TY - JOUR A1 - Bianchi, Maria A1 - Sivarajan, Rinu A1 - Walles, Thorsten A1 - Hackenberg, Stephan A1 - Steinke, Maria T1 - Susceptibility of primary human airway epithelial cells to Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin in two- and three-dimensional culture conditions JF - Innate Immunity N2 - The human pathogen Bordetella pertussis targets the respiratory epithelium and causes whooping cough. Its virulence factor adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) plays an important role in the course of infection. Previous studies on the impact of CyaA on human epithelial cells have been carried out using cell lines derived from the airways or the intestinal tract. Here, we investigated the interaction of CyaA and its enzymatically inactive but fully pore-forming toxoid CyaA-AC– with primary human airway epithelial cells (hAEC) derived from different anatomical sites (nose and tracheo-bronchial region) in two-dimensional culture conditions. To assess possible differences between the response of primary hAEC and respiratory cell lines directly, we included HBEC3-KT in our studies. In comparative analyses, we studied the impact of both the toxin and the toxoid on cell viability, intracellular cAMP concentration and IL-6 secretion. We found that the selected hAEC, which lack CD11b, were differentially susceptible to both CyaA and CyaA-AC–. HBEC3-KT appeared not to be suitable for subsequent analyses. Since the nasal epithelium first gets in contact with airborne pathogens, we further studied the effect of CyaA and its toxoid on the innate immunity of three-dimensional tissue models of the human nasal mucosa. The present study reveals first insights in toxin–cell interaction using primary hAEC. KW - Adenylate cyclase toxin KW - cyclic adenosine monophosphate KW - human respiratory epithelial cells KW - IL-6 KW - Bordetella pertussis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219849 SN - 1753-4259 SN - 1753-4267 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 89-98 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kessie, David K. A1 - Lodes, Nina A1 - Oberwinkler, Heike A1 - Goldman, William E. A1 - Walles, Thorsten A1 - Steinke, Maria A1 - Gross, Roy T1 - Activity of Tracheal Cytotoxin of Bordetella pertussis in a Human Tracheobronchial 3D Tissue Model JF - Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology N2 - Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious pathogen which causes whooping cough in humans. A major pathophysiology of infection is the extrusion of ciliated cells and subsequent disruption of the respiratory mucosa. Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) is the only virulence factor produced by B. pertussis that has been able to recapitulate this pathology in animal models. This pathophysiology is well characterized in a hamster tracheal model, but human data are lacking due to scarcity of donor material. We assessed the impact of TCT and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the functional integrity of the human airway mucosa by using in vitro airway mucosa models developed by co-culturing human tracheobronchial epithelial cells and human tracheobronchial fibroblasts on porcine small intestinal submucosa scaffold under airlift conditions. TCT and LPS either alone and in combination induced blebbing and necrosis of the ciliated epithelia. TCT and LPS induced loss of ciliated epithelial cells and hyper-mucus production which interfered with mucociliary clearance. In addition, the toxins had a disruptive effect on the tight junction organization, significantly reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and increased FITC-Dextran permeability after toxin incubation. In summary, the results indicate that TCT collaborates with LPS to induce the disruption of the human airway mucosa as reported for the hamster tracheal model. KW - tracheal cytotoxin KW - airway epithelia KW - tissue model KW - ciliostasis KW - tight junction KW - Bordetella pertussis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222736 SN - 2235-2988 VL - 10 ER - TY - THES A1 - Seidensticker, Katharina T1 - Aufbau eines humanen 3D-Atemwegsmodells zur Modellierung der Atemwegsinfektion mit Bordetella pertussis T1 - Investigations of pertussis toxins in a 3D in vitro model of the human respiratory mucosa N2 - Mittels Tissue Engineering hergestellte humane 3D in vitro-Testsysteme sind ein neuer Ansatz, um u.a. Erkrankungen der Atemwege zu simulieren und zu untersuchen. Obwohl gegen B. pertussis, den Erreger des Keuchhustens, Impfstoffe zur Verfügung stehen, nimmt die Erkrankungs-Inzidenz in den letzten Jahren deutlich zu. Da B. pertussis zu den obligat humanpathogenen Erregern zählt, sind die aus Tierversuchen stammenden Daten nur unzureichend auf den Menschen übertragbar. Die genauen Pathomechanismen der Infektion sind bisher nicht geklärt. Auf einer biologischen Kollagenmatrix wurde eine Ko-Kultur aus humanen tracheobronchialen Fibroblasten und humanen tracheobronchialen Epithelzellen (hTEC) angesiedelt und 3 Wochen unter apikaler Belüftung kultiviert. Die ausdifferenzierten 3D Testsysteme wurden mit Überständen von Bordetella pertussis-Kulturen inkubiert und auf licht- und elektronenmikroskopischer Ebene analysiert. Weiterhin wurden 2D Kulturen der hTEC mit Hilfe der Ramanspektroskopie nicht-invasiv auf intrazelluläre Veränderungen nach der Inkubation mit den bakteriellen Überständen