TY - THES A1 - Buttmann, Margot T1 - Arbeitnehmerfinanzierte betriebliche Altersversorgung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Unterstützungskasse T1 - Employees' contributions to occupational pension schemes with special regard to support funds N2 - Angesichts leerer Rentenkassen hat der Gesetzgeber in jüngster Zeit versucht, die zweite Säule der Altersvorsorge, die betriebliche Altersversorgung, attraktiver zu gestalten. Eine überragende Rolle spielt dabei die Entgeltumwandlung, auf die Arbeitnehmer seit dem 1. Januar 2002 einen Anspruch haben. Die Dissertation untersucht arbeits-, steuer- und sozialrechtliche Fragen einer betrieblichen Altersversorgung mittels Entgeltumwandlung zugunsten einer Unterstützungskasse in Abgrenzung zu den vier anderen Durchführungswegen der betrieblichen Altersversorgung, insbesondere zum neu eingeführten Pensionsfonds. N2 - The ageing of population ist putting state pension systems under severe pressure. Therefore, the German Legislator has been trying to make occupational pension schemes more attractive. A landmark in this respect is the fact that since 1/1/2001 German employees can claim that their employer establishes an occupational pension scheme to which they are allowed to contribute part of their salaries. The dissertation focuses on questions concerning labour law, taxation and social insurance, which arise if an employee makes such volontary contributions to a support fund. This institution has to be distinguished from the other four types of occpuational pension schemes in Germany, especially from the recently introduced new type of pension fund. KW - Deutschland KW - Betriebliche Altersversorgung KW - Unterstützungskasse KW - Entgeltumwandlung KW - betriebliche Altersversorgung KW - Unterstützungskasse KW - arbeitnehmerfinanziert KW - Gehaltsumwandlung KW - occupational pension scheme KW - support fund KW - contribution KW - employee Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5125 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Kiesewetter, Dirk A1 - Grom, Michael A1 - Menzel, Moritz A1 - Tschinkl, Dominik T1 - Optimierungsmöglichkeiten bei den bestehenden steuer- und sozialversicherungsrechtlichen Förderregelungen der betrieblichen Altersversorgung N2 - Germany's old-age retirement system is based on three pillars: the statutory pension scheme, company pension schemes (CPS), and private retirement funds. The current government's coalition agreement expressly foresees a strengthening of CPS since its popularity has heavily stagnated in recent years. The intention is to optimize the fiscal and social insurance-related framework for CPS in an attempt to encourage its wider use. The present expert opinion is a contribution towards this effort. There is considerable potential for this especially among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and earners of low and very low incomes, since these groups are disproportionately under-represented when it comes to CPS takeup. In light of this, this opinion gives priority to these target groups. The study is structured as follows. First, a comprehensive literature review is provided and guided interviews with experts performed in order to identify obstacles to the continued spread of CPS among the target groups under review. Then, interviews are held with employers in the SME category as well as earners of low and very low incomes in order to verify the obstacles identified during the first step and consider any additional insights. On this basis, the authors consider which reforms may prove effective in addressing the identified obstacles. Here, as instructed, any potential reforms should endeavor not to create a financial burden on Germany’s tax and social insurance authorities. We then subject these reform ideas to an empirical review that involves interviews with SME tax advisers and again with earners of low and very low incomes. Having analyzed these interviews and discussing additional practical considerations, we explicitly recommend the implementation of selected reforms. In doing so, the authors propose the following two concrete recommendations. Recommendation 1 suggests introducing a mandatory employer contribution on top of deferred compensation that corresponds to the amount of social insurance contributions that are saved as a result, of which employees would be the obvious beneficiaries. This would result in an increase in employers' financial burden compared to the status quo. To compensate, a "CPS deduction" would be introduced as a tax incentive for small enter-prises that decide to introduce a CPS for their employees. This deduction would function similarly to the investment deduction option afforded under Section 7g of the German Income Tax Act, resulting in a positive liquidity and tax deferment effect for small enterprises. Recommendation 2 aims at incentivizing employees to participate in a CPS. Two alternatives are offered. Either Germany's existing Riester subsidy system could be better integrated into CPS schemes by eliminating the duplication of contributions that exists under the status quo. Alternatively, a "CPS subsidy" could be introduced. This would involve granting a statutory subsidy to employers that contribute a certain minimum amount to the CPS on behalf of their employees. As a consequence, employees would be able to participate in a CPS without having to make a contribution of their own, which would have the desired effect especially for earners of low and very low incomes. In connection with Recommendation 2, the authors mention two additional aspects that ought to be implemented for the benefit of employees. One, a restriction should be placed on the extent to which CPS payments are set off against basic social security payments. Two, the acquisition costs of insurance-based CPS solutions should be spread across the entire term of the agreement, meaning that no commission fees can be retained that relate to contributions that haven't yet been made. Finally, the authors recommend two measures that serve to flexibilize and simplify the legal framework surrounding CPS: an increase in the tax- and social insurance contribution-exempt total outlay in the presence of insurance-based external funding and, related to this, a switch from an annualized to a lifetime- or length-of-service-based approach. N2 - Angesichts der demografischen Entwicklung setzt die Bundesregierung zur Schließung der drohenden Rentenlücke auch auf die betriebliche Altersversorgung (bAV). Dieses Gutachten entwickelt Empfehlungen an den Gesetzgeber zur Optimierung der steuer- und sozialversicherungsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der bAV. Die Zielvorgabe lautet, die Verbreitung der bAV unter Gering- und Niedrigverdienern zu erhöhen und kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen als Arbeitgeber Anreize zu setzen, ihren Arbeitnehmern ein bAV-Angebot zu unterbreiten. Das Gutachten schafft einen umfassenden Überblick über bestehende Hemmnisse für diese beiden Zielgruppen, an der bAV zu partizipieren. Auf dieser Basis werden zehn Reformüberlegungen erarbeitet und auf ihre Wirkungen hin geprüft. Hieraus ergeben sich jeweils eine Handlungsempfehlung für die Arbeitgeber- und die Arbeitnehmerseite. Außerdem werden Ansatzpunkte für eine Vereinfachung der steuer- und sozialversicherungsrechtlichen Regelungen aufgezeigt. Die Analyse der Hemmnisse und die Kernelemente der Empfehlungen wurden durch Interviews mit Experten und mit Angehörigen der Zielgruppen empirisch abgesichert. KW - Betriebliche Altersversorgung KW - Altervorsorge KW - bAV KW - Altersversorgung Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128597 SN - 978-3-95826-030-6 (print) SN - 978-3-95826-031-3 (online) PB - Würzburg University Press CY - Würzburg ER - TY - THES A1 - Schätzlein, Uwe T1 - Untersuchungen ausgewählter Reformen und Reformbedarfe in der deutschen Alterssicherung T1 - Studies of Selected Reforms and Reform Needs in the German System of Old-Age Provision N2 - In der Dissertation werden drei ausgewählte Reformen oder Reformbedarfe im deutschen Drei-Säulen-System der Alterssicherung untersucht: In der Säule der gesetzlichen Altersversorgung werden Möglichkeiten zur Wiedereinsetzung des 2018 ausgesetzten Nachholfaktors in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung erarbeitet. Je nachdem, ob Erhöhungen des aktuellen Rentenwertes verursacht durch die Niveauschutzklausel in künftigen Jahren aufgerechnet werden sollen oder nicht, werden zwei unterschiedliche Verfahren – das Getrennte Verfahren und das Integrierte Verfahren – präsentiert, in welche sich der Nachholfaktor bei aktiver Schutzklausel und Niveauschutzklausel konsistent einfügt. In der Säule der betrieblichen Altersversorgung werden Möglichkeiten zur Reform des steuerrechtlichen Rechnungszinsfußes von 6 % für Pensionsrückstellungen analysiert. Dabei wird betrachtet, welche Auswirkungen es für Arbeitgeber hat, wenn der Rechnungszinsfuß diskretionär