats’ CN over time. The CN of rats on postnatal days 6, 12, and 24 were examined. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction arrays were used to compare mRNA levels of 84 genes relevant to NSCs and neurogenesis. Age- and hearing-specific patterns of changes in mRNA abundance of neurogenically relevant genes were detected in the rat CN. Additionally, crucial neurogenic factors with significant and relevant influence on neurogenesis were identified. The results of this work should contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurogenesis of the auditory pathway. KW - real-time PCR KW - auditory pathway KW - neurogenesis KW - cochlear nucleus Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357392 SN - 2075-1729 VL - 13 IS - 9 ER - TY - THES A1 - Völker, Christine Irma Annikki T1 - In-vitro-Analyse der Maturation und Interaktion neuronaler Stammzellen des Nucleus Cochlearis der Ratte T1 - In vitro analysis of the maturation and interaction of neural stem cells from the rat’s cochlear nucleus N2 - Im Jahre 2011 wurden erstmals neuronale Stammzellen (NSCs) im Nucleus Cochlearis (N.C.) der Ratte beschrieben (Rak et al. 2011). Um diese Zellen besser zu charakterisieren, war das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, die NSCs des N.C. im Hinblick auf ihre Maturation und Interaktion in neuronalen Netzwerken sowie auf die Möglichkeiten nichtinvasiver Beeinflussung dieser Zellen zu untersuchen und diese mit primären Neuronen des N.C. zu vergleichen. Für die Untersuchungen waren intrazelluläre Calcium-Ionen (Ca2+) von besonderem Interesse, da diese über spannungsgesteuerte Ca2+-Kanäle (VGCCs) und deren Spontanoszillationen indirekt die Aktivität und Differenzierung der Neurone widerspiegeln könnten. Für die Analyse wurden N.C.s von P6 Ratten mikroskopisch präpariert und nach Dissoziation in Einzelzellen die NSCs für 8 Wochen in Stammzellmedium kultiviert oder direkt als primäre Neurone im Stammzellmedium ausplattiert. Zur Vorbereitung der Untersuchungen fand eine Kultivierung der jeweiligen Zellen für 4 Tage in Differenzierungsmedium statt. Anschließend wurden sie für Calcium-Imaging-Messungen mit dem Ca2+-sensitiven Fluorophor Oregon Green BAPTA-1 beladen. Zum einen wurde eine Analyse der Grundaktivitäten innerhalb der Zellareale und im neuronalen Netzwerk im Verlauf der Maturation durchgeführt. Zum anderen fand am Tag 4 der Zelldifferenzierung (DIF d4) eine Untersuchung der qualitativen und quantitativen Verteilung von VGCCs über die Zugabe der Ca2+-Kanalinhibitoren Nifedipin, ω-Conotoxin MVIIC, Kurtoxin und SNX-482 statt. In jedem Fall wurden die Zellen anschließend mit PFA fixiert und immunzytologisch untersucht. Zudem wurde eine Markierung der VGCCs mit dem Antikörper anti-Ca2+-Channel-(1 Subunit)-Pan vorgenommen. Innerhalb der Ergebnisse konnte eine Abhängigkeit der neuronalen Reifung von der Zellaktivität in Form von Ca2+-Strömen nachgewiesen werden. Hierfür zeigte sich ursächlich eine Variation im qualitativen und quantitativen Vorkommen von VGCCs und in ihrer Spontanaktivität innerhalb der Zellareale im Verlauf der neuronalen Maturation. NSCs zeigten ein ähnliches Verhalten wie primär kultivierte Neurone - sowohl bezüglich ihres Aktivitätsmusters während der Differenzierung als auch bezüglich ihrer Möglichkeit der Inhibierung, was auf eine ähnliche Expression von VGCCs hinweisen könnte. Die höchste Aktivität zeigte sich in beiden Fällen bei DIF d4. Die neurogene Nische, welche in der Literatur sowohl bei Ratten (Rak et al. 2011) als auch bei Mäusen (Volkenstein et al. 2013) im N.C. nachweisbar war, könnte somit zur Analysierung pathologischer Prozesse sowie auch zu deren Behandlung in Betracht gezogen werden. Zusammenfassend konnte in der vorliegenden Dissertation eine Charakterisierung des N.C. der Hörbahn in elektrophysiologischer und biochemischer Hinsicht erreicht werden. Die Ansätze dieser Arbeit könnten in Zukunft zu Therapieoptionen der Hörrehabilitation auf dieser Ebene beitragen. N2 - Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been described in the cochlear nucleus (C.N.) of rats. The objective of this thesis was further characterize these cells with regard to their maturation and interaction in neural networks in comparison with primary neurons of the C.N. and the possibility of non-invasive influence by soluble factors. In this context, particular attention should be paid to the intracellular calcium ions as these could indirectly reflect the activity and differentiation of the neurons via voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and their spontaneous oscillations. For analysis the C.N.s from p6 rats were microscopically prepared and after dissociation in single cells the NSCs were cultured in a neurosphere assay or plated directly as primary neurons. For calcium imaging measurements cells were loaded with the calcium sensitive fluorophore Oregon Green BAPTA-1. Spontaneous activities were analyzed within the cell areas and in neural networks during course of maturation. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative distribution of VGCCs was investigated by blocking the cells with the calcium channel inhibitors Nifedipine, ω-Conotoxin MVIIC, Kurtoxin and SNX-482. After calcium imaging analysis cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde and examined immunocytologically regarding to their status of differentiation. In addition, the VGCCs were marked by the antibody anti-calcium-channel-(1 subunit)-pan. A dependence of neural maturation on cell activity by calcium currents could be demonstrated. The reason for this was a variation in qualitative and quantitative occurrence of VGCCs and in their spontaneous activity within the cell areas in the course of neural maturation. Interestingly NSCs behaved similar to primary cultured neurons - both in their activity pattern and in their possibility of inhibition during differentiation, which indicates a similar expression of VGCCs. The highest activity in both cell types was found on day 4 of cell differentiation. In the presented thesis NSCs of the C.N. were further characterized by electrophysiological and biochemical investigations. The results could contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for hearing rehabilitation in the future. KW - Nucleus cochlearis anterior KW - Nucleus cochlearis posterior KW - Nucleus Cochlearis Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-323173 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ilgen, Lukas T1 - Ermittlung cochleärer Längen- und Winkelmaße mittels Flachdetektor-Volumen-Computertomographie - Evaluation der Anwendung sekundärer Rekonstruktionen T1 - Analysis of the cochlear duct and angular length by flat-panel volume computed tomography - Evaluation of the use of secondary reconstructions N2 - Für die Cochlea-Implantat-Versorgung ist die Kenntnis der individuellen Anatomie der Hörschnecke im perioperativen Kontext essenziell, um ein suffizientes audiologisches Resultat sicherzustellen. Ein akkurates Verfahren hierfür stellt die 3D multiplanare Rekonstruktion (3D-curved MPR) in Schnittbildgebung dar. Notwendige Voraussetzung ist jedoch eine hinreichende Bildqualität. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Augenmerk auf die sekundäre Rekonstruktion von Primärdatensätzen der Flachdetektor-Volumen-Computertomographie (fpVCTSECO) gerichtet. Diese bietet nämlich die Möglichkeit, die Bildqualität zu steigern, ohne jedoch eine als kritisch einzuschätzende Dosissteigerung in Kauf nehmen zu müssen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass es für die Messung der Länge von 2 Schneckenwindungen (2TL), der gesamten cochleären Länge (CDL) und dem Winkelmaß (AL) mittels 3D-curved MPR in der fpVCT keinen signifikanten Unterschied gegenüber der Mehrschicht-CT gibt. In beiden Modalitäten wurden alle drei Parameter gegenüber der Referenzbildgebung micro-CT deutlich unterschätzt. Durch die fpVCTSECO war es möglich, die Genauigkeit der Messungen zu steigern und den Werten der Referenz anzunähern. Lediglich für AL muss eine geringfügige systematische Unterschätzung beachtet werden. Postoperativ zeigte sich mit einliegendem Elektrodenträger für 2TL eine ebenso präzise Messung wie präoperativ ohne. Jedoch wurde die CDL um circa 0,5 - 0,7 mm unterschätzt. Ursächlich hierfür dürften vor allem Metallartefakte gewesen sein. Auch wenn die 3D-curved MPR in Kombination mit der fpVCTSECO postoperativ zur Visualisierung der räumlichen Beziehung von Elektrodenträger, Modiolus und ossärer lateraler Wand sehr gut geeignet war, so muss sich der Einfluss dieser Diskrepanz für die audiologische Anpassung in Zukunft erst noch zeigen. N2 - Knowledge of the individual anatomy of the cochlea is essential for optimal hearing perception outcomes in cochlear implantation. 3D-curved multiplanar reconstruction (3D-curved MPR) in cross-sectional imaging is a very precise method. But for this purpose, high-resolution quality is an indispensable requirement. In this study, special attention was turned to secondary reconstruction of primary data of flat-panel volume computed tomography (fpVCTSECO). This postprocessing application provides an opportunity to increase image quality. Beneficially, there is no need of applying additional radiation dose, which should always be regarded critically. For the cochlear duct length (CDL), the two-turn length (2TL) and the angular length (AL), there were no statistically significant differences between fpVCT and multislice computed tomography applying 3D-curved MPR. In contrast to reference imaging modality micro-CT, a clinically relevant underestimation of all three parameters was evident. Using fpVCTSECO, precision of measurements could be increased significantly. It