untersucht. Das 3D Testsystem der humanen Atemwegschleimhaut zeigte auf lichtmikroskopischer und ultrastruktureller Ebene eine hohe in vitro – in vivo-Korrelation. Die elektronenmikroskopische Analyse zeigte morphologische Veränderungen nach der Inkubation mit den B. pertussis Überständen, die mit vorbeschrieben Effekten einer B. pertussis Infektion korrelieren. Mittels der Ramanspektroskopie ließen sich Gruppen von unbehandelten Zellen von Gruppen, die zuvor mit Bakterienüberständen inkubiert wurden, trennen. Somit zeigte sich die Ramanspektroskopie sensitiv für intrazelluläre Infektionsfolgen. Zusammenfassend wurde belegt, dass das 3D-Modell der humanen Atemwegschleimhaut zur Untersuchung obligat humanpathogener Infektionserreger geeignet ist und dass die Ramanspektroskopie eine nicht-invasive Methode ist, um durch Infektionen hervorgerufene intrazellulären Pathologien zu analysieren. N2 - Three dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered human tissue models are of high relevance, e.g. to investigate virulence mechanisms of human obligate pathogens in vitro. One major obligate agent causing acute respiratory diseases is Bordetella pertussis (Bp), the agent of whooping cough. The progress towards elimination Bp has stalled which is mainly caused due to an absence of suitable models to gain more knowledge about its pathomechanism. On a biological collagen matrix (SISser) a co-culture of human fibroblasts and human airway epithelial cells (hTEC) was seeded and cultured under airlift conditions. The completely differentiated test systems were treated with sterile-filtrated supernatants of Bp and afterwards analyzed with light and transmission electron microscopy. 2D cultures of hTEC were also infected and analyzed with Raman spectroscopy. The 3D test system of the human airway mucosa shows high in vitro - in vivo - correlation on both structural and ultrastructural level. Preliminary morphological analysis after infection with Bp supernatant reveals considerable ultrastructural changes which were not observed in control samples and correlate to effects knows from Bp infections in vivo. In 2D cultivation conditions the Raman spectra of infected hTEC clearly differ from spectra of the control. It is shown that the 3D airway mucosa model represents pathological effects of Bp toxins and offers an opportunity to further examine their pathomechanisms. Raman spectroscopy appears to be a practical method to show intracellular changes on living cells non-invasively. KW - Bordetella pertussis KW - Tissue Engineering KW - Raman-Spektroskopie KW - 3D-Gewebemodell KW - Keuchhusten KW - Konfokale Ramanspektroskopie KW - Airlift-Kultur Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242092 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sivarajan, Rinu A1 - Kessie, David Komla A1 - Oberwinkler, Heike A1 - Pallmann, Niklas A1 - Walles, Thorsten A1 - Scherzad, Agmal A1 - Hackenberg, Stephan A1 - Steinke, Maria T1 - Susceptibility of Human Airway Tissue Models Derived From Different Anatomical Sites to Bordetella pertussis and Its Virulence Factor Adenylate Cyclase Toxin JF - Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology N2 - To study the interaction of human pathogens with their host target structures, human tissue models based on primary cells are considered suitable. Complex tissue models of the human airways have been used as infection models for various viral and bacterial pathogens. The Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis is of relevant clinical interest since whooping cough has developed into a resurgent infectious disease. In the present study, we created three-dimensional tissue models of the human ciliated nasal and tracheo-bronchial mucosa. We compared the innate immune response of these models towards the B. pertussis virulence factor adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) and its enzymatically inactive but fully pore-forming toxoid CyaA-AC\(^-\). Applying molecular biological, histological, and microbiological assays, we found that 1 µg/ml CyaA elevated the intracellular cAMP level but did not disturb the epithelial barrier integrity of nasal and tracheo-bronchial airway mucosa tissue models. Interestingly, CyaA significantly increased interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and human beta defensin 2 secretion in nasal tissue models, whereas tracheo-bronchial tissue models were not significantly affected compared to the controls. Subsequently, we investigated the interaction of B. pertussis with both differentiated primary nasal and tracheo-bronchial tissue models and demonstrated bacterial adherence and invasion without observing host cell type-specific significant differences. Even though the nasal and the tracheo-bronchial mucosa appear similar from a histological perspective, they are differentially susceptible to B. pertussis CyaA in vitro. Our finding that nasal tissue models showed an increased innate immune response towards the B. pertussis virulence factor CyaA compared to tracheo-bronchial tissue models may reflect the key role of the nasal airway mucosa as the first line of defense against airborne pathogens. KW - human nasal epithelial cells KW - human tracheo-bronchial epithelial cells KW - human airway mucosa tissue models KW - adenylate cyclase toxin KW - Bordetella pertussis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-253302 SN - 2235-2988 VL - 11 ER -