einen neuen Wert erhielte, wenn er regelgebunden einem Referenzzins folgte, wenn steuerrechtlich der handelsrechtlichen Bewertung gefolgt würde, und wenn ein innovatives Tranchierungsverfahren eingeführt würde. Anschließend wird erörtert, inwieweit überhaupt gesetzgeberischer Anpassungsbedarf besteht. Es kristallisiert sich der Eindruck heraus, dass mit dem steuerrechtlichen Rechnungszinsfuß eine Gesamtkapitalrendite typisiert wird. Die Hypothese kann nicht verworfen werden, dass 6 % durchaus realistisch für deutsche Unternehmen sind. In der Säule der privaten Altersvorsorge wird erschlossen, wann im Falle eines Riester-geförderten Erwerbs einer Immobilie in der Rentenphase des Eigenheimrentners der optimale Zeitpunkt zur Ausübung seines Wahlrechts, seine nachgelagerte Besteuerung vorzeitig zu beenden, kommt. Bei vorzeitiger Beendigung sind alle ausstehenden Beträge auf einmal, jedoch nur zu 70 % zu versteuern. Wann dieser 30%ige Nachlass vorteilhaft wird, wird demonstriert unter Variation des Wohnförderkontostands, der Renteneinkünfte, des Marktzinssatzes, des Rentenbeginns, der Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeiten sowie des Besteuerungsanteils. N2 - The dissertation includes analyses of three selected reforms or reform needs in the German three-pillar system of old-age provision: In the pillar of statutory old-age provision, options for reinstating the catch-up factor in statutory pension insurance, which was suspended in 2018, are elaborated. Depending on whether increases in the current pension value caused by the level protection clause are to be offset in future years or not, two different procedures – the separated procedure and the integrated procedure – are presented, with which the catch-up factor can be consistently reactivated with both the protection clause and the level protection clause active. In the pillar of occupational pension provision, options for reforming the fiscal law’s 6% discount rate for pension provisions are analysed. The effects for employers are considered if the discount rate were to be given a new value on a discretionary basis, if it were to follow a reference rate on a rule-bound basis, if the valuation under German GAAP were to be followed under fiscal law, and if an innovative carving procedure were to be introduced. Subsequently, it is discussed to what extent there is a need for legislative adjustment. The impression emerges that a return on assets is typified by the fiscal law’s discount rate. The hypothesis cannot be rejected that 6% is indeed realistic for German companies. In the pillar of private old-age provision, it is deduced when, in the case of a Riester-subsidised acquisition of a property, the optimal time comes to exercise the option to terminate the deferred taxation. When exercising the option, all outstanding amounts will be taxed at once, but only at 70%. When this 30% discount becomes advantageous is demonstrated by varying the subsidy account balance, the pension income, the market interest rate, the pension start date, the survival probabilities as well as the taxation share for pensioners. KW - Rentenversicherung KW - Betriebliche Altersversorgung KW - Private Altersversorgung KW - Rechtsreform KW - Alterssicherung Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278042 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tschinkl, Dominik T1 - Der Einfluss von Steuern auf Ersparnisbildung und Altersvorsorge - Experimentelle und qualitative Untersuchungen T1 - The Impact of Taxes on saving and retirement – experimental and qualitative analyses N2 - Aufgrund der bekannten Probleme der umlagefinanzierten gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung versucht der deutsche Gesetzgeber seit einiger Zeit, die eigenverantwortliche Altersvorsorge zu fördern. Häufig steht dabei die betriebliche Altersversorgung (bAV) im Fokus. In dieser Arbeit wird mittels Experten- und Arbeitnehmerinterviews ausführlich herausgearbeitet, wo zentrale Verbreitungshemmnisse der bAV liegen und wie diese durch Anpassung der steuer- und sozialversicherungsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen adressiert werden können. Wesentliche Elemente dieser Reformüberlegungen sind in das zum 01.01.2018 in Kraft getretene Betriebsrentenstärkungsgesetz eingeflossen. Daneben wird in dieser Arbeit mithilfe einer experimentalökonomischen Analyse gezeigt, wie verschiedene Arten der Besteuerung individuelle Sparentscheidungen beeinflussen können. Dabei wird deutlich, dass