was possible to reach the accuracy of the reference. Only concerning AL, a slight and systematic underestimation must be considered. Postoperatively, after insertion of the electrode into the cochlea, measurement of 2TL was as precise as the preoperative one. For CDL, an underestimation of approximately 0.5 - 0.7 mm was evident. Most likely, this fact was linked to postoperative metal artifacts. Even though 3D-curved MPR in combination with fpVCTSECO is a great possibility to visualize the spatial relation of electrode, modiolus and bony lateral wall, the influence of this difference on audiological fitting procedures has still to be investigated in future studies. KW - Cochlea KW - Anatomie KW - Computertomografie KW - Cochlear-Implantat KW - Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion KW - cochlear duct length KW - CDL KW - MSCT KW - fpVCT KW - CI Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-327945 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ludwig, Elena Maria T1 - Eine retrospektive Analyse laryngealer Vorläuferläsionen sowie deren Verlauf und Progressionsrisiko T1 - A retrospective analysis of laryngeal precursor lesions, their development and risk to progression N2 - Hinter dem makroskopischen Bild einer Leukoplakie der Stimmlippen können sich verschiedene histopathologische Diagnosen, wie Hyper- oder Parakeratosen, unterschiedliche Dysplasieschweregrade oder ein invasives Karzinom, verbergen. Die Diagnose wird durch Exzision und histopathologische Beurteilung gestellt, gefolgt von einer Einteilung je nach Klassifikationssystem. Die existierenden Klassifikationssysteme sind in ihrer Aussagekraft bezüglich des Progressionsrisikos der verschiedenen Vorläuferläsionen und der daraus resultierenden Behandlungsempfehlung eingeschränkt. Die neue Einteilung der WHO aus dem Jahr 2017 unterscheidet „low-grade“ Dysplasien (ehemals Epithelhyperplasien und leichte Dysplasie) von „high-grade“ Dysplasien (ehemals mäßige- und schwergradige Dysplasien einschließlich des Carcinoma in situ). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden insgesamt 392 Patienten mit laryngealen Vorläuferläsionen aus der Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde des Universitätsklinikums Würzburg untersucht. Es waren insbesondere Männer im Durchschnittsalter von 59,9 Jahren betroffen. Zudem wird ein Raucheranteil von 85,1 % beschrieben. Im Verlauf entwickelten 57 Patienten (14,5%) ein invasives Karzinom. Mit steigendem Dysplasieschweregrad konnte eine zunehmende Entartungstendenz beobachtet werden. Patienten mit der initialen Diagnose einer Hyper- oder Parakeratose ohne Dysplasie (5,6%) bzw. einer leichtgradigen Dysplasie (8,9%) wiesen ein signifikant geringeres Entartungsrisiko auf als Patienten mit höhergradigen dysplastischen Veränderungen (p<0,001). Mäßiggradige (41%) und schwergradige Dysplasien (43,5%) bzw. Carcinomata in situ (54,5%) wiesen ein vergleichbar hohes Progressionsrisiko auf. Mäßige Dysplasien wurden in bisherigen Arbeiten bezüglich ihres Entartungsrisikos eher unterschätzt und oftmals mit den leichtgradigen Dysplasien in einer Gruppe zusammengefasst. Die aktuell erhobenen Daten weisen jedoch auf ein höher als ursprünglich angenommenes Entartungsrisiko hin, sodass aufgrund des hohen Progressionsrisikos die Aufnahme in die Kategorie der „high-grade“ Dysplasien gerechtfertigt scheint. Es lässt sich zudem beobachten, dass der Zeitraum in dem sich aus einer schwergradigen Dysplasie (45 Wochen) bzw. einem Carcinoma in situ (66,2 Wochen) ein Larynxkarzinom entwickelt, kürzer ist als der der mäßigen Dysplasien (117,1 Woche). Weitere Studien sind erforderlich, um die neu gewonnen Erkenntnisse zu validieren, das neue Klassifikationssystem der WHO 2017 in die klinische Praxis zu integrieren und ein besseres Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Pathomechanismen zu entwickeln. N2 - Behind the macroscopic appearance of vocal cord leucoplakia, many histopathological diagnoses can be hidden. Ranging from squamous cell hyperplasia to invasive carcinoma. These macroscopic features must always be determined by histological analysis and classified by a grading system. The existing classification systems used for laryngeal precursor lesions aren’t very promising concerning the validity of the risk of progression and the appropriate choice of treatment. The new WHO 2017 Classification distinguishes between low-grade (mild dysplasia) and high-grade dysplasia (moderate and server dysplasia / carcinoma in situ). For the present study a total of 392 patients were identified with laryngeal precursor lesions in the Ear, Nose & Throat Clinic of the University Hospital Würzburg. Especially men, with a mean age of 59,9 years, were affected. Additionally there were numerous smokers among the patients (85,1%). 