TY - THES A1 - Lange, Manuel T1 - Mutanten im RES-Oxylipin Signalweg von \(Arabidopsis\) \(thaliana\) T1 - Mutants in RES-Oxylipin Signaling in \(Arabidopsis\) \(thaliana\) N2 - Reaktive elektrophile Spezies-Oxylipine (RES-Oxylipine) finden sich in Pflanzen- und Tierzellen und zeichnen sich durch eine für sie typische Anordnung von Atomen aus: einer α,β ungesättigten Carbonyl Gruppe. In Pflanzenzellen gehören unter anderem 2-(E)-Hexenal und die Vorstufe der Jasmonsäure 12-Oxophytodiensäure (OPDA) zu den RES-Oxylipinen, in Tierzellen z.B. Prostaglandin A1 (PGA). RES-Oxylipine üben Signalfunktionen aus, wie dies in Pflanzenzellen funktioniert ist jedoch noch nicht bekannt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist dabei einen möglichen RES-Oxylipin Signalweg aufzuklären und die beteiligten Gene zu identifizieren. Es konnte aber gezeigt werden, dass die Expressionsrate von bestimmten Genen wie z.B. GST6 durch RES-Oxylipine spezifisch induziert wird. Zur Untersuchung des RES-Oxylipin Signalweges wurde der GST6 Promotor vor das Luciferase-Gen fusioniert, um so ein RES-Oxylipin spezifisches Reportersystem zu erhalten. Die Ethylmethansulfonat mutagenisierten Linien wurden auf geänderte Luciferase-Aktivität hin untersucht. Dabei wurden drei Mutanten isoliert, die in dieser Arbeit näher untersucht wurden. Eine zeigte basal erhöhte Luciferase-Aktivität (constitutive overexpresser 3 = coe3) und die anderen beiden erniedrigte Luciferase-Aktivität nach PGA Gabe (non responsive 1 und 2 = nr1 und nr2). In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Phänotypen in allen 3 Mutanten rezessiv vererbt werden und die Mutanten nicht zueinander allel sind. Zudem war die veränderte Luciferase-Aktivität nicht durch geänderte Phytohormonspiegel oder durch Mutationen im GST6 Promotor erklärbar. Auf die Gabe von RES, wie Benzylisothiocyanat oder Sulforaphan, sowie auf endogene RES-Oxylipine, wie OPDA und Hexenal, reagierten die Mutanten auf ähnliche Weise, wie nach PGA Gabe. Weiterführende Untersuchungen zeigten, dass sich die drei Mutanten stark voneinander unterschieden. Das Transkriptom kontrollbehandelter coe3 Pflanzen unterschied sich stark von dem der GST6::LUC Pflanzen. Die Mutante war trockenstressresistenter zudem war sie sensibler gegenüber NaCl, was jedoch nicht von einer veränderten Reaktion auf Abscisinsäure herrührte. Des Weiteren war der Chlorophyllabbau bei dunkel inkubierten Blättern geringer. Bei der Lokalisierung der Mutation, die noch nicht abgeschlossen ist, konnten Chromosom 2 und 5 als die wahrscheinlichsten Kandidaten ermittelt werden. Weitere Analysen sind nötig um den Bereich weiter eingrenzen zu können. Die Mutante nr1, die sich durch verminderte Reaktion auf RES-Oxylipine auszeichnete, zeigte einen kleineren Wuchs und ein deutlich verzögertes Blühen. Außerdem wies die Mutante erhöhte Argininspiegel in ihren Blättern auf. Das Transkriptom unterschied sich sowohl bei kontrollbehandelten, als auch bei PGA behandelten nr1 Pflanzen massiv von denen der gleichbehandelten Kontrollen. Auch die nr1 schien trockenstressresistenter zu sein, sie war im Gegensatz zur coe3 aber robuster gegenüber höheren Konzentrationen an NaCl. Mit Hilfe eines „Next Generation Genome-Mappings“ war es möglich die Mutation am Ende von Chromosom 3 zu lokalisieren und auf fünf mögliche Gene einzugrenzen. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen nun klären, welches dieser Gene ursächlich für den Phänotyp der geänderten Luciferase-Aktivität ist. Die zweite Mutante mit einer reduzierten Reaktion auf RES-Oxylipine war die nr2. Überraschender Weise unterschied sich das Transkriptom kontrollbehandelter nr2 Pflanzen deutlich stärker von dem der gleichbehandelten GST6::LUC Pflanzen, als das nach PGA Gabe der Fall war. Sie reagierte nur mit sehr schwacher Luciferase-Aktivität auf Verwundung und war zudem deutlich sensibler gegenüber Trockenheit. Für eine zukünftige Lokalisation der ursächlichen Mutation wurden entsprechende Kreuzungen durchgeführt aus deren Samen jederzeit mit einer Selektionierung begonnen werden kann. Mit dieser Arbeit konnte ein erster großer Schritt in Richtung Identifikation der, für die geänderte Luciferase-Aktivität, verantwortlichen Mutation gemacht werden, sowie erste Reaktionen der Mutanten auf abiotische Stressfaktoren untersucht werden. Somit ist man der Entdeckung von Signaltransduktionsfaktoren, die RES-Oxylipinabhängig reguliert werden, einen wichtigen Schritt näher gekommen. N2 - Reactive electrophilic species oxylipins (RES-oxylipins) can be found in plant and animal cells and contain an α,β unsaturated carbonyl group. In plant cells 2-(E)-hexenal and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), the precursor of jasmonic acid, belong to the RES-oxylipins, in animal cells prostaglandin A1 (PGA). RES-oxylipins play an important role in signal transduction but it is still unknown how this functions in plant cells. In previous publications, it could be shown, that RES-oxylipins induce the expression of certain genes like GST6 specifically. To further investigate the possibility of a RES-oxylipin pathway the GST6 promotor was fused to the luciferase gene to get a RES-oxylipin sensitive reporter system. The ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenized lines were screened for altered luciferase activity