Individuen die Wirkung einer nachgelagerten Besteuerung häufig nicht korrekt wahrnehmen. N2 - Individuals make numerous decisions that affect their financial situation. Saving in general and saving for old age in particular are two of these decisions. Experimental economics investigate the influence of taxes on such individual decisions. The results show that the decisions actually made may differ from those predicted by model theory. So far, this was primarily shown for the influence of taxes on investment and labor supply decisions. It is found that in some cases individuals make biased decisions due to a misperception of certain fiscal regulations, such as tax treatments. Such findings are the motivation for the first part of this work: Using experimental methods, I show how different forms of taxation influence the decision between immediate consumption and saving. The parameters are chosen in such a way that the treatments “No Tax”, “Front-loaded Taxation” and “Deferred Taxation” have identical net payoffs, which should induce the same decision-making patterns. However, I find that these expectations are only met for the comparison of the No Tax treatment and the Front-loaded Taxation treatment. The participants in the treatment Deferred Taxation decide less often in favor of saving. This effect can be attributed to a misperception of this form of taxation. The individuals assess its influence as more negative than it actually is. Moreover, my findings show that the advantages from deferred or front-loaded taxation compared to a classic income tax are only partially recognized. While in the case of deferred and front-loaded taxation the periodic return is tax-free, this return is taxed in the system of a classic income tax. The latter should have a negative effect on the savings decision. The results of the experiment suggest that this is only true for the comparison of the income tax with the front-loaded taxation. Since the deferred taxation distorts the participants’ decisions negatively, I find no difference to the classic income tax. The second part of this work deals with the current and future legal regulations regarding company pension schemes (CPS) as a form of state-subsidized old-age provision. Although tax regulations are the main focus, social security law is also dealt with as it often corresponds to tax law. For some time now, the German legislator has been trying to increase the attractiveness of CPS in an attempt to encourage its wider use. There is considerable potential for this especially among earners of low and very low incomes. Therefore, this study examines obstacles to the continued spread of CPS by using qualitative methods, i.e. guided interviews with experts as well as partially standardized interviews with employees from this target group. On this basis, I consider potential reforms that may prove effective in addressing the identified obstacles. I then subject these reform ideas to an empirical review that involves interviews again with earners of low and very low incomes. It is shown that a “CBS subsidy” could be introduced, which involves granting a statutory subsidy to employers who contribute a certain minimum amount to the CPS on behalf of their employees. As a consequence, employees would be able to participate in a CPS without having to make a contribution of their own, which would induce the desired effect especially for earners of low and very low incomes. Besides that, already existing support schemes, i.e. the “Riester subsidy”, could be made more attractive by making appropriate adjustments. These analyses took place before the Company Pensions Strengthening Act (CPSA) was passed and thus before it came into force. Accordingly, the comments on the legal and initial situation refer to the status as of December 31, 2017. Some of the adjustments implemented in the CPSA are based on the reform proposals discussed in this work. T3 - Studien zu Rechnungslegung, Steuerlehre und Controlling - 5 KW - Deutschland KW - Steuerrecht KW - Betriebliche Altersversorgung KW - Altersvorsorge KW - Betriebliche Altersversorgung KW - Steuern KW - Betriebsrenten KW - Private Altersversorgung KW - Altersversorgung KW - Besteuerung Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216798 SN - 978-3-95826-150-1 SN - 978-3-95826-151-8 N1 - Parallel erschienen als Druckausgabe in Würzburg University Press, 978-3-95826-150-1, 27,80 Euro. PB - Würzburg University Press CY - Würzburg ET - 1. Auflage ER -