TY - THES A1 - Weigel, Tobias Maximilian T1 - Entwicklung von 3D-Herzschrittmacher-Elektroden auf Basis von Kohlenstoffnanofasern T1 - Development of 3D pacemaker electrodes based on carbon nano fibers N2 - Herzschrittmachersysteme sind eine weitverbreitete Möglichkeit Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen zu behandeln. Wegen der natürlichen Reaktion des Immunsystems auf Fremdkörper, erfolgt aber eine fortschreitende Verkapselung der Herzschrittmacherelektrode. Die Folge ist eine ansteigende Verminderung der Stimulationseffizienz durch Erhöhung der Anregungsschwelle. Die Integration der Elektrode in das Gewebe ist dabei mangelhaft und wird bestimmt durch Implantateigenschaften wie Größe, Flexibilität und Dimensionalität. Um die Integration zu verbessern, stellen dreidimensionale (3D) bzw. gewebeartige Elektroden eine Alternative zu den derzeit verwendeten planaren Metallelektroden dar. Zur Entwicklung einer leitfähigen, 3D und faserförmigen Elektrode wurden in dieser Arbeit Kohlenstoff-Nanofaser-Scaffolds über Elektrospinnen hergestellt. Durch die Modifikation des Fasergerüstes mit Natriumchlorid (NaCl) während der Scaffoldherstellung, konnte das Fasernetzwerk aufgelockert und Poren generiert werden. Die Kohlenstofffaser-Elektroden zeigten einen effizienten Energieübertrag, welcher vergleichbar mit heutigen Titannitrid (TiN) -Elektroden ist. Die Auflockerung des Fasergewebes hatte eine verbesserte Flexibilität des Faserscaffolds zu Folge. Neben der Flexibilität, konnte auch die Infiltration von Zellen in das poröse Faserscaffold erheblich verbessert werden. Dabei konnten Fibroblasten durch das gesamte Scaffold migrieren. Die Kompatibilität mit kardialen Zellen, die Grundvoraussetzung von Herzschrittmacherelektroden, wurde in vitro nachgewiesen. Durch die Kombination aus dem 3D-Elektrodengerüst mit einer Co-Kultur aus humanen Kardiomyozyten, mesenchymalen Stammzellen und Fibroblasten, erfolgte eine Einbettung der Elektrode in funktionelles kardiales Gewebe. Dadurch konnte ein lebender Gewebe-Elektroden-Hybrid generiert werden, welcher möglicherweise die Elektrode vor Immunzellen in vivo abschirmen kann. Eine Zusammenführung der hybriden Elektrode mit einen Tissue-Engineerten humanen kardialen Patch in vitro, führte zu Bildung einer nahtlosen Elektronik-Gewebe-Schnittstelle. Die fusionierte Einheit wurde abschließend auf ihre mechanische Belastbarkeit getestet und konnte über einen Elektroden-Anschluss elektrisch stimuliert werden. N2 - The application of pacemaker systems is a widespread treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The inflammatory interaction of the immune system and the implant results in the formation of a fibrous capsule around the pacemaker’s electrode. The consequence is a progressing reduction of the stimulation efficiency by an increased excitation threshold. The primary cause of the encapsulation is the deficient integration of the electrode into the cardiac tissue, which is induces by the incompatible implant properties like size, flexibility and dimensionality. To improve the electrode’s integration, the application of three dimensional and tissue imitating electrodes represent an improvement of currently implanted planar electrodes. To develop a conductive and fibrous 3D-electrode, carbon nanofiber scaffolds were generated by electrospinning. By modifying the fiber network with NaCl during the scaffold preparation, the mesh openings could be loosened and pores generated. An efficient energy transfer of the resulting carbon fiber electrodes was demonstrated and is comparable to today's TiN electrodes. The loosening of the fiber network resulted in improved flexibility of the scaffold. In addition to the flexibility, the infiltration of cells into the porous fiber scaffold could be significantly enhanced. Thereby, fibroblasts were enabled to migrate through the entire scaffold. For application as a pacemaker electrode, the compatibility of the tissue electrode with cardiac cells in vitro was demonstrated. The combination of the 3D electrode Scaffold with a co-culture of human cardiomyocytes, mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts led to a partially embedded electrode in functional cardiac tissue. As a result, a living tissue-electrode hybrid could be generated which could possibly shield the electrode from immune cells in vivo. Implantation of the hybrid electrode into a tissue engineered human heart patch in vitro resulted in a seamless electronic tissue interface. This fused unit was conclusively tested for its functionality, like mechanical stability and the electrical stimulation of the patch by the in grown hybrid electrode. KW - Herzschrittmacher KW - Elektrode KW - Kohlenstoff KW - Nanofaser KW - 3D-Elektrode KW - electrode scaffold KW - Zell-Migration KW - Stimulation KW - Kohlenstofffaser KW - Elektrospinnen Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176362 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huestegge, Lynn A1 - Herbort, Oliver A1 - Gosch, Nora A1 - Kunde, Wilfried A1 - Pieczykolan, Aleks T1 - Free-choice saccades and their underlying determinants: explorations of high-level voluntary oculomotor control JF - Journal of Vision N2 - Models of eye-movement control distinguish between different control levels, ranging from automatic (bottom-up, stimulus-driven selection) and automatized (based on well-learned routines) to voluntary (top-down, goal-driven selection, e.g., based on instructions). However, one type of voluntary control has yet only been examined in the manual and not in the oculomotor domain, namely free-choice selection among arbitrary targets, that is, targets that are of equal interest from both a bottom-up and top-down processing perspective. Here, we ask which features of targets (identity- or location-related) are used to determine such oculomotor free-choice behavior. In two experiments, participants executed a saccade to one of four peripheral targets in three different choice conditions: unconstrained free choice, constrained free choice based on target identity (color), and constrained free choice based on target location. The analysis of choice frequencies revealed that unconstrained free-choice selection closely resembled constrained choice based on target location. The results suggest that free-choice oculomotor control is mainly guided by spatial (location-based) target characteristics. We explain these results by assuming that participants tend to avoid less parsimonious recoding of target-identity representations into spatial codes, the latter being a necessary prerequisite to configure oculomotor commands. KW - Adolescent KW - Stimulation KW - Adult KW - Eye Movements/physiology KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Learning/physiology KW - Male KW - Oculomotor Muscles/physiology KW - Photic KW - Choice Behavior/physiology KW - Psychomotor Performance/physiology KW - Saccades/physiology KW - Young Adult KW - eye movement KW - saccades KW - free choice KW - top-down processing KW - bottom-up processing KW - control levels Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201493 VL - 19 IS - 3 ER -