under basal conditions and after treatment with PGA. Three lines were selected for further investigation: one with a constitutive higher luciferase activity (constitutive overexpresser 3 = coe3) and two with a reduced luciferase activity after PGA treatment (non responsive 1 and 2 = nr1 and nr2). In this thesis, it could be shown, that the mutation, which is responsible for the altered luciferase activity, is recessive and not allelic to each other. Furthermore, neither altered phytohormone levels nor mutations in the GST6 promotor are responsible for the changes in the luciferase activity. The response of these mutants to RES, like benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) or sulforaphane, or endogenous RES-oxylipins, like OPDA or hexenal, is comparable to the response to PGA treatment. Further investigations show huge differences between the mutants. Control treated coe3 plants had very different transcriptomes compared to the control line. The coe3 mutant was more resistant to drought stress but more susceptible to salt compared to the control. This was not due to a changed response to abscisic acid (ABA). Another observed phenotype was the reduced chlorophyll depletion in dark incubated leaves. The localization of the mutation could not be completed within this thesis but chromosome 2 and 5 could be identified as most likely positions. Further investigations on this topic are needed to complete the localization. The nr1 mutant showed a reduced growth and delayed flowering phenotype and higher arginine levels could be detected in the leaves. The transcriptome exhibited huge differences after both control treatment and PGA treatment compared to the GST6::LUC. In drought experiments, the nr1 was also more resistant but, compared to the coe3, also more robust against higher salt concentrations. By next generation genome mapping it was possible to locate the mutation, which was responsible for the changes in luciferase activity after PGA treatment, at the end of chromosome 3. So there are five genes left who might be responsible for the observed phenotypes. Further investigations have to show which one is the one causing the phenotype. The nr2, as the third mutant investigated in this thesis showed highest differences to the GST6::LUC line after control treatment. It only had weak luciferase activity after wounding and was more susceptible to drought then the control. For further mapping experiments of the mutation in the nr2 mutant, F2 lines were generated. These are now ready to use to set up a mapping population. With this thesis it was possible to provide a milestone in identification of the mutations responsible for the changes in luciferase activity and in investigation of different abiotic stress responses. Now we are one step closer to discover signal transduction factors which are regulated by RES-oxylipins. KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - RES-Oxylipine Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166085 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nuhkat, Maris A1 - Brosché, Mikael A1 - Stoezle-Feix, Sonja A1 - Dietrich, Petra A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Roelfsema, M. Rob G. A1 - Kollist, Hannes T1 - Rapid depolarization and cytosolic calcium increase go hand-in-hand in mesophyll cells' ozone response JF - New Phytologist N2 - Plant stress signalling involves bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be mimicked by the application of acute pulses of ozone. Such ozone-pulses inhibit photosynthesis and trigger stomatal closure in a few minutes, but the signalling that underlies these responses remains largely unknown. We measured changes in Arabidopsis thaliana gas exchange after treatment with acute pulses of ozone and set up a system for simultaneous measurement of membrane potential and cytosolic calcium with the fluorescent reporter R-GECO1. We show that within 1 min, prior to stomatal closure, O\(_{3}\) triggered a drop in whole-plant CO\(_{2}\) uptake. Within this early phase, O\(_{3}\) pulses (200–1000 ppb) elicited simultaneous membrane depolarization and cytosolic calcium increase, whereas these pulses had no long-term effect on either stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. In contrast, pulses of 5000 ppb O\(_{3}\) induced cell death, systemic Ca\(^{2+}\) signals and an irreversible drop in stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity. We conclude that mesophyll cells respond to ozone in a few seconds by distinct pattern of plasma membrane depolarizations accompanied by an increase in the cytosolic calcium ion (Ca\(^{2+}\)) level. These responses became systemic only at very high ozone concentrations. Thus, plants have rapid mechanism to sense and discriminate the strength of ozone signals. KW - reactive oxygen species (ROS) KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - Ca\(^{2+}\) indicator KW - Ca\(^{2+}\) signalling KW - membrane depolarization KW - mesophyll KW - ozone Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259646 VL - 232 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dindas, Julian A1 - Dreyer, Ingo A1 - Huang, Shouguang A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Roelfsema, M. Rob G. T1 - A voltage-dependent Ca\(^{2+}\) homeostat operates in the plant vacuolar membrane JF - New Phytologist N2 - Cytosolic calcium signals are evoked by a large variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli and play an important role in cellular and long distance signalling in plants. While the function of the plasma membrane in cytosolic Ca\(^{2+}\) signalling has been intensively studied, the role of the vacuolar membrane remains elusive. A newly developed vacuolar voltage clamp technique was used in combination with live-cell imaging, to study the role of the vacuolar membrane in Ca\(^{2+}\) and pH homeostasis of bulging root hair cells of Arabidopsis. Depolarisation of the vacuolar membrane caused a rapid increase in the Ca\(^{2+}\) concentration and alkalised the cytosol, while hyperpolarisation led to the opposite responses. The relationship between the vacuolar membrane potential, the cytosolic pH and Ca2+ concentration suggests that a vacuolar H\(^{+}\)/Ca\(^{2+}\) exchange mechanism plays a central role in cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. Mathematical modelling further suggests that the voltage-dependent vacuolar Ca\(^{2+}\) homeostat could contribute to calcium signalling when coupled to a recently discovered K\(^{+}\) channel-dependent module for electrical excitability of the vacuolar membrane. KW - voltage clamp KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - calcium signalling KW - computational cell biology KW - cpYFP cytosolic pH reporter KW - R-GECO1 cytosolic Ca\(^{2+}\) reporter KW - TPC1 channel KW - vacuolar membrane Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259627 VL - 230 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fröschel, Christian T1 - In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen JF - Plant Methods N2 - Background While leaves are far more accessible for analysing plant defences, roots are hidden in the soil, leading to difficulties in studying soil-borne interactions. Inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, but it remains demanding to obtain a methodological overview. To address this challenge, this study uses the model root pathogen Verticillium longisporum on Arabidopsis thaliana host plants and provides recommendations for selecting appropriate infection systems to investigate how plants cope with root pathogens. Results A novel root infection system is introduced, while two existing ones are precisely described and optimized. Step-by-step protocols are presented and accompanied by pathogenicity tests, transcriptional analyses of indole-glucosinolate marker genes and independent confirmations using reporter constructs. Advantages and disadvantages of each infection system are assessed. Overall, the results validate the importance of indole-glucosinolates as secondary metabolites that limit the Verticillium propagation in its host plant. Conclusion Detailed assistances on studying host defence strategies and responses against V. longisporum is provided. Furthermore, other soil-borne microorganisms (e.g., V. dahliae) or model plants, such as economically important oilseed rape and tomato, can be introduced in the infection systems described. Hence, these proven manuals can support finding a root infection system for your specific research questions to further decipher root-microbe interactions. KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - Brassica napus KW - indole-glucosinolates KW - plant defence KW - root infection systems KW - root pathogens KW - soil-borne microorganisms KW - Solanum lycopersicum KW - Verticillium dahliae KW - Verticillium longisporum Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260807 VL - 17 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huang, Shouguang A1 - Ding, Meiqi A1 - Roelfsema, M. Rob G. A1 - Dreyer, Ingo A1 - Scherzer, Sönke A1 - Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S A1 - Gao, Shiqiang A1 - Nagel, Georg A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Konrad, Kai R. T1 - Optogenetic control of the guard cell membrane potential and stomatal movement by the light-gated anion channel GtACR1 JF - Science Advances N2 - Guard cells control the aperture of plant stomata, which are crucial for global fluxes of CO\(_2\) and water. In turn, guard cell anion channels are seen as key players for stomatal closure, but is activation of these channels sufficient to limit plant water loss? To answer this open question, we used an optogenetic approach based on the light-gated anion channelrhodopsin 1 (GtACR1). In tobacco guard cells that express GtACR1, blue- and green-light pulses elicit Cl\(^-\) and NO\(_3\)\(^-\) currents of -1 to -2 nA. The anion currents depolarize the plasma membrane by 60 to 80 mV, which causes opening of voltage-gated K+ channels and the extrusion of K+. As a result, continuous stimulation with green light leads to loss of guard cell turgor and closure of stomata at conditions that provoke stomatal opening in wild type. GtACR1 optogenetics thus provides unequivocal evidence that opening of anion channels is sufficient to close stomata. KW - abscisic-acid activation KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - H+-atpase KW - signal transduction KW - potassium channel KW - intact plants KW - K+ channels KW - R-type KW - CO2 KW - SLAC1 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260925 VL - 7 IS - 28 ER -