57 patients (14,5%) developed invasive carcinoma. The rate of malignant transformation increased with the grade of dysplasia. Analysing the different groups of dysplasia, we found a significant lower risk of progression between patients with the initial diagnosis of hyper- or parakeratosis (5,6%) or mild dysplasia (8,9%) and patients with higher grades of dysplastic changes (p <0,001). Moderate dysplasia (41%), severe dysplasia (43,5%) and carcinoma in situ (54,5%) had similar progression rates. The group of moderate dysplasia has usually been underrated in former studies concerning the risk of progression. Mild and moderate dysplasia have often been considered as one group. The present data indicates a higher risk of the moderate dysplasia than initially suggested. It seems reasonable to subsume them in the group of high-grade dysplasia. The mean time interval between the diagnosis of severe dysplasia (45 weeks) or carcinoma in situ (66,2 weeks) and the development of laryngeal carcinoma is shorter than in patients with moderate dysplasia (117,1 week). Further studies are required to validate the reported results, to integrate the WHO 2017 Classification into clinical practice and to reach more awareness of the underlying pathological mechanisms. KW - Laryngeale Vorläuferläsionen KW - Kehlkopf KW - Tumor KW - Larynxkarzinom KW - Progressionsrisiko KW - Larynx Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-327966 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bassler, Miriam C. A1 - Knoblich, Mona A1 - Gerhard-Hartmann, Elena A1 - Mukherjee, Ashutosh A1 - Youssef, Almoatazbellah A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Haug, Lukas A1 - Goncalves, Miguel A1 - Scherzad, Agmal A1 - Stöth, Manuel A1 - Ostertag, Edwin A1 - Steinke, Maria A1 - Brecht, Marc A1 - Hackenberg, Stephan A1 - Meyer, Till Jasper T1 - Differentiation of salivary gland and salivary gland tumor tissue via Raman imaging combined with multivariate data analysis JF - Diagnostics N2 - Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are a relevant, highly diverse subgroup of head and neck tumors whose entity determination can be difficult. Confocal Raman imaging in combination with multivariate data analysis may possibly support their correct classification. For the analysis of the translational potential of Raman imaging in SGT determination, a multi-stage evaluation process is necessary. By measuring a sample set of Warthin tumor, pleomorphic adenoma and non-tumor salivary gland tissue, Raman data were obtained and a thorough Raman band analysis was performed. This evaluation revealed highly overlapping Raman patterns with only minor spectral differences. Consequently, a principal component analysis (PCA) was calculated and further combined with a discriminant analysis (DA) to enable the best possible distinction. The PCA-DA model was characterized by accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity and precision values above 90% and validated by predicting model-unknown Raman spectra, of which 93% were classified correctly. Thus, we state our PCA-DA to be suitable for parotid tumor and non-salivary salivary gland tissue discrimination and prediction. For evaluation of the translational potential, further validation steps are necessary. KW - salivary gland tumor KW - confocal Raman imaging KW - principal component analysis KW - discriminant analysis KW - multivariate data analysis KW - molecular diagnostics Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-355558 SN - 2075-4418 VL - 14 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kuzkina, A. A1 - Rößle, J. A1 - Seger, A. A1 - Panzer, C. A1 - Kohl, A. A1 - Maltese, V. A1 - Musacchio, T. A1 - Blaschke, S. J. A1 - Tamgüney, G. A1 - Kaulitz, S. A1 - Rak, K. A1 - Scherzad, A. A1 - Zimmermann, P. H. A1 - Klussmann, J. P. A1 - Hackenberg, S. A1 - Volkmann, J. A1 - Sommer, C. A1 - Sommerauer, M. A1 - Doppler, K. T1 - Combining skin and olfactory α-synuclein seed amplification assays (SAA)—towards biomarker-driven phenotyping in synucleinopathies JF - npj Parkinson’s Disease N2 - Seed amplification assays (SAA) are becoming commonly used in synucleinopathies to detect α-synuclein aggregates. Studies in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and isolated REM-sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) have shown a considerably lower sensitivity in the olfactory epithelium than in CSF or skin. To get an insight into α-synuclein (α-syn) distribution within the nervous system and reasons for low sensitivity, we compared SAA assessment of nasal brushings and skin biopsies in PD (n = 27) and iRBD patients (n = 18) and unaffected controls (n = 30). α-syn misfolding was overall found less commonly in the olfactory epithelium than in the skin, which could be partially explained by the nasal brushing matrix exerting an inhibitory effect on aggregation. Importantly, the α-syn distribution was