TY  - JOUR
A1  - Franke, Maximilian
A1  - Bieber, Michael
A1  - Stoll, Guido
A1  - Schuhmann, Michael Klaus
T1  - Validity and Efficacy of Methods to Define Blood Brain Barrier Integrity in Experimental Ischemic Strokes: A Comparison of Albumin Western Blot, IgG Western Blot and Albumin Immunofluorescence
JF  - Methods and Protocols
N2  - The clinical and preclinical research of ischemic strokes (IS) is becoming increasingly comprehensive, especially with the emerging evidence of complex thrombotic and inflammatory interactions. Within these, the blood brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in regulating the cellular interactions at the vascular interface and is therefore the object of many IS-related questions. Consequently, valid, economic and responsible methods to define BBB integrity are necessary. Therefore, we compared the three ex-vivo setups albumin Western blot (WB), IgG WB and albumin intensity measurement (AIM) with regard to validity as well as temporal and economic efficacy. While the informative value of the three methods correlated significantly, the efficacy of the IgG WB dominated.
KW  - IgG
KW  - albumin
KW  - immunohistochemistry
KW  - Western blot
KW  - stroke
KW  - tMCAO
KW  - blood brain barrier
KW  - neuroinflammation
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234214
SN  - 2409-9279
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weise, Gesa
A1  - Stoll, Guido
T1  - Magnetic resonance imaging of blood brain/nerve barrier dysfunction and leukocyte infiltration: closely related or discordant?
JF  - Frontiers in Neurology
N2  - Unlike other organs the nervous system is secluded from the rest of the organism by the blood brain barrier (BBB) or blood nerve barrier (BNB) preventing passive influx of fluids from the circulation. Similarly, leukocyte entry to the nervous system is tightly controlled. Breakdown of these barriers and cellular inflammation are hallmarks of inflammatory as well as ischemic neurological diseases and thus represent potential therapeutic targets. The spatiotemporal relationship between BBB/BNB disruption and leukocyte infiltration has been a matter of debate. We here review contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a non-invasive tool to depict barrier dysfunction and its relation to macrophage infiltration in the central and peripheral nervous system under pathological conditions. Novel experimental contrast agents like Gadofluorine M (Gf) allow more sensitive assessment of BBB dysfunction than conventional Gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA enhanced MRI. In addition, Gf facilitates visualization of functional and transient alterations of the BBB remote from lesions. Cellular contrast agents such as superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO) and perfluorocarbons enable assessment of leukocyte (mainly macrophage) infiltration by MR technology. Combined use of these MR contrast agents disclosed that leukocytes can enter the nervous system independent from a disturbance of the BBB, and vice versa, a dysfunctional BBB/BNB by itself is not sufficient to attract inflammatory cells from the circulation. We will illustrate these basic imaging findings in animal models of multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, and traumatic nerve injury and review corresponding findings in patients.
KW  - contrast-enhanced MRI
KW  - neuroinflammation
KW  - gadolinium-DTPA
KW  - gadofluorine
KW  - iron oxide nanoparticles
KW  - blood brain barrier
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123359
VL  - 3
IS  - 178
ER  -