not uniform: there was a higher deposition of misfolded α-syn across all sampled tissues in the iRBD cohort compared to PD (supporting the notion of RBD as a marker of a more malignant subtype of synucleinopathy) and in a subgroup of PD patients, misfolded α-syn was detectable only in the olfactory epithelium, suggestive of the recently proposed brain-first PD subtype. Assaying α-syn of diverse origins, such as olfactory (part of the central nervous system) and skin (peripheral nervous system), could increase diagnostic accuracy and allow better stratification of patients. KW - diagnostic markers KW - Parkinson's disease Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357687 SN - 2373-8057 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moratin, Helena A1 - Thöle, Anna A1 - Lang, Josephine A1 - Ehret Kasemo, Totta A1 - Stöth, Manuel A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Scherzad, Agmal A1 - Hackenberg, Stephan T1 - Ag- but not ZnO-nanoparticles disturb the airway epithelial barrier at subtoxic concentrations JF - Pharmaceutics N2 - Inhalation is considered to be the most relevant source of human exposure to nanoparticles (NPs); however, only a few investigations have addressed the influence of exposing the respiratory mucosal barrier to subcytotoxic doses. In the nasal respiratory epithelium, cells of the mucosa represent one of the first contact points of the human organism with airborne NPs. Disruption of the epithelial barrier by harmful materials can lead to inflammation in addition to potential intrinsic toxicity of the particles. The aim of this study was to investigate whether subtoxic concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO)- and silver (Ag)-NPs have an influence on upper airway barrier integrity. Nasal epithelial cells from 17 donors were cultured at the air–liquid interface and exposed to ZnO- and Ag-NPs. Barrier function, quantified by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), decreased after treatment with 10 µg/mL Ag-NPs, but FITC-dextran permeability remained stable and no change in mRNA levels of tight junction proteins and E-cadherin was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The results indicate that subtoxic concentrations of Ag-NPs may already induce damage of the upper airway epithelial barrier in vitro. The lack of similar disruption by ZnO-NPs of similar size suggests a specific effect by Ag-NPs. KW - epithelial barrier KW - nanoparticles KW - tight junctions KW - zinc oxide KW - silver Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357403 SN - 1999-4923 VL - 15 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sprinzl, Georg Mathias A1 - Magele, Astrid A1 - Schoerg, Philipp A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Rak, Kristen A1 - Kurz, Anja A1 - Van de Heyning, Paul A1 - Calvino, Miryam A1 - Lassaletta, Luis A1 - Gavilán, Javier T1 - A novel representation of audiological and subjective findings for acoustical, bone conduction and direct drive hearing solutions JF - Journal of Personalized Medicine N2 - Background: The benefit of hearing rehabilitation is often measured using audiological tests or subjective questionnaires/interviews. It is important to consider both aspects in order to evaluate the overall benefits. Currently, there is no standardized method for reporting combined audiological and patient reported subjective outcome measures in clinical practice. Therefore, this study focuses on showing the patient’s audiological, as well as subjective outcomes in one graph using data from an existing study. Method: The present paper illustrated a graph presenting data on four quadrants with audiological and subjective findings. These quadrants represented speech comprehension in quiet (unaided vs. aided) as WRS% at 65 dB SPL, speech recognition in noise (unaided vs. aided) as SRT dB SNR, sound field threshold (unaided vs. aided) as PTA\(_4\) in dB HL, wearing time and patient satisfaction questionnaire results. Results: As an example, the HEARRING graph in this paper represented audiological and subjective datasets on a single patient level or a cohort of patients for an active bone conduction hearing implant solution. The graph offered the option to follow the user’s performance in time. Conclusion: The HEARRING graph allowed representation of a combination of audiological measures with patient reported outcomes in one single graph, indicating the overall benefit of the intervention. In addition, the correlation and consistency between some results (e.g., aided threshold and aided WRS) can be better visualized. Those users who lacked performance benefits on one or more parameters and called for further insight could be visually identified. KW - bone conduction implant KW - hearing aids Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311210 SN - 2075-4426 VL - 13 IS